Pakistan India Relations- Complete Analysis

Current economic comparison

TRADE POTENTIAL
• During 202-21, Bilateral trade at 280m dollars (278m Indian share)
• Earlier it was 2.5 bn dollar
• Potential about 35 bn dollars
• Trade suspension in 2019

Partition Problems
1- ISSUES OF STATES
When the British left and went home, India had a population of 400 million people of which one-fourth, or
100 million, were Muslims. Of the Muslims, some 75 million came to Pakistan’s share; 34 million lived in
what is today’s Pakistan and 41 million who were residents of what was to become the state of
Bangladesh. Eight million Muslims came to Pakistan and six million Hindus and Sikhs went from Pakistan to
India. When Pakistan took its first census in 1951, one-fourth of the population of West Pakistan were
refugees.
https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-census
click on this link to get details of population census.
The proportion for India was much lower — less than 2%. The presence of such a large number of people
who were born outside the country was to have profound consequences for the development of the Pakistani
economy and its political system. The other was the extreme hostility towards its sister state shown by the
Indian leadership, led by then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. New Delhi took several steps to bring
Pakistan down on its knees. These included the trade embargo by India in 1949, when Pakistan refused to
follow the British Commonwealth and devalue its currency against the American dollar. “I will not pay 140
Indian rupees for one hundred of Pakistani rupees,” said Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s Deputy Prime
Minister. With these words, he stopped all trade with Pakistan. This move seriously impacted Pakistan since
most of what the Pakistanis consumed was made in India. However, an external development — the war in
the Korean Peninsula(1950-53)— increased the world demand for two of Pakistan’s major exports, cotton
and jute. Dollars flooded into the country with which Pakistan could import consumer goods from Europe.
The cessation of trade with India also encouraged entrepreneurs in Pakistan to set up industries to produce
for the local market. The result was the rapid industrial development of the country. (blessing in disguise)

562 States
• Semi-Autonomous
• Decide on their won based on
• Geographical contiguity
• Demographics
• Kashmir (Maharaja-Hindu leader): 80% Muslims
• Junagadh (Nawab): Population 80% Hindu
• Radcliffe Award-1947
• Ferozpur, Amritsar and Gurdaspur
• Division of Bengal and Punjab

❖Historical background of relations

 1- Indus Water treaty ,1960
The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, arranged and
negotiated by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries.[1][2][3][4] It was
signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani
president Ayub Khan.

The treaty gave the waters of the western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—to Pakistan and those of
the eastern rivers—the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—to India. It also provided for the funding and building
of dams, link canals, barrages, and tube wells—notably the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River and the Mangla
Dam on the Jhelum River. These helped provide water to Pakistan in the amounts that it had previously
received from the rivers now assigned to India’s exclusive use.

Unfortunately, in first two-decades of 21st Century, India successfully constructed three major dams along
western rivers in violation of IWT-1960: a) 330 Megawatt project on Neelum River (tributary of Jhelum
River) b) The 850 MW Ratle Hydroelectric power Plant on Chenab River in IIOJK, c) 900 MW Baglihar Dam
(Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project) on Chenab River in IIOJK.
• India reneging( promise) on four key commitments
• Annual exchange of flood-related information
• Overdue visit to Kishanganga Hydroelectric project since 2014
• Fewer Annual meetings

• India’s reluctance to provide data on new projects( exchange of data (Article 6) and

mutually beneficial cooperation(Article 7).

• Modi’s threat to deprive Pakistan of water (Water conflict)
• Dams without confidence
• Talks about going away with IWT. Article 12- no single country can dissolve the treaty unilaterally.

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1049354-indus-waters-treaty-under-threat-part-ii

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1050044-indus-waters-treaty-under-threat-part-iii
https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1063198-energizing-the-indus-waters-treaty
read these articles to have contemporary analysis on IWT .

https://issi.org.pk/issue-brief-on-indus-water-treaty-recent-developments/
read this for recent data.
https://pakobserver.net/water-wars-kishanganga-
conundrum/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=water-wars-kishanganga-conundrum

2- 1965 War (5-22 September) 17 days

• Tashkent declaration 10 jan ,1966.
• Indian abrogation of Article 370 in 1964
• Infiltration in Kashmir by Tribes
• India blamed Pakistan
• Operation Gibralter
• UNSC Res # 211
• Ceasefire
• USSR( soviet union)
• 3rd Party Mediation
• Tashkent Summit (Jan, 1966)
• Ayub & Shastri
 3-1971 war ;-
• Civil war after 1970 elections
• India supported ‘Mukti Bahni’ as proxy (Modi Admitted)
• India declared war in 1971 December.
• Dismemberment of Pakistan
• 90K POWs( prisoners of war)
• Simla Accord (2 July, 1972)- Indira Gandhi and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
• Win-win
• No war agreement
• India: Bilateral resolution of dispute
• Pakistan: Operative within UN Charter
• Cease fire line to LOC -LINE OF CONTROL
• Communications resumed
• Postal, telegraphic,
• Sea, land, air and flights

4-Siachin Conflict 1984 .

1984: Operation Meghdoot
• India seizure of ‘Siachin’
Violation of Simla Accord (No unilateral alteration of border)
NJ9842, also called NJ 980420 is the northernmost demarcated point of the India-Pakistan cease fire line in
Kashmir known as the Line of Control (LoC).

5 - Nuclear tests ,1998

• Indian test in 1974 , Rajasthan , smiling budha.
• Indian nuclear tests on 2 and 13 may , 1998.

6 - Kargil conflict 1999.

7- Series of attacks
2007: Samjhauta Express attack
• India blamed Pakistan
• Later revealed Indians were involved
2008: Mumbai Attacks (Taj Hotel and other places)
• 164 killed
2016:
• Pathankot Attack
• Indian Consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif
• Arrest of Kulbhushan Yadav

8- 2019: Palwama Attack (40 CRPF killed)

• JEM
• Pak’s MFN( most favoured nation) status removed
• Customs duty 200%
• Balakot Episode
• Surprise by Pakistan
• Abhinandan Captured
• Gesture of Goodwill
• Revocation of Article 370

The Pakistani government stated that he was a commander in the Indian Navy who was involved in subversive
activities inside Pakistan and was arrested on 3 March 2016 during a counter-intelligence operation in
Balochistan.[12][13] The Indian government recognised Jadhav as a former naval officer but denied any
current links with him and maintained that he took premature retirement.[14][15][16]

9- Pulwama Attack
Pulwama attack is one of the deadliest terror attacks in Jammu and Kashmir in which 40 Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF) personnel were martyred. The Pulwama attack happened on February 14, 2019, when a Jaish
suicide bomber rammed a vehicle carrying over 100 kg of explosives into their bus in Pulwama district. The attack
also left many critically wounded.

The Pakistan-based terror group Jaish-e-Mohammed had claimed the responsibility for the attack. The police had
identified the suicide bomber as Adil Ahmed alias Waqas Commander from Kakapora in Pulwama
( source ; Times India )

10- Balakot strike

The 2019 Balakot airstrike was a bombing raid conducted by Indian warplanes on February 26, 2019,
in Balakot, Pakistan against an alleged terrorist training camp. Open source satellites imagery has revealed that
no targets of consequence were hit. The following day, Pakistan shot down an Indian warplane and took its
pilot prisoner. Indian anti-aircraft fire downed an Indian helicopter killing six or seven airmen on board, their
deaths receiving perfunctory coverage by Indian media. India claimed that a Pakistani F-16 fighter jet was
downed, but that claim has been shown to be false. The airstrike was used by India's ruling party to bolster its
patriotic appeal in the general elections of April 2019

❖Hurdles/Divergences in the way of normalisation of ties

1- Kashmir dispute
2- Terrorism (Mumbai attacks , Uri attack , Gurdaspur and Pulwama attack )
3- India aggression ; Cold start doctrine
Cold Start is a military doctrine that was developed by the Indian Armed Forces for use in a possible war
with Pakistan.[1] It involves the various branches of India's military conducting offensive operations as part
of unified battlegroups. The doctrine is intended to allow India's conventional forces to perform holding
attacks to prevent a nuclear retaliation from Pakistan .
4- Indian overt opposition to CPEC through Balochistan insurgency .

SIR CREEK (RUNN OF KUTCH)

 • A strip of water disputed in Rann of Kutch marshlands
• Divides Gujarat & Sindh
• Interpretation of maritime boundary between Kutch & Sindh
• Pakistan claims on entire Creek
• Para 9 & 10 of Bombay Govt. resolution of 1914
Indian claim on Thalveg Doctrine (according to which the navigable water body can be separated from the mid of its
channel.

Just for a moment, if we give some weightage to the Indian argument regarding the navigable aspect of Sir Creek which
India claims for a short period, then it should support trade or other economic activities in terms of the transport of
merchant vessels.

However, it is not the case as cargo and passenger ships can’t navigate through it even during high tides which means
Thalweg Doctrine does not apply to Sir Creek.)

•
• Boundaries divided by mid-channel
• Only applies to Navigable waters (Pakistan contention)
• Navigable in High tide (India)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCsWYWwBdvo
• See this video

INDIAN OCEAN
• Indian military expansion
• Naval drills with 45 countries in Arabian Sea
• Belligerent & Aggressive policies
• Nuclear powered submarine (INS Arihant in 2016)
• First by any Non-P5 Countries
• INS Chakra + INS Arighat
• Changed Balance of Power (Naval)
• Aman 21’
• 40+ countries participated in drills
• Encirclement of Pakistan (by India)
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
• 2nd Strike Capability
• INS Arihant
• Babur (2018)
 • Nuclear Triad Achieved by both
• Nuclear attack/retaliation through
• Land, Air & Sea
• India has 130-140 Warheads
• Prithvi, Agni, Sagarika, Dhanush
• Pak has 140-150
• Shaheen, Babur, Ghauri, Ra’ad
SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)

https://www.dawn.com/news/1756369

click on this link to open topic ‘’ can Pakistan-India nuclear deterrence hold ?

https://issi.org.pk/nuclear-signalling-and-escalation-risk-in-the-india-pakistan-context-a-critical-overview-of-
the-2001-02-standoff/

https://issi.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Fahad_Ahmed_Misson_Vol_2_2023.pdf
a detailed research article on PAK-INDIA relations in contemporary era.

INDIAN MALIGN HYBRID WARFARE AGAINST PAKISTAN ;-

▪ Today India has subjected Pakistan to 5th generation and hybrid warfare to destabilize it
and is also using its mainstream media/social media to malign Pakistan domestically and
internationally.
▪ The Stanford Internet Observatory (SIO) of the prestigious Stanford university has
unearthed an Indian social media campaign which is spreading fake news and
propaganda against Pakistan on Twitter.
▪ It was in 2019 and 2020 when the EU Disinfo Lab, a European Non-governmental
organization (Brussels based) uncovered a network of 750 fake media outlets in
more than 116 countries. The objective of fake media outlets was to influence the
European Union and international organizations with content critical of Pakistan.
▪ These fake NGOs, websites and stolen identities were used to propagate against Pakistan
while propagating the Indian narrative.
 ▪ Some of the fake NGOs included World Sindh Congress, Balochistan House, Baloch
Student Organization (BSO), Gilgit-Baltistan Studies and Friends of Gilgit-Baltistan
etc
▪ .All the fake outlets were created and managed by Srivastava group a New Delhi based
organization, a brainchild of RAW. According to recent discoveries of the SIO, Twitter has
identified 15 datasets of information. One of the datasets contained 1198 accounts that
tweeted about Pakistan and India. According to Twitter officials, the country of origin of the
datasets was India.
▪ Recently, it’s been brought to light that India had bought software from an

American company, Exodus Intelligence (EI). They primarily target government

computers in Pakistan and China through this software

▪ This series was started in 2020 and continued till April 2021. According to a

report in Forbes, this move by the Indian government is unacceptable. The

report stated that India had misused technology at least six times in the last

two years.

▪ In this regard, a Russian security company discovered India’s cyber campaign

against China and Pakistan, after which the American company canceled the

agreement with India. The company believes that India may have also provided

some of our technology to South Korea.

▪ https://ndujournal.ndu.edu.pk/site/article/view/152/114
▪ Read this research paper ‘’ INDIA'S CYBER WARFARE CAPABILITIES:

REPERCUSSIONS FOR PAKISTAN'S NATIONAL Security ‘’

▪ https://margallapapers.ndu.edu.pk/site/article/view/121/106

▪ ( India’s Growing Cyber Partnerships and

Challenges for Pakistan)

RECENT ACTIONS BY INDIA TO ENHANCE ITS DEFENSE

According to a recent report, India is getting 120 Pralay missiles to deploy near the Pakistani
and Chinese border.

India is quickly adding new weapons in its arsenal.

In India, there is an increase of 17. 57 percent in the Defense Research and Development (R&D) budget
compared to 2021-22.

Possible convergence / opportunities for collaboration

• ECONOMICs
• TAPI

• SCO
• ELIMINATION OF TERRORISM-RATS( part of SCO)
• Intelligence sharing
• Counter terrorism framework
• SAARC
• SAFTA.

❖Glimpse of INDIAN ECONOMY;-

▪ India’s growing confidence is reflected in its resolve that by 2047, it will emerge as
the world’s first largest economy surpassing China and the US.
▪ While it may sound weird and a wishful thinking, the reality on the ground may endorse
what many Indians perceive their country to be number one economic power in coming 25
years.
▪ According to statistics, with 7% economic growth rate, $3.469 trillion GDP,
$537.52 billion forex reserves, $311.82 billion exports, $100 billion FDI, $8
billion income from tourism, $87 billion remittances, and $156.7 billion
earning from IT exports, India is confident to sustain its economic growth and
overtake Germany and Japan by 2028 to become the world’s third largest economy.
However, in order to transform its vision into a reality, India needs to deal with its
fault lines, particularly with the surge of communal violence, mainly against
250 million strong Muslim minority.
Today, India is the 5th largest economy in the world. In 1970, Pakistan’s GDP per capita

was $226 vs. India’s $112, whereas, in 2022, Pakistan stands at $1400 vs. $2490 of India.

The foreign reserves of India are $554 billion vs. Pakistan’s at $4 billion.

Future of relations ;-
Backchannel contacts
• Intelligence officials met 4 to 5 times between Dec, 20 to April, 21
• Resurrecting Musharraf’s Backchannel policy
Exchange of Message between PMs
Pak’s offer of Covid-19 relief assistance
Possible negotiations on all outstanding issues including J & K
Feb, 21: Renewed Ceasefire (2003)
• A purely tactical move serving the short-term interests of both countries

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1046236-making-good-with-the-neighbour

this article talks about wars and vengeance among European countries , but eventually they settled for peace
. Hence , Pakistan and India can learn lessons from the European model of peace and cooperation .

Pak priorities in backchannel ;-

• No change in demography of Kashmir (Non-Negotiable)
• No measures to alter the character of region
• Steps to normalize the lives of people including release of Prisoners
• Statehood to Kashmir in one way or other
• Any discussion on the status of AJK &GB is off the table

https://margallapapers.ndu.edu.pk/site/article/view/158/135
PAKISTAN-INDIA BILATERAL RELATIONS AND APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PEACEBUILDING

Abstract
The recent Pulwama incident has further strained the already tense relationship between India and Pakistan. India's
violation of the UN resolution on Kashmir has exacerbated the situation, leaving both countries with seemingly
no common ground or shared challenges to bring them to the dialogue table and build confidence and trust
for a sustainable relationship. This paper proposes a peace-initiating process prioritising cooperation on common
environmental challenges to improve bilateral relations between Pakistan and India. Environmental peacebuilding,
which focuses on shared ecological challenges and provides a platform for dialogue and cooperation between rival
states, has been explored for a couple of years. However, the cooperative dimensions of environmental
peacebuilding have yet to be studied in bilateral relations between Pakistan and India. This paper provides
a brief qualitative analysis of relations between two countries, highlights the potential for environmental
peacebuilding to improve their relationship, and addresses challenges to successfully implementing this approach

➢ Issue of Kashmir Between Pak and India

❖ Kashmir : Historical Background

•Durani Empire Ruled Kashmir, 1752-1819
•Sikh Empire Annexed it defeating Durani Empire 1819
•First Anglo Sikh War : 1845-46 : Treaty of Lahore , Kashmir came under British Rule

•Treaty of Amritsar : 16th March 1846, East India Company and GulabSingh signed a treaty. Kashmir was
given control of Gulab Singh as Princely State under British Suzerainty. Gulab Singh was made to pay
RS.75Lacs as annual Tribute to the State
 ❖Kashmir at Uno
India filed a complaint with the Security Council against Pakistan on Jan1948 accusing Pakistan of helping
Invaders
•Pakistan also filed Counter Complain Challenging the validity of Instrument of Accession and Accusing India
of Genocide
•UNSC established UNCIP( United nations commission on India and Pakistan) on Jan 20, 1948
•Cease-fire 1st Jan 1949
•UNCIP was Replaced with UN Representative on Kashmir in March 1950

❖Resolution on Kashhmir

1948 : 34, 39( uncip), 47( plebiscite ) , 52

1950 : 80
1951 : 91, 96
1952 : 98
1957 : 122, 123, 126
1965 : 209,210, 211, 214, 215
1971 : 303, 307

https://dailytimes.com.pk/1076275/india-kashmir-indian-muslims-and-pakistan/

this article sheds light on Indian position in the world and stance on Kashmir .

❖SPECIAL STATUS TO Jammu & Kashmir

•Article 370 of India Constitution : Article of Indian Constitution Which Sets the Direction of Relation -Ship
between Republic of Indian and The State of Jammu and Kashmir ( original 26th Jan 1950)
•According to ARTICLE 370 : Defense , Communication , Currency and Foreign Affairs be run by the State
of India
•Jammu and Kashmir will be autonomous in the other sphere of political affairs
 ❖DIVISION OF VALLEY AFTER 5TH AUGUST .
•STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHIMIR has been Split into 2 Union Territories :
•1Union Territory of Ladakh ( with 2 District of Ladakh and Kargil) . Each District would be directly
administrated by India through a Autonomous Council. One Member Representation for Lok Sabaha

❖Factors Responsible for the Move

•Modi’s Nationalistic Politics and Election Manifesto ( Even in First Terms’s Compaign , Could not Do
earlier term because of Non-Majority in Upper House )
•Trump’s Offer of Mediation on Kashmir
•India’s Quest for Membership in UNSC

❖IMPLICATIONS : FOR INDIA

•No More Secular Face : Intellectual Debate
•Moodi’s Hindutva Designs
•More Voices from other liberation Moments
•Internationally Highlight of the Issue Again
•Pro-India Political Parties too Condemning
https://pakobserver.net/indian-belligerence-at-iiojk-pakistans-policy-
options/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=indian-belligerence-at-iiojk-pakistans-
policy-options

❖Implications For Pakistan

•Death of Negotiating Efforts
•CPEC Route More Insecurity
•Pak-USA Relations at Stake
•Threat of More Hydro Politics
•Internal Political Point Scoring and Cross Fingering
•Economic Costs: Trade Issues
 ❖CRITICISM ON PAKISTAN’S EFFORTS
•Reactive Role instead of Pro-Active
•Failure of Diplomacy
•Media- Narrative Failure
•Pak’s Dwindling Economy :

❖WAY FORWARD TO DEAL WITH KASHMIR DISPUTE

1--Strong Diplomacy
2-Media Narrative War
3-Strong Lobbying at USA, UK Forums
4-Moral Support for Kashmiris
5-Key Allies Support at UNSC
6-Efforts for gaining OIC Country’s Support
7-Creation of Unanimous Strategy at Home .
.8- Chenab formula

9-Musharraf formula ( https://eurasiantimes.com/musharrafs-four-point-formula-the-best-way-of-resolving-

kashmir-dispute-washington-post-report/ )
10-Sir Owen Dixo plan ; He proposed division of state of Jammu and Kashmir in 24 main regions Jammu
ladakh and the Vale of Kashmir including mustafabad angle based on according to his plan the district of
punch was to remain with Pakistan he proposed that of 4 regions Jammu and ladakh should go
uncontested to India in the northern areas to Pakistan

11-Trieste Type solution ; It proposes that valley along with some adjoining parts of Jammu and the
Pakistani side of Kashmir be made an autonomous units under India and Pakistan respectively. the loc
would be a soft border between the 2 autonomous units the remaining areas on both sides of loc may be
merged with India in Pakistan respectively. india and pakistan would be required to withdraw their forces
under un supervision.

12- https://ndujournal.ndu.edu.pk/site/article/view/149/111 ( ROADMAP FOR THE POLITICAL AND

LEGAL RESOLUTION OF THE KASHMIR DISPUTE ) Read this research paper

 ❖ COMPTEMPORARY STRATEGY OF INDIA AGAISNT PAKISTAN

With the Indian hegemonic ambitions being deterred by the nuclear capability of Pakistan, India had adopted a
broad three-pronged strategy against Pakistan.

➢ First, India has consistently kept Pakistan engaged militarily on the Line of Control in Kashmir
without ever letting it escalate into a full-scale war that could lead to a nuclear disaster.
➢ Secondly, India patronizes the terrorist groups and Baloch insurgents to destabilize Pakistan
internally.
➢ Thirdly, India resorts to international propaganda to malign Pakistan as a ‘rogue’ state that
facilitates terrorism in the neighbouring states or else a failing state incapable of safeguarding its
nuclear assets. However, the allegations are largely unfounded.

❖ SUGGESTION FOR PAK

✓ The broader definition of security is not limited to military security. Pakistan needs to pay particular
attention to the development of its human resource by greater investment in education and healthcare
that would lead to a more vibrant society, a flourishing economy, and a greater role in global affairs.

✓ On the diplomatic front, though Pakistan has a reliable partner in China, Pakistan needs to
establish sustainable relations with other major global players, especially Russia, European
Union. At the same time, Pakistan should strengthen its ties with Turkey, Iran as well as the Arab states
without offending either party.

✓ Pakistan must explore new markets and create a more investor-friendly environment within to attain
sustainable development. Pakistan must, at the same time, strive to eliminate social and religious extremism for
the establishment of a tolerant and prospering society.

✓ Last but not the least, no long-term goals can be achieved without the requisite political stability within a
state. With the promotion of a tolerant society where differences of opinion are respected, a thorough
revamping of political culture and electoral system, as well as the eradication of corrupt practices on all fronts
can provide Pakistan with the so much needed political stability and good governance. Only in this way, the
country can embark upon the route to enduring strength, autonomy, and greater political say.
 ❖ CONCLUDING REMARKS ;-

Pakistan and India have remained prisoners of geography after Partition. They are caught in

an unending territorial conflict that has drained their resources. India has also become a prisoner
of history as it is unwilling to permanently adjust to the idea of Partition. India has a huge Muslim

population, and Pakistan also has a sizable Hindu population. These religiously marginalized
groups are the direct victims of this lack of workability between the two nations. It is time to find
a way towards a workable future for the prosperity of the region.

Past Paper questions on the this topic

1- Resolution of Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan can bring peace and
prosperity in the region. Discuss.(CSS 2013)
2- Given the volatile lockdown in Indian Occupied Kashmir,what are the viable policy choices
available to Pakistan? What can Pakistan realistically do to ease the sufferings of
Kashmiri people? (CSS 2020)
3- Discuss the Kashmir problem in its entirety , throwing light on its background and and
prospects of its possible solution in light of relations between INDIA and Pakistan . ( css
2016)
4- Write note on Kashmir Conflict ( PMS2022, 2021)
5- The Indian revocation of Articles 370 and 35A in the Indian Occupied Kashmir is to ‘officially’ annex the area
into its territory through ethnic cleansing, forceful conversion, and illegal settlements. Analyze the impact of
these actions on the self-determination struggle of Kashmiris. ( PMS KPK 2022 CA)

PRACTICE QUESTIONS.

1- "In the context of changing geopolitics, discuss the impact of Pakistan-India relations on regional
stability and security, considering factors such as economic integration, security dilemmas, and the
evolving role of major powers in the region."

2- "Evaluate the significance of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in maintaining water-sharing arrangements
between Pakistan and India. Discuss the challenges and potential implications of any renegotiation or
abrogation of the treaty, considering the growing concerns over water scarcity and changing
hydrological patterns.
 3- Analyze the role of nuclear deterrence in shaping Pakistan-India relations. Assess the evolving
dynamics of nuclear doctrines, arms races, and their impact on stability in the region. Also, discuss the
challenges posed by non-state actors and the potential for arms control measures in the context of
nuclear deterrence.

Contact ; Farhan Ahmad Mirza – 03350172274

.