VIRUSES

Viruses are acellular, parasitic entities that are not classified into a kingdom
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TYPE OF CELL CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANCE

ACELLULAR consists of PROTEIN and GENETIC MATERtIAL Control population via death from
↳ does not metabolize and disease
grow ( no 7 LIFE process) NO historical footprint
↳ only replicates
infect organisms from ALL KINGDOMS
↳ no organelles
Very small (20nm -250nm)

Viruses replicate but don’t metabolize and grow VIRAL DETECTION

⦾ Technology has allowed the discovery of viruses
↳ use hosts replication system to produce IDENTICAL ⦾ Can't see under light microscope , only under
PROGENY viruses ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
↳ entirely dependent on host cell to replicate ↳ SEM - surface structure
↳ Do not grow (formed in mature form) ↳ TEM - surface structure and internal structure

Envelope
ENVELOPED VIRUS

Capsid
Spike
Nucleic acid

,
BACTERIOPHAGE

Collar
Capsid Nucleic acid

Sheath
NAKED NUCLEOCAPSID VIRUS

Base plate
Tail fiber

Virus must attach to a living cell - be taken inside manufacture it's proteins -copy it's genome.
- find a way to escape

VIRUS & ITS HOST

⦾ Virus must attach to a host cell to replicate
⦾ can infect ONLY CERTAIN SPECIES of host PERMISSIVE : cells virus use to replicate
↳ ONLY CERTAIN CELLS in host

Specific PROTEIN on capsid , BINDS w/ specific molecule of host

Particular surface receptor must be found on host cells surface

Cell must make substances that virus needs or virus will not be able or replicate
 LYTIC CYCLE virus takes over the cell, replicates new virions and destroys the cell
↑ X
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&

ATTACHMENT PENETRATION BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEW RELEASE

enveloped VIRAL COMPONENTS
, virus attaches to a nucleic acid of viruses enter viruses are
specific receptor bacteriophages the host cell host cell is
instructed to make released
site on the host cell enters the host when the viral when the
membrane through cell naked, additional nucleic
envelope fuses acids which will host cell dies.
attachment proteins leaving the directly with make the other viral
in the capsid capsid outside the cell components. ↳ the virus
embedded in the the cell. membrane. replicates
viral envelope During the
maturation stage by means of
Once inside the cell, the viral capsid is the genome , and a lytic cycle.
degraded, and the viral nucleic acid is components are then or
released assembled to make viruses can leave the infected
new virion progeny ' cells by budding through the
LYTIC CYCLE membrane without directly
killing the cell
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LYSOGENIC CYCLE genome, where it is passed on to

subsequent generations.
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 Bacteria
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TYPE OF CELL CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANCE

4 shapes : coccus, vibrio, bacillus, decomposers known as saprophytes

Prokaryote spirillum breaks down organic compounds
↳ no nucleus or organelles and returns it to the soil nitrogen
↳ unicellular Lives everywhere in the biospheres fixing in plants
some are pathogenic

Reproduced via binary fission

A
Pili
small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface.
These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and
surfaces

Nucleoid

region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located

↑
Capsule
to keep the bacterium from drying out
and to protect it from phagocytosis
(engulfing) by larger microorganisms. Cell Wall
gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic
- membrane, protecting it from the environment.
Ribosomes
the building blocks of proteins.

Plasmid
to exchange DNA Cytoplasm
Site of cell growth, metabolism, and replication
~
being carried carried out.
Plasma Membrane
layer of phospholipids and proteins, encloses
the interior of the bacterium, regulating the
flow of materials in and out of the cell.
Flagellum
Swimming move to that
propels the cell