PILE FOUNDATION.

A CASE STUDY ON
‘’PILE FOUNDATION’’
SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DIPLOMA IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
BY
NAME OF STUDENTS ENROLLMENT NO:
MR. SUJAL GAJANAN JADHAV 2101460004
MR. HARSHVARDHAN WAGHMARE 2101460005
MRS. SANTOSHI YADAV 2101460006
MR. UMESH RAMJI BIND
MR. GAURANG SANJEEV GAIKWAD

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS. SWAPNAL PATIL

HOD: PRINCIPAL:
MRS. SONALI MALI MR. R.S. BAWASKAR
PILE FOUNDATION.

MUCHHALA POLYTECHNIC
MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
DECLARATION
We, the group member here by declare that this written submission represents our ideas in
our own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, we have adequately
cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all
principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of
the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal
action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed. We are also taking the responsibility that the
contents of the black book to the true according to the project.

NAME OF STUDENTS ENROLLMENT NO:

MR. SUJAL GAJANAN JADHAV 2001460093
MR. HARSHVARDHAN WAGMARE 2001460091
MRS. SANTOSHI YADHAV 2001460085
MR. UMESH RAMJI BIND 2001460087
MR. GAURANG SANJEEV GAIKWAD 2101460022

SIGN AND NAME OF SIGN AND NAME OF

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PILE FOUNDATION.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset we would like to express our deep scenes of gratitude towards our guide Prof.
SWAPNAL PATIL
For her outstanding guidance and supervision followed by consistent encouragement during
the period of our candidature without her active help, this project work would not have seen
in the light of the day.
We would like to express our appreciation to Prof. Sonali Mali, Head of Department of
Civil Engineering, for her valuable advice and cooperation.
We owe deep gratitude to our collage MUCHHALA POLYTECHNIC, THANE who took
keen interest in our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project
work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.
Thanks, are also extended to our friends for their assistant and encouragement wherever
sought during the period our studies. Last but not least we express our Gratitude towards all
those who directly or indirectly helped us in completion of our studies.
We are thankful and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support, and guidance
from all teaching staff of civil engineering department which helped us in successfully
completing our project work.
Also, we would like to extend our sincere esteems to all staff in laboratory for their timely
Support.
PILE FOUNDATION.

INDEX

CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………………………
1.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………
1.2 NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION……………….
1.3 USE OF PILE FOUNDATION….
1.4 PRINCIPLES OF PILE FOUNDATION……….
1.5 TYPES OF FOUNDATION……….
1.5.1 AEROBIC COMPOSTING….
1.5.2 ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING……
1.6 METHODS OF PILE FOUNDATION……
1.6.1 MANUAL COMPOSTING…….
1.6.1.1 BANGALOREMETHOD {ANAEROBIC METHOD}..
1.6.1.2 INDORE METHOD {AEROBIC METHOD}:
1.6.2 MECHANICAL COMPOSTING – DANO PROCESS

CHAPTER 2……………………………………………………………

LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………...

CHAPTER 3………………………………

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES……………………………

3.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF PILE FOUNDATIO………...

3.2 WORMS SPECIES USED FOR VERMICOMPOSTING…….

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF VERMICOMPOSTING…

3.4 HEALTH BENEFITS OF VERMICOMPOSTING ……….

3.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOSTING ….

3.6 CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS….

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………...

4.1 LARGE SCALE & SMALL-SCALE VERMICOMPOSTING...

4.1.1 LARGE SCALE COMPOSTING……….

4.1.2 SMALL SCALE COMPOSTING……...

PILE FOUNDATION.

4.2 Factors affecting the composting process…...

4.3 BANGALORE METHOD {ANAEROBIC METHOD} ………

4.4 INDORE METHOD {AEROBIC METHOD} ……...

CHAPTER 5………
CURRENT SCENARIO OF VERMICOMPOSTING IN SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT……………………………
CHAPTER 6………………
RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS…….
CHAPTER 7………
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE…………

REFERENCES………………
PILE FOUNDATION.

ABSTRACT

Pile foundation are used extensively for the support of bridges and other structures to safely
transfer structural loads to the ground and to avoid excess settlement or lateral movement.
They are very effective in transferring structural loads through weak or compressible soil
layers into the more competent soils and rocks below. Pile foundations are the part of
structure. Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a
low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber. Concrete or steel. The
term pile foundation is used to describe a construction for the foundation of bridges piers
which in turn is supported on the piles. The piles may be placed separately or they may be
placed in a group. The piles are generally driven vertically or near vertical position. Project
reports contains introductions and problems definition. It also contains literature review of
project. It includes location of study area and project site. It also includes brief details of
equipment used on the site and its cost. Project report also contains geotechnical
investigation of soil and mix design. It also includes important activities such as marking
the centre line,boring,lowering of reinforcement.concreting,excavation,chipping of pile cap
etc.It also includes various various tests done on site and their conclusion. Also last this
project report contains conclusion and recommendations and references.
PILE FOUNDATION.

CHAPTER I
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
A Pile is basically a long cylinder of strong material such as concrete that is pushed into
the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.
Pile Foundation have been used for many years for carrying and transfering the loads to
soil considering to be week in structure due to the soil condition.
In the early stages of development villages and towns were located in the close vicinity of
lakes and rivers due to the availability of water and also to ensure filled with stones and
sand.
Pile foundation consist of piles that are dug into the soil till a layer of stable soil is
reached.
Pile Foundation transfer building load to the bearing ground with greater bearing capacity.
Pile foundation are usefull in regions with unstable upper soil that may erode or for large
building.

FIGURE: 1.1 PILE FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION.

1.2 NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION:

FIGURE: 1.2 PILE FOUNDATION AT WORK

A Pile Foundation is required to reduce differential settlement.

They are required for the transmission of structure loads to firm stratum.
Pile Foundation are used to resist horizontal forces in addition to supports the vertical loads
in earth- retating structures and tall structures that are subjected to horizontal forces due to
wind and Earthquake.
Piles are required when the soil condition are such that a washout, erosion or scour of soil
may occur from underneath a shallow foundation.
In case of expensive soil, they are used to transfer the load below the active zones.
Piles are used to transfer the load beyond the zone of possible moisture changes in such
soils.
When the strata below the ground surface is very weak to support load transmitted by the
structural.
Foe the transmission of structural loads through deep water to firm stratum,
Where the soil is water-logged.
When stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth.
PILE FOUNDATION.

1.3 USE OF PILE FOUNDATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING:

1) There are different situations when a pile foundation is used. Followings are the
main cases where pile foundation use is desirable:
2) If a high groundwater table exists beneath the structure.
3) If the superstructure load is higher and non-uniform.
4) Pile Foundation is economic than other proposed foundation types.
5) If highly compressible soil is present at shallow depth.
6) If the structure is located near the river bed or sea shore etc, pile foundation is
suggested to secure the structure from the possible scouring.
7) If canal or deep drainage systems pass near the structure pile foundation is suggested.
8) If soil condition is very poor and it is not possible to excavate the soil up to the
desired depth.
9) If it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by any measure due to
heavy inflow of seepage.

1.5 TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION:

There are Five types of Pile Foundation.
I. Bored Piling.
II. Driven Piling.
III. Screw Piling.
IV. Sheet Piling.
V. Mini Piling.

1.5.1 BORED PILING:

Bored piles are installed by auguring into the ground forming a hole into which concrete
can be poured, thereby casting the pile in position. This method of piling is well suited for
worked in cities and areas surrounding existing buildings as the vibration caused by
installation is minimised.

FIGURE: 1.3 BORED PILING

PILE FOUNDATION.

1.5.2 DRIVEN PILING: -

Driven Pile are driven or hammered into the ground with the use of vibration. This method
of piling is well suited for foundation in non cohesive soils, ground with a high water table
and for soils that contain contaminates.
Driven Piles can be cast in position by using temporary or permanent steel casing . They
can also be prepared off site by using pre-cast piles which can be created using steel Timer,
wood ,concrete or a combination of these.

FIGURE: 1.6 DRIVEN PILING

1.5.3 SCREW PILING: -

Screw Piles use circular hollow galvanished stell pile shafts with one or more stell helices
attached to them and are fastened into the ground much like a screw is fastened into wood.

FIGURE: 1.7 SCREW PILING

PILE FOUNDATION.

1.5.4 SHEET PILING: -

Sheet Piles a type of driven pile are constructed with a serirs of interlocking stell sheets.
They can be used to create permanent or Temporary retaining walls on construction sites
where large excavations are required.
This method of piling can be very cost effective on sites where Temporary soil retention is
necessary as the sheets can removed and used again on different sites once the ground works
have been completed.

FIGURE: 1.7 SHEET PILING

1.5.5 MINI PILING: -

Mini Piles also known as Micro Piles typically ranges in size from 100mm-400mm in
diameter. What Distinguishes mini piles from other pile types however has more to do with
how and where they are installed than just the pile size itself.
In location with restricted access smaller sized piling rigs have been required in order to
install piles on sites where traditional piling rigs could not operate thus opens up many
options for commercial & domestic development in the city.

FIGURE: 1.7 MINI PILING

PILE FOUNDATION.

1.7 STEPS IN PILE FOUNDATION.

Pile is in demand as the deep footing for various structures. For the bridge, we generally
cast the bridge pier above the pile foundation. It supports the load by skin friction and the
end bearing resistance. Different types of piles are categorized based on the material,
loading type, and resistance type. In this post, we are going to discuss cast-in-situ concrete
construction. There are the following stages of concrete pile construction,
 Marking.
 Inserting the casing.
 Drilling of bore.
 Clearing the bottom.
 Inserting the reinforcement cage.
 Concreting.
 Chipping off.
 Leveling.
 Reinforcement for pile-cap.
 Centering.
 Pire reinforcement.
 Concreting of pile-cap.

 Marking :-
First of all, we try to align the bore machine over the center mark. After the alignment, we
generally check level by spirit level. This process maintains the hole straight.

 Inserting The Casing :-

After marking the point, we first insert the casing. This casing supports the bore wall. Now,
after this process, we can start the drilling of the bore.

 Drilling Of Bore :-
We use rotary drill for drilling the bore, generally of 1.2 m dia in the case of the bridge pier.
In this process, we keep flowing the bentonite solution. This solution keeps the wall stuck
in a place and prevents it from falling. Before drilling, we generally perform the density test
for bentonite, which should come around 1.

 Clearing Of Bottom :-
After drilling process we perform the cleaning of bore hole. This process make concrete
more effective.
PILE FOUNDATION.

 Inserting The Reinforcement Of Pile :-

We have to insert the reinforcement cage vertically into the bore hole. This is a very critical
operation. As the weight of the reinforcement cage is higher and we have to maintain the
proper spacing between reinforcement and the wall of the borehole.

 Concreting Of Pile :-
Concreting is done through the tremie pipe method. Tremie pipe is shown in fig. Concreting
is done from the bottom of the hole. As concrete is heavier than the water in concrete, it
settles down. As concreting proceeds, impure water starts rising and finally comes out from
the top of the bore hole. The minimum grade of concrete is M25, and the slump is about 110
to 140 mm.

 Chipping Off :-
After concreting, we allow it to cure for 28 days. After the sufficient curing period, the
concrete pile is ready up to ground level. Now we excavate up to the cutoff level. We
generally chip off all the concrete above this level. We call this process chipping of concrete.
All concrete above the cut-off level has been chipped; only reinforcement remains there.

 Leveling :-
After chipping of concrete up to the cutoff level we generally level the surface. After
leveling of surface we generally provide plain cement concrete. Above this, we cast the PCC
concrete.

 Reinforcement Of Pile-Cap :-
As mentioned in the above point, reinforcement for pile-cap is being laid on the PCC. All
top, bottom, side reinforcement according to the drawing is provided.

 Centering :-
After the reinforcement of pile-cap we generally find out the center of pile-cap and make
the reinforcement of pier of the bridge.

 Concreting Of Pile-Cap :-
After this process, we cast the pile-cap. After concreting we allow it to cure properly. Then
start casting the pier of the bridge.
PILE FOUNDATION.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE IS: 2911[1] The load carrying capacity calculation formula
for single pile for different soil conditions are taken from Code gives the useful information
for the design consideration for the bored pile, driven pile and pile cap for the pile group.
Spacing, behavior of the pile in the pile group and reinforcement specifications for the pile
group are used as per recommended by the code. The lateral resistance of the single pile is
calculated using the code method. Bearing capacity is taken from the code. J.E Bowles[2]
had a new concept based on the shifting rate of piles, and the settlement rate of the
surrounding soils has been suggested for the study of negative skin friction. Negative skin
friction occurs when the settlement rate of the surrounding soils is greater than that of the
piles. Some relative equations have been established to define the negative friction zone of
piles. Negative skin friction is dependent on the time factor and the degree of consolidation
of the soil mass and can be negligible when the soil mass is nearly completely consolidated.
K. R. Arora[3] gives a good idea about the classification of the different types of piles.
General theories for the analysis of the single pile and brief knowledge of the pile group are
also taken from this reference.

M.J. Tomlinson and V. N. S. Muthy[4] gives a good idea for the understanding of the
behavior of pile under load. Murthy also gives a good sense of understanding for the failure
of the single pile for specific type of soil and method of analysis for the pile group. P.C.
Varghese[5] carried out the design of pile cap considering the case study of raja garden
flyover which is situated in Delhi. The designing of the pile cap was done using the bending
theory and truss analogy method. Various load combinations including seismic, longitudinal
and transverse loads were considered. Reinforcement details for each method were included.
The load combinations considered for design of pile cap were the total vertical load, total
longitudinal moment and total transverse moment. Load on pile cap had been calculated
considering the maximum effects from normal case, seismic longitudinal case and seismic
transverse case. In this paper the analysis was done by the bending theory and truss analogy
method for the different pile caps under the flyover and maximum area of steel calculated
by either of the method was provided. S. C. Gupta[6] In this study, work carried out by S.
C. Gupta was on the analysis method for calculating the bending moment of piles and results
of it were supported by finite element analysis on computers. Most of the methods available
for analysis of piles are given in standard books and Indian codes, are for single pile. The
behavior of pile under combined axial and lateral loads is not defined in codes and in general
literature. Most of the design engineers are designing piles based on length of fixity charts
as given in IS 2911 Part 1. Further the work also includes the drawbacks for the moment
calculation on the pile as per I.S. code and other formulas from which the code has suggested
the method. To prove this drawback true, a pile group model was prepared with the help of
finite element and STAAD Pro software. The general theory for the calculating the length
of fixity suggested by code was the main concern for this study. The method for moment
calculation on the single pile was suggested by the author and possible checks for the
analysis were also included. The piles designed by the suggested method were not only
economical but also safer. To prove this statement a case study on a real bridge design was
considered, which were earlier designed based on the length of fixity calculation as per IS:
PILE FOUNDATION.

2911 and were crossed checked by the recommended method. This study concludes that the
recommended method by not only economies the design by more than 30 percent in terms
of flexural reinforcement but also reduces the overall length of the pile. S. Ramamurtham[7]
gives a good example of the design for three pile group i.e. used for the triangular shape pile
cap. Tridibesh Indu[8] had carried out the analysis work for different types of pile caps
having different number of piles under it. Principles for the analysis were suggested and an
illustration for a 4 pile rectangular cap under biaxially eccentric column load had been done,
this principle was utilized for a few types of caps in respect of the application and scope of
truss method. The paper includes the method to analysis for three pile group, hexagonal pile
group and rectangular pile group. This paper was prepared and presented as the information
on the application of the truss method for the design of the pile caps is scarce. The paper
concludes that the approach provides conceptually elegant solutions for triangle, hexagonal
and rectangular pile group, but then beam method should continue to be used as a safe
general procedure.

CHAPTER 3

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES:

 How do large, heavy structures maintain stabilisation above the ground where the
condition of the soil has cause for concern? Piled foundations are often the appropriate
engineered solution, below we answer what the purpose of a pile foundation is:

1) Safety :-
To transmit and ensure safety when a structure’s load is coming down onto the ground.

In some circumstances where structures are large and heavy, and the underlying soil is
weak, driven precast concrete piles assist by creating an increase of resistance against
the load coming down on the ground. The pile foundation guarantees the vertical
structure.

2) To improve the ground conditions :-

Quality driven precast concrete piles strengthen grounds where the soil may be
weakened or be vulnerable to erosion. Piles transmit the force of heavy loads coming
onto the foundation, the transmission of load is performed whether it is vertical or
horizontal or inclined loads.
PILE FOUNDATION.

3.1 THE USES OF PILES :

FIGURE: 3.1 USES OF PILES.

 The load of the super-structure is heavy and its distribution is uneven.

 The top soil has proper bearing capacity.
 The subsoil water is high so that so that pumping od water from the open trenches for
the shallow foundation is difficult and uneconomical.
 Large fluctuation in subsoil water level.
 The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed, where there is danger of scouring
action of water.
 Canal or deep drainage line exist near the foundation.
 For foundation of transmission towers and off-shore platforms which are subjected to
uplifts forces.
PILE FOUNDATION.

3.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PILE

FOUNDATION :-
 The following are the pile foundation advantages :-
 Load-Bearing Capacity:-
Pile foundations offer high load-bearing capacity, making them suitable for structures
subjected to heavy loads and challenging soil conditions.

 Versatility:-
Pile foundations can be adapted to different types of soil, including cohesive, non-
cohesive, and mixed soils, allowing for flexibility in construction projects.

 Settlement Control:-
Pile foundations can effectively control settlement, ensuring that the structure remains
stable and levels are maintained over time.

 Limited Space Requirements:-

Pile foundations require less horizontal space compared to other types of foundations,
making them ideal for constrained construction sites.

 Deep Foundation Solution:-

Pile foundations are particularly useful in areas with weak or unstable upper soil
layers, as they can reach deeper, more stable soil or rock layers.

 Mitigation of Lateral Forces:-

Pile foundations provide resistance against lateral forces such as wind or earthquakes,
enhancing the structural stability of the building.

 Durability :-
Pile foundations are designed to resist corrosion and deterioration, ensuring the long-
term stability and safety of the structure.

 Suitable for Various Structures:-

Pile foundations are used for various types of structures, including buildings, bridges,
piers, and retaining walls.

 The following are the pile foundation disadvantages :-

 Cost :-
Pile foundations can be more expensive compared to shallow foundations due to the
materials, equipment, and specialized labor required for their installation.

 Complex Design and Installation :-

Designing and installing pile foundations require expertise and engineering knowledge,
which can add complexity to the construction process.
PILE FOUNDATION.

 Noise and Vibration :-

Pile installation can generate noise and vibrations, potentially causing disturbances to
nearby structures and the surrounding environment.

 Environmental Impact :-
Pile installation may impact the local environment, including noise pollution, soil
displacement, and disruption to aquatic habitats.

 Limited Accessibility :-
Pile foundations may not be suitable for sites with limited access to installation
equipment.

 Maintenance Challenges :-
While pile foundations are durable, maintenance and repairs may be more complex
compared to shallow foundations.

 Potential for Pile Failure :-

If not designed and installed correctly, piles can experience failure due to factors such
as inadequate load capacity or poor soil conditions.

3.6 CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS:

While pile foundations has many advantages, there are also some challenges and limitations
to consider.

Another limitation is the capacity of the system, as larger-scale operations may require
significant resources and infrastructure.

Additionally, not all types of foundation are suitable for pile foundation, as certain materials
may be toxic to the worms or produce unpleasant odors.

In every aspect of life, we are faced with challenges and limitations that test our limits.
These obstacles can come in various forms such as physical, mental, emotional, or even
social.

When we encounter these hurdles, it is important to approach them with a positive attitude
and a determination to overcome them.

However, it is equally important to recognize that there may be times when we need to
accept our limitations and find ways to work around them.

One common challenge that many people face is the fear of failure. This fear can prevent us
from taking risks and pursuing our goals. It is important to remember that failure is not the
end but rather an opportunity to learn and grow.

Another limitation that many individuals face is a lack of resources, whether it be financial
or otherwise. In these situations, it is important to be resourceful and creative in finding
alternative solutions.
PILE FOUNDATION.

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY

4.1 METHODOLOGY FOR PILE FOUNDATION.

 Pile driving method are :-

 Impact Driving.
 Vibrating.
 Pressing.

Impact Driving :-
The most common form of impact driving is the drop hammer, which uses a falling
weight to create the impact, spread to the top of the pile by a driving cap. The most
common form of drop hammer in current use is the hydraulic hammer. Historically, air
hammers and diesel hammers were used, which utilise an explosive force to drive the
hammer, however, as the newer hydraulic hammers operate at significantly higher
efficiencies and are far less noisy than older diesel hammers, the latter are now less
frequently used.

FIGURE: 3.1 IMPACT DRIVING.

Vibrating :-
An oscillating driver is clamped to the top of the pile, to induce vibrations in the pile
and reduce friction along the sides of the pile, thus allowing the pile to be inserted into
the ground with little extra application of force.

FIGURE: 3.1 VIBRATING

PILE FOUNDATION.

Pressing :-
Pressing methods operate by jacking the piles into the ground, using the adjacent piles
for reaction. This is a low noise and low vibration method, which makes it good for
sensitive sites. There are two generic types of pressing rig, the ‘Japanese’ rigs, such as
those by Giken and Tosa, and panel driving rigs. Units have also been developed to
adapt leader rigs to use pressing methods.

FIGURE: 4.1. PRESSING (JACKING)

4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF PILE

FOUNDATION TYPE :-

 There are several types of pile foundation available to use for a particular project. Few
factors influence the selection of a particular type of pile foundation. These factors are
noted below-

1) Type and loads from the superstructure.

2) Properties of soil.
3) The depth of the soil layer capable of supporting the piles.
4) Variations in length of pile required.
5) Availability of materials.
6) Durability required.
7) Available equipment for pile driving.
8) Budget.
9) The depth of water level and intensity of underground water flow.
10) Types of surrounding structures.
PILE FOUNDATION.

4.3 12 CAUSES OF PILE FOUNDATION FAILURE.

 Pile foundation is one of the most popular choices for heavy loaded structures and in
cases where poor soil conditions are found at a shallow depth. But pile foundations may
fail due to different reasons. One must take proper precautions before designing pile
foundations so that the possibility of such failure reduces. Causes of failure of pile
foundation are given below :-

1. Lack of adequate boring

2. Inaccurate soil classification
3. Soft strata under the pile tip
4. Inadequate driving formula (wrong data)
5. Improper size of hammer causing insufficient penetration or damage if too heavy.
6. Misinterpretation of load
7. Damage to encased piles
8. Buckling or breaking of piles
9. Vibration causing lateral or vertical movement
10. Flowing strata caused by adjacent excavation or bank sloughing
11. Tension failure of concrete piles due to a lack of reinforcement
12. Eccentricity due to bowing or falling out of a plumb
13. Decay due to lower groundwater level
14. Insect and marine borer attack, corrosion
15. Disintegration of concrete due to poor quality or reactive aggregate
16. Collapse of the thin shell of the piles
17. Overweight due to earthfill.
18. Load implied on the pile is greater than designed load.
19. Defecting workmanship.
20. Dislocation of reinforcement of pile.
21. End bearing pile resting on soft strata.
22. Faulty soil investigation.
23. Selecting the wrong type of pile.
24. Under-reinforcement of the pile.
25. A decay of piles. (like attack of insects, corrosion etc.)
26. Deformation of piles due to lateral loads.
27. Incorrect assessment of pile capacity.
28. Not considering lateral forces for designing of piles.

FIGURE: 4.3 FAILURE OF PILE FOUNDATION.

FIGURE: 4.3 PILE FOUNDATION