CV-212: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II

STRESS AND STRAIN

TRANSFORMATION

Courtesy of
PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
• Stress can be calculated but cannot be not measured directly through experiment.
• In most complicated situations where the body is subjected to a number of forces that cannot be
calculated accurately, the stress calculated is also not accurate.
• However, strain in a body can be measured experimentally. In such complicated situations,
strains are measured and then converted in corresponding stress using the generalized law of
stress-strain relations.
• Therefore transformation of strain is equally important to the stress transformation.

• Consider a 2D strain field subjected to 𝜖𝑥 and 𝜖𝑦 as normal strains in x and y directions

respectively and 𝛾𝑥𝑦 as shear strain.

• Normal strains; 𝜖𝑥 and 𝜖𝑦 are considered positive when they produce elongations while 𝛾𝑥𝑦 is
considered positive if the 90o angle between x and y becomes greater.
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
• Now consider a line OA making an angle 𝜃 with x-
axis. OA' is the deformed shape of OA.

• AA' is the is the linear deformation in OA and AA'' is

the shear deformation.

• Resolving displacement vectors 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 𝑑𝑦 and

𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦into their rectangular components along x’
and y’ axes and apply equilibrium conditions
𝐴𝐴′ = 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜀𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝐴𝐴′′ = 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 − 𝜀𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃

• Now 𝜀𝑥′ = 𝐴𝐴′ /𝑂𝐴 and 𝛽 = 𝐴𝐴′′ /𝑂𝐴 where

dx/𝑂𝐴 = cos 𝜃 and dy/OA = sin 𝜃
𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜀𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜀𝑥′ =
𝑂𝐴
𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 − 𝜀𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝛽=
𝑂𝐴
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
⇒ 𝜀𝑥′ = 𝜀𝑥 cos2 𝜃 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 −−− −(𝑎)
⇒ 𝛽 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 𝜀𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin2 𝜃 −− −(𝑏)

• Where 𝛽 is the angular deviation of line OA.

• To determine linear strain (𝜀𝑦′ ) and angular deviation (𝛽′) of a line perpendicular to OA, put 𝜃 = 𝜃 + 90 in
above two equations.
𝜀𝑦′ = 𝜀𝑥 cos2 𝜃 − 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 −−− −(𝑐)
𝛽 ′ = −𝜀𝑥 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝜀𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos2 𝜃 −− −(𝑑)

• Shearing strain 𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ is equal to the total change in 90o angle which is the difference in angles 𝛽 and 𝛽′

𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ = 𝛽 − 𝛽 ′ = 2𝜀𝑥 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 2𝜀𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ = 2 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 −− −(𝑒)
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
• Using half angle formula equations (a), (c) and (e) can written as:
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑥′ = + cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 −− −(1)
2 2 2
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑦′ = − cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 −− −(2)
2 2 2
𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
= sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 −−−−−− −(3)
2 2 2
• A comparison of the strain transformation equations with stress transformation equations shows that they are identical in form.

• The only difference is that half of the shearing strain is used in the transformation equations in place of shearing stress. 𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ is
known as engineering strain and 𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ /2 is known as tensorial strain

• Principle strains:
1 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 2
𝜃𝑁 = tan−1 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2 / , 𝜀1 = ± 2 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2
2 2 2 2 2
• Maximum shearing Strains:
1 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝜀1 − 𝜀2
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
𝜃𝑆 = tan−1 / 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2 , =± 2 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2 =
2 2 2 2 2
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Generalized form of Stress-Strain Relations:
For triaxial state of stress, stains in terms of stresses are:
1
𝜀𝑋 = 𝜎𝑋 − 𝜗 𝜎𝑌 + 𝜎𝑍 −−−− −(𝑎)
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑌 = 𝜎𝑌 − 𝜗 𝜎𝑋 + 𝜎𝑍 −−−− −(𝑏)
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑍 = 𝜎𝑍 − 𝜗 𝜎𝑋 + 𝜎𝑌 −−−− −(𝑐)
𝐸
Inverting equations (a), (b) and (c) to write stresses in terms of strains
𝐸
𝜎𝑋 = 𝜀 + 𝜗 𝜀𝑌 + 𝜀𝑍 −−−− −(𝑑)
1 − 𝜗2 𝑋
𝐸
𝜎𝑌 = 𝜀 + 𝜗 𝜀𝑋 + 𝜀𝑍 −−−− −(𝑒)
1 − 𝜗2 𝑌
𝐸
𝜎𝑍 = 𝜀 + 𝜗 𝜀𝑋 + 𝜀𝑌 −−−− −(𝑓)
1 − 𝜗2 𝑍
For shearing stresses,
𝐸
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 = 𝛾 −−−−− −(𝑔)
2 1+𝜗
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Prob 980: A state of strain is defined by 𝜀𝑋 = −400 10 −6, 𝜀𝑦 = 200 10 −6 and 𝛾𝑋𝑦 = 800 10 −6. If E = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
and ϑ = 0.3, determine the principle stresses and stress components on the face whose normal is at +30o from the x-
axis.
Solution: To determine the required stress components, first determine the corresponding strain components using
the strain transformation equations:
Principle plane and stresses:
1 −1
𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 1 −1
−400 − 200
𝜃𝑁 = tan − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2 / = tan − 800/2 / = +26.56𝑜
2 2 2 2

2 2
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 2 −400 + 200 −400 − 200 2
𝜀1 = ± + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2 = ± + 800/2
2 2 2 2 2
𝜀1 = −100 ± 500, 𝜀1 = 400 10 −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀2 = −600 10 −6
2

The stress components at 𝜃 = +30𝑜

𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 −400 + 200 −400 − 200 800 −6
𝜀𝑥′ = + cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 = + cos 60 − sin 60 = −596.4 10
2 2 2 2 2 2
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Prob 980:
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 −400 + 200 −400 − 200 800 −6
𝜀𝑦′ = − cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 = − cos 60 + sin 60 = +396.4 10
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 −400 − 200 800
= sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 = sin 60 + cos 60 = −59.8 10 −6
2 2 2 2 2
Converting the above strains into corresponding stress using stress-strain relations:
𝐸 200,000
𝜎1 = 𝜀1 + 𝜗 𝜀2 = 400 + 0.3 −600 10 −6 = 48.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 − 𝜗2 1 − 0.32

𝐸 200,000
𝜎2 = 𝜀2 + 𝜗 𝜀1 = −600 + 0.3 400 10 −6 = −105.49 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 − 𝜗2 1 − 0.3 2

𝐸 200,000 −6 = −104.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑋′ = 𝜀𝑋′ + 𝜗 𝜀𝑌′ = −596.4 + 0.3 396.4 10
1 − 𝜗2 1 − 0.32
𝐸 200,000
𝜎𝑦′ = 𝜀𝑦′ + 𝜗 𝜀𝑥′ = 396.4 + 0.3 −596.4 10 −6 = 47.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 − 𝜗2 1 − 0.3 2

𝐸 𝛾𝑥′𝑦′ 200,000
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = = −59.8 10 −6 = −9.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1+𝜗 2 1 + 0.3
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE METHOD)
• The Mohr’s Circle Method of strain transformation is similar to the strain transformation method of Mohr’s Circle.
• For the strain Mohr’s Circle:
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦
𝑐=
2

𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 2
2
R= + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2
2
𝜀1 = 𝐶 + 𝑅
𝜀2 = 𝐶 − 𝑅
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
=𝑅
2
𝜀𝑥′ = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 𝛼
𝛾𝑥′𝑦′
= ±𝑅 sin 𝛼
2
𝜀𝑦′ = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 𝛼
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE METHOD)
Prob 980: A state of strain is defined by 𝜀𝑋 = −400 10 −6, 𝜀𝑦 = 200 10 −6 and 𝛾𝑋𝑦 = 800 10 −6. If E = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
and ϑ = 0.3, determine the principle stresses and stress components on the face whose normal is at +30o from the x-
axis.
Solution: Mohr, Circle:
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 −400 + 200 −6
𝑐= = = −100 10
2 2

𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 2
2
R= + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 /2
2

2
−400 − 200 2 −6
= + 800/2 = 500 10
2
𝜀1 = 𝐶 + 𝑅 = −100 + 500 = 400 10 −6
𝜀2 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 = −100 − 500 = −600 10 −6
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝑅 = 500 10 −6
2
STRAIN TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE METHOD)
Prob 980:

From the Mohr’s circle:

sin 𝛽 = 400/500 = 0.8 ⇒ 𝛽 = 53.1
2𝜃𝑁 = 180 − 𝛽 = 180 − 53.1 = 126.9 𝐶𝑊

2𝜃𝑆 = 2𝜃𝑁 − 90 = 36.9

𝛼 = 2𝜃 − 𝛽 = 60 − 53.1 = 6.9
−6
𝜀𝑥′ = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = −100 − 500 cos 6.9 = 596 10
𝛾𝑥′𝑦′
= −𝑅 sin 𝛼 = −500 sin 6.9 = −59.8
2
−6
𝜀𝑦′ = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = −100 + 500 cos 6.9 = 396 10

Convert the above computed strains into stresses using

generalized stress-strain relations.

𝜎1 = 48.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎2 = −105.49 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑋′ = −104.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦′ = 47.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = −9.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎