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6.1 SOLUTIONS 373
CHAPTER SIX
Solutions for Section 6.1
1. Apply the Fundamental Theorem with F ′ (x) = 2x2 + 5 and a = 0 to get values for F (b). Since
Z b Z b
F (b) − F (0) = F ′ (x) dx = 2x2 + 5 dx
0 0
and F (0) = 3, we have

Z b
F (b) = 3 + 2x2 + 5 dx.
0
Rb
We use a calculator or computer to estimate the definite integral 0
2x2 + 5 dx for each value of b. For example, when
Rb
b = 0.1, we find that 0
2x2 + 5 dx = 0.501. Thus F (0.1) = 3.501. Continuing in this way gives the values in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
b 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0
F (b) 3 3.501 4.005 5.583 6.667
2. Apply the Fundamental Theorem with G′ (t) = (1.12)t and a = 5 to get values for G(b). Since
Z b Z b
G(b) − G(5) = G′ (t) dt = (1.12)t dt
5 5
and G(5) = 1, we have

Z b
G(b) = 1 + (1.12)t dt.
5
Rb
(1.12)t dt for each value of b. For example, when
Rb
b = 5.1, we find that 5
(1.12)t dt = 0.177. Thus G(5.1) = 1.177. Continuing in this way gives the values in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2
b 5 5.1 5.2 5.5 6.0
G(b) 1 1.177 1.356 1.907 2.866
3. Apply the Fundamental Theorem with f ′ (t) = (0.82)t and a = 2 to get values for f (b). Since
Z b Z b
f (b) − f (2) = ′
f (t) dt = (0.82)t dt
2 2
and f (2) = 9, we have

Z b
f (b) = 9 + (0.82)t dt.
2
Rb
(0.82)t dt for each value of b. For example, when
Rb t
b = 4, we find that 2
(0.82) dt = 1.110. Thus f (4) = 10.110. Continuing in this way gives the values in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3
b 2 4 6 10 20
f (b) 9 10.110 10.856 11.696 12.293
374 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
4. (a) The value of the integral is negative since the area below the x-axis is greater than the area above the x-axis. We
count boxes: The area below the x-axis includes approximately 11.5 boxes and each box has area (2)(1) = 2, so
Z 5
f (x)dx ≈ −23.
0
The area above the x-axis includes approximately 2 boxes, each of area 2, so
Z 7
f (x)dx ≈ 4.
5
So we have Z 7 Z 5 Z 7
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx ≈ −23 + 4 = −19.
0 0 5
(b) By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have
Z 7
F (7) − F (0) = f (x)dx
0
so, Z 7
F (7) = F (0) + f (x)dx = 25 + (−19) = 6.
0
Rb
5. Since F (0) = 0, F (b) = 0 f (t) dt. For each b we determine F (b) graphically as follows:
F (0) = 0
F (1) = F (0) + Area of 1 × 1 rectangle = 0 + 1 = 1
F (2) = F (1) + Area of triangle ( 12 · 1 · 1) = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5
F (3) = F (2) + Negative of area of triangle = 1.5 − 0.5 = 1
F (4) = F (3) + Negative of area of rectangle = 1 − 1 = 0
F (5) = F (4) + Negative of area of rectangle = 0 − 1 = −1
F (6) = F (5) + Negative of area of triangle = −1 − 0.5 = −1.5
The graph of F (t), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6, is shown in Figure 6.1.
1.5 F (t)
1
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−1.5
Figure 6.1
6. First, we observe that

g is increasing when g ′ is positive, which is when 0 < x < 4.
g is decreasing when g ′ is negative, which is when 4 < x < 6.
Since a function has a local maximum at a point where its derivative is zero and when it decreases immediately before
and decreases immediately after that point, we see that x = 4 is a local maximum. Likewise, since a function has a local
minimum at a point where its derivative is zero and when it decreases immediately before and increases immediately after
that point, we see that g has no local minima. Table 6.4 shows the area between the curve and the x-axis for the intervals
0–1, 1–2, etc. It also shows the corresponding change in the value of g. These changes are used to compute the values of
g using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
Z 1
1
g(1) − g(0) = g ′ (x) dx = .
0
2
Since g(0) = 0,
1
g(1) = .
2
6.1 SOLUTIONS 375
Similarly,
Z 2
g(2) − g(1) = g ′ (x) dx = 1
1
3
g(2) = g(1) + 1 = .
2
Continuing in this way gives the values of g in Table 6.5.
Table 6.4 Table 6.5
Z b
x g(x)
Interval Area Total change in g = g ′ (x)dx
a
0 0
0–1 1/2 1/2 1 1/2
1–2 1 1 2 3/2
2–3 1 1 3 5/2
3–4 1/2 1/2 4 3
4–5 1/2 −1/2 5 5/2
5–6 1/2 −1/2 6 2
Notice: the graph of g will be a straight line from 1 to 3 because g ′ is horizontal there. Furthermore, the tangent line
will be horizontal at x = 4, x = 0 and x = 6. The maximum is at (4, 3). See Figure 6.2.
y
3
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 6.2
7. By the Fundamental Theorem,

Z 1
F (1) = F (0) + F ′ (t) dt
0
= 5 − 1.5 = 3.5
Z 2
F (2) = F (1) + F ′ (t) dt
1
= 3.5 − 1.5 = 2
Z 3
F (3) = F (2) + F ′ (t) dt
2
= 2 − 0.5 = 1.5
Z 4
F (4) = F (3) + F ′ (t) dt
3
= 1.5 + 0.5 = 2
Z 5
F (5) = F (4) + F ′ (t) dt
4
= 2 + 0.5 = 2.5
Thus, our table is as follows:
Table 6.6
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
F (t) 5 3.5 2 1.5 2 2.5
8. See Figure 6.3.
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.3
9. See Figure 6.4.
x
1
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.4
10. See Figure 6.5.
1
F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.5
11. See Figure 6.6.
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.6
6.1 SOLUTIONS 377
12. See Figure 6.7.
F (0) = 1
1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.7
13. See Figure 6.8
F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.8
14. We know that F (x) increases for x < 50 because the derivative of F is positive for x < 50. Similarly, F (x) decreases
for x > 50 because F ′ (x) is negative for x > 50. Therefore, the graph of F rises until the point at which x = 50, and
then it begins to fall. So the highest point on the graph of F is at x = 50 and the maximum value attained by F is F (50).
By the Fundamental Theorem: Z 50
F (50) − F (20) = F ′ (x) dx.
20
Since F (20) = 150, we have
Z 50 Z 50
F (50) = F (20) + F ′ (x) dx = 150 + F ′ (x) dx.
20 20
The definite integral is the area of the shaded region under the graph of F ′ , which is roughly a triangle of base 30 and
height 20. Therefore, the shaded area is about 300 and the maximum value attained by F is F (50) ≈ 150 + 300 = 450.
15. The rate of change is negative for t < 5 and positive for t > 5, so the concentration of adrenaline decreases until t = 5
and then increases. Since the area under the t-axis is greater than the area over the t-axis, the concentration of adrenaline
goes down more than it goes up. Thus, the concentration at t = 8 is less than the concentration at t = 0. See Figure 6.9.
adrenaline
concentration (µg/ml)
t (minutes)
2 4 6 8
Figure 6.9
16. (a) The total volume emptied must increase with time and cannot decrease. The smooth graph (I) that is always increasing
is therefore the volume emptied from the bladder. The jagged graph (II) that increases then decreases to zero is the
flow rate.
(b) The total change in volume is the integral of the flow rate. Thus, the graph giving total change (I) shows an an-
tiderivative of the rate of change in graph (II). Alternatively, since (I) is always positive, any antiderivative of (I) will
always be increasing. Since (II) both increases and decreases, it is clearly not an antiderivative of (I), so (I) must be
an antiderivative of (II).
17. For every number b, the Fundamental Theorem tells us that
Z b
F ′ (x) dx = F (b) − F (0) = F (b) − 0 = F (b).
0
Therefore, the values of F (1), F (2), F (3), and F (4) are values of definite integrals. The definite integral is equal to the
area of the regions under the graph above the x-axis minus the area of the regions below the x-axis above the graph. Let
A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 be the areas shown in Figure 6.10. The region between x = 0 and x = 1 lies above the x-axis, so F (1)
is positive, and we have Z 1
F (1) = F ′ (x) dx = A1 .
0
The region between x = 0 and x = 2 also lies entirely above the x-axis, so F (2) is positive, and we have
Z 2
F (2) = F ′ (x) dx = A1 + A2 .
0
We see that F (2) > F (1). The region between x = 0 and x = 3 includes parts above and below the x-axis. We have
Z 3
F (3) = F ′ (x) dx = (A1 + A2 ) − A3 .
0
Since the area A3 is approximately the same as the area A2 , we have F (3) ≈ F (1). Finally, we see that
Z 4
F (4) = F ′ (x) dx = (A1 + A2 ) − (A3 + A4 ).
0
Since the area A1 + A2 appears to be larger than the area A3 + A4 , we see that F (4) is positive, but smaller than the
others.
The largest value is F (2) and the smallest value is F (4). None of the numbers are negative.
Area = A1
❄F (x)
′
✛ Area = A2
3
x
1 2 4
Area = A3 ✲ ✛ Area = A4
Figure 6.10
18. (a) f (x) is increasing when f ′ (x) is positive. f ′ (x) is positive when 2 < x < 5. So f (x) is increasing when 2 < x < 5.
f (x) is decreasing when f ′ (x) is negative. f ′ (x) is negative when x < 2 or x > 5. So f (x) is decreasing when
x < 2 or x > 5.
A function has a local minimum at a point x when its derivative is zero at that point, and when it decreases immedi-
ately before x and increases immediately after x. f ′ (2) = 0, f decreases to the left of 2, and f increases immediately
after 2, therefore f (x) has a local minimum at x = 2.
A function has a local maximum at a point x when its derivative is zero at that point, and when it increases immedi-
ately before x and decreases immediately after x. f ′ (5) = 0, f increases before 5, and f decreases after 5. Therefore
f (x) has a local maximum at x = 5.
6.1 SOLUTIONS 379
(b) Since we do not know any areas or vertical values, we can only sketch a rough graph. We start with the minimum
and the maximum, then connect the graph between them. The graph could be more or less steep and further above or
below the x-axis. See Figure 6.11.
f (x)
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 6.11
19. (a) The function f is increasing where f ′ is positive, so f is increasing for x < −1 or x > 1.
The function f is decreasing where f ′ is negative, so f is decreasing for −1 < x < 1.
The function f has critical points at x = −1, 0, 1. The point x = −1 is a local maximum (because f is increasing to
the left of x = −1 and decreasing to the right of x = −1). The point x = 1 is a local minimum (because f decreases
to the left of x = 1 and increases to the right). The point x = 0 is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum,
since f (x) is decreasing on both sides.
(b) See Figure 6.12.
f (x)
x
−2 −1 1 2
Figure 6.12
20. (a) The amount of oxygen, E(t), released by the leaf in an antiderivative of p(t). If we assume there is no oxygen
released by the leaf at zero days of age, that is E(0) = 0, we have:
amount of oxygen released

E(t)
t (days)
4 12 20
Figure 6.13
(b) The inflection point occurs at t = 4 days. This point tells us that the rate at which oxygen is released grows more and
more each day up to the 4th day of life, then slows more and more each day after the 4th day of life. During the 4th
day of life this leaf releases the most amount of oxygen per day.
(c) The total amount of oxygen released during the first ten days of life is given by the definite integral
Z 10
p(t) dt.
0
Alternatively, we can use the Fundamental theorem to describe this definite integral as:
E(10) − E(0) = E(10), since E(0) = 0.
(d) The leaf releases more oxygen during the first 10 days of its life. This is because the area under the graph of p(t) is
much larger over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, than over the interval 10 ≤ t ≤ 20:
Z 10 Z 20
p(t) dt > p(t) dt
0 10
21. The critical points are at (0, 5), (2, 21), (4, 13), and (5, 15). A graph is given in Figure 6.14.
y
(2, 21)
20
G(t)
15 (5, 15)
(4, 13)
10
5
(0, 5)
t
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 6.14
22. We can start by finding four points on the graph of F (x). The first one is given: F (2) = 3. By the Fundamental Theorem
R6
of Calculus, F (6) = F (2) + 2 F ′ (x)dx. The value of this integral is −7 (the area is 7, but the graph lies below the
x-axis), so F (6) = 3 − 7 = −4. Similarly, F (0) = F (2) − 2 = 1, and F (8) = F (6) + 4 = 0. We sketch a graph of
F (x) by connecting these points, as shown in Figure 6.15.
(2, 3)
F (x) (8, 0)
(0, 1) x
4 8
(6, −4)
Figure 6.15
23. We see that

F decreases when x < 1.5 or x > 4.67, because F ′ is negative there.
F increases when 1.5 < x < 4.67, because F ′ is positive there.
So
F has a local minimum at x = 1.5.
F has a local maximum at x = 4.67.
We have F (0) = 14. Since F ′ is negative between 0 and 1.5, the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives us
Z 1.5
F (1.5) − F (0) = F ′ (x) dx = −34
0
F (1.5) = 14 − 34 = −20.
6.1 SOLUTIONS 381
Similarly
Z 4.67
F (4.67) = F (1.5) + F ′ (x) dx = −20 + 25 = 5.
1.5
Z 6
F (6) = F (4.67) + F ′ (x) dx = 5 − 5 = 0.
4.67
A graph of F is in Figure 6.16. The local maximum is (4.67, 5) and the local minimum is (1.5, −20).
14
10
F (x)
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−10
−20
Figure 6.16
24. The areas given enable us to calculate the changes in the function F as we move along the t-axis. Areas above the axis
count positively and areas below the axis count negatively. We know that F (0) = 3, so
Z 2
Area under F ′
F (2) − F (0) = F ′ (t) dt = =5
0
0≤t≤2
Thus,
F (2) = F (0) + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8.
Similarly, Z 5
F (5) − F (2) = F ′ (t) dt = −16
2
F (5) = F (2) − 16 = 8 − 16 = −8
and Z 6
F (6) = F (5) + F ′ (t) dt = −8 + 10 = 2.
5
A graph is shown in Figure 6.17.
(2, 8)
F (t)
(6, 2)
(0, 3)
t
(5, −8)
Figure 6.17
25. (a) Critical points of F (x) are the zeros of f : x = 1 and x = 3.

(b) F (x) has a local minimum at x = 1 and a local maximum at x = 3.
(c) See Figure 6.18.
x
1 2 3 4
F (x)
Figure 6.18
Notice that the graph could also be above or below the x-axis at x = 3.
26. (a) Critical points of F (x) are x = −1, x = 1 and x = 3.
(b) F (x) has a local minimum at x = −1, a local maximum at x = 1, and a local minimum at x = 3.
(c) See Figure 6.19.
x
−2 2 4
F (x)
Figure 6.19
27. By the Fundamental Theorem, Z 1

f (1) − f (0) = f ′ (x) dx,
0
Since f ′ (x) is negative for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, this integral must be negative and so f (1) < f (0).
28. First rewrite each of the quantities in terms of f ′ , since we have the graph of f ′ . If A1 and A2 are the positive areas shown
in Figure 6.20:
Z 3
f (3) − f (2) = f ′ (t) dt = −A1
2
Z 4
f (4) − f (3) = f ′ (t) dt = −A2
3
Z 4
f (4) − f (2) 1 A1 + A2
= f ′ (t) dt = −
2 2 2
2
Since Area A1 > Area A2 ,
A1 + A2
A2 < < A1
2
so
A1 + A2
−A1 < − < −A2
2
and therefore
f (4) − f (2)
f (3) − f (2) < < f (4) − f (3).
2
6.1 SOLUTIONS 383
y
2 3 4
x
1
A1 A2
y = f ′ (x)
Figure 6.20
29. See Figure 6.21.

f (x)
✻
f (b) − f (a)
x
a b
Figure 6.21

f (b)−f (a)
Slope= b−a
f (x)
✻
❘ f (b) − f (a)
x
a b
Figure 6.22

f (x)
x
a b
Figure 6.23
32. See Figure 6.24. Note that we are using the interpretation of the definite integral as the length of the interval times the
average value of the function on that interval, which we developed in Section 5.6.
f (x)
✻
F (b)−F (a)
b−a
❄x
a b
Figure 6.24
1. Since, using the chain rule,

F ′ (x) = 2e2x = f (x),
F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
F ′ (x) = 2e2x = f (x),
F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
F ′ (x) = 5 2e2x = 10e2x 6= f (x),

F (x) is not an antiderivative of f (x).

4. Since
F ′ (x) = e2x + x 2e2x = (1 + 2x)e2x 6= f (x),


5. Since
F ′ (x) = 2 2e2x = 4e2x 6= f (x),


6. Since the definite integral in the expression for F (x) is a constant, its derivative is zero and we have
d
e2x + constant = 2e2x + 0 = f (x),

F ′ (x) =
dx
Thus, F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
7. Since Z Z
5+ 2f (x) dx = 5 + 2 f (x) dx,
R
and f (x) dx is a family of functions, the expression is a family of functions.
8. Since this is a definite integral, the expression is a number, not a family of functions.
9. Since 5 is a constant, an antiderivative of 5 is
5x + C,
so the expression is a family of functions.
10. Since f (5) is a constant, an antiderivative of f (5) is
f (5)x + C,
so the expression is a family of functions.
11. Since the expression is an indefinite integral, it is a family of functions.
12. Since the expression is a definite integral, it is a number.
13. The first term of the expression is a definite integral, so it is a number. The second term is an indefinite integral, hence a
family of functions. Since adding a number to a family of functions gives us a new family of functions, the expression is
a family of functions.
5 2
14. 2
t
1 3
15. 3
x
1 3
16. 3
t + 21 t2
17. 5x
x5
18. .
5
t8 t4
19. + .
8 4
5q 3
20. .
3
x4 3x4
21. 6( ) + 4x = + 4x.
4 2
6.2 SOLUTIONS 385
22. We break the antiderivative into two terms. Since y 3 is an antiderivative of 3y 2 and −y 4 /4 is an antiderivative of −y 3 , an
antiderivative of 3y 2 − y 3 is
y4
y3 − .
4
x4
23. 10x + 8( ) = 10x + 2x4 .
4
24. P (r) = πr 2 + C
x2 x6 x−4
25. Antiderivative F (x) = + − +C
2 6 4
2 3
26. 3
z2
3
x x2 x3
27. − 6( ) + 17x = − 3x2 + 17x.
3 2 3
5 2 2 23
28. x − x
2 3
4
t t3 t2
29. − −
4 6 2
1
30. −
t
d
1 d 1
31. 3
= z −3 = − 2
dz z dz 2z
32. F (z) = ez + 3z + C
x7 1 x−5 x7 1 −5
33. F (x) = − ( )+C = + x +C
7 7 −5 7 35
1 1
34. ln |x| − − 2 + C
x 2x
√ √
35. Since ( z)3 = z 3/2 , an antiderivative of ( z)3 is
z (3/2)+1 2
= z 5/2 .
(3/2) + 1 5
e−3t −e−3t
36. = .
−3 3
37. sin t
38. G(t) = 5t + sin t + C
39. G(θ) = − cos θ − 2 sin θ + C
40. Since
d 1 1

2x1/2 = 2

g ′ (x) = x−1/2 = √ ,
dx 2 x
we have g ′ (x) = f (x). So g(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
41. Since
d
g ′ (x) = (cos x − sin x) = − sin x − cos x,
dx
42. Since
d 2 3x 2

f ′ (x) = e = (3)e3x = 2e3x ,
dx 3 3
we have f ′ (x) = g(x). So f (x) is an antiderivative of g(x).
43. Since
d 1
g ′ (x) = x−1 + x = (−1)x−2 + 1 = 1 − 2 ,
dx x
44. f (x) = 3, so F (x) = 3x + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 3 · 0 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = 3x is the only possibility.
45. f (x) = 2 + 4x + 5x2 , so F (x) = 2x + 2x2 + 53 x3 + C. F (0) = 0 implies that C = 0. Thus F (x) = 2x + 2x2 + 35 x3
is the only possibility.
x2
46. f (x) = 14 x, so F (x) = 8
+ C. F (0) = 0 implies that 1
8
· 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = x2 /8 is the only
possibility.
47. f (x) = x1/2 , so F (x) = 2 3/2
3
x + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 2
3
· 03/2 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = 2 3/2
3
x is the
only possibility.
x3 03 x3
48. f (x) = x2 , so F (x) = + C. F (0) = 0 implies that + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = is the only possibility.
3 3 3
d x
49. Since (e ) = ex , we take F (x) = ex + C. Now
dx
F (0) = e0 + C = 1 + C = 0,
so
C = −1
and
F (x) = ex − 1.
5 2
50. 2
x + 7x + C
3
51. 3x + C.
−1 −0.05t
52. e + C = −20e−0.05t + C.
0.05
53. p + ln |p| + C
t13
54. + C.
Z13
x3 x−1 x3 1
55. (x2 + x−2 ) dx = + +C = − +C
3 −1 3 x
t3 t2
Z
56. (t2 + 5t + 1) dt = +5· +t+C
3 2
57. 5ez + C
2
58. 3 ln |t| + +C
t
t4 t3 t4
Z
59. (t3 + 6t2 ) dt = +6· +C = + 2t3 + C
4 3 4
w3/2
Z
60. 3w1/2 dw = 3 · + C = 2w3/2 + C
3/2
x3
61. + 2x2 − 5x + C
3
e2t
62. + C.
2
x2
63. + 2x1/2 + C
2
x4 5x3
Z
64. (x3 + 5x2 + 6)dx = + + 6x + C
4 3
65. ex + 5x + C
x3
66. + ln |x| + C.
3
x6
67. − 3x4 + C
Z6
1
68. e3r dr = e3r + C
3
6.2 SOLUTIONS 387
d
69. Since cos t = − sin t, we have
dt
Z
sin t dt = − cos t + C, where C is a constant.
Z
1

70. 25e−0.04q dq = 25 e−0.04q + C = −625e−0.04q + C
−0.04
71. 25e4x + C
72. sin θ + C
73. 2 ln |x| − π cos x + C
1
74. − cos(3x) + C
3
75. 3 sin x + 7 cos x + C
76. 2 sin(3x) + C
77. 10x − 4 cos(2x) + C
78. 2ex − 8 sin x + C
79. −6 cos(2x) + 3 sin(5x) + C
x2
80. 2 ln |x| +
4
√ √
81. Since x x = x(x1/2 ) = x3/2 , an antiderivative of x x is:
x(3/2)+1 2
= x5/2 .
(3/2) + 1 5
√ √ √ √
82. Since x/ x = x(x−1/2 ) = x1/2 , and similarly x/x = x1/2 (x−1 ) = x−1/2 , an antiderivative of x/ x + x/x is:
x(1/2)+1 x(−1/2)+1 2 √
+ = x3/2 + 2 x.
(1/2) + 1 (−1/2) + 1 3
e2x e−2x e2x + e−2x

83. − = .
2 −2 2

− cos(7x) cos(7x)
84. −7 cos x − = − 7 cos x.
7 7
85. (a) The marginal revenue, M R, is given by differentiating the total revenue function, R, with respect to q so
dR
= M R.
dq
Therefore,
Z
R= M R dq
Z
= (20 − 4q) dq
= 20q − 2q 2 + C.
We can check this by noting

dR d
20q − 2q 2 + C = 20 − 4q = M R.

=
dq dq
When no goods are produced the total revenue is zero so C = 0 and the total revenue is R = 20q − 2q 2 .
(b) The total revenue, R, is given by pq where p is the price, so the demand curve is
R
p= = 20 − 2q.
q
86. The marginal cost, M C, is given by differentiating the total cost function, C, with respect to q so
dC
= M C.
dq
Therefore,
Z
C= M C dq
Z
3q 2 + 4q + 6 dq

=
= q 3 + 2q 2 + 6q + D,
where D is a constant. We can check this by noting

dC d
q 3 + 2q 2 + 6q + D = 3q 2 + 4q + 6 = M C.

=
dq dq
The fixed costs are given to be 200 so C = 200 when q = 0, thus D = 200. The total cost function is
C = q 3 + 2q 2 + 6q + 200.
87. An antiderivative is F (x) = 3x2 − 5x + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = 0 + C, so C = 5. The answer is F (x) =
3x2 − 5x + 5.
x3
88. An antiderivative is F (x) = + x + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = 0 + C, so C = 5. The answer is F (x) =
3
x3 /3 + x + 5.
89. An antiderivative is F (x) = −4 cos(2x) + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = −4 cos 0 + C = −4 + C, so C = 9. The
answer is F (x) = −4 cos(2x) + 9.
90. An antiderivative is F (x) = 2e3x + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = 2e0 + C = 2 + C, so C = 3. The answer is
F (x) = 2e3x + 3.
91. Since C ′ (x) = 4000 + 10x we want to evaluate the indefinite integral
Z
(4000 + 10x) dx = 4000x + 5x2 + K
where K is a constant. Thus C(x) = 5x2 + 4000x + K, and the fixed cost of 1,000,000 riyal means that C(0) =
1,000,000 = K. Therefore, the total cost is
C(x) = 5x2 + 4000x + 1,000,000.
Since C(x) depends on x2 , the square of the depth drilled, costs will increase dramatically when x grows large.
92. (a) Integrating I, we have
C(t) = 1.3t + C0 .
Substituting t = 0 gives C0 = 311, so
C(t) = 1.3t + 311.
Integrating II, we have
t2
C(t) = 0.5t + 0.03 + C0 .
2
Substituting t = 0 gives C0 = 311, so
C(t) = 0.5t + 0.015t2 + 311.
Integrating III, we have

0.5 0.02t
C(t) = e + C0
0.02
Substituting t = 0 and C0 = 311, we have
311 = 25e0.02(0) + C0
6.3 SOLUTIONS 389
311 = 25 + C0
C0 = 286.
Thus
C(t) = 25e0.02t + 286.
(b) In 2020, we have t = 70, so
I C(70) = 1.3 · 70 + 311 = 402 ppm.
II C(70) = 0.5 · 70 + 0.015 · 702 + 311 = 419.5 ppm.
III C(70) = 25e0.02(70) + 286 = 387.380 ppm.
1. Since F ′ (x) = 6x, we use F (x) = 3x2 . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 4 4
6xdx = 3x2 = 3 · 42 − 3 · 02 = 48 − 0 = 48.

0 0
2. Since F ′ (x) = 5, we use F (x) = 5x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have

Z 3 3
5dx = 5x = 5(3) − 5(1) = 15 − 5 = 10.

1 1
t4
3. If F ′ (t) = t3 , then F (t) = . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
4
3 3
t4 34
Z
0 81
t3 dt = F (3) − F (0) = = − = .
0
4 0
4 4 4
4. Since F ′ (x) = 12x2 + 1, we use F (x) = 4x3 + x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 2 2
(12x2 + 1)dx = (4x3 + x) = (4 · 23 + 2) − (4 · 03 + 0) = 34 − 0 = 34.
0 0
5. If f (t) = 3t2 + 4t + 3, then F (t) = t3 + 2t2 + 3t. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 2 2
(3t2 + 4t + 3) dt = (t3 + 2t2 + 3t) = 23 + 2(22 ) + 3(2) − 0 = 22.

0 0
d 1
6. If f (x) = 1/x, then F (x) = ln |x| (since ln |x| = ). By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
dx x
Z 2 2
1
dx = ln |x| = ln 2 − ln 1 = ln 2.
1
x 1
1 √
7. Since F ′ (x) = √ = x−1/2 , we use F (x) = 2x1/2 = 2 x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
x
4 4
√ √
Z
1 √
√ dx = 2 x = 2 4 − 2 1 = 4 − 2 = 2.
1
x 1
8. If f (q) = 6q 2 + 4, then F (q) = 2q 3 + 4q. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have

Z 1 1
(6q 2 + 4) dq = (2q 3 + 4q) = 2(1) + 4(1) − (0 + 0) = 6.

0 0
9. Since F ′ (x) = 3x2 , we take F (x) = x3 . Then

Z 5
3x2 dx = F (5) − F (0)
0
= 53 − 03
= 125.
Z 1 1
10. 2ex dx = 2ex = 2e − 2 ≈ 3.437.
0 0
11. Since F ′ (t) = 5t3 , we take F (t) = 45 t4 . Then
Z 2
5t3 dt = F (2) − F (1)
1
5 4 5 4
= (2 ) − (1 )
4 4
5 5
= · 16 −
4 4
75
=
4
12. If F ′ (x) = 6x2 , then F (x) = 2x3 . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 3 3
6x2 dx = 2x3 = 2(27) − 2(1) = 54 − 2 = 52.

1 1
y3 y5
13. Since F ′ (y) = y 2 + y 4 , we take F (y) = + . Then
3 5
Z 1
(y 2 + y 4 ) dy = F (3) − F (0)
0

13 15 03 05
= + − +
3 5 3 5
1 1 8
= + = .
3 5 15
1 x−1 1
14. Since F ′ (x) = = x −2
, we use F (x) = = − . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
x2 −1 x
Z 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1

dx = − =− − − =− +1= .
1
x2 x 1
2 1 2 2
5 5
x4 3
Z
πx 609
15. (x3 − πx2 ) dx = − = − 39π ≈ 29.728.
2
4 3 2
4
d
16. If f (t) = e −0.2t
, then F (t) = −5e −0.2t
. (This can be verified by observing that (−5e−0.2t ) = e−0.2t .) By the
dt
Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 1 1
e−0.2t dt = (−5e−0.2t ) = −5(e−0.2 ) − (−5)(1) = 5 − 5e−0.2 ≈ 0.906.
0 0
6.3 SOLUTIONS 391
17. If F ′ (t) = cos t, we can take F (t) = sin t, so

Z 1 1
cos t dt = sin t = sin 1 − sin(−1).

−1 −1
Since sin(−1) = − sin 1, we can simplify the answer and write

Z 1
cos t dt = 2 sin 1
−1
Z π/4 π/4 √ √
2 2
18. (sin t + cos t) dt = (− cos t + sin t) = − + − (−1 + 0) = 1.
0 0
2 2
d
19. If f (t) = e 0.05t
, then F (t) = 20e 0.05t
(you can check this by observing that (20e0.05t ) = e0.05t ). By the Fundamental
dt
Theorem, we have
Z 3
e0.05t dt = 20e0.05t = 20e0.15 − 20e0 = 20(e0.15 − 1).

0
√ x3/2 2
20. Since F ′ (x) = x, we take F (x) = = x3/2 . Then
3/2 3
Z 9
√
x dx = F (9) − F (4)
4
2 3/2 2 3/2
= ·9 − ·4
3 3
2 2
= · 27 − · 8
3 3
38
= .
3
21. Since y = x3 − x = x(x − 1)(x + 1), the graph crosses the axis at the three points shown in Figure 6.25. The two regions
have the same area (by symmetry). Since the graph is below the axis for 0 < x < 1, we have
1
Z
3

Area = 2 − x − x dx
0
1
x4 x2 1 1 1

= −2 − = −2 − = .
4 2 0
4 2 2
y = x3 − x
x
−1 1
Figure 6.25
22. One antiderivative of f (x) = e0.5x is F (x) = 2e0.5x . Thus, the definite integral of f (x) on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 is
Z 3 3
e0.5x dx = F (3) − F (0) = 2e0.5x .

0 0
The average value of a function on a given interval is the definite integral over that interval divided by the length of the
interval: !
1 Z 3 3
1 1
Average value = · e0.5x dx = 2e0.5x = (2e1.5 − 2e0 ) ≈ 2.32.
3−0 0
3 0
3
From the graph of y = e0.5x in Figure 6.26 we see that an average value of 2.32 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 does make
sense.
y
5
y = e0.5x
2.32
x
3
Figure 6.26
23. We have
b b
x3 b3
Z
Area = x2 dx = = .
0
3 0
3
We find the value of b making the area equal to 100:
b3
100 =
3
300 = b3
b = (300)1/3 = 6.694.
24. We have Z b b
Area = 4x dx = 2x2 = 2b2 − 2.

1 1
We find the value of b making the area equal to 240:
240 = 2b2 − 2
242 = 2b2
121 = b2
b = 11.
25. (a) Since r gives the rate of energy use, between 2005 and 2010 (where t = 0 and t = 5), we have
Z 5
Total energy used = 462e0.019t dt quadrillion BTUs.
0
6.3 SOLUTIONS 393
(b) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that

Z b
f (t) dt = F (b) − F (a)
a
provided that F ′ (t) = f (t). To apply this theorem, we need to find F (t) such that F ′ (t) = 462e0.019t ; we take
462 0.019t
F (t) = e = 24,316e0.019t .
0.019
Thus,
Z 5
Total energy used = 462e0.019t dt = F (5) − F (0)
0
5
= 24,316e0.019t
0
= 24,316(e0.095 − e0 ) = 2423 quadrillion BTUs.
Approximately 2423 quadrillion BTUs of energy were consumed between 2005 and 2010.
26. (a) At time t = 0, the rate of oil leakage = r(0) = 50 thousand liters/minute.
At t = 60, rate = r(60) = 15.06 thousand liters/minute.
(b) To find the amount of oil leaked during the first hour, we integrate the rate from t = 0 to t = 60:
Z 60 60
50 −0.02t

Oil leaked = 50e−0.02t dt = − e
0
0.02 0
= −2500e−1.2 + 2500e0 = 1747 thousand liters.
27. (a) In the first case, we are given that R0 = 1000 widgets/year. So we have R = 1000e0.125t . To determine the total
number sold, we need to integrate this rate over the time period from 0 to 10. Therefore
Z 10
Total number of widgets sold = 1000e0.125t dt = 19,923 widgets.
0
In the second case,

Z 10
Total number of widgets sold = 1,000,000e0.125t dt = 19.9 million widgets.
0
(b) We want to determine T such that Z T

19,923
1000e0.125t dt = .
0
2
Trying a few values of T , we get
T ≈ 6.47 years.
Similarly, in the second case, we want T so that
Z T
19,900,000
1,000,000e0.125t dt =
0
2
we get
T ≈ 6.47 years.
So the half way mark is reached at the same time regardless of the initial rate.
(c) Since half the widgets are sold in the last 3 12 years of the decade, if each widget is expected to last at least 3.5 years,
their claim could easily be true.
28. (a) Using a calculator or computer, we get

Z 3 Z 5
e−2t dt = 0.4988 e−2t dt = 0.49998
0 0
Z 7 Z 10
−2t
e dt = 0.4999996 e−2t dt = 0.499999999.
1 0
The values of these integrals are getting closer to 0.5. A reasonable guess is that the improper integral converges to
0.5.
(b) Since − 21 e−2t is an antiderivative of e−2t , we have
Z b b
1 1 1 1 1

e−2t dt = − e−2t = − e−2b − − e0 = − e−2b + .
0
2 0
2 2 2 2
−2b 2b
(c) Since e = 1/e , we have
1
e2b → ∞ as b → ∞, so e−2b = → 0.
e2b
Therefore, Z b
1 1 1 1

lim e−2t dt = lim − e−2b + =0+ = .
b→∞
0
b→∞ 2 2 2 2
So the improper integral converges to 1/2 = 0.5:
Z ∞
1
e−2t dt = .
0
2
1 1 d
−1 1

29. (a) An antiderivative of F ′ (x) = is F (x) = − since = . So by the Fundamental Theorem we
x2 x dx x x2
have: Z b b
1 1 1
dx = − =− + 1.
1
x2 x 1
b
.
(b) Taking a limit, we have
1

lim − + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1.
b→∞ b
Since the limit is 1, we know that Z b
1
lim dx = 1.
b→∞
1
x2
So the improper integral converges to 1: Z ∞
1
dx = 1.
1
x2
Z ∞
2 2
30. (a) The graph of y = e−x is in Figure 6.27. The integral e−x dx represents the entire area under the curve, which
−∞
is shaded.
2
f (x) = e−x
x
−5 −3 3 5
Figure 6.27
(b) Using a calculator or computer, we see that

Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 5
2 2 2 2
e−x dx = 1.494, e−x dx = 1.764, e−x dx = 1.772, e−x dx = 1.772
−1 −2 −3 −5
6.3 SOLUTIONS 395
(c) From part (b), we see that as we extend the limits of integration, the area appears to get closer and closer to about
1.772. We estimate that Z ∞
2
e−x dx = 1.772
−∞
.
R∞
31. Figure 6.28 shows the graphs of y = 1/x2 and y = 1/x3 . We see that 1
1
x2
dx is larger, since the area under 1/x2 is
larger than the area under 1/x3 .
1/x2
1/x3
✠
✠x
1
Figure 6.28
32. The original dose equals the quantity of drug eliminated. The quantity of drug eliminated is the definite integral of the
rate. Thus, letting t → ∞, we have the improper integral
Z ∞
Total quantity of drug eliminated = 50(e−0.1t − e−0.2t ) dt.
0
ekt dt = 1 kt
R
Using the fact that k
e + C, we have
b
1 −0.1t 1 −0.2t

Total quantity = lim 50 − e + e
b→∞ 0.1 0.2 0
= lim 50(−10e−0.1b + 5e−0.2b − (−10e0 + 5e0 ))

b→∞
−0.1b −0.2b
Since e → 0 and e → 0 as b → ∞, we have
Total quantity = 50(10 − 5) = 250 mg.
33. (a) The total number of people that get sick is the integral of the rate. The epidemic starts at t = 0. Since the rate is
positive for all t, we use ∞ for the upper limit of integration.
Z ∞

Total number getting sick = 1000te−0.5t dt
0
−0.5t
(b) The graph of r = 1000te is shown in Figure 6.29. The shaded area represents the total number of people who
get sick.
Figure 6.29
34. (a) No, it is not reached. We have

Z ∞
1
Total number of rabbits = dt
1
t2
Z b
1
= lim dt
b→∞
1
t2
b
1
= lim −
b→∞ t
11 1
= lim − − −
b→∞ b 1
=1
since −1/b → 0 as b → ∞. Thus, the total number of rabbits reached is 1000.

(b) Yes, it is reached. We have
Z ∞
Total number of rabbits = t dt
1
Z b
= lim t dt
b→∞
1
b
t2
= lim
b→∞ 2 1

b2

1
= lim −
b→∞ 2 2
Z ∞
Since b2 /2 → ∞ as b → ∞, the integral t dt does not converge to a finite value, which means that infinitely
1
many rabbits could be produced, and therefore 1 million is certainly reached.
(c) Yes, it is reached. We have
Z ∞
1
Total number of rabbits = √ dt
1 t
Z b
1
= lim t− 2 dt
b→∞
1
b
1
= lim 2t 2
b→∞
1
√
= lim 2 b − 2
b→∞
√ ∞
Z
1
Since 2 b → ∞ as b → ∞, the integral √ dt does not converge to a finite value, which means that infinitely
1 t
many rabbits could be produced, and therefore 1 million is certainly reached.
1. (a) The equilibrium price is $30 per unit, and the equilibrium quantity is 6000.
(b) The region representing the consumer surplus is the shaded triangle in Figure 6.30 with area 12 · 6000 · 70 = 210,000.
The consumer surplus is $210,000.
The area representing the producer surplus, shaded in Figure 6.31, is about 7 grid squares, each of area 10,000.
The producer surplus is about $70,000.
6.4 SOLUTIONS 397
p ($/unit) p ($/unit)
100 100
S S
50 50
D D
q (quantity) q (quantity)
5000 10000 5000 10000
Figure 6.30 Figure 6.31
2. Looking at the graph we see that the supply and demand curves intersect at roughly the point (345, 8). Thus the equi-
librium price is $8 per unit and the equilibrium quantity is 345 units. Figures 6.32 and 6.33 show the shaded areas
corresponding to the consumer surplus and the producer surplus. Counting grid squares we see that the consumer surplus
is roughly $2000 while the producer surplus is roughly $1400.
p ($/unit) Supply
p ($/unit) Supply
20 20
10 10
Demand Demand
500 1000 500 1000
Figure 6.32: Consumer surplus Figure 6.33: Producer surplus
3. When q ∗ = 5, the equilibrium price is p∗ = 100 − 3 · 52 = 25. Then

Z 5
Consumer Surplus = (100 − 3q 2 ) dq − 5 · 25.
0
Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral we get
Consumer Surplus = 250.
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get

Z 5
Consumer Surplus = (100 − 3q 2 ) dq − 5 · 25
0
5
= 100q − q 3

− 125
0
= 500 − 125 − 125
= 250.
4. To calculate the producer surplus we need to find the market equilibrium price, p∗ , and quantity q ∗ . In equilibrium,
when supply equals demand, 35 − q 2 = 3 + q 2 so q 2 = 16. We need only consider the positive solution q ∗ = 4. The
corresponding equilibrium price is p∗ = 35 − 42 = 19. From Figure 6.24 on page 308 of the text,
Z q∗ Z 4
2
Producer surplus = q p − ∗ ∗
(3 + q ) dq = 4 · 19 − (3 + q 2 ) dq.
0 0
Producer surplus = 42.667.

Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:

Z 4
Producer surplus = 4(19) − (3 + q 2 ) dq
0
4
q3
= 76 − 3q +
3 0
64
= 76 − (3(4) + − 0)
3
128
= .
3
5. When q ∗ = 10, the equilibrium price is p∗ = 100 − 4 · 10 = 60. Then

Z 10
Consumer surplus = (100 − 4q) dq − 60 · 10.
0
Consumer surplus = 200.
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:

Z 10
Consumer surplus = (100 − 4q) dq − 60 · 10
0
10
= 100q − 2q 2

− 600
0
= 1000 − 200 − 600
= 200.
6. (a) Solving this system of linear equations we find that the equilibrium price is p = $10 and equilibrium quantity is
q = 15.
The consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the line p = 10. We have
1
Consumer surplus = · 7.5 · 15 = 56.25 dollars.
2
(b) The producer surplus is the area above the supply curve and below the line p = 10. We have
1
Producer surplus = · 2 · 15 = 15 dollars.
2
See Figure 6.34.
p ($/unit)
Consumer surplus
17.5
✠ S
p∗ = 10 ✛ Producer surplus
8
D
q (quantity in units)
q ∗ = 15 35
Figure 6.34
6.4 SOLUTIONS 399
7. (a) We find the equilibrium price by setting the supply equal to the demand. We have
100 − 2p = 3p − 50
5p = 150
p = 30
Hence the equilibrium price is $30. We can find the equilibrium quantity by substituting p = 30 into either of the
equations. So the equilibrium quantity is q = 100 − 2 · 30 = 40. The consumer surplus is the area under the demand
curve and above the line p = 30. We have
1
Consumer surplus = · 20 · 40 = 400 dollars.
2
(b) The producer surplus is the area above the supply curve and below the line p = 30. We have
1 40
Producer surplus = · · 40 = 266.7 dollars.
2 3
See Figure 6.35.
p ($/unit) Consumer surplus

50 S
✠
p∗ = 30
✛ Producer surplus
50/3
D
q ∗ = 40 100
Figure 6.35
8. (a) The quantity demanded at a price of $50 is calculated by substituting p = 50 into the demand equation p =
100e−0.008q . Solving 50 = 100e−0.008q for q gives q ≈ 86.6. In other words, at a price of $50, consumer de-
mand is about 87 units. The quantity supplied at a price of $50 is calculated by substituting by p = 50 into the supply
√ √
equation p = 4 q + 10. Solving 50 = 4 q + 10 for q gives q = 100. So at a price of $50, producers supply about
100 units. At a price of $50, the supply is larger than the demand, so some goods remain unsold. We can expect prices
to be pushed down.
(b) The supply and demand curves are shown in Figure 6.36. The equilibrium price is about p∗ = $48 and the equilibrium
quantity is about q ∗ = 91 units. The market will push prices downward from $50 toward the equilibrium price of
$48. This agrees with the conclusion to part (a) that prices will drop.
p ($/unit)
S
p∗ = 48
D
q∗ = 91
Figure 6.36: Demand and supply curves for a product
(c) See Figure 6.37. We have
Consumer surplus = Area between demand curve and horizontal line p = p∗ .

The demand curve has equation p = 100e0.008q . Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral, we
have Z 91
Consumer surplus = 100e−0.008q dq − p∗ q ∗ = 6464 − 48 · 91 = 2096.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral, we get:
Z 91 91
1

100e−0.008q dq = 100 e−0.008q = 6464.
0
−0.008 0
Consumers gain $2096 by buying goods at the equilibrium price instead of the price they would have been willing to
pay.
For producer surplus, see Figure 6.38. We have
Producer surplus = Area between supply curve and horizontal line p = p∗

√
The supply curve has equation p = 4 q + 10. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral, we get
Z 91
√
Producer surplus = p∗ q ∗ − (4 q + 10) dq = 48 · 91 − 3225 = 1143.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the integral, we get
Z 91
91
√ 1
(4 q + 10) dq = 4 q 3/2 + q = 3225.
0
3/2 0
Producers gain $1143 by supplying goods at the equilibrium price instead of the price at which they would have been
willing to provide the goods.
Consumer S S
surplus
✠
p∗ p∗ ✛ Producer
surplus
D D
q∗ q∗
Figure 6.37: Consumer surplus Figure 6.38: Producer surplus
9. (a) Consumer surplus is greater than producer surplus in Figure 6.39.
price price
Supply
Consumer surplus ✲
p∗
Consumer surplus ✲ Supply Demand
Producer surplus ✲
p∗
Demand
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
(b) Producer surplus is greater than consumer surplus in Figure 6.40.

6.4 SOLUTIONS 401
10. (a) Looking at the figure in the problem we see that the equilibrium price is roughly $30 giving an equilibrium quantity
of 125 units.
(b) Consumer surplus is the area above p∗ and below the demand curve. Graphically this is represented by the shaded
area in Figure 6.41. From the graph we can estimate the shaded area to be roughly 14 squares where each square
represents ($25/unit)·(10 units). Thus the consumer surplus is approximately
14 · $250 = $3500.
100 100
60 60
Consumer
surplus
✲
p∗ p∗
20 Producer 20✲
surplus
100 200 100 200
Producer surplus is the area under p∗ and above the supply curve. Graphically this is represented by the shaded
area in Figure 6.42. From the graph we can estimate the shaded area to be roughly 8 squares where each square
represents ($25/unit)·(10 units). Thus the producer surplus is approximately
8 · $250 = $2000
(c) We have
Total gains from trade = Consumer surplus + producer surplus
= $3500 + $2000
= $5500.
11. (a) The consumer surplus is the area the between demand curve and the price $40—roughly 9 squares. See Figure 6.43.
Since each square represents ($25/unit)·(10 units), the total area is
9 · $250 = $2250.
At a price of $40, about 90 units are sold. The producer surplus is the area under $40, above the supply curve,
and to the left of q = 90. See Figure 6.43. The area is 10.5 squares or
10.5 · $250 = $2625.
The total gains from the trade is
Total gain = Consumer surplus + Producer surplus = $4875.
p (price/unit)
100
80
Consumer
surplus 60
✲
40
Producer
surplus
✲
20
q (quantity)
50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6.43
(b) The consumer surplus is less with the price control.

The producer surplus is greater with the price control.
The total gains from trade are less with the price control.
12. (a) It appears that the equilibrium price is p∗ = 6 dollars per unit and the equilibrium quantity is q ∗ = 400 units. See
Figure 6.44.
p ($/unit)
12 S
4
D
q (quantity)
200 400 600 800 1000
Figure 6.44
(b) To find the consumer surplus, we estimate the area shaded in Figure 6.45 by counting grid squares. There appear to
be about 5.5 grid squares in this shaded area, and each grid square has area 200, so the total area is about 1100. The
consumer surplus is about $1100.
Similarly, to find the producer surplus, we estimate the area shaded in Figure 6.46 to be about 4 grid squares, for a
total area of 800. The producer surplus is about $800.
Producer
p ($/unit) Consumer p ($/unit) surplus
surplus
12 S 12 S
✠
8 8
✠
4 4
D D
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
(c) The consumer surplus is given by the area shaded in Figure 6.47. This area is about 6 grid squares, for a total area
of about 1200. The consumer surplus is about $1200, which is larger than the consumer surplus of $1100 at the
equilibrium price.
The producer surplus is the area shaded in Figure 6.48. This area is about 200, so the producer surplus is about
$200. This is less than the producer surplus of $800 at the equilibrium price. Notice that the sum of the consumer
surplus and the producer surplus is $1900 at the equilibrium price and is $1400 at the artificial price. The total gains
from trade are always lower at an artificial price.
12 S 12 S
8 8
4 4
D D
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000

6.4 SOLUTIONS 403
13. Figure 6.49 shows the consumer and producer surplus for the price, p− . For comparison, Figure 6.50 shows the consumer
and producer surplus at the equilibrium price.
price
price
Supply Supply
Consumer surplus ✲
Consumer
surplus
✲
p∗
p− Demand p∗
Producer
surplus
✲ Demand
quantity
q− q∗ quantity
(a) The producer surplus is the area on the graph between p− and the supply curve. Lowering the price also lowers the
producer surplus.
(b) The consumer surplus — the area between the supply curve and the line p− — may increase or decrease depends on
the functions describing the supply and demand, and the lowered price. (For example, the consumer surplus seems to
be increased in Figure 6.49 but if the price were brought down to $0 then the consumer surplus would be zero, and
hence clearly less than the consumer surplus at equilibrium.)
(c) Figure 6.49 shows that the total gains from the trade are decreased.
14. (a) In Table 6.2, the quantity q increases as the price p decreases, while in Table 6.3, q increases as p increases. Therefore,
the demand data is in Table 6.2 and the supply data is in Table 6.3.
(b) It appears that the equilibrium price is p∗ = 25 dollars per unit and the equilibrium quantity is q ∗ = 400 units sold
at this price.
(c) To estimate the consumer surplus, we use the demand data in Table 6.2. We use a Riemann sum using the price from
the demand data minus the equilibrium price of 25.
Left sum = (60 − 25) · 100 + (50 − 25) · 100 + (41 − 25) · 100 + (32 − 25) · 100 = 8300.
Right sum = (50 − 25) · 100 + (41 − 25) · 100 + (32 − 25) · 100 + (25 − 25) · 100 = 4800.
We average the two to estimate that
8300 + 4800
Consumer surplus ≈ = 6550.
2
To estimate the producer surplus, we use the supply data in Table 6.3. We use a Riemann sum using the equilib-
rium price of 25 minus the price from the supply data.
Left sum = (25 − 10) · 100 + (25 − 14) · 100 + (25 − 18) · 100 + (25 − 22) · 100 = 3600.
Right sum = (25 − 14) · 100 + (25 − 18) · 100 + (25 − 22) · 100 + (25 − 25) · 100 = 2100.
We average the two to estimate that
3600 + 2100
Producer surplus ≈ = 2850.
2
15. (a) If the price is artificially high, the consumer surplus at the artificial price is always less than the consumer surplus at
the equilibrium price, but the producer surplus may be larger or smaller. See Figure 6.51.
(b) If the price is artificially low, the producer surplus at the artificial price is always less than the producer surplus at the
equilibrium price, but the consumer surplus may be larger or smaller. See Figure 6.52.
Large Small
Consumer producer producer
p ($/unit) surplus p ($/unit) surplus p ($/unit) surplus
✠
✠ ✠
q (quantity) q (quantity) q (quantity)
Figure 6.51
Small
Large consumer
p ($/unit) p ($/unit) consumer p ($/unit) surplus
surplus
✠
✠
✛ Producer
surplus
q (quantity) q (quantity) q (quantity)
Figure 6.52
16. The supply curve, S(q), represents the minimum price p per unit that the suppliers will be willing to supply some quantity
q of the good for. See Figure 6.53. If the suppliers have q ∗ of the good and q ∗ is divided into subintervals of size ∆q,
then if the consumers could offer the suppliers for each ∆q a price increase just sufficient to induce the suppliers to sell
an additional ∆q of the good, the consumers’ total expenditure on q ∗ goods would be
X
p1 ∆q + p2 ∆q + · · · = pi ∆q.
Z q∗ Z q∗
As ∆q → 0 the Riemann sum becomes the integral S(q) dq. Thus S(q) dq is the amount the consumers would
0 0
pay if suppliers could be forced to sell at the lowest price they would be willing to accept.
Price
S(q)
P2
P1
Quantity
∆q ∆q ∆q q∗
Figure 6.53
17.
Z q∗ Z q∗ Z q∗
(p∗ − S(q)) dq = p∗ dq − S(q) dq
0 0 0
Z q∗
= p∗ q ∗ − S(q) dq.
0
Using Problem 16, this integral is the extra amount consumers pay (i.e., suppliers earn over and above the minimum they
would be willing to accept for supplying the good). It results from charging the equilibrium price.
6.4 SOLUTIONS 405
18. (a) p∗ q ∗ = the total amount paid for q ∗ of the good at equilibrium. See Figure 6.54.
R q∗
(b) 0 D(q) dq = the maximum consumers would be willing to pay if they had to pay the highest price acceptable to
them for each additional unit of the good. See Figure 6.55.
price price
Supply : S(q) Supply : S(q)
p∗ p∗
Demand : D(q) Demand : D(q)
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
R q∗
(c) 0
S(q) dq = the minimum suppliers would be willing to accept if they were paid the minimum price acceptable to
them for each additional unit of the good. See Figure 6.56.
R q∗
(d) 0 D(q) dq − p∗ q ∗ = consumer surplus. See Figure 6.57.
price price
p∗ p∗
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
R q∗
(e) p∗ q ∗ − 0
S(q) dq = producer surplus. See Figure 6.58.
R q∗
(f) 0
(D(q) − S(q)) dq = producer surplus and consumer surplus. See Figure 6.59.
price price
p∗ p∗
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗

1. $/year
t (years from present)

1 2
The graph reaches a peak each summer, and a trough each winter. The graph shows sunscreen sales increasing from
cycle to cycle. This gradual increase may be due in part to inflation and to population growth.
2. Using a calculator or computer, we get:
Z 20
Present value = 12000e−0.06t dt = $139,761.16.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:

Z 20
P = 12000e−0.06t dt
0
20
1

= 12000 e−0.06t
−0.06 0
= −200000 e−1.2 − e0 = $139,761.16

We use the present value to find the future value:
Future value = P ert = 139761.16e0.06(20) = $464,023.39.
3. Using a calculator of computer to evaluate the definite integral, we find the present value:
Z 15
Present value = 2000e−0.05t dt = $21,105.
0

Z 15
Present value = 2000e−0.05t dt
0
15
1

= 2000 e−0.05t
−0.05 0
= −40000 e−0.75 − e0 = $21,105.

Future value = P ert = 21105e0.05(15) = $44,680.
4. (a) The future value is

Future value = 10,000e0.03(10) = $13,498.59.
(b) We find the present value of the income stream first, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral:
Z 10
0
6.5 SOLUTIONS 407

Z 10
0
10
1

= 1000 e−0.03t
−0.03 0
= −33333 e−0.3 − e0 = $8,639.39

We use the present value to find the future value.
Future value = 8639.39e0.03(10) = $11,661.96.
(c) Although we deposit the exact same amount in the two situations, the future value is larger for the lump sum. It is
always financially preferable to receive the money earlier rather than later, since it has more time to earn interest.
5. (a) The future value is
Future value = 12,000e0.05(6) = $16,198.31.
(b) We find the present value of the income stream first. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral,
we get Z 6
0
Z 6
0
6
1

= 2000 e−0.05t
−0.05 0
= −40000 e−0.3 − e0 = $10,367.27.

We use the present value to find the future value.
Future value = 10,367.27e0.05(6) = $13,994.35.
(c) Although we deposit the exact same amount in the two situations, the future value is larger for the lump sum. It is
always financially preferable to receive the money earlier rather than later, since it has more time to earn interest.
6. (a) We first compute the present value of this income stream, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite
integral: Z 15
0
Z 15
0
15
1

= 1000 e−0.05t
−0.05 0
= −20000 e−0.75 − e0 = $10,552.67.

Future value = 10,552.67e0.05(15) = $22,340.00.
After 15 years, the account will contain $22,340.

(b) The person has deposited $1000 every year for 15 years, for a total of $15,000.
(c) The total interest earned is $22,340 − $15,000 = $7340.00.
7. (a) We first compute the present value of this income stream, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite
integral: Z 30
0
Z 30
0
30
1

= 1000 e−0.06t
−0.06
0
= −16666.67 e−1.8 − e0 = $13,911.69.
Future value = 13,911.69e0.06(30) = $84,160.82.
After 30 years, the account will contain $84,160.82.

(b) The person has deposited $1000 every year for 30 years, for a total of $30,000.
(c) The total interest earned is $84,160.82 − $30,000 = $54,160.82.
8. (a) We first find the present value, P , of the income stream. Using a calculator or computer, we get
Z 10
P = 6000e−0.05t dt = $47,216.32.
0

Z 10
P = 6000e−0.05t dt
0
10
1

= 6000 e−0.05t
−0.05
0
= −120, 000 e−0.5 − e0 = $47,216.32
We use the present value to find the future value, F :
F = P ert = 47126.32e0.05(10) = $77,846.55.
(b) The income stream contributed $6000 per year for 10 years, or $60,000. The interest earned was 77,846.55 −
60,000 = $17,846.55.
9. (a) (i) Using a calculator or computer with an interest rate of 3%, we have
Z 4
0

Z 4
P = 5000e−0.03t dt
0
4
1

= 5000 e−0.03t
−0.03 0
= −166666.67 e−0.12 − e0 = $18,846.59

(ii) If the interest rate is 10%, using a calculator or computer we get

Z 4
0
6.5 SOLUTIONS 409

Z 4
P = 5000e−0.10t dt
0
4
1

= 5000 e−0.10t
−0.10 0
= −50000 e−0.4 − e0 = $16,484.00

(b) At the end of the four-year period, if the interest rate is 3%,
Value = 18,846.59e0.03(4) = $21,249.47.
At 10%,
Value = 16,484.00e0.10(4) = $24,591.24.
10. (a) The present value of the net sales over this five-year time period is given by
Z 5
Present value = (4.8 + 0.1t)e−0.02t dt = 24.0 billion dollars.
0
(b) The future value, on January 1, 2010 is given by

Value 5 years later = 24.0e0.02(5) = 26.5 billion dollars.
The value, on January 1, 2010, of Hershey’s net sales during this time period is 26.5 billion dollars.
11. We find the future value, F , of the accumulated license fee. Since the fee was charged at a continuous rate of 200 euros
per year for time, t, in years between t = 0 in 1805 and t = 203 in 2008, with a continuous interest rate of 3% per year,
the future value is given by Z 203
F = 200e0.03t dt.
0
Using a calculator or computer, we get
Z 203
F = 200e0.03t dt = 2,936,142.74 euros.
0

Z 203
F = 200e0.03t dt
0
203
1

= 200 e0.03t
0.03 0
200 0.3·203
− e0.3·0 = 2,936,142.74 euros.

= e
0.03
Thus, Schiller would have owed nearly 3 million euros.
12. (a) The present value of the revenue during the first year is the sum of the present value during the first six months (from
t = 0 to t = 1/2) and the present value during the second six months (from t = 1/2 to t = 1).
Z 1/2 Z 1
Present value of revenue −0.07t
= (45,000 + 60,000t)e dt + 75,000e−0.07t dt
during the first year 0 1/2
= 29,438.08 + 35,583.85 = 65,021.93.
The present value of the revenue earned by the machine during the first year of operation is about 65,022 dollars.
(b) The present value over a time interval [0, T ] with T > 1/2 is
Z 1/2 Z T
Present value during
= (45,000 + 60,000t)e−0.07t dt + 75,000e−0.07t dt
first T years 0 1/2
Z T
= 29,438.08 + 75,000e−0.07t dt
1/2
If the present value of revenue equals the cost, then

Z T
150,000 = 29,438.08 + 75,000e−0.07t dt.
1/2
Solving for the integral, we get

Z T
120,561.92 = 75,000e−0.07t dt
1/2
Trying a few values for T gives
T ≈ 2.27.
It will take approximately 2.27 years for the present value of the revenue to equal the cost of the machine.
13. (a) The future value in 10 years is $100,000. We first find the present value, P :
100000 = P e0.10(10)
P = $36,787.94
We solve for the income stream S, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral:
Z 10
36,787.94 = Se−0.10t dt
0
Z 10
36,787.94 = S e−0.10t dt
0
36,787.94 = S(6.321)
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral, we get
Z 10 10
1

e−0.10t dt = e−0.10t = 6.321.
0
−0.10 0
Solving for S we get

36,787.94
S= = $5820.00 per year.
6.321
The income stream required is about $5820 per year (or about $112 per week).
(b) The present value is $36,787.94. This is the amount that would have to be deposited now.
14. (a) If P is the present value, then the value in two years at 9% interest is P e0.09(2) :
500,000 = P e0.09(2)
500,000
P = 0.09(2) = 417, 635.11
e
The present value of the renovations is $417,635.11.
(b) If money is invested at a constant rate of $S per year, then
Z 2
Present value of deposits = Se−0.09t dt
0
Since S is constant, we can take it out in front of the integral sign:

Z 2
Present value of deposits = S e−0.09t dt
0
We want the rate S so that the present value is 417,635.11. Evaluating the integral with a calculator, we get
417,635.11 = S(1.830330984).
Z 2 2
1

e−0.09t dt = e−0.09t = 1.830330984
0
−0.09 0
Solving for S, we have

417,635.11
S= = 228, 174.64.
1.830330984
Money deposited at a continuous rate of 228,174.64 dollars per year and earning 9% interest per year has a value
of $500,000 after two years.
6.5 SOLUTIONS 411
15. We compute the present value of the company’s earnings over the next 8 years. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate
the integral, we get Z 8
Present value of earnings = 50,000e−0.07t dt = $306,279.24.
0
Z 8
Present value of earnings = 50,000e−0.07t dt
0
7
1

= 50,000 e−0.07t
−0.07 0
= −714,285.71 e−0.49 − e0 = $306,279.24.

If you buy the rights to the earnings of the company now for $350,000, you want the present value to be worth more
than $350,000. Since the present value of the earnings is less than this amount, you should not buy.
16. At any time t, the company receives income of s(t) = 50,000e−t dollars per year. Thus the present value is
Z 2
Present value = s(t)e−0.06t dt
0
Z 2
= (50,000e−t )e−0.06t dt
0
= $41,508,
where we used a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral. If we simplify the integrand and use instead the Funda-
mental Theorem of Calculus, we get
Z 2 Z 2
−t
−0.06t
50,000e e dt = 50,000e−1.06t dt
0 0
2
1

= −50,000 e−1.06t
1.06 0
= −47, 170 e−2.12 − e0 = $41,508.

17. (a) The income stream is $34.6 billion per year and the interest rate is 6%. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate
the integral, we get
Z 1
Present value = 34.6e−0.06t dt
0
= 33.58 billion dollars.
Z 1
Present value = 34.6e−0.06t dt
0
1
1

= 34.6 e−0.06t
−0.06 0
= −(576.667) e−0.06 − e0 = $33.58 billion dollars.

The present value of Intel’s profits over the one-year time period is about 33.38 billion dollars.
(b) The value at the end of the year is 33.58e0.06(1) = 35.66, or about 35.66 billion dollars.
18. (a) Net revenue in 2003, when t = 0, is 4.6 billion dollars. Net revenue in 2013, when t = 10, is projected to be
4.6 + 0.4(10) = 8.6 billion dollars.
(b) January 1, 2003 through January 1, 2013 is a ten-year time period, and t = 0 corresponds to January 1, 2003, so the
value on January 1, 2003 of the revenue over this ten-year time period is
Z 10
Value on Jan. 1, 2003 = (4.6 + 0.4t)e−0.035t dt = 54.7 billion dollars.
0
The value, on January 1, 2003, of Harley-Davidson revenue over the ten-year time period is about 54.7 billion dollars.
(c) We have
Value on Jan. 1, 2013 = 54.7e0.035(10) = 77.6 billion dollars.
19. (a) Since the rate at which revenue is generated is at least 17.9 and at most 22.8 billion dollars per year, the present value
of the revenue over a five-year time period is at least
Z 5
17.9e−0.045t dt
0
and at most Z 5
22.8e−0.045t dt.
0
Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral, the present value of McDonald’s revenue over a five year time
period is between 80.1 and 102.1 billion dollars. Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the
integral, we get Z 5
1
e−0.225 − e0 = 4.476.

e−0.045t dt = −
0
0.045
Then the least is 17.9(4.476) = 80.1 and the most is 22.8(4.476) = 102.1, billions of dollars.
(b) The present value of the revenue over a twenty-five year time period is at least
Z 25
17.9e−0.045t dt
0
and at most Z 25
22.8e−0.045t dt.
0
Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral, the present value of McDonald’s revenue over a twenty-five
year time period is between 268.6 and 342.2 billion dollars. Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to
evaluate the integral, we get
Z 25
1
e−1.125 − e0 = 15.007.

e−0.045t dt = −
0
0.045
Then the least is 17.9(15.007) = 268.6 and the most 22.8(15.007) = 342.2, billions of dollars.
20. We want to find the value of T making the present value of income stream ($80,000/year) equal to $130,000. Thus we
want to find the time T at which Z T
130,000 = 80,000e−0.085t dt.
0
Trying a few values of T and evaluating the integral with a calculator or computer, we get T ≈ 1.75. It takes approxi-
mately one year and nine months for the present value of the profit generated by the new machinery to equal the cost of
the machinery. Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, to evaluate the integral, we get
1
e−0.085T − e0 .

130,000 = −80,000
0.085
Thus
130,000
0.085 = 0.138 = 1 − e−0.085T .
80,000
We get e−0.085T = 0.862, so
ln 0.862
T =− = 1.747 years.
0.085
21. (a) Suppose the oil extracted over the time period [0, M ] is S. (See Figure 6.60.) Since q(t) is the rate of oil extraction,
we have: Z M Z M Z M
S= q(t)dt = (a − bt)dt = (10 − 0.1t) dt.
0 0 0
To calculate the time at which the oil is exhausted, set S = 100 and try different values of M . We find M = 10.6
gives Z 10.6
(10 − 0.1t) dt = 100,
0
6.6 SOLUTIONS 413
so the oil is exhausted in 10.6 years.
Extraction Curve
✠
q(t)
Area below
the extraction curve ✲
is the total oil extracted
t
0 M
Figure 6.60
(b) Suppose p is the oil price, C is the extraction cost per barrel, and r is the interest rate. We have the present value of
the profit as
Z M
Present value of profit = (p − C)q(t)e−rt dt
0
Z 10.6
= (20 − 10)(10 − 0.1t)e−0.1t dt
0
= 624.9 million dollars.
√
22. Price in future = P (1 + 20 t). √
The present value V of price satisfies V = P (1 + 20 t)e−0.05t . √
We want to maximize V . To do so, we find the critical points of V (t) for t ≥ 0. (Recall that t is nondifferentiable at
t = 0.)
√

dV 20 −0.05t
=P √ e + (1 + 20 t)(−0.05e−0.05t )
dt 2 t
√

10
= P e−0.05t √ − 0.05 − t .
t
dV 10 √
Setting = 0 gives √ − 0.05 − t = 0. Using a calculator, we find t ≈ 10 years. Since V ′ (t) > 0 for 0 < t < 10
dt t
and V ′ (t) < 0 for t > 10, we confirm that this is a maximum. Thus, the best time to sell the wine is in 10 years.
d
1. (a) dx sin(x2 + 1) = 2x cos(x2 + 1); d
dx
sin(x3 + 1) = 3x2 cos(x3 + 1)
(b) (i) 21 sin(x2 + 1) + C (ii) 13 sin(x3 + 1) + C
(c) (i) − 12 cos(x2 + 1) + C (ii) − 31 cos(x3 + 1) + C
2. Setting w = 1 − 5x2 , we see that dw = −10x dx. Since the integrand has a factor of x that differs from dw by a constant
factor, substitution is appropriate and allows us to replace the integral by one that can be found directly using the power
rule: Z Z 1 Z
2 5 5 1
x(1 − 5x ) dx = w − dw = − w5 dw.
10 10
3. Setting w = ln x, we see that dw = (1/x) dx. Since the integrand has a factor of 1/x and no additional factors,
substitution is appropriate and allows us to replace the integrand by one we can integrate directly using the power rule:
Z √
√
Z Z
ln x 1

dx = ln x dx = w1/2 dw.
x x
4. Setting w = ln x, we see that dw = (1/x) dx. Since the integrand does not have a factor of 1/x, substitution is not
appropriate in this case. The integrand has a factor of x, but x and 1/x do not differ by a constant.
5. Setting w = sin t, we see that dw = cos t dt. Since the integrand has a factor of cos t and no additional factors, substitu-
tion is appropriate and allows us to replace the integrand by one we can integrate directly using the power rule:
Z Z
sin9 t (cos t dt) = w9 dw.
6. We use the substitution w = x2 + 1, dw = 2xdx.
w6
Z Z
1
2x(x2 + 1)5 dx = w5 dw = + C = (x2 + 1)6 + C.
6 6
d 1 2
Check: ( (x + 1)6 + C) = 2x(x2 + 1)5 .
dx 6
1 w1/2
Z Z
x 1 p
√ dx = w−1/2 dw = + C = x2 + 4 + C.
x2 + 4 2 2 1/2
8. We use the substitution w = 5x − 7, dw = 5dx.
1 w11
Z Z
1 1
(5x − 7)10 dx = w10 dw = +C = (5x − 7)11 + C.
5 5 11 55

Z Z
p 1 1 3/2 1
x x2 + 1dx = w1/2 dw = w + C = (x2 + 1)3/2 + C.
2 3 3
d 1 2 1 3
p
Check: (x + 1)3/2 + C = · (x2 + 1)1/2 · 2x = x x2 + 1.
dx 3 3 2
10. We use the substitution w = q 2 + 1, dw = 2qdq.
Z Z
q 2 +1 2
2qe dq = ew dw = ew + C = eq +1
+ C.
11. We use the substitution w = 5t + 2, dw = 5dt.

Z Z
5e5t+2 dt = ew dw = ew + C = e5t+2 + C.
d 5t+2
Check: (e + C) = 5e5t+2 .
dt
12. We use the substitution w = −x2 , dw = −2x dx.
Z Z Z
2 1 2 1
xe−x dx = − e−x (−2x dx) = − ew dw
2 2
1 w 1 −x2
= − e +C = − e + C.
2 2
2 2 2
d
Check: dx
(− 21 e−x + C) = (−2x)(− 21 e−x ) = xe−x .
13. We use the substitution w = −0.2t, dw = −0.2dt.
Z Z
100
100e−0.2t dt = ew dw = −500ew + C = −500e−0.2t + C.
−0.2
6.6 SOLUTIONS 415
14. We use the substitution w = t3 − 3, dw = 3t2 dt.
Z Z Z
1 1

t2 (t3 − 3)10 dt = (t3 − 3)10 (3t2 dt) = w10 dw
3 3
1 w11 1 3
= +C = (t − 3)11 + C.
3 11 33
d 1 3 1
Check: [ (t − 3)11 + C] = (t3 − 3)10 (3t2 ) = t2 (t3 − 3)10 .
dt 33 3
15. We use the substitution w = x2 , dw = 2xdx.
Z Z
1 1 1
x sin(x2 )dx = sin w dw = − cos w + C = − cos(x2 ) + C.
2 2 2
d 1 1

Check: − cos(x2 ) + C = − (− sin(x2 )) · 2x = x sin(x2 ).
dx 2 2
2
16. We use the substitution w = x − 4, dw = 2x dx.
Z Z Z
1 1
x(x2 − 4)7/2 dx = (x2 − 4)7/2 (2xdx) = w7/2 dw
2 2
1 2 9/2 1

= w + C = (x2 − 4)9/2 + C.
2 9 9
d 1 2 1 9 2

Check: (x − 4)9/2 + C = (x − 4)7/2 2x = x(x2 − 4)7/2 .
dx 9 9 2
17. We use the substitution w = x2 + 3, dw = 2x dx.
1 w3
Z Z
1 1
x(x2 + 3)2 dx = w2 ( dw) = + C = (x2 + 3)3 + C.
2 2 3 6
d 1 2 1 2
h i
(x + 3)3 + C = 3(x + 3)2 (2x) = x(x2 + 3)2 .

Check:
dx 6 6
18. We use the substitution w = 3x + 1, dw = 3dx.
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 w−1 1
dx = dw = w−2 dw = +C =− + C.
(3x + 1)2 3 w2 3 3 −1 3(3x + 1)
19. We use the substitution w = x4 + 1, dw = 4x3 dx.
4x3
Z Z
1
4
dx = dw = ln |w| + C = ln(x4 + 1) + C.
x +1 w
d 4x3
Check: (ln(x4 + 1) + C) = 4 .
dx x +1
20. We use the substitution w = x3 , dw = 3x2 dx.
Z Z
2 12
3
12 x cos(x )dx = cos(w)dw = 4 sin(w) + C = 4 sin(x3 ) + C.
3
21. We use the substitution w = 2t − 7, dw = 2 dt.

Z Z
1 1 1
(2t − 7)73 dt = w73 dw = w74 + C = (2t − 7)74 + C.
2 (2)(74) 148
d 1 74
h i
Check: (2t − 7)74 + C = (2t − 7)73 (2) = (2t − 7)73 .
dt 148 148
22. In this case, it seems easier not to substitute.
x5
Z Z
(x2 + 3)2 dx = (x4 + 6x2 + 9) dx = + 2x3 + 9x + C.
5

d x5
Check: + 2x3 + 9x + C = x4 + 6x2 + 9 = (x2 + 3)2 .
dx 5
23. In this case, it seems easier not to substitute.
Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
y (1 + y) dy = y (y + 2y + 1) dy = (y 4 + 2y 3 + y 2 ) dy
y5 y4 y3
= + + + C.
5 2 3

d y5 y4 y3
Check: + + +C = y 4 + 2y 3 + y 2 = y 2 (y + 1)2 .
dy 5 2 3
24. We use the substitution w = cos θ + 5, dw = − sin θ dθ.
Z Z
1
sin θ(cos θ + 5)7 dθ = − w7 dw = − w8 + C
8
1
= − (cos θ + 5)8 + C.
8
Check:
d 1 1
h i
− (cos θ + 5)8 + C = − · 8(cos θ + 5)7 · (− sin θ)
dθ 8 8
= sin θ(cos θ + 5)7
25. We use the substitution w = sin θ, dw = cos θ dθ.
w7 sin7 θ
Z Z
sin6 θ cos θ dθ = w6 dw = +C = + C.
7 7

d sin7 θ
Check: + C = sin6 θ cos θ.
dθ 7
26. We use the substitution w = cos 3t, dw = −3 sin 3t dt.
√
Z Z
1 √
cos 3t sin 3t dt = − w dw
3
1 2 3 2 3
= − · w 2 + C = − (cos 3t) 2 + C.
3 3 9
Check:
d 2 2 3
h 3
i1
− (cos 3t) 2 + C = − · (cos 3t) 2 · (− sin 3t) · 3
dt 9 9 2
√
= cos 3t sin 3t.
27. We use the substitution w = 3 − t, dw = − dt.

Z Z
sin(3 − t)dt = − sin(w)dw = −(− cos(w)) + C = cos(3 − t) + C.
d
Check: dt
(cos(3 − t) + C) = − sin(3 − t)(−1) = sin(3 − t).
6.6 SOLUTIONS 417
28. We use the substitution w = 1 + 3t2 , dw = 6t dt.

Z Z
t 1 1 1 1
dt = ( dw) = ln |w| + C = ln(1 + 3t2 ) + C.
1 + 3t2 w 6 6 6
2
h the absolute valueisigns since 1 + 3t > 0 for all t).
(We can drop
d 1 2 1 1 t
Check: ln(1 + 3t ) + C = (6t) = .
dt 6 6 1 + 3t2 1 + 3t2
29. We use the substitution w = x3 + 1, dw = 3x2 dx, to get
Z Z
3 1 1 w 1 3
x 2 ex +1
dx = ew dw = e + C = ex +1 + C.
3 3 3
d 1 x3 +1 1 3
3
Check: e + C = ex +1 · 3x2 = x2 ex +1 .
dx 3 3
30. We use the substitution w = sin α, dw = cos α dα.
w4 sin4 α
Z Z
sin3 α cos α dα = w3 dw = +C = + C.
4 4

d sin4 α 1
Check: +C = · 4 sin3 α · cos α = sin3 α cos α.
dα 4 4
31. We use the substitution w = 4x2 , dw = 8xdx.
Z Z
2 1 1 1
x sin(4x )dx = sin(w)dw = − cos(w) + C = − cos(4x2 ) + C.
8 8 8
32. We use the substitution w = sin x, dw = cos xdx:
w3 (sin x)3
Z Z
sin2 x cos xdx = w2 dw = +C = + C.
3 3
33. We use the substitution w = 3x − 4, dw = 3dx.

Z Z
3x−4 1 1 w 1
e dx = ew dw = e + C = e3x−4 + C.
3 3 3
d 1 3x−4 1

Check: e + C = e3x−4 · 3 = e3x−4 .
dx 3 3
34. We use the substitution w = x + ex , dw = (1 + ex ) dx.
1 + ex √
Z Z
dw √
√ dx = √ = 2 w + C = 2 x + ex + C.
x + ex w
d √ 1 1 1 + ex
Check: (2 x + ex + C) = 2 · (x + ex )− 2 · (1 + ex ) = √ .
dx 2 x + ex
35. We use the substitution w = 3x2 , dw = 6xdx.
Z Z
2 1 1 w 1 2
xe3x dx = ew dw = e + C = e3x + C.
6 6 6
d 1 3x2 1 2
2
Check: e + C = e3x · 6x = xe3x .
dx 6 6
36. We use the substitution w = 3x2 + 4, dw = 6xdx.
1 w3/2
Z Z
p 1 1
x 3x2 + 4dx = w1/2 dw = + C = (3x2 + 4)3/2 + C.
6 6 3/2 9
37. We use the substitution w = ex + e−x , dw = (ex − e−x ) dx.
ex − e−x
Z Z
dw
dx = = ln |w| + C = ln(ex + e−x ) + C.
ex + e−x w
(We can drop the absolute value signs since ex + e−x > 0 for all x).
d 1
Check: [ln(ex + e−x ) + C] = x (ex − e−x ).
dx e + e−x
38. We use the substitution w = ln z, dw = z1 dz.
(ln z)2 w3 (ln z)3

Z Z
dz = w2 dw = +C = + C.
z 3 3

d (ln z)3 1 1 (ln z)2
Check: + C = 3 · (ln z)2 · = .
dz 3 3 z z
39. We use the substitution w = y 2 + 4, dw = 2y dy.
Z Z
y 1 dw 1 1
dy = = ln |w| + C = ln(y 2 + 4) + C.
y2 + 4 2 w 2 2
(We can drop the absolute valueisigns since y 2 + 4 ≥ 0 for all y.)
d 1 1 1 y
h
Check: ln(y 2 + 4) + C = · 2 · 2y = 2 .
dy 2 2 y +4 y +4
40. We use the substitution w = 5q 2 + 8, dw = 10qdq.
Z Z
q 1 1 1 1
dq = dw = ln |w| + C = ln(5q 2 + 8) + C.
5q 2 + 8 10 w 10 10
d 1 1 1 q

Check: ln(5q 2 + 8) + C = · · 10q = 2 .
dq 10 10 5q 2 + 8 5q + 8
41. We use the substitution w = et + t, dw = (et + 1) dt.
et + 1
Z Z
1
dt = dw = ln |w| + C = ln |et + t| + C.
et + t w
d et + 1
Check: (ln |et + t| + C) = t .
dt e +t
√ 1
42. We use the substitution w = y, dw = √ dy.
2 y
√
e y
Z Z
√
√ dy = 2 ew dw = 2ew + C = 2e y
+ C.
y
√
d √ √ 1 e y
Check: (2e y + C) = 2e y · √ = √ .
dy 2 y y
√ 1
43. We use the substitution w = x, dw = 2√x dx.
Z √ Z
cos x √
√ dx = cos w(2 dw) = 2 sin w + C = 2 sin x + C.
x
√
d √ √ 1 cos x
Check: (2 sin x + C) = 2 cos x √ = √ .
dx 2 x x
44. We use the substitution w = x2 + 2x + 19, dw = 2(x + 1)dx.
Z Z
(x + 1)dx 1 dw 1 1
= = ln |w| + C = ln(x2 + 2x + 19) + C.
x2 + 2x + 19 2 w 2 2
(We can drop the absolute value signs, since x2 + 2x + 19 = (x + 1)2 + 18 > 0 for all x.)
1 1 1 1 x+1
Check: [ ln(x2 + 2x + 19)] = (2x + 2) = 2 .
dx 2 2 x2 + 2x + 19 x + 2x + 19
6.6 SOLUTIONS 419
45. We use the substitution w = et + 1, dw = et dt:
et
Z Z
1
t
dt = dw = ln |w| + C = ln(et + 1) + C.
e +1 w
46. We use the substitution w = sin 5θ, dw = 5 cos 5θ dθ.
1 w7
Z Z
6 1 1
sin 5θ cos 5θ dθ = w6 dw = ( )+C = sin7 5θ + C.
5 5 7 35
d 1 1
Check: ( sin7 5θ + C) = [7 sin6 5θ](5 cos 5θ) = sin6 5θ cos 5θ.
dθ 35 35
Note that we could also use Problem 25 to solve this problem, substituting w = 5θ and dw = 5 dθ to get:
Z Z
6 1
sin 5θ cos 5θ dθ = sin6 w cos w dw
5
1 sin7 w 1
= ( )+C = sin7 5θ + C.
5 7 35
47. We use the substitution w = sin(x2 ), dw = 2x cos(x2 ) dx.
x cos(x2 )
Z Z
1 1 1 1 p
dx = w− 2 dw = (2w 2 ) + C = sin(x2 ) + C.
2 2
p
sin(x2 )
d p 1 x cos(x2 )
Check: ( sin(x2 ) + C) = p [cos(x2 )]2x = p .
dx 2 sin(x2 ) sin(x2 )
48. (a) This integral can be evaluated using integration by substitution. We use w = x2 , dw = 2xdx.
Z Z
1 1 1
x sin x2 dx = sin(w)dw = − cos(w) + C = − cos(x2 ) + C.
2 2 2
(b) This integral cannot be evaluated using a simple integration by substitution.

(c) This integral cannot be evaluated using a simple integration by substitution.
(d) This integral can be evaluated using integration by substitution. We use w = 1 + x2 , dw = 2xdx.
Z Z
x 1 1 1 −1 −1

dx = dw = +C = + C.
(1 + x2 )2 2 w2 2 w 2(1 + x2 )
(e) This integral cannot be evaluated using a simple integration by substitution.

(f) This integral can be evaluated using integration by substitution. We use w = 2 + cos x, dw = − sin xdx.
Z Z
sin x 1
dx = − dw = − ln |w| + C = − ln |2 + cos x| + C.
2 + cos x w
49. (a) We substitute w = 1 + x2 , dw = 2x dx.

Z x=1 Z w=2 2
x 1 1 1 1
dx = dw = ln |w| = ln 2.
x=0
1 + x2 2 w=1
w 2 1
2
(b) We substitute w = cos x, dw = − sin x dx.
√
Z x= π Z w= 2/2
4
sin x 1
dx = − dw
x=0
cos x w=1
w
√
2/2 √
2 1
= − ln |w| = − ln = ln 2.
1
2 2
50. We substitute w = x2 + 1, so dw = 2xdx.
1 w3
Z Z
1 1
x(x2 + 1)2 dx = w2 dw = + C = (x2 + 1)3 + C.
2 2 3 6
Using the Fundamental Theorem, we have

Z 2 2
1 2 1 3 1 3 125 1 124 62
x(x2 + 1)2 dx = (x + 1)3 = ·5 − ·1 = − = = .
0
6 0
6 6 6 6 6 3
51. Let w = x2 + 1, then dw = 2xdx. When x = 0, w = 1 and when x = 3, w = 10. Thus we have
Z 3 Z 10 10
2x dw
dx = = ln |w| = ln 10 − ln 1 = ln 10.
0
x2 + 1 1
w 1
Z π/2 π/2
1
52. e− cos θ sin θ dθ = e− cos θ = e− cos(π/2) − e− cos(0) = 1 −
0 0
e
√ 1
53. Let x = w, 21 x− 2 dx = dw, dx
√
x
= 2 dw. If x = 1 then w = 1, and if x = 4 so w = 2. So we have
√
4 2
e x
Z Z 2
√ dx = ew · 2 dw = 2ew = 2(e2 − e) ≈ 9.34.
1 x 1 1
54. We substitute w = t + 1, so dw = dt.

√
Z Z Z
1 1
√ dt = √ dw = w−1/2 dw = 2w1/2 + C = 2 t + 1 + C.
t+1 w
Using the Fundamental Theorem, we have

3 3
√ √ √
Z
1
√ dt = 2 t + 1 = 2 4 − 2 1 = 4 − 2 = 2.
0 t+1 0
55. We substitute w = t + 2, so dw = dt.

Z t=e−2 Z w=e e
1 dw
dt = = ln |w| = ln e − ln 1 = 1.
t=−1
t+2 w=1
w 1
56. We substitute w = 1 + x2 . Then dw = 2x dx.

Z x=2 Z w=5 5
x 1 1 1 1 2

dx = dw = − = .
x=0
(1 + x2 )2 w=1
w2 2 2 w 1
5
57. Let w = −t2 , then dw = −2tdt so tdt = − 21 dw. When t = 0, w = 0 and when t = 1, w = −1. Thus we have
Z 1 Z −1 Z −1
1

−t2 w
2te dt = 2e − dw = − ew dw
0 0
2 0
−1
= −ew = −e−1 − (−e0 ) = 1 − e−1 .

0
2 2
√
Z
2 2 3/2 2 14
58. x + 2 dx = (x + 2)3/2 = (4) − (1)3/2 = (7) =
−1
3 −1
3 3 3
Z 3 3
dt −1 1 1 1

59. = = − − − =
1
(t + 7)2 t+7 1
10 8 40
6.6 SOLUTIONS 421
2
60. To find the area under the graph of f (x) = xex , we need to evaluate the definite integral
Z 2
2
xex dx.
0
This is done in Example 8, Section 6.6, using the substitution w = x2 , the result being
Z 2
2 1 4
xex dx = (e − 1).
0
2
61. Since f (x) = 1/(x + 1) is positive on the interval x = 0 to x = 2, we have

Z 2 2
1
Area = dx = ln(x + 1) = ln 3 − ln 1 = ln 3.
0
x+1 0
The area is ln 3 ≈ 1.0986.

1
62. If f (x) = , the average value of f on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is defined to be
x+1
Z 2 Z 2
1 1 dx
f (x) dx = .
2−0 0
2 0
x+1
We’ll integrate by substitution. We let w = x + 1 and dw = dx, and we have
Z x=2 Z w=3 3
dx dw
= = ln w = ln 3 − ln 1 = ln 3.
x=0
x+1 w=1
w 1
1
Thus, the average value of f (x) on 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is 2
ln 3 ≈ 0.5493. See Figure 6.61.
1
f (x) = 1+x
0.54931
x
2
Figure 6.61
63. (a) If w = t/2, then dw = (1/2)dt. When t = 0, w = 0; when t = 4, w = 2. Thus,

Z 4 Z 2 Z 2
g(t/2) dt = g(w) 2dw = 2 g(w) dw = 2 · 5 = 10.
0 0 0
(b) If w = 2 − t, then dw = −dt. When t = 0, w = 2; when t = 2, w = 0. Thus,

Z 2 Z 0 Z 2
g(2 − t) dt = g(w) (−dw) = + g(w) dw = 5.
0 2 0
64. (a) (i) Multiplying out gives

x3
Z
(x2 + 10x + 25) dx = + 5x2 + 25x + C.
3
(ii) Substituting w = x + 5, so dw = dx, gives
w3 (x + 5)3
Z Z
(x + 5)2 dx = w2 dw = +C = + C.
3 3
(b) The results of the two calculations are not the same since
(x + 5)3 x3 15x2 75x 125
+C = + + + + C.
3 3 3 3 3
However they differ only by a constant, 125/3, as guaranteed by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Z Z
2
65. (a) 4x(x + 1) dx = (4x3 + 4x) dx = x4 + 2x2 + C.
(b) If w = x2 + 1, then dw = 2x dx.
Z Z
2
4x(x + 1) dx = 2w dw = w2 + C = (x2 + 1)2 + C.
(c) The expressions from parts (a) and (b) look different, but they are both correct. Note that (x2 + 1)2 + C = x4 +
2x2 + 1 + C. In other words, the expressions from parts (a) and (b) differ only by a constant, so they are both correct
antiderivatives.
We first try the substitution
66. (a) Z w = sin θ, dw = cos θ dθ. Then
w2 sin2 θ
Z
sin θ cos θ dθ = w dw = +C = + C.
2 2
(b) If
Z we instead try the substitution w = cos θ, dw = − sin θ dθ, we get
w2 cos2 θ
Z
sin θ cos θ dθ = − w dw = − +C = − + C.
2 2
(c) Once
Z we note that sin 2θ
Z = 2 sin θ cos θ, we can also say
1
sin θ cos θ dθ = sin 2θ dθ.
2
Substituting
Z w = 2θ, dw = 2 dθ, the above equals
1 cos w cos 2θ
sin w dw = − +C =− + C.
4 4 4
(d) All these answers are correct. Although they have different forms, they differ from each other only in terms of a
2 2
constant, and thus they are all acceptable antiderivatives. For example, 1 − cos2 θ = sin2 θ, so sin2 θ = − cos2 θ + 12 .
Thus the first two expressions differ only by a constant C.
2
Similarly, cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1, so − cos42θ = − cos2 θ + 14 , and thus the second and third
expressions differ only by a constant. Of course, if the first two expressions and the last two expressions differ only
in the constant C, then the first and last only differ in the constant as well.
′ 5t ′ 1 5t
R v = e , so u =R1 and v = 5 e .
1. Let u = t and
Then te5t dt = 51 te5t − 15 e5t dt = 51 te5t − 1 5t
25
e + C.
(−0.1)p
R (−0.1)p
′
2. Let u = p and v = e ′
, u = 1. Thus, v = e dp = −10e(−0.1)p . With this choice of u and v, integration
by parts gives:
Z Z
pe(−0.1)p dp = p(−10e(−0.1)p ) − (−10e(−0.1)p ) dp
Z
(−0.1)p
= −10pe + 10 e(−0.1)p dp
= −10pe(−0.1)p − 100e(−0.1)p + C.
1
3. Let u = ln y, v ′ = y. Then, v = 12 y 2 and u′ = . Integrating by parts, we get:
y
Z Z
1 2 1 2 1
y ln y dy = y ln y − y · dy
2 2 y
Z
1 2 1
= y ln y − y dy
2 2
1 1 2
= y 2 ln y − y + C.
2 4
6.7 SOLUTIONS 423
4. Let u = z + 1, v ′ = e2z . Thus, v = 12 e2z and u′ = 1. Integrating by parts, we get:

Z Z
2z 1 1 2z
(z + 1)e dz = (z + 1) · e2z − e dz
2 2
1 1
= (z + 1)e2z − e2z + C
2 4
1 2z
= (2z + 1)e + C.
4
1
5. Let u = ln 5q, v ′ = q 5 . Then v = 16 q 6 and u′ = . Integrating by parts, we get:
q
Z Z
1 1 1
5
q ln 5q dq = q 6 ln 5q − (5 · ) · q 6 dq
6 5q 6
1 1 6
= q 6 ln 5q − q + C.
6 36
6. Let u = y and v ′ = (y + 3)1/2 , so u′ = 1 and v = 23 (y + 3)3/2 :

Z Z
p 2 2 2 4
y y + 3 dy = y(y + 3)3/2 − (y + 3)3/2 dy = y(y + 3)3/2 − (y + 3)5/2 + C.
3 3 3 15
x4
7. Let u = ln x and v ′ = x3 , so u′ = 1
x
and v = 4
. Then
4
x3 x4 x4
Z Z
3 x
x ln x dx = ln x − dx = ln x − + C.
4 4 4 16
√
8. Let u = t + 2 and v ′ = 2 + 3t, so u′ = 1 and v = 92 (2 + 3t)3/2 . Then
√
Z Z
2 2
(t + 2) 2 + 3t dt = (t + 2)(2 + 3t)3/2 − (2 + 3t)3/2 dt
9 9
2 4
= (t + 2)(2 + 3t)3/2 − (2 + 3t)5/2 + C.
9 135
1
9. Let u = y and v ′ = √5−y , so u′ = 1 and v = −2(5 − y)1/2 .
Z Z
y 4
√ dy = −2y(5 − y)1/2 + 2 (5 − y)1/2 dy = −2y(5 − y)1/2 − (5 − y)3/2 + C.
5−y 3
10. Let u = z, v ′ = e−z . Thus v = −e−z and u′ = 1. Integration by parts gives:
Z Z
ze−z dz = −ze−z − (−e−z ) dz
= −ze−z − e−z + C
= −(z + 1)e−z + C.
11. We can split the integral into two

Z Z Z
t+7 t
√ dt = √ dt + 7 (5 − t)−1/2 dt.
5−t 5−t
1
To calculate the first integral, we use integration by parts. Let u = t and v ′ = √5−t , so u′ = 1 and v = −2(5 − t)1/2 .
Then Z Z
t 1/2 4
√ dt = −2t(5 − t) + 2 (5 − t)1/2 dt = −2t(5 − t)1/2 − (5 − t)3/2 + C.
5−t 3
Z
We can calculate the second integral directly: 7 (5 − t)−1/2 = −14(5 − t)1/2 + C1 . Thus
Z
t+7 4
√ dt = −2t(5 − t)1/2 − (5 − t)3/2 − 14(5 − t)1/2 + C2 .
5−t 3
12. Let u = ln x, v ′ = x−2 . Then v = −x−1 and u′ = x−1 . Integrating by parts, we get:
Z Z
x−2 ln x dx = −x−1 ln x − (−x−1 ) · x−1 dx
= −x−1 ln x − x−1 + C.
13. Let u = t, v ′ = sin t. Thus, v = − cos t and u′ = 1. With this choice of u and v, integration by parts gives:
Z Z
t sin t dt = −t cos t − (− cos t) dt
= −t cos t + sin t + C.
14. Let u = θ + 1 and v ′ = sin(θ + 1), so u′ = 1 and v = − cos(θ + 1).

Z Z
(θ + 1) sin(θ + 1) dθ = −(θ + 1) cos(θ + 1) + cos(θ + 1) dθ
= −(θ + 1) cos(θ + 1) + sin(θ + 1) + C.
R2
15. A calculator gives 1
ln x dx = 0.386. An antiderivative of ln x is x ln x − 1, so the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
gives
Z 2 2
ln x dx = (x ln x − x) = 2 ln 2 − 1.
1 1
Since 2 ln 2 − 1 = 0.386, the value from the Fundamental Theorem agrees with the numerical answer.
16. We use integration by parts. Let u = z and v ′ = e−z , so u′ = 1 and v = −e−z . Then
Z 10 10 Z 10
−z −z
ze dz = −ze + e−z dz
0 0 0
10
= −10e−10 + (−e−z )
0
= −11e−10 + 1
≈ 0.9995.
Z 5 5
17. ln t dt = (t ln t − t) = 5 ln 5 − 4 ≈ 4.047
1 1
Z 5 5
18. ln(1 + t) dt = ((1 + t) ln(1 + t) − (1 + t)) = 6 ln 6 − 5 ≈ 5.751.

0 0
Z 3 3
1 2 1 9

19. t ln t dt = t ln t − t2 = ln 3 − 2 ≈ 2.944.
1
2 4 1
2
Z 5 5
20. x cos x dx = (cos x + x sin x) = cos 5 + 5 sin 5 − cos 3 − 3 sin 3 ≈ −3.944.

3 3
2 ln t
21. Let u = (ln t)2 and v ′ = 1, so u′ = and v = t. Then
t
Z Z
(ln t)2 dt = t(ln t)2 − 2 ln t dt = t(ln t)2 − 2t ln t + 2t + C.
Z
(We use the fact that ln x dx = x ln x − x + C, a result which can be derived using integration by parts.)
6.7 SOLUTIONS 425
22. Let u = t2Rand v ′ = e5t , so u′ = 2t Rand v = 15 e5t .

Then t2 e5t dt = 51 t2 e5t − 2 5t
R 52 5tte dt.1 2 5t 2 1 5t 1 5t
Using Problem 1, we have t e dt = 5 t e − 5 ( 5 te − 25
e ) +C
= 51 t2 e5t − 25
2
te5t + 125
2
e5t + C.
23. (a) We evaluate this integral using the substitution w = 1 + x3 .
(b) We evaluate this integral using the substitution w = x2 .
(c) We evaluate this integral using the substitution w = x3 + 1.
(d) We evaluate this integral using the substitution w = 3x + 1.
(e) This integral can be evaluated using integration by parts with u = ln x, v ′ = x2 .
(f) This integral can be evaluated using integration by parts with u = ln x, v ′ = 1.
24. Using integration by parts with u′ = e−t , v = t, so u = −e−t and v ′ = 1, we have
2
Z 2 Z 2
−t −t
Area = te dt = −te − −1 · e−t dt
0 0
0
2
= (−te−t − e−t ) = −2e−2 − e−2 + 1 = 1 − 3e−2 .

0
25. Since ln(x2 ) = 2 ln x and

R
ln x dx = x ln x − x + C, we have
Z 2 Z 2
Area = (ln(x2 ) − ln x) dx = (2 ln x − ln x) dx
1 1
2
Z 2
= ln x dx = (x ln x − x) = 2 ln 2 − 2 − (1 ln 1 − 1) = 2 ln 2 − 1.
1
1
26. We have Z 3
Bioavailability = 15te−0.2t dt.
0
We first use integration by parts to evaluate the indefinite integral of this function. Let u = 15t and v ′ = e−0.2t dt, so
u′ = 15dt and v = −5e−0.2t . Then,
Z Z
15te−0.2t dt = (15t)(−5e−0.2t ) − (−5e−0.2t )(15dt)
Z
−0.2t
= −75te + 75 e−0.2t dt = −75te−0.2 − 375e−0.2t + C.
Thus,
Z 3 3
15te−0.2t dt = (−75te−0.2t − 375e−0.2t ) = −329.29 + 375 = 45.71.
0 0
The bioavailability of the drug over this time interval is 45.71 (ng/ml)-hours.
Z T
dE
27. (a) We know that = r, so the total energy E used in the first T hours is given by E = te−at dt. We use
dt 0
integration by parts. Let u = t, v ′ = e−at . Then u′ = 1, v = − a1 e−at .
Z T
E= te−at dt
0
T
Z T
t 1

= − e−at − − e−at dt
a 0 0
a
Z T
1 1
= − T e−aT + e−at dt
a a 0
1 1
= − T e−aT + 2 (1 − e−aT ).
a a
(b)
1 T 1 1

lim E = − lim + 2 1 − lim aT .
T →∞ a T →∞ eaT a T →∞ e
Since a > 0, the second limit on the right hand side in the above expression is 0. In the first limit, although both the
numerator and the denominator go to infinity, the denominator eaT goes to infinity more quickly than T does. So in
T
the end the denominator eaT is much greater than the numerator T . Hence lim aT = 0. (You can check this by
T →∞ e
T 1
graphing y = aT on a calculator or computer for some values of a.) Thus lim E = 2 .
e T →∞ a
Solutions for Chapter 6 Review
1. Since dP/dt is negative for t < 3 and positive for t > 3, we know that P is decreasing for t < 3 and increasing for
t > 3. Between each two integer values, the magnitude of the change is equal to the area between the graph dP/dt and
the t-axis. For example, between t = 0 and t = 1, we see that the change in P is −1. Since P = 2 at t = 0, we must
have P = 1 at t = 1. The other values are found similarly, and are shown in Table 6.7.
Table 6.7
t 1 2 3 4 5
P 1 0 −1/2 0 1
2. See Figure 6.62.

F (0) = 1
1 F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.62
3. See Figure 6.63.

1 F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.63
4. First notice that F will be decreasing on the interval 0 < x < 1 and on the interval 3 < x < 4 and will be increasing on
the interval 1 < x < 3. The areas tell us how much the function increases or decreases. By the Fundamental Theorem,
we have
Z 1
F (1) = F (0) + F ′ (x)dx = 5 + (−6) = −1.
0
Z 3
F (3) = F (1) + F ′ (x)dx = −1 + 8 = 7.
1
Z 4
F (4) = F (3) + F ′ (x)dx = 7 + (−2) = 5.
3
SOLUTIONS to Review Problems For Chapter Six 427
5. (a) The function f (x) is increasing when f ′ (x) is positive, so f (x) is increasing for x < −2 or x > 2.
The function f (x) is decreasing when f ′ (x) is negative, so f (x) is decreasing for −2 < x < 2.
Since f (x) is increasing to the left of x = −2, decreasing between x = −2 and x = 2, and increasing to the right of
x = 2, the function f (x) has a local maximum at x = −2 and a local minimum at x = 2.
f (x)
x
−4 −2 2 4
Figure 6.64
6. (a) The function f (x) is increasing when f ′ (x) is positive, so f (x) is increasing for −1 < x < 3 or x > 3.
The function f (x) is decreasing when f ′ (x) is negative, so f (x) is decreasing for x < −1.
Since f (x) is decreasing to the left of x = −1 and increasing to the right of x = −1, the function has a local
minimum at x = −1. Since f (x) is increasing on both sides of x = 3, it has neither a local maximum nor a local
minimum at that point.
f (x)
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
Figure 6.65
7. See Figure 6.66.

Point of
inflection
f (x)
❄
x
x1 x2 x3 x4
Figure 6.66
8. See Figure 6.67.

Inflection point
Local max
❄ f (x)
Local min
❄ ✛ Inflection
point
❄
x
x1 x2 x3 x4
Figure 6.67
7t2
9. t3 + + t.
2
10. 3 t + 4 t + 54 t5
2 3 3 4
11. 2x3 − 4x2 + 3x.

y5
12. + ln |y|
5
13. x3 + 5x.
14. ln |z|
15. P (y) = ln |y| + y 2 /2 + y + C
16. − cos t
17. We use substitution with w = 2x + 1 and dw = 2 dx. Then
w4 (2x + 1)4
Z Z Z
1
f (x) dx = (2x + 1)3 dx = w3 dw = +C = + C.
2 2·4 8
x4 3x2 (x + 1)4
18. Antiderivative G(x) = + x3 + +x+C = +C
4 2 4
19. 2t2 + 7t + C
3x2
20. +C
2
x4 x2
21. − + C.
4 2
22. 4t2 + 3t + C.
5 3
23. − − 2 + C
t t
24. 2x4 + ln |x| + C.
25. 2x2 + 2ex + C
26. 5 sin x + 3 cos x + C
27. 2x3 + C.
(x + 1)3
Z
28. (x + 1)2 dx = + C.
3
Another way to work the problem is to expand (x + 1)2 to x2 + 2x + 1 as follows:
x3
Z Z
(x + 1)2 dx = (x2 + 2x + 1) dx = + x2 + x + C.
3
(x + 1)3 x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 x3 1 x3
These two answers are the same, since = = + x2 + x + , which is + x2 + x,
3 3 3 3 3
plus a constant.
x+1 1
29. Since f (x) = = 1 + , the indefinite integral is x + ln |x| + C
x x
30. Since F ′ (x) = 2x + 3, we use F (x) = x2 + 3x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 2 2
(2x + 3)dx = (x2 + 3x) = (22 + 3 · 2) − (12 + 3 · 1) = 10 − 4 = 6.

1 1
−1
t
31. Since F ′ (t) = 1/t2 = t−2 , we take F (t) = = −1/t. Then
−1
Z 2
1
dt = F (2) − F (1)
1
t2
1 1

=− − −
2 1
1
= .
2
Z −1 −1
2 1
32. dr = −r −2 = −1 + = −8/9 ≈ −0.889.
−3
r3 −3
9
Z 1 1
33. sin θ dθ = − cos θ = 1 − cos 1 ≈ 0.460.
0 0
2 2
x3 x4
Z
4
34. + 2x dx = + x2 = + 4 = 16/3 ≈ 5.333.
0
3 12 0
3
1
35. Since F ′ (t) = 1/(2t), we take F (t) = 2
ln |t|. Then
Z 2
1
dt = F (2) − F (1)
1
2t
1 1
= ln |2| − ln |1|
2 2
1
= ln 2.
2
36. We have
4 4
x3 43 13
Z
64 − 1
Area = x2 dx = = − = = 21.
1
3 1
3 3 3
37. The integral which represents the area under this curve is
Z 2
Area = (6x2 + 1) dx.
0
d
Since (2x3 + x) = 6x2 + 1, we can evaluate the definite integral:
dx
Z 2 2
(6x2 + 1) dx = (2x3 + x) = 2(23 ) + 2 − (2(0) + 0) = 16 + 2 = 18.

0 0
38. We have
10
10
x3 103
Z
1 1 1 103
Average value = (x2 + 1)dx = +x = + 10 − 0 = .
10 − 0 0
10 3 0
10 3 3
We see in Figure 6.68 that the average value of 103/3 ≈ 34.33 for f (x) looks right.
100 f (x) = x2 + 1
50
34.33
x
5 10
Figure 6.68
Rb
39. The area under f (x) = 8x between x = 1 and x = b is given by 1
(8x)dx. Using the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate
the integral:
b
Area = 4x2 = 4b2 − 4.

1
Since the area is 192, we have
4b2 − 4 = 192
4b2 = 196
b2 = 49
b = ±7.
Since b is larger than 1, we have b = 7.

40. Since y = x3 (1 − x) is positive for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and y = 0, when x = 0, 1, the area is given by
1 1 1
x4 x5
Z Z
1
Area = x3 (1 − x) dx = (x3 − x4 ) dx = − = .
0 0
4 5 0
20
41. Since y = 0 only when x = 0 and x = 1, the area lies between these limits and is given by
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 2 2 2
Area = x (1 − x) dx = x (1 − 2x + x ) dx = (x2 − 2x3 + x4 ) dx
0 0 0
1
x3 2 x5 1
= − x4 + = .
3 4 5 0
30
We sketch f (x) = xe−x ; see Figure 6.69. The shaded area to the right of the y-axis represents the integral
42. (a) Z
∞
xe−x dx.
0
f (x) = xe−x
Figure 6.69
(b) Using a calculator or computer, we obtain

Z 5 Z 10 Z 20
−x −x
xe dx = 0.9596 xe dx = 0.9995 xe−x dx = 0.99999996.
0 0 0
(c) The answers to part (b) suggest that the integral converges to 1.
43. (a) A calculator or computer gives
Z 100 Z 1000 Z 10000
1 1 1
√ dx = 18 √ dx = 61.2 √ dx = 198.
1 x 1 x 1 x
These values do not seem to be converging.

1 √ d √ 1
(b) An antiderivative of F ′ (x) = √ is F (x) = 2 x since (2 x) = √ . So, by the Fundamental Theorem,
x dx x
we have Z b b
1 √ √ √ √
√ dx = 2 x = 2 b − 2 1 = 2 b − 2.
1
x 1
√ √
(c) The limit of 2 b − 2 as b → ∞ does not exist, as b grows without bound. Therefore
Z b √
1
lim √ dx = lim (2 b − 2) does not exist.
b→∞
1
x b→∞
Z ∞
1
So the improper integral √ dx does not converge.
1
x
44. (a) Evaluating the integrals with a calculator gives

Z 10
xe−x/10 dx = 26.42
0
Z 50
xe−x/10 dx = 95.96
0
Z 100
xe−x/10 dx = 99.95
0
Z 200
xe−x/10 dx = 100.00
0
(b) The results of part (a) suggest that Z ∞

xe−x/10 dx ≈ 100
0
45. (a) Since v(t) = 60/50t is never 0, the car never stops.
(b) For time t ≥ 0, Z ∞
60
Distance traveled = dt.
0
50t
Z b
60
(c) Evaluating dt for b = 1, 5, 10 gives
0
50t
Z 1 Z 5 Z 10
60 60 60
dt = 15.0306 dt = 15.3373 dt = 15.3373,
0
50t 0
50t 0
50t
so the integral appears to converge to 15.3373; so we estimate the distance traveled to be 15.34 miles.
46. (a) In 2010, we have P = 6.1e0.012·10 = 6.9 billion people.
In 2020, we have P = 6.1e0.012·20 = 7.8 billion people.
(b) We have
Z 10 10
1 1 6.1 0.012t
Average population = 6.1e0.012t dt = · e
10 − 0 0
10 0.012 0
1 6.1

= (e0.12 − e0 ) = 6.5.
10 0.012
The average population of the world between 2000 and 2010 was predicted to be 6.5 billion people.
47. (a) The supply and demand curves are shown in Figure 6.70. Tracing along the graphs, we find that they intersect
approximately at the point (322, 11.43). Thus, the equilibrium price is about $11.43, and the equilibrium quantity is
about 322 units.
p ($/unit)
30
20
S
10
D
q (quantity)
100 200 300 400 500
Figure 6.70
(b) The consumer surplus is shown in Figure 6.71. This is an area between two curves. Using a calculator or computer
to evaluate the definite integral, we have
Z 322
Consumer surplus = (30e−0.003q − 11.43) dq = $2513.52.
0
Z 322 322
1

30e−0.003q − 11.43 dq = 30 e−0.003q − 11.43q = $2513.52.
0
−0003 0
The producer surplus is shown in Figure 6.72. This is an area between two curves. Using a calculator or computer
to evaluate the definite integral, we have
Z 322
Producer surplus = (11.43 − (5 + 0.02q))dq = $1033.62.
0
Z 322 322
(11.43 − (5 + 0.02q)) dq = 11.43q − (5q + 0.01q 2 )

= $1033.62
0 0
30 30
20 20
S S
10 10
D D
100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500
48. The total gains from trade at the equilibrium price is shaded in Figure 6.73. We see in Figures 6.74 and 6.75 that if the
price is artificially high or low, the quantity sold is less than q ∗ . Thus, the total gains from trade are reduced.
p p p
S S S
p+
p∗
p−
D D D
q q q
q∗ q+ q−
Figure 6.73: Shade area: Total Figure 6.74: Shade area: Gains Figure 6.75: Shade area: Gains
gains from trade at equilibrium when price is artificially high when price is artificially low
price
49. Measuring money in thousands of dollars, the equation of the line representing the demand curve passes through (50,
980) and (350, 560). Its slope is (560 − 980)/(350 − 50) = −420/300. See Figure 6.76. So the equation is y − 560 =
420
− 300 (x − 350), i.e. y − 560 = − 75 x + 490. Thus
Z 350
7

Consumer surplus = − x + 1050 dx − 350 · 560 = 85,750.
0
5
(Note that 85,750 = 12 · 490 · 350, the area of the triangle in Figure 6.76. We could have used this instead of the integral
to find the consumer surplus.)
Recalling that our unit measure for the price axis is $1000/car, the consumer surplus is $85,750,000.
price
(1000s of dollars/car)
1050 (50, 980)
Demand
(350, 560)
quantity
(number of cars)
Figure 6.76
50. (a) The price at which 300 units are demanded = 20e−0.002·300 ≈ $11.
The price at which 300 units are supplied = 0.02 · 300 + 1 = $7. Therefore, the price at which 300 units are
demanded is higher. See Figure 6.77.
(b) Looking at Figure 6.77 we see that
p∗ ≈ $9 = equilibrium price and q ∗ ≈ 400 = equilibrium quantity.
price/unit
20 Supply
15
10
5
Demand
quantity
200 400 600 800
Figure 6.77
(c) Consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above $9. Thus, using a calculator or computer, we have
Z 400
Consumer surplus = 20e−0.002q dq − 400 · 9 ≈ 1907 dollars.
0

Z 400
Consumer surplus = 20e−0.002q dq − 400 · 9
0
400
1

= 20 e−0.002q − 3600
−.002 0

= 10, 000 1 − e−0.8 − 3600 ≈ 1907 dollars
See Figure 6.78. Consumers gain $1907 in buying goods at the equilibrium price instead of at the price they would
be willing to pay.
Producer surplus is the area under $9 and above the supply curve. Thus, using a calculator or computer, we get
Z 400
Producer surplus = 400 · 9 − (0.02q + 1) dq = 1600 dollars.
0

Z 400
Producer surplus = 400 · 9 − (0.02q + 1) dq
0
400
= 3600 − 0.01q 2 + q

0
= 3600 − 0.01(400)2 + 400 = 1600 dollars .

See Figure 6.79. Producers gained $1600 in supplying goods at the equilibrium price instead of the price at which
they would have been willing to supply the goods.
price/unit price/unit
20 Supply 20 Supply
15 15
Consumer
surplus
✲
10 10
Producer
surplus
✲
5 5
Demand Demand
quantity quantity
200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800
51. The present value is given by

Z M
Present value = Se−rt dt,
0
with S = 1000, r = 0.09 and M = 5. Hence, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral:
Z 5
Present value = 1000e−0.09t dt = $4026.35.
0

Z 5
0
5
1

= 1000 e−0.09t
−0.09 0
= −11, 111.11 e−0.45 − e0 = $4026.35.

52. The future value is $20,000 in 5 years. We first find the present value. Since
20,000 = P e0.06(5) = P e0.3 .
Solving for P gives

20,000
= $14,816.36.
P =
e0.3
Now we solve for the income stream S which gives a present value of $14,816.36.
Z 5
14,816.36 = Se−0.06t dt.
0
Since S is a constant, we bring it outside the integral sign. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral, we get:
Z 5
14,816.36 = S e−0.06t dt = S(4.320)
0
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus instead, we get:

Z 5 5
1

e−0.06t dt = e−0.06t = 4.320.
0
−0.06 0
Solving for S gives

14816.36
S=≈ 3430.
4.320
Money must be deposited at a rate of about $3430 per year, or about $66 per week.
53.
Z 10
Present Value = (100 + 10t)e−.05t dt
0
= $1,147.75.
54. The present value, P , is given by

Z M
P = Se−rt dt,
0
where S is the income stream, r = 0.05 and M = 10. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral, we
have Z 10 Z 10
P = Se−0.05t dt = S e−0.05t dt = 7.8694S.
0 0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral, we get:
Z 10 10
1

e−0.05t dt = e−0.05t = 7.8694.
0
−0.05 0
Solving 5000 = 7.8694S for S gives an income stream of S = $635.37 per year.
55. One good way to approach the problem is in terms of present values. In 1980, the present value of Germany’s loan was
20 billion DM. Now let’s figure out the rate that the Soviet Union would have to give money to Germany to pay off 10%
interest on the loan by using the formula for the present value of a continuous stream. Since the Soviet Union sends gas
at a constant rate, the rate of deposit, P (t), is a constant c. Since they don’t start sending the gas until after 5 years have
passed, the present value of the loan is given by:
Z ∞
Present Value = P (t)e−rt dt.
5
We want to find c so that

Z ∞ Z ∞
20,000,000,000 = ce−rt dt = c e−rt dt
5 5
Z ∞
−0.10t
=c e dt
5
≈ 6.065c.
Dividing, we see that c should be about 3.3 billion DM per year. At 0.10 DM per m3 of natural gas, the Soviet Union
must deliver gas at the constant, continuous rate of about 33 billion m3 per year.
56. f (x) = 2x, so F (x) = x2 + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = x2 is the only possibility.
−7x2
57. f (x) = −7x, so F (x) = 2
+ C. F (0) = 0 implies that − 72 · 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = −7x2 /2 is the
only possibility.
Z Z
2x p
√ dx = w−1/2 dw = 2w1/2 + C = 2 x2 + 1 + C.
x2 + 1
d p 2 2x
Check: (2 x + 1 + C) = √ .
dx x2 + 1
59. We use the substitution w = t2 , dw = 2t dt.

Z Z
1 1 1
t cos(t2 )dt = cos(w)dw = sin(w) + C = sin(t2 ) + C.
2 2 2
d 1 1
Check: ( sin(t2 ) + C) = cos(t2 )(2t) = t cos(t2 ).
dt 2 2
60. We use the substitution w = x3 + 1, dw = 3x2 dx.
w5
Z Z
1
3x2 (x3 + 1)4 dx = w4 dw = + C = (x3 + 1)5 + C.
5 5

Z Z
2x 1
dx = dw = ln |w| + C = ln(x2 + 1) + C.
x2 + 1 w
62. We use the substitution w = x + 10, dw = dx.
w4
Z Z
3 1
(x + 10) dx = w3 dw = + C = (x + 10)4 + C.
4 4
d 1
Check: ( (x + 10)4 + C) = (x + 10)3 .
dx 4
63. We use the substitution w = x2 + 9, dw = 2xdx:
1 w7
Z Z
1 1 2
x(x2 + 9)6 dx = w6 dw = +C = (x + 9)7 + C.
2 2 7 14
2 2
64. Make the substitution w = t2 , dw = 2t dt. The general antiderivative is tet dt = (1/2)et + C.
R
65. We use the substitution w = −x, dw = − dx.

Z Z
e −x
dx = − ew dw = −ew + C = −e−x + C.
d
Check: dx
(−e−x + C) = −(−e−x ) = e−x .
66. We use the substitution w = 1 + 2x3 , dw = 6x2 dx.
1 w3
Z Z
1 1
x2 (1 + 2x3 )2 dx = w2 ( dw) = ( ) + C = (1 + 2x3 )3 + C.
6 6 3 18
d 1 1
h i
Check: (1 + 2x2 )3 + C = [3(1 + 2x3 )2 (6x2 )] = x2 (1 + 2x3 )2 .
dx 18 18
67. We use the substitution w = 4 − x, dw = −dx.
√
Z Z
1 1 √
√
dx = − √ dw = −2 w + C = −2 4 − x + C.
4−x w
d √ 1 1 1
Check: (−2 4 − x + C) = −2 · · √ · −1 = √ .
dx 2 4−x 4−x
68. We use the substitution w = y + 5, dw = dy, to get
Z Z
dy dw
= = ln |w| + C = ln |y + 5| + C.
y+5 w
d 1
Check: (ln |y + 5| + C) = .
dy y+5
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 437
69. Since f ′ (x) = 2x, integration by parts tells us that

Z 10 10
Z 10
f (x)g ′ (x) dx = f (x)g(x) − f ′ (x)g(x) dx
0 0 0
Z 10
= f (10)g(10) − f (0)g(0) − 2 xg(x) dx.
0
R 10
We can use left and right Riemann Sums with ∆x = 2 to approximate 0
xg(x) dx:
Left sum ≈ 0 · g(0)∆x + 2 · g(2)∆x + 4 · g(4)∆x + 6 · g(6)∆x + 8 · g(8)∆x

= (0(2.3) + 2(3.1) + 4(4.1) + 6(5.5) + 8(5.9)) 2 = 205.6.
Right sum ≈ 2 · g(2)∆x + 4 · g(4)∆x + 6 · g(6)∆x + 8 · g(8)∆x + 10 · g(10)∆x
= (2(3.1) + 4(4.1) + 6(5.5) + 8(5.9) + 10(6.1)) 2 = 327.6.
A good estimate for the integral is the average of the left and right sums, so
Z 10
205.6 + 327.6
xg(x) dx ≈ = 266.6.
0
2
Substituting values for f and g, we have
Z 10 Z 10
f (x)g ′ (x) dx = f (10)g(10) − f (0)g(0) − 2 xg(x) dx
0 0
≈ 102 (6.1) − 02 (2.3) − 2(266.6) = 76.8 ≈ 77.
70. We integrate by parts. Since we know what the answer is supposed to be, it’s easier to choose u and v ′ . Let u = xn and
v ′ = ex , so u′ = nxn−1 and v = ex . Then
Z Z
xn ex dx = xn ex − n xn−1 ex dx.
71. We integrate by parts, with u = y, v ′ = sin y. We have u′ = 1, v = − cos y, and

Z Z
y sin y dy = −y cos y − (− cos y) dy = −y cos y + sin y + C.
Check:
d
(−y cos y + sin y + C) = − cos y + y sin y + cos y = y sin y.
dy
72. Integration by parts with u = x, v ′ = cos x gives

Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx + C = x sin x + cos x + C.
73. Remember that ln(x2 ) = 2 ln x. Therefore,

Z Z
ln(x2 ) dx = 2 ln x dx = 2x ln x − 2x + C.
Check:
d 2x
(2x ln x − 2x + C) = 2 ln x + − 2 = 2 ln x = ln(x2 ).
dx x
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. True.
2. True. If a function is concave up, its second derivative is positive which implies that its derivative is increasing.
3. True. This is the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
4. False. The limits of integration on the integral need to be from 0 to 3 to make this a true statement.
5. True. Since f ′ is positive on the interval 3 to 4, the function is increasing on that interval.
6. False. Since f ′ is negative on the interval 1 to 2, the function is decreasing on that interval.
7. True. Since f ′ is positive on the interval 2 to 3, the function is increasing on that interval.
8. True. Since f ′ is negative on the interval 5 to 6, the function is decreasing on that interval.
9. False. Since f ′ is negative on the interval 0 to 1, the function is decreasing on that interval.
10. True. The area below the curve of f ′ between x = 1 and x = 2 is similar in size to the area above the curve between
x = 2 and x = 3. Between x = 1 and x = 3, the function f increases approximately the same amount that it decreases,
so f (1) ≈ f (3).
11. True. We see that the derivative of t3 /3 + 5 is t2 .
12. False. When we add one to the exponent −2, we get −1. The function −x−1 is an antiderivative of x−2 .
13. False. Antiderivatives of e3x are of the form (1/3)e3x + C.
14. True. This is a correct integral statement.
15. True. We know
z 1/2
Z
√
z −1/2 dz = + C = 2 z + C.
1/2
ex dx = ex + C.
R
16. False. We know that
R
17. False. The derivative of ln |t| is 1/t so the correct integral statement is (1/t) dt = ln |t| + C.
18. True, since the derivative of 2x is (ln 2)2x .
19. True.
20. True. We know that all antiderivatives differ only by a constant.
21. False. We need to substitute the endpoints into an antiderivative of 1/x.
22. True, since ln x is an antiderivative of 1/x.
23. True, since x2 is an antiderivative of 2x.
24. False. We need to first find an antiderivative of 3x2 .
25. False. For a definite integral, we need to substitute the endpoints into the antiderivative.
26. True. An antiderivative is et and we substitute the limits of integration and subtract.
27. False. When we make the substitution w = x2 , we must also substitute 2
R 25forwthe limits of integration. Since w = 5 = 25
when x = 5 and w = 0 when x = 0, the result of the substitution is 0 e dw.
28. True, since dw = (1/x) dx and w = 1 when x = e and w = 0 when x = 1.
29. False. The two definite integrals represent two different quantities.
30. True. The function y = e−kx is positive, so the integral represents the area under the curve between x = 1 and x = 2
and so is positive.
31. True, as specified in the text.
33. False. The equilibrium price is the price where the supply curve crosses the demand curve.
34. False. The consumer surplus is the total amount gained by consumers by purchasing items at prices lower than they are
willing to pay.
35. True, they both have units of dollars.
36. False. The units of producer surplus are dollars/quantity · quantity = dollars.
37. False. Total gains from trade is the sum of consumer and producer surplus.
38. False. The integral is the amount the consumers who bought would have spent if they had paid as much as they were
willing to pay. The consumers actually spend p∗ q ∗ .
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 439
40. False. Producer surplus at price p∗ is the area between the supply curve and the horizontal line at p∗ .
41. True. In M years, future value = present value · erM , and since the interest rate r is positive, the future value is greater.
42. True. The amount deposited is $5000 and the future value also includes the accumulated interest.
43. False, since if there were no interest, a deposit of $5000 today would pay for an income stream of $1000 per year for 5
years. With an interest rate of 2% less than $5000 would have to be deposited today to generate the same income stream.
44. False, since the single deposit to 1000e0.03 = 1030.45 dollars in one year, while the income stream has a future
R grows−0.03t
0.03 1
value in one year of e 0
1000e dt = 1015.15.
45. False. An income stream has units of dollars/year.
46. False. The future value is 3000e5r .
47. True, since present value = future value/e5r = future value ·e−5r .
48. True. Over the five-year period, the amount deposited is $10,000 so the rest is the amount of interest earned.
R 6 stream of 2000 dollars per year that starts now and pays out over 6 years with a
49. False. The present value of an income
continuous interest rate of 2% is 0 2000e−.02t dt.
50. True, since the amount deposited is $18,000 and the future value also includes the compounded interest.
51. False, since dw = (3q 2 + 6q − 1) dq cannot be substituted.
52. True, since dw = (1/x) dx.
2
ex dx does not include an x dx to be substituted for dw, this integral
R
53. False. We have dw = 2x dx. Since the integral
cannot be evaluated using this substitution.
54. True, since dw = 2x dx.
55. False. This is almost true, but is off by a minus sign since dw = −1 ds.
56. True. Since dw = 2t dt, we have
Z Z Z
t 1 1 1
√ dt = √ dw = √ dw.
t2 + 1 2 w 2 w
57. True, since dw = (ex − e−x ) dx.

58. False. The substitution w = q 3 + 5 would give the integral (1/3)w10 dw.
R
59. True, since dw = cos α dα.

60. False. This is almost true, but is off by a minus sign, since dw = − sin x dx.
u dv when u and dv are substituted. In this case, we should have u = x2 and dv = ex dx.
R
61. False. The integral has to be
62. True.
e3x dx = (1/3)e3x .
R
63. False. We integrate dv to find v. We see v =
64. False. We integrate dv to find v and 1/x is not the antiderivative of ln x. It is the derivative of ln x. In this case, the
assignment of parts is wrong. We should try u = ln x and dv = x2 dx.
65. False. This integral is more appropriately evaluated using the method of substitution.
66. True.
67. True.
70. True. We use u = ln x and dv = x3 dx.
PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER SIX
1. (a) Suppose Q(t) is the amount of water in the reservoir at time t. Then
Rate at which water Inflow Outflow

Q′ (t) = = −
in reservoir is changing rate rate
Thus the amount of water in the reservoir is increasing when the inflow curve is above the outflow, and
decreasing when it is below. This means that Q(t) is a maximum where the curves cross in July 2007 (as
shown in Figure 6.80), and Q(t) is decreasing fastest when the outflow is farthest above the inflow curve,
which occurs about October 2007 (see Figure 6.80).
To estimate values of Q(t), we use the Fundamental Theorem which says that the change in the total
quantity of water in the reservoir is given by
Z t
Q(t) − Q(Jan 2007) = (inflow rate − outflow rate) dt
Jan 07
Z t
or Q(t) = Q(Jan 2007) + (Inflow rate − Outflow rate) dt.
Jan 07
rate of flow
(millions of gallons/day)
Q(t) is max
Q(t) is min
❄
❄
Outflow
Inflow
Jan (07) April July Oct Jan(08)
Q(t)
millions of gallons
Q(t) is increasing
most rapidly
❘ Q(t) is decreasing most rapidly
Jan (07) April July Oct Jan(08)
Figure 6.80
(b) See Figure 6.80. Maximum in July 2007. Minimum in Jan 2008.
(c) See Figure 6.80. Increasing fastest in May 2007. Decreasing fastest in Oct 2007.
(d) In order for the water to be the same as Jan 2007 the total amount of water which has flowed into the
reservoir minus the total amount of water which has flowed out of the reservoir must be 0. Referring to
PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER SIX 441
Figure 6.81, we have

Z July 08
(Inflow − Outflow) dt = −A1 + A2 − A3 + A4 = 0
Jan 07
giving A1 + A3 = A2 + A4
rate of flow
(millions of gallons/day)
A2 A3
A4 Inflow
Outflow
A1
Jan (‘07) April July Oct Jan (‘08) April July
Figure 6.81
2. (a) If the poorest p% of the population has exactly p% of the goods, then F (x) = x.
(b) Any such F is increasing. For example, the poorest 50% of the population includes the poorest 40%, and
so the poorest 50% must own more than the poorest 40%. Thus F (0.4) ≤ F (0.5), and so, in general, F is
increasing. In addition, it is clear that F (0) = 0 and F (1) = 1.
The graph of F is concave up by the following argument. Consider F (0.05) − F (0.04). This is the
fraction of resources the fifth poorest percent of the population has. Similarly, F (0.20) − F (0.19) is the
fraction of resources that the twentieth poorest percent of the population has. Since the twentieth poorest
percent owns more than the fifth poorest percent, we have
F (0.05) − F (0.04) ≤ F (0.20) − F (0.19).
More generally, we can see that
F (x1 + ∆x) − F (x1 ) ≤ F (x2 + ∆x) − F (x2 )
for any x1 smaller than x2 and for any increment ∆x. Dividing this inequality by ∆x and taking the limit
as ∆x → 0, we get
F ′ (x1 ) ≤ F ′ (x2 ).
So, the derivative of F is an increasing function, i.e. F is concave up.
(c) G is twice the shaded area below in the following figure.
y=x
F (x)
x
1
(d) The most equitable distribution is the one modeled by the equation F (x) = x, as this tells us that the
wealth is evenly distributed. The less equitable the distribution the further the function is from resembling
F (x) = x. Thus in our case, Country A has more equitable distribution.
(e) The function F goes through the points (0, 0) and (1, 1) and is increasing and concave up. Graphical
representations of the two extremes for G are shown in Figures 6.82 and 6.83. Since Gini’s index is twice
the area shown, the maximum possible value is 1 and the minimum possible value is 0. If Gini’s index is
1, the distribution of resources is as inequitable as it can get, with one person holding all resources and
everyone else having none. (See Figure 6.82.) If Gini’s index is 0, the distribution of resources is totally
equitable, with F (x) = x as in part (a). (See Figure 6.83.) The closer Gini’s index is to 0, the more
equitable the distribution.
fraction of fraction of
resources resources
1 1
x (poorest x (poorest
1 fraction) 1 fraction)
Figure 6.82: Maximum value of Gini’s Figure 6.83: Minimum value of Gini’s
index: Function F with G = 1 index: Function F with G = 0
RM
3. (a) In Figure 6.84, the area of the shaded region is F (M ). Thus, F (M ) = 0 y(t) dt and, by the Fundamental
Theorem, F ′ (M ) = y(M ).
y (annual yield)
F (M )
t (time in years)
M
Figure 6.84
(b) Figure 6.85 is a graph of F (M ). Note that the graph of y looks like the graph of a quadratic function.
Thus, the graph of F looks like a cubic.
F (total yield)
20000 F (M )
15000
10000
5000
M (time in years)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 6.85
PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER SIX 443
(c) We have
M
1 1
Z
a(M ) = F (M ) = y(t) dt.
M M 0
(d) If the function a(M ) takes on its maximum at some point M , then a′ (M ) = 0. Since
1
a(M ) = F (M ),
M
differentiating using the quotient rule gives
M F ′ (M ) − F (M )
a′ (M ) = = 0,
M2
so M F ′ (M ) = F (M ). Since F ′ (M ) = y(M ), the condition for a maximum may be written as
M y(M ) = F (M )
or as
y(M ) = a(M ).
To estimate the value of M which satisfies M y(M ) = F (M ), use the graph of y(t). Notice that
F (M ) is the area under the curve from 0 to M , and that M y(M ) is the area of a rectangle of base M and
height y(M ). Thus, we want the area under the curve to be equal to the area of the rectangle, or A = B
in Figure 6.86. This happens when M ≈ 50 years. In other words, the orchard should be cut down after
about 50 years.
y (annual yield) Area B
Area A ✲
t (time in years)
50
Figure 6.86
444 Chapter Six / FOCUS ON PRACTICE
FOCUS ON PRACTICE
1. We use the substitution w = y 2 + 5, dw = 2y dy.

Z Z
1
y(y 2 + 5)8 dy = (y 2 + 5)8 (2y dy)
2
1 w9
Z
1
= w8 dw = +C
2 2 9
1 2
= (y + 5)9 + C.
18
d 1 2 1
Check: ( (y + 5)9 + C) = [9(y 2 + 5)8 (2y)] = y(y 2 + 5)8 .
dy 18 18
q4 q2
Z
2. (q 3 + 8q + 15) dq = +8· + 15q + C
4 2
q4
= + 4q 2 + 15q + C
4
u5
Z
3. (u4 + 5) du = + 5u + C
5
x3
4. + x + C.
3 Z
d −3t 1
5. Since (e ) = −3e−3t , we have e−3t dt = − e−3t + C.
dx 3
6. 4x3/2 + C
x3
Z
7. (ax2 + b) dx = a · + bx + C
3
q 1/2
Z
8. q −1/2 dq = + C = 2q 1/2 + C
1/2
x4
9. + 2x2 + 8x + C.
Z4
1 −0.5t

10. 100e−0.5t dt = 100 e + C = −200e−0.5t + C
−0.5
q2 q2
Z
q −2 1
11. (q + q −3 ) dq = + +C = − 2 +C
2 −2 2 2q
w5 w4 w3
Z
12. (w4 − 12w3 + 6w2 − 10) dw = − 12 · +6· − 10 · w + C
5 4 3
w5
= − 3w4 + 2w3 − 10w + C
5
q3 5q 2
13. + + 2q + C
Z3 2
Ax4 Bx2
14. (Ax3 + Bx) dx = + +C
4 2
Z
4 5x−1 5

15. + 5x−2 dx = 4 ln |x| + + C = 4 ln |x| − + C
x −1 x
x1/2 x3/2
Z
√ 16 3/2
16. (6x−1/2 + 8x1/2 )dx = 6 +8 = 12 x + x +C
1/2 3/2 3
Z
17. 3 sin θ dθ = −3 cos θ + C
18. −150e−0.2t + C
445
3
Z
5 p
19. (p2 + ) dp = + 5 ln |p| + C
p 3
Z
1

20. 1000e0.075t dt = 1000 e0.075t + C = 13333e0.075t + C
0.075
Z
21. (5 sin x + 3 cos x) dx = −5 cos x + 3 sin x + C
Z
22. (10 + 5 sin x) dx = 10x − 5 cos x + C
Aq 2
Z
23. (Aq + B)dq = + Bq + C
2
Z
5
24. dw = 5 ln |w| + C
w

r3
Z
π 3
25. πr 2 h dr = πh +C = hr + C
3 3
26.
Z Z
xex dx = xex − ex dx (let x = u, ex = v ′ , ex = v)
= xex − ex + C,
where C is a constant.

p3
Z
27. 15p2 q 4 dp = 15 q 4 + C = 5p3 q 4 + C
3

q5
Z
28. 15p2 q 4 dq = 15p2 + C = 3p2 q 5 + C
5
x3 e2x
Z
29. (3x2 + 6e2x ) dx = 3 · +6· +C
3 2
= x3 + 3e2x + C
Z
1
30. 5e2q dq = 5 · e2q + C = 2.5e2q + C
2
Z
3 1 p4
31. p + dp = + ln |p| + C
p 4
Z
32. 12 cos(4x)dx = 3 sin(4x) + C
33. We use the substitution w = y + 2, dw = dy:

Z Z
1 1
dy = dw = ln |w| + C = ln |y + 2| + C.
y+2 w
x3/2
Z
34. (6x1/2 + 15) dx = 6 · + 15x + C = 4x3/2 + 15x + C
3/2
x3
Z
35. (x2 + 8 + ex ) dx = + 8x + ex + C
3
t3
36. − 3t2 + 5t + C.
3
Z
1 x−1 b

37. a + bx−2 dx = a ln |x| + b + C = a ln |x| − + C
x −1 x
38.
Z 10 10
Z 10
−z −z
ze dz = [−ze ] − −e−z dz (let z = u, e−z = v ′ , −e−z = v)
0 0 0
446 Chapter Six / FOCUS ON PRACTICE
10
= −10e−10 − [e−z ]
0
= −10e−10 − e−10 + 1
= −11e−10 + 1.
Z
1 2t
39. (e2t + 5)dt = e + 5t + C
2
1
40. sin(4x) + C
4
Z
1 kt P0 kt

41. P0 ekt dt = P0 e +C = e +C
k k
Z
1
42. sin(3x)dx = − cos(3x) + C
3
Z
A
43. A sin(Bt)dt = − cos(Bt) + C
B
44. We use the substitution w = 3x + 1, dw = 3dx:
√ 1 w3/2
Z Z
1 2
3x + 1dx = w1/2 dw = + C = (3x + 1)3/2 + C.
3 3 3/2 9
45. We use the substitution w = 2 + ex , dw = ex dx.
ex
Z Z
dw
dx = = ln |w| + C = ln(2 + ex ) + C.
2 + ex w
(We can drop the absolute value signs since 2 + ex ≥ 0 for all x.)
d 1 ex
Check: [ln(2 + ex ) + C] = · e x
= .
dx 2 + ex 2 + ex
46. We use the substitution w = 1 + sin x, dw = cos xdx:
w1/2 √
Z Z
cos x
√ dx = w−1/2 dw = + C = 2 1 + sin x + C.
1 + sin x 1/2
47. Integration by parts with u = ln x, v ′ = x gives
x2
Z Z
1 1 1
x ln x dx = ln x − x dx = x2 ln x − x2 + C.
2 2 2 4
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cited, 128, 146, 457;
on folk-songs, 283, 285, 288ff, 305f, 316ff.
Kreider, Noble, 419f.
Kriens, Christian, 401.
Kroeger, E. R., 311, 379f.

Kunwald, Ernst, 195.
Kurt, Melanie, 155.
La Forge, Frank, 354f.
Labor songs of negroes, 298.
Lambord, Benjamin, 420ff.
Lambord Choral Society, 213.
Lang, Henry, 400.
Lang, Margaret Ruthven, 343.
Langdon, William Chauncey, 226ff.
Law, Andrew, 52f.
Lehmann, Lilli, 140, 142f, 147.
Light opera. See Comic opera.
Lipkowska, Lydia, 155.
Liszt, influence of, in America, 362.
Litchfield County Choral Union, 223ff.
Loeb, James, 257.
Loeffler, Charles Martin, 444ff.

Longy Club of Boston, 204f.
Loomis, Harvey Worthington, 413ff.
Los Angeles (Cal.), opera in, 173f.
Love, Charles, 64.
Love songs of negroes, 299, 306f.
Luders, Gustav, 461f.
Lund, John, 139.
Lutkin, P. C., 253f.
Lyon, James, 46, 48f.
Lyricists, American. See Song-writers.
McCormack, John, 153.
McCoy, William J., 396f.
MacDowell, Edward, 225, 267, 281, 362ff.
MacDowell Chorus (New York), 213.
MacDowell Festival (Peterboro, N. H.), 225f.
MacDowell Memorial Association, 225.
Macfarlane, Will C., 357.

McGill University (Toronto), 260f.
McGuckin, Barton, 141.
McLean, John, 70.
Madrigal (in England), 5.
Maguire, Hugh, 234.
Mahler, Gustav, in America, 150f, 153, 184.
Mallet (Mr.), 62.
Manchester, Arthur L., 262.
Manhattan Opera House (New York), 144, 151ff.
Manney, Charles Fonteyn, 401.
Manning, Edward, 354.
Mapleson, James H., 135, 137f, 139, 146f, 159, 168.
'Marching through Georgia,' 329.
Maretzek, Max, 127, 128ff.
Marsh, J. B. T., quoted, 308f.
Marston, George W., 343, 357.
Martinelli, Giovanni, 155.
Martini, works of, in early American concerts, 66f, 69, 75, 79.
Maryland, early music in, 80ff.
'Maryland, My Maryland,' origin of, 327.
Marzo, Eduardo, 358.
Mascagni, Pietro, in America, 148.
Mason, Daniel Gregory, 385ff.
Mason, Lowell, 52ff, 239ff, 245f.
Mason, William, 203, 344f.
Massachusetts Musical Society, 102.
Materna, Amalia, 138.
Mather, Cotton, cited, 19, 21.
Matzenauer, Margarete, 155.
Mearns, John, 75.
Melba, Nellie, 144, 147, 151.
Melodramatic music (first American), 90.
Mendelssohn, Felix, on music conservatories, 248.
Mendelssohn Quintet Club, 203f.
'Messiah' (Handel), early performance in New York, 65, 96.
Metcalfe, James W., 355.
Metropolitan Opera House (organization and history of), 136ff.

Mexico, folk music of, 312f.
Mildenberg, Albert, 395f.
Milton, cited, 12.
Milwaukee, choral societies of, 216.
Minneapolis, opera in, 173f.
Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, 198.
Minstrelsy. See Negro minstrelsy.
Mittelberger, Gottlieb, cited, 68.
Modern Music Society of New York, 213, 421f, 432.
Montressor, 121.
Moodie, John W. D., cited, 290.
Moore, Mary Carr, 405.
Moravian settlement (Bethlehem, Pa.), 214, 233f.
Mordkin, Mikail (dancer), 154.
Morley, Thomas, cited, 5.
Mozart, works of, in early American concerts, 39, 66, 80, 95ff.
Muck, Karl, 191.
Municipal music, xviii-f, 272ff.

Music festivals in America, 220ff;
(musical convention) 244.
See also Pageants.
Music publishing, early English, 14;

early American, 27ff.
Music teachers, licensing of, viii.
Music Teachers' National Association, 271.
Musical Art Society of New York, 212.
Musical Colleges. See Conservatories.
Musical comedy (English) in America, 178, 462f;

(American) 463.
Musical convention. See Music festivals.
Musical Education, American, vii-viii, xv-ff, 87, 230ff.
Musical societies. See Musical organizations.
Musical Fund Society, 93, 96f.
Musical organizations, early American, 82, 84ff;

American (instrumental), 181ff.
See also Choral societies.
National Conservatory of Music (New York), 255f.
National Opera Company, 141.

National songs, American, 321ff.
Nationalism (in American music), vi, 277ff, 365, 407ff.
Nationalists (school of American composers), 407ff.
Negro folk-song, 10f, 284ff, 451;

in American composition, xi-ff, 365, 409f, 413, 416, 430ff, 442ff,
450.
See also 'Coon song.'
Negro minstrelsy, rise of, 314ff.
Neidlinger, W. H., 353f.
Nelson, Dora, 193, 254.
Nevin, Arthur, 424f.
Nevin, Ethelbert, 349ff.
New England, influence of, on music in America, 1-2;

early music of, 11ff, 22ff;
attitude of, toward music, 44f;
early musical societies of, 97ff;
choral societies in, 214;
early music in, 232f, 236ff, 332f.
New England Conservatory (Boston), 247ff.
New Haven (Conn.), early concerts in, 62f.
New Jersey, early concerts in, 68.
New Orleans, early music in, 42;

early opera in, 114ff;
opera in, 161ff.
Newport (R. I.), early concerts in, 62f;
St. Cæcilia Society of, 101.
New York City, public concerts, xviii;

early music in, 36ff;
early public concerts, 63ff, 83;
early musical societies, 88ff;
opera in (early) 104, 106ff, 116, (recent) 117ff;
orchestral organizations of, 181ff;
chamber music in, 202ff;
choral societies, 208ff;
music festivals, 223;
music in public schools, 242, 271;
conservatories, 255ff;
municipal music in, 273ff;
N. Y. group of composers, 347f.
New York Choral Society, 93ff.
New York Sacred Music Society, 95f.
Niblo, William, 126f, 129ff.
Nicolini, 138.
Niemann, Albert, 141.
Nikisch, Arthur, 190f.
Nilsson, Christine, 133, 136.
Noble, T. Tertius, 357.
Nordica, Lillian, 138, 142f, 147, 152.
Norris, Homer, 437f.

Northwestern School of Music, 253f.
Notation, 27ff.
Ober, Margarete, 155.
Oberhoffer, Emil, 198.
Oberlin Conservatory, 247, 251f.
'Occupational' songs (of negroes), 297.
Offenbach, Jacques, in America, 134.
Oldberg, Arne, 373ff.
Opera, in England, 14;

beginnings of, in America, 104ff;
in New York City, 117ff;
popular-price, in N. Y., 155;
in the United States, 158ff.
See also Opera, American; Opera in English.
Opera, American, (first) 112;

(early) 333ff;
(first to be prod. in Met. Opera House, N. Y.) 154;
(A. Nevin) 424f;
(Herbert) 447f.
Opera, Comic. See Comic opera.
Opera, English. See English opera.

Opera in English (in New York), 141ff, 145, 148, 155ff;
(in Philadelphia) 168.
See also Musical comedy.
Oratorio, first heard in Boston, 61;

in early Philadelphia concerts, 73f;
in early New York, 96;
in early Boston, 99;
in Chicago, 216f.
Oratorio Society of New York, 210ff.
Orchestral organizations in the United States, 181ff.
Orchestras, early New York, 92, 120.
Organ (Brattle), first in New England, 19.
Organizations. See Musical organizations.
Ornstein, Leo, 442.
Orpheus Club (Philadelphia), 85f.
Osgood, George L., 249.
Page, Nathaniel Clifford, 399.
Pageants, xix, 226ff, 412.
Paine, John Howard, 114.
Paine, John Knowles, xii, 262, 336f.

Palma, John, 68f.
Palmo, Ferdinand, 125f.
Park Theatre (early New York), 118, 123ff.
Parker, Gilbert, 226.
Parker, Horatio W., 155, 265ff, 340ff, 357.
Parker, H. T., on Toronto Choir, 220.
Parker, James C. D., 343.
Parks, Edna R., 355.
'Parsifal' (Wagner), first American performance of, 149f.
Patriotic songs (American), 321ff, 452.
Patti, Adelina, 133, 137, 139, 141ff, 160, 163, 166, 171.
Paur, Emil, 184, 191, 197.
Pavlova, Anna (dancer), 154.
Peabody Institute, 247.
Pelissier, Victor, 112f.
Pelosi, Vincent M., 75.
People's Symphony Orchestra (New York), 187.
Perlet, Herman, 398f.
Pfitzner, Hans, cited, 429.

Pflueger, Carl, 462.
Philadelphia, early music in, 36, 38ff, 234f;

early public concerts, 68ff, 83;
early musical societies, 85, 87f;
early opera, 108, 110ff;
opera, 164ff;
orchestra, 199ff;
choral societies, 213;
pageant (of 1912), 228.
Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, 199f.
Philharmonic Society of New York, 181ff.
Pianoforte, first in New England, 32.
Pianoforte music, American (treatment), 419.
Piccolomini, Maria, 133.
Pike, Thomas, 77.
Pilgrims, 19.
See also Puritans.
Pittsburg, orchestral organizations of, 195ff.
Plançon, Pol, 144, 147.
Pleyel, works of, in early American concerts, 35, 41, 62f, 66f, 72f, 79,
81.
Polyphony in early English music, 4.
Ponte, Lorenzo da, in America, 121ff, 127.

'Popular' music in America, 2, 451ff, 464.
See also Negro folk-song.
'Popular-price' opera. See Opera, popular.
Portland, Me., early concert in, 101;

music festivals in, 223.
Powell, John, works of, 431f.
Pownall (Mrs.), 74f, 80.
Pratt, John Harradan, 399.
Pratt, Silas G., 346.
Price (first professional musician in New England), 24.
Prouty, Elijah K., 244.
Providence (R. I.), early concerts in, 62f, 101.
Prynne, quoted, 13.
Psalmody, early New England, 13ff, 25ff, 332f.
Public Schools, American music in, xii, 240ff, 270ff.
Pulitzer, Joseph, 184.
Purcell, Henry, composition by, in early New York concert, 64.
Puritans, 11ff;
influence of, on American music, 1f, 22f, 333.
R
Racial influence (in music), 277ff.
'Ragtime,' in 'popular' music, 454ff;

in musical plays, 463.
'Railroad songs' (of negroes), 298.
Read, Samuel, 52f.
Redding, Joseph D., 399.
Reinagle, Alexander, 66f, 72, 74, 81;

and early Philadelphia opera, 111.
Religious songs, of negroes, 299ff.
Renaud, Maurice, 152.
Reszke, Jean de, 143f, 146f.
Revere, Paul (as music engraver), 29.
Rhythm, in negro folk-song, 289ff.
Rice, J. B., 169ff.
Rice, W. D. ('negro' comedian), 314f.
Riker, Franklin, 355.
Ritter, Frederic Louis, on early American music, 2, 22;

cited, 32f, 37;
quoted, 50, 52, 89, 92ff, 102, 112f, 120f;
on German choral societies, 216.
Rivafinoli, Chevalier, 122.
'Robin Hood' (de Koven), 176, 179, 458f.
Rochester (N. Y.), 'community chorus' in, xix.
Rogers, James H., 355.
Romantic school, in American music, xii, xiv, 360ff.
Rooke, William Michael, 124.
Root, George F., 222, 246;

patriotic songs of, 329.
Roper, Virginia, 406.
Rowe, John, quoted, 59, 110.
Rübner, Cornelius, 267.
Rummel, Walter Morse, 448f.
Russell, Alexander, 439f.
Russell, Henry, 172f.
Russell, Lillian, 178.
Russian influence, on American music, xiv.
Russian Symphony Society of New York, 187f.
S
Sabin, Wallace, 398.
Sacchini, works of, in early American concerts, 74, 79.
Sacred music, early American societies for cultivation of, (New York)
95f, (Boston) 102.
See also Church music; also Oratorio.
Safonoff, Wassili, 184.
St. Paul (Minn.), orchestra, 198.
St. Louis (Mo.), orchestra in, 199;

pageant (1914), 227.
St. Denis, Ruth, cited, 434.
St. Cæcilia Society, of Newport, 101.
St. Cecilia Society, of (early) New York, 88f.
St. Cecilia Society, of Charleston, 41, 77ff, 86.
Salem (Mass.), early concerts in, 62f.
'Salome' (Strauss) perf. in New York, 150, 153.
Salter, Mary Turner, 405f.
Sanders, W. D., 253.
San Francisco, opera, 158ff, 173f;

orchestras, 199;
composers, 396ff.
See also Bohemian Club of San Francisco.
Sankey, Ira D., 245.
Savage, Henry W., 137, 147ff.
Savannah (Ga.), early music in, 42, 82.
Scales, in negro music, 289, 291ff.
Scandinavian singing societies (of America), 218.
Scheff, Fritzi, 148.
Schelling, Ernest, 450.
Schindler, Kurt, 213, 449f.
Schlesinger, Daniel, 97.
Schmidt, J. H., 68.
Schnecker, P. J., 358.
Schneider, Edward F., 397f.
Schoenefeld, Henry, 311, 346, 433f.
Schola Cantorum (New York) 212f.
Schools. See Public schools and Conservatories.
Schott, Anton, 138.
Schroeder-Hanfstängel, Marie, 138.
Schuch, Ernst von, in America, 147f.

Schumann, Elisabeth, 155.
Schumann, Robert, influence of, in America, 361.
Schumann-Heink, Ernestine, 147, 152.
Scotch influence, on American music, 22.
Scotti, Antonio, 148.
Seattle (Wash.) Symphony Orchestra, 199.
Secular music, beginnings of, in America, 33, 46ff, 54.
Seidl, Anton, 140, 145f, 183.
Seidl-Krauss, Auguste, 138, 140.
Seiffert, Max, cited, 5.
Selby, William, 59ff.
Sembrich, Marcella, 137.
Severn, Edmund, 401f.
Sewall, Samuel, quoted, 16f.
Shapleigh, Bertram, 402.
Sharp, William, Edward MacDowell compared to, 364.
Shaw, David T., and 'Columbia,' 326.
Sheafe, William, 57.
Shelley, Harry Rowe, 357f.

Shepherd, Arthur, 417ff;
cited, 429.
'Shouting' (of negroes), 304.
Sight-reading (in 17th cent.), 5f;

in early New England, 16.
Singing, congregational, in early New England, 15ff.
Singing schools, formation of, in early New England, 25ff;

early American, 232ff.
See also Choral societies.
Singing societies. See Choral societies.
Slaves, music of. See Negro folk-song.
Sleeper, Henry Dike, on music in colleges, 261.
Slezak, Leo, 155.
Smith, David Stanley, 387f.
Smith, Gertrude Norman, 404.
Smith, John Stafford, 325.
Smith, Samuel F. (author of 'America'), 324.
Smith, Wilson L., 352f.
Social centres, xviii-f.

See also Municipal music.
Societies. See Choral societies; Musical organizations; Orchestral

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and F (0) = 3, we have

and G(5) = 1, we have

and f (2) = 9, we have

6. First, we observe that

7. By the Fundamental Theorem,

8. See Figure 6.3.

9. See Figure 6.4.

10. See Figure 6.5.

11. See Figure 6.6.

12. See Figure 6.7.

13. See Figure 6.8

amount of oxygen released

E(10) − E(0) = E(10), since E(0) = 0.

23. We see that

25. (a) Critical points of F (x) are the zeros of f : x = 1 and x = 3.

27. By the Fundamental Theorem, Z 1

29. See Figure 6.21.

30. See Figure 6.22.

31. See Figure 6.23.

Solutions for Section 6.2

1. Since, using the chain rule,

F (x) is not an antiderivative of f (x).

F (x) is not an antiderivative of f (x).

F (x) is not an antiderivative of f (x).

e2x e−2x e2x + e−2x

We can check this by noting

where D is a constant. We can check this by noting

C(x) = 5x2 + 4000x + 1,000,000.

C(t) = 0.5t + 0.015t2 + 311.

Integrating III, we have

Solutions for Section 6.3

6xdx = 3x2 = 3 · 42 − 3 · 02 = 48 − 0 = 48.

2. Since F ′ (x) = 5, we use F (x) = 5x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have

5dx = 5x = 5(3) − 5(1) = 15 − 5 = 10.

(3t2 + 4t + 3) dt = (t3 + 2t2 + 3t) = 23 + 2(22 ) + 3(2) − 0 = 22.

8. If f (q) = 6q 2 + 4, then F (q) = 2q 3 + 4q. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have

(6q 2 + 4) dq = (2q 3 + 4q) = 2(1) + 4(1) − (0 + 0) = 6.

9. Since F ′ (x) = 3x2 , we take F (x) = x3 . Then

6x2 dx = 2x3 = 2(27) − 2(1) = 54 − 2 = 52.

17. If F ′ (t) = cos t, we can take F (t) = sin t, so

cos t dt = sin t = sin 1 − sin(−1).

Since sin(−1) = − sin 1, we can simplify the answer and write

e0.05t dt = 20e0.05t = 20e0.15 − 20e0 = 20(e0.15 − 1).

e0.5x dx = F (3) − F (0) = 2e0.5x .

Area = 4x dx = 2x2 = 2b2 − 2.

(b) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that

= 24,316(e0.095 − e0 ) = 2423 quadrillion BTUs.

= −2500e−1.2 + 2500e0 = 1747 thousand liters.

In the second case,

(b) We want to determine T such that Z T

28. (a) Using a calculator or computer, we get

(b) Using a calculator or computer, we see that

= lim 50(−10e−0.1b + 5e−0.2b − (−10e0 + 5e0 ))