Technical Seminar

organised by Outline
HKIE Geotechnical Division,
Geological Society of Hong Kong Professional Branch and
NTU Alumni Association (Civil & Geology) in Hong Kong

Introduction

Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly
Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance
Inspection methods and diagnosis

Preliminary inspection
in Taiwan
Specific inspection

Case studies
Chia-Han Lee
Case study 1 - Wushanlin hydraulic tunnel

Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels

Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
United Geotech, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan

Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan

Future researches

Conclusions
28 June 2012
1 2

Introduction - Shinkanmon Tunnel

Introduction in Japan

Tunnels differ from above-  Due to leakage caused by power outages,
ground structures, and their o p e r a t i o n o f t h e S h i n k a n s e n was
suspended for 2.5 hours. (1998.04.04)
design conditions vary case by
Water leakage
case. So the deformation Tram line
Lining
mechanism of tunnel is more Flap
complicated than bridge.
(Up) (Down)

Water leakage
Leakage induce spalling
of concrete lining block

3 4
 Introduction - Fukuoka Tunnel in Introduction - Kitakyushu Tunnel
Japan in Japan
 The spalling of concrete lining block from cold  The spalling of concrete lining block, suspended
joints, hit the train on the Shinkansen, Shinkansen operating for 10 hours, affecting 62,000
resulting in vehicle damage and suspension of people. (1999.10.09)
operations. (1999.06.27)
1
Roof The differential
Construct joint
settlement after
lining or early
Protrusion mold release at Lining
1 The formation of cold joint. area Crack
Sidewall the underside of Protrusion area
the formwork.
The occurrence of crack
The formation of crack

Water leakage, changes of air pressure, Water leakage,

3 temperature, train vibration. Water changes of
The vibration of steel support, Crack development 2 temperature,
2
influence of formwork release. Water train vibration
The formation of crack Crack development
leakage
Generation of cold joint Crack development
The formation of crack

Changes in air pressure

Falling concrete block
Falling concrete block 4 and train vibrations.
Dropped
3 Self-weight
Dropped
5 6

Tectonic plate motion

Lies on western rim of

circum-pacific seismic
Phenomena and causes of tunnel zone
anomaly
Located on convergent
and compressive
boundary between
Eurasian and Philippine
Sea Plates

Collision formed buck
of island through on-
going orogenic process
7 8
 Topography and Geological in Climate and typhoons in
Taiwan Taiwan

The rock formation is quite young, resulted in weak and soft
The climate is very unfavorable. Typhoons and torrential
geo-environment. rains are common occurrences.
28

8848
29

2469
6.5 3779
6.6

Norway 5.5 3776

Austria 4.5 2.5

China
30
Japan

3482

3952

Age of oldest stratum (100 My)

South Africa 0.80.6
Age of latest orogeny (10 My)
Taiwan
Elevation of highest mountain (m)

9 10

Abnormal phenomena of mountain

Annual Precipitation in Taiwan tunnel
(Wang et al., 2007)

Global comparison of annual precipitation

(a) Longitudinal (b) Opening (c) Breaking away (d) Spalling of (e) Scattered
cracks cracks of lining lining spalling

(g) Dislocation of (h) Exposed (i) Cavity behind (j) Lining

(f) Falling of lining
lining reinforcement lining deformation

(o) Dislocated
(k) Sidewall billow (l) Heaved invert (m) Leakage (n) Efflorescence
construction joint

11 12
 Abnormal phenomena of road Abnormal phenomena of MRT
tunnel tunnel

cracks around the

iron connector
crack caused by force of Jack thrust shrink cracking
around the hole of
the crack caused by ring back-fill grout
connector open

crack caused by stress

concentration when the
TBM advancing
squeeze crack

cracks around the iron frame

(RTRI, 2007)

(Wang, 2010)

13 14

Possible causes of tunnel anomaly Possible causes of tunnel anomaly

(JSCE, 2003)

n
tio
Natural causes Artificial causes Thic Unbalanced
Unbalanced

uc
k oov topography

str
errbu topography
Topography: unbalanced

on
rden ed
c

tc
pressure, slope creeping, Ea n
r th ala uure e

en
qu b

j ac
landslide Low rock
rock mass ake Un rresss slid

Ad
Low rock mass
mass strength
strength Unstable slope
Geology: plastic earth pressure, strength ratio
ratio p nnd in
ain
La ial r
ia
loose earth pressure, Adjacent construction rent
External WWater Tor
insufficient soil bearing Train vibration, air pressure preressure Groundwater
loading Loading
capacity variation Fro
ros
Groundwater: water pressure, sti
c increase presst heavee infiltration
External Unsoiled rock
rock Pla rrth ure ure Low tempera,
frost heave pressure ea ress salt damage,
factors mass p
Other: earthquake, earth crust Frost damage or harmful
harmful water
deformation Plastic /
loose zone DDefo
Ageing: rock weathering, inccrreermatitio
increase asee on Inadequate riiaal io ion
neutralization, material ate orat
Tunnel lining/supports Mdeteriio
Environmental deterioration ng
Smoke, fire eri deformation intensity O
Oth
factors Groundwater: Leakage, Frost ath therrss
(firire,
We eetc)
damage
Other: salt damage, toxic water Groundwater Inadequate
Inadequate lining
Material － Inferior lining material infiltration thickness
thickness / strength
Sw
The temperature and humidity elllli
Construction Dubitable construction quality inng
Internal when pouring concrete Design /
Rock bearing Lining cavity
factors Design without considering on Construction
capacity / No invert
Design long term variation of external invert problems
－ decrease
factors (JSCE, 2003)
15 16
 Flow chart of tunnel maintenance
in Taiwan
O rd in a r y in s p e c tio n

Yes E x c e p tio n a l No
P re lim in a r y in s p e c tio n p h e n o m e n o n fo u n d
o r c o n tin u in g

D ia g n o s is o n G ood
Inspection methods and diagnosis soundness
N ot good
S p e c ific in s p e c tio n

S a fe ty le v e l, No
m a in te n a n c e n e e d e d

Yes
U rg e n t C o u n te rm e a s u re s
D e s ig n fo r m a in te n a n c e w o rk
C o n s tru c tio n p la n

M a in te n a n c e w o rk
(Huang et al., 1997)
C h e c k a n d a c c e p te d

17 18

Ordinary check or preliminary

inspection Preliminary inspection
(Lee & Wang, 2008)

Visual inspection

19 20
 Preliminary inspection Items to be inspected

Tunnel image scanning system
Lining surface

Crack distribution Cavity behind

Crack width and its development 背後孔洞
lining

Lining deformation

Spalling
襯砌表面
Lining
surface

Drop of sealing mortar

Leakage 滲漏水
Leakage

Lining soundness

Inner defect

Lining thickness Lining襯砌完整性

Crack depth soundness

Strength and deterioration of lining materials

Rebar corrosion and cover thickness

Deterioration of sealing mortar

Cavity / loosening zone behind lining

21 22

Specific inspections Specific inspections

(Lee & Wang, 2008)
(Lee & Wang, 2008) Inspection items Inspection method Inspection instrument Remark
Inspection items Inspection method Inspection instrument Remark Impact echo Impact echo test
Non-destructive
3D laser range Laser theodolite / method system
Manual work Ground penetrating Ground penetrating
finding method distance meter Lining thickness Non-destructive
Tunnel clearance method radar
Tunnel image
Tunnel image scanner Automatic Concrete core
scanning method Portable drill Destructive
Direct Gap meter, crack sampling
Crack width Non-destructive Rebound hammer Schmidt rebound
measurement magnifier Non-destructive
Lining Ultrasonic test test hammer
surface Ultrasonic method Non-destructive Lining strength Pullout test Pullout test system Non-destructive
instrument
Crack depth Compressive Compressive strength
Impact echo Impact echo test Destructive
Non-destructive strength test test system
method system Lining
Ground penetrating Ground penetrating soundness Concrete Concrete phenolphthalein
Non-destructive Destructive
radar radar neutralization test neutralization test indicator
Surrounding conditions of Infrared Acid-dissolution
Infrared thermograph Non-destructive Chloride ion Nitric acid solution Destructive
lining thermography method
content
Particular digital examination for Chlorine content
Indirect
Cavity imaging Destructive concrete determination Destructive
camera examination
instrument
Water thermometer, pH
Physical properties Direct
meter, conductance In situ Reinforcement
test Reinforcement measurement by Destructive
Leakage water quality meter corrosion gauge
corrosion instruments
Chemical Anion / cation examination Indirect Static pulse
In Lab Non-destructive
properties test measurement unit examination measurement system

23 24
 Diagnosis on tunnel soundness
(Huang et al., 1999)
Tunnel Damage Traffic
Damage description
classificationa,b level strategy

No No damages detectable by visual inspection.

No damage Normal
immediate A
Light damages detected on visual inspection, no effects on operation
danger Slight traffic (wc<3mm, lc<5m).

Spalling, cracking of linings (w>3mm, l>5m), exposed

Case studies
reinforcement, displacement of segmental joints, leaking of Operable
B Moderate water. with
Some disruption to traffic. regulations

Dangerous Slope failure at openings, collapse of main tunnel structure,

up heave or differential movement of road and road shoulder,
C Severe flooding, damaged ventilation and lighting system in long Not operable
tunnels.
Total disruption of traffic.
Note: a. Classification of a tunnel is based on its functionality and extent of damage in the tunnel.
b. Classification of a tunnel should be based on the least safe section being assessed to be
conservative.
c. W means width of crack, L means length of crack

25 26

Case study 1 - Wushanlin Case study 1 - Wushanlin

hydraulic tunnel hydraulic tunnel

Tunnel data
Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2004)

Length = 3.2 km

Cross section area = 30 m2

Built with ASSM method in
1922-1929

Lining material: stones,
bricks and plain concrete

Reinforce 0.25 m thickness
concrete in 1972-1974

27 28
 Case study 1 - Wushanlin Case study 2 - South link railway
hydraulic tunnel tunnels

Layout of tunnel inspection - Free hand sketch
Tunnel data

Total length of 7 tunnels =
19 km

Cross section area = 30 m2
(single line) & 65 m2 (double
line)

Built with ASSM & NATM
method in 1980-1991

Lining material: plain
concrete (mined section)
and reinforced concrete
(portal section)
29 30

Case study 2 - South link railway
tunnels

Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2006)
Case study 2 - South link railway
tunnels

Preliminary inspection – GRP 5000

Speed = 0.7-1.0 km/hr

Rotation frequency = 33-50 Hz

Measured points per rotation = 10,000 points

31 32
 Case study 2 - South link railway
tunnels

Clearance Analysis - GRP 5000
33
Case study 2 - South link railway
tunnels

Layout of tunnel inspection
35
Case study 2 - South link railway
tunnels

Specific inspection methods
34
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway
tunnels

Tunnel data

Total length of 7 tunnels = 2.2 km

Cross section area = 13 m2

Built with ASSM method in 1925

Lining material: bricks (crown) and plain concrete (sidewall)

Repair by shotcrete and steel support in 1962-1964, 1986, 1989,
1996 and 2000
36
 Case study 3 - Chichi line railway
tunnels

Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2008)
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway
tunnels

Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique

The new developed tunnel image mosaic technique was
developed with NTU & NTUT and was cooperated with UGI.

The procedure is setting two laser leveler, taking a series of
photos, inputting data and photos into the software which will
compile the photos into tunnel images automatically.

37 38

Case study 3 - Chichi line railway Case study 3 - Chichi line railway
tunnels tunnels

Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique
Nondestructive inspection methods

39 40
 Case study 3 - Chichi line railway
tunnels

Layout of tunnel inspection
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic
tunnel

Tunnel data

Total length = 15 km

Cross section area = 18 m2

Built with NATM method in 2005

Lining material: reinforced concrete

41 42

Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic

tunnel

Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2011)
tunnel

Preliminary inspection – TIPS

Principle: using lens and charge coupled device (CCD) to scan
tunnel lining surface image

Resolution: can identify the minimum crack width is from 0.3 to
0.5 mm

Speed: 1-3 km/hr

43 44
 Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic
tunnel tunnel

Preliminary inspection – TIPS
Detail inspection methods

45 46

Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic

tunnel

Layout of tunnel inspection

Future researches

47 48
 Tunnel cracks auto-detection 3D visual reality demonstration

(Developed by NTUT)
3D visual reality
Integration of the lining

demonstration of the image and ground
lining image penetration radar

Original image Result (Developed by NTUT)

49 50

Time dependent of tunnel lining

Identify the cause of anomalies cracks

Crack patterns on tunnel
February 2008： (Researched by NTUT)
linings induced by slopes
movement

February 2009：

(Wang, 2010)

51 52
 Case study - German high speed rail
(ICE)

After the new construction of German High Speed Rail (ICE) from
Nuremberg to Ingolstadt including nine tunnels (length = 27 km). They
used the GRP5000 tunnel image scanning system to establish the
original image of tunnel lining before the operation in 2005.
Nuremberg Ingolstadt

Conclusions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

53 54

Life-cycle of tunnel Conclusions

dF2 dF3 dF4

The end of construction is the beginning of
dF1
T2 +T3
maintenance.
Safety level / function index

T1 x4

dF0
Preventive maintenance
T0

Different tunnel usage has different tunnel exceptional
Proactive maintenance
T2 +T3 < T1 x4 < T0 phenomena. So tunnel inspection methods should be
selected based on tunnel function.

The hard part of inspection works is not how to inspect,
Breakdown maintenance
dF2 +dF3 dF1x4
dF0 but where to inspect and how to identify & diagnosis.

Maintenance countermeasures also should depend on
the tunnel anomaly phenomena, causes and usage.
dF2 +dF3 < dF1x4 < dF0

Further research about inspection, diagnosis and
T1
T2
T1 T1
T3 T0
T1
T4
T1 rehabilitation technique for tunnel maintenance are on
(Lee et al., 2004) going in Taiwan.
Time
55 56
 References

Chiu, Y. C., C. H. Lee, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Development and
characteristics of a deep-seated slope movement, 12th Congress of the
International Society for Rock Mechanics, 17-21 Oct., Beijing, China, 1877-
1880.

Huang, T. H., F. S. Jeng, W. L. Wang, R. Fu, C. S. Chang, T. Y. Ho, M. L. Lin,
and R. J. Hong, 1997. Planning on engineering and inspection technology for
tunnel: research on the technologies of inspection. Maintenance and Repairing
for Traffic Tunnel (I). Report for MOTC. (in Chinese)

Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. Tunnel deformation mechanism. (in
Japanese)

Lee, C. H. and T. T. Wang, 2008. Rock Tunnel Maintenance in Taiwan, 6th
Asian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference-2008, Bangalore, India, p.
205-217.

Lee, C. H., Y. C. Chiu, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Application and
validation of simple image-mosaic technology for interpreting cracks on tunnel
lining, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. (submitted)

United Geotech, Inc., 2004. Report on inspection and countermeasures of the
Wushanlin tunnel. Prepared for Chia-Nan Irrigation Association. (in Chinese)

United Geotech, Inc., 2007. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the south
link railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)
57
Thanks for
your attention !
Chia-Han Lee
United Geotech, Inc.
Tel: +886-2-2746-6777 ext. 228
E-mail: ug513@mail.ugi.com.tw
http: www.ugi.com.tw
Address: 5F, 356, Nanking E. Rd., Sec. 5, Taipei, Taiwan. 59
References

United Geotech, Inc., 2008. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the Chichi
line railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)

United Geotech, Inc., 2011. Report on the hydraulic inspection of Akungkien
reservoir transbasin waterway. Prepared for Southern Region Water Resources
Office. (in Chinese)

Wang, T. T. and C. H. Lee, 2012. Life cycle design considerations for hydraulic
tunnels - lessons learned from inspection and maintenance cases, Journal of
Performance of Constructed Facilities. (accepted)

Wang, T. T., 2010. Characterizing crack patterns on tunnel linings associated
with shear deformation induced by instability of neighboring slopes, Engineering
Geology, 115(1-2), 80-95.

Wang, T. T., C. H. Lee, F. S. Jeng and T. H. Huang, 2009. Recent researches
on tunnel inspection and safety evaluation in Taiwan, 2nd International Tunnel
Safety Forum for Road and Rail, Apr. 20-22, Lyon, France, 57-72.

Wang, T. T., F. M. Chang, and T. H. Huang, 2008. Using image mosaic
technology for tunnel inspection. Proceedings of 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics
Symposium and 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, San Francisco.

Wang, T. T., T. H. Huang, F. S. Jeng, W. C. Hsueh and R. Fu, 2007.
Exceptional phenomena on tunnel linings in Taiwan. Tunnel Construction 27,
87–92. (in Chinese)
58