PHE JS 1

THE INDIRECT FREE KICK OFFENCES.

1. Offside.
2. Wastes time.
3. When a player prevent the goalkeeper from putting the ball into play.
4. Impedes the progress of an opponent.
5. Plays in a dangerous manner.
6. If the goalkeeper
i. Touches the ball again after its released.
ii. Touches and play back the ball from his teammate.
iii. Touch the throw in ball from his/her teammate.

Gymnastics
The word gymnastics comes from Greek words meaning” The Naked Art” to exercise naked.
Gymnastics are exercise performed with apparatus and without apparatus. They are exercises which
we perform for physical training.
Gymnastics is a set of specialized physical activities which are performed carefully and skillfully. It’s
involves stunts, tumbling, vaulting, balancing and floor activities e.g rolling.
History of gymnastics.
Ancient gymnastics originated from Greece which was practiced in the palaestras ( wrestling
schools) which were build in honour of deities ( gods and goddesses).
The 3 famous palaestras ( gymnasia).
1. Lyceum for Apollo.
2. Academy for Athena.
3. Kunosargea for Hercules.
Gymnastics Federation of Nigeria (GFN) was formed in 1975. The world governing body for
gymnastics is the Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) 1888. The Federation of
International Gymnastics headquarters is in London. Gymnastics became one of the Olympics games
in 1896 in Athens, Greece.
People that have contributed to development of gymnastics.
1. Johanna Basedous: He is the Great father of gymnastics. First to organize and teach
gymnastics.
2. Johann Guts Muths: First to publish a book on gymnastics titled “Gymnastics for the young”.
He is referred as the Grandfather of gymnastics.
3. Fredrick Ludwig John: founded the first gymnastics club called “Turnverein” in 1881. He
invented various equipment. He is referred as Father of Gymnastics.
Division of gymnastics
1. FLOOR activities: it’s includes
a. Tumbling: includes handspring, backward roll, forward roll. Cartwheel, cross legged
forward roll. Dive format roll, forearm balanced somersault.
b. Stunts: includes frog jump, rabbit jump, Sit up,
2. APPARATUS activities :
a. Pallel bar: Hand walking (traveling) . Top hip position front dismount, jump support
and mount, straddle travel.
b. Horizontal bar: pull up. Hanging, skinning the cat hip circling on bar, knee circle
forward and backward.
 c. Box and vaulting box: through vault. Thief vault, side vault, astride vault, wolf vault,
gate vault, flank vault.
d. Beam: walking across, pivot turn, jump and turn, crawling across, walking and squat.
e. Rope: swinging, vertical rope climbing, skipping monkey crawl, rope bridge.
f. Buck and horse: neck spring
g. Ladder: vertical twist upward.
Balancing activities in gymnastics.
1. Squat balance.
2. Crab balance.
3. Knee balance.
4. Chest balance.
5. Handstand balance.
6. Wide arm balance.
7. Side arm balance.
Safety and precautions in gymnastics.
1. Spotter.
2. Performer.
3. Apparatus.
4. Enforcing the safety rules.

CONTACT AND NONCONTACT SPORT

Contact sport: these are sports in which the participant necessarily come into the body contact with
one another.
Examples and skills in contact sport:
1. Boxing skill: stance, footwork and punching.
2. Football skill: passing, dribbling, tackling, trapping and shooting.
3. Judo skill: stance, grip, falling and throw.
4. Hockey skills: grip, dribbling, tackling, drive, roll-in, scoop, hit.
5. Rugby skill: pushing, tackling, throwing, kicking.
6. Wrestling skills: standing position, how to overcome take down, pinning the opponent.
Importance or benefits.
1. Its increases social interaction.
2. Its helps to develop speed and agility.
3. Good communication skills, team skills (work).
4. Its increases cardiovascular endurance.

Non-contact sport
These are sports in which the participants are physically separated in a way that it is nearly
impossible for them to make physical or body contact during the course of play.
Examples and skills in contact sport:
1. Badminton skill: gripping the racket, stoke, the ready position, service, smash.
2. Goff skills: grip of the club, swing in a long game, putting.
3. Table tennis skills: grip, service, stroke, spin etc.
4. Lawn tennis skills: western grip, continental grip and eastern grip, drop shot, volley, stroke.
5. Volleyball skills: service, dig or pass, set up, spike etc.
 6. Swimming skill: jelly fish float, turtle float, breast stroke, back stroke.
7. Gymnastics: balancing, tumbling, head spring, vault, cart wheel.
Importance’s and benefits
1. Its reduces occurrence of injuries
2. Reduces risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and heart diseases
3. Its helps to develop quick reflex and thinking
4. Helps in building strong bones and strength.

Aquatic sports
Aquatic sports refer to all games and sporting activities that takes place in the body of water
Common aquatics sport:
1. Water polo.
2. Water skiing.
3. Diving.
4. Boating.
5. Canoeing.
6. Fishing.
7. Yachting.
8. Swimming.
9. Regatta.
Swimming
Swimming is as old as man because its one of the earliest sport engaged in by the early man.
Swimming involves propelling the body through water. In 1875, captain Mathew Webb, the
first person to swim across the English channels (20 mile). Its was included in Athens Olympics games
in 1896.
In 1908, Federation International De Swimming Association (FISA) was formed. In 1958, Amateur
Swimming Association of Nigeria was formed. Man learned to swim from animals especially DOG.
That is why the first or early swimming styles was called “ DOGGY STROKE”.
Fundamental skills.
1. Water confidence and adjustment.
2. Breathing or bubbling in water.
3. Floating i.e ability to remain float with minimum effort.
4. Propulsion in water ( arms and legs coordination).
5. Safety.
The basic skills or swimming strokes/styles.
1. Front or free stroke /styles/crawl: this is the fastest swimming stroke which was
demonstrated by Richard Cavil in 1902.
2. Back stroke/styles: its was recognized as competitive swimming style in 1912.
3. Breast stroke or styles: this is the slowest swimming stroke. It was introduced in 1935.
4. Butterfly stroke/ dolphin stroke/styles: it was legalized for competition in 1950.
5. Side stoke.
Importance’s of swimming.
1. Swimming is important for life saving in water for both self and others.
2. It helps in physical fitness eg. Flexibility.
3. It is a source of fun, enjoyment, relaxation, entertainment (recreation).
4. It helps in developments of fine character e.g. Self discipline, confidence and courage in
challenging situation.
 5. It brings honour to the swimmer, school, state and countries.
6. It is a means of live hood to some people e.g. Ijaws.
Facility of aquatics.
1. River.
2. Ocean
3. Sea
4. Stream
5. Lake
6. Swimming pool
7. Starting platform ( 50-75cm above water surfaces).
Swimming pool dimension
Length: 50m.
Breadth: 21m
Depth: 1.8m.
A standard swimming pool contains 8 lanes for swimming competition (2.5m each).
Equipment
1. Swimming trunk.
2. Swimming Goggles.
3. Floaters.
4. Nose and ear protector.
5. Plastic ringer.
6. Flipper.
7. Life saving devices (life jacket, life buoy, distress flares)
8. Whistle.
9. Rubber tubes.
The officials
1. Referee
2. Starter
3. Marksman or clerk of the course.
4. Time keepers.
5. Lane judges
6. Stroke judges.
7. Finishing judges.
8. Inspectors of turns.
Safety precautions
1. Learn how to swim.
2. Do not go to the pool alone except with a qualified coach or teacher or guard.

FIRST AID.
According to the British Red Cross society; first aid is “ help given at once to injured people or
to those taken ill before expert (doctor or nurse) taken over”
First aid is the treatment given to an injured person to sustain his/her life, to promote recovery and to
prevent worsting of his/her condition. First aid is the approve method of treating a causality until
he/she is placed, if necessary in care of a doctor or taken to hospital.
First aider.
 First aider is that person who gives temporary or immediate care to an injured person or a
causality.
Objectives of first aid.
1. To save life either by stopping bleeding or and their conditions that may lead to DEATH.
2. To avoid further complication or injury.
3. To enhance improvement (encourage him/her even when you know he/she might not survives).
4. To prepare the victim (the injured person) for further medical treatment.
5. To assist the victim to recover and assist doctor by given data on the accident and the first aid
administered.
6. To create awareness on the causes of accident and how to avoid accidents.
7. To equip individual with the knowledge on how to determine the nature and extent of injuries.
8. To create awareness that first aid is part of our civic responsibility.
Scope of first aid.
1. DIAGNOSIS : finding out the causes or information about the accident:
I. History: how the accident happened or how information could be obtained from the victim
or bystander or eye witness.
II. Symptoms: the sensation as describe by the injured person himself e.g I am feeling pain,
shivering, thirsty.
III. Sign: these are variation from normal, usually to be ascertain by the first aides e.g swelling,
dullness, shorten of limbs e.t.c.
2. Treatment:
i. Remove the victim from cause of accident.
ii. Remove the cause of accident.
iii. Prevent the situation /case from been worst.
iv. Apply the first aid materials (clean)
3. Disposal: carry the causality or transport the victim to the doctor or hospital immediately.
Quality of a first aider
1. Must be observant: sign/ symptoms.
2. Must be sympathetic: instill confidence in the victim.
3. He/she must be smart, neat and tidy.
4. Must be cheerful.
5. Must be resourceful (provide materials).
6. Must be confidence ( self confidence) remain calm, not panic, able to control his/her emotions.
7. Must be able to organize or control crowd and seek to their cooperation.
8. Must be able to make quick judgement that is know/determine who to treat first.
Emergency conditions
Accidents are main causes of injures that require first aid treatment.
Types/categories/groups of accident:
1. Motor vehicle and bicycle accident.
2. Public accidents e.g. public utilities.
3. Home accidents e.g. suffocation, fall, poisoning, electric shock etc.
4. Work accidents: mining, construction, falls, falling objects, fire and burns.
The following are common emergency conditions:
a. Shock.
b. Poisoning.
c. Bleeding
d. Wounds.
 e. Fractures.
f. Dislocations.
g. Burns and scald.
h. Temporary ceasation of breathing.
First aid equipment / material:
1. Iodine.
2. Cotton wool
3. Triangular bandage
4. Embrocation.
5. Safety pins.
6. Scissor or razor blade.
7. Adhesive plaster.
8. Eyes ointment.
9. Glucose powder
10. Methylated spirit
11. Splint
12. Bowl and cup
13. Antiseptic soap.
14. Pain relieving tablets (paracetamols or panadol)
15. Dettol T.C.P or other liquid antiseptic.
16. Sterile gauze.

Drugs.
Any substances and chemical that can change the feeling, behavior, perception of an organism.
The 3 classes of drug use:
1. Medicinal drugs: drug used for relief pain, prevent or cure (antibiotic).
2. Socio cultural drug: drug used for ceremonies either social, traditional or religious purposes
e.g. Alcohol, tobacco, coffee, kolanut.
3. Non medicinal drugs: drugs that are used neither for medicinal nor socio-cultural e.g. Indian
hemp, cocaine.

Drug misuse: it implies the improper or inappropriate use of drug.

Drug abuse: its implies the constant self administration of drug.
Drug addiction: it implies that drugs that an individual cannot do without. It must be taken
regularly eg. Indian hemp, cocaine, tobacco, alcohol etc.
Effects of drugs.
1. Depression.
2. Aggression ( unnecessarily aggressive)..
3. Anti-social behavior.
4. Seeking attention.
5. Distrustful.
6. Signs of madness.
7. Fatigue.
Health effect of drug
1. Loss of appetite.
2. Loss of weight.
3. Determination of personal appearance.
4. Unpredictable outbreaks of temper.
5. Susceptible to illness and diseases e.g. Peptic ulcer, cancer, Coronary Heart Disease, Central
Nervous System.
6. Untimely death.