Question 1a

i)To determine the base units of A in the given equation F = x^2A + P/V, we need to analyze the
units involved on both sides of the equation.

The base unit of force (F) is the Newton (N). The units of distance (x) are in meters (m), power
(P) is measured in Watts (W), and speed (v) is measured in meters per second (m/s).

The equation is as follows:

[N] = [m^2] × [A] + [W] / [m/s]

[N] = [m^2] × [A] + [W] × [s/m]

Force (N) = kg· m/s2

Power (W) = kg.m2s-3

v= ms-1

x=m

Therefore, the base for p ∕ v =kgms2

Base units for p /v = base units for x2A

Kgms-2 =m2A

Base units for A we divide the above units to get

A = Kgm-1s-2

ii) Suggested identity of physical quantity A is pressure

Question 1b

i) The omission of noticing that the micrometer screw gauge does not read zero when fully
closed introduces a systematic error into the readings. This is because the error is consistently
present in every measurement made with the gauge. The systematic error affects the accuracy of
the measurements because it leads to a consistent deviation from the true value.

ii) The readings are precise but not accurate because the precision of a measurement refers to the
degree of reproducibility or repeatability of the results, while accuracy refers to how close the
measured value is to the true value. In this case, the readings are precise because they are
consistent and show little variation when repeated. However, they are not accurate because the
systematic error introduced by the gauge not reading zero when fully closed leads to a consistent
deviation from the true diameter of the wire.

Question 1c

i)To calculate the value of E:

E = F L / A Δl

Given values:

F = 5.25 N

L = 2.5 m

A = 10^-5 m^2

Δl = 0.25 mm = 0.25 x 10^-3 m

E = (5.25 × 2.5) / (10^-5 × 0.25 x 10^-3)

E = 2625 / 2.5

E = 1050 N/m

ii)To calculate the absolute uncertainty in the value of E:

ΔE = E × √((ΔF/F)^2 + (ΔL/L)^2 + (ΔA/A)^2 + (ΔΔl/Δl)^2)

Given uncertainties:

ΔF = 0.05 N (assuming 1% uncertainty in force measurement)

ΔL = 0.01 m (assuming 1% uncertainty in length measurement)

ΔΔl = 0.005 mm = 0.005 x 10^-3 m (assuming 2% uncertainty in length measurement)

iii)ΔE = 1050 × √((0.05/5.25)^2 + (0.01/2.5)^2 + (0/10^-5)^2 + (0.005/0.25 x 10^-3)^2)

ΔE = 1050 × √ (0.0095^2 + 0.004^2 + 0 + 0.02^2)

ΔE = 1050 × √ (0.00009025 + 0.000016 + 0.0004)

ΔE = 1050 × √ (0.00050625)

ΔE = 1050 × 0.0225

ΔE = 23.625

Therefore, the value of E is 1050 N/m with an absolute uncertainty of 23.625 N/m.

Question 2a

i. Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. It is a vector
quantity that specifies both the speed and direction of an object's motion.

Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. It is a vector
quantity that indicates how quickly an object's velocity is changing, either in magnitude,
direction, or both.

(ii) Using definitions to derive the given equation:

We know that acceleration (a) is the rate of change of velocity (v) with respect to time (t). This
can be mathematically expressed as:

a = dv/dt

Similarly, velocity (v) is the rate of change of displacement (s) with respect to time (t).expressed
as:
v = ds/dt

Now, if we substitute the definition of velocity into the expression for acceleration, we get:

a = d/dt(ds/dt)

This can be further simplified using the chain rule of differentiation as follows:

a = d^2s/dt^2

Therefore, we have shown that a = d^2s/dt^2, which is the second derivative of displacement
with respect to time. This equation relates acceleration to the change in displacement over time,
consistent with the provided expression.

Question 2b

(i) To determine the distance the car stops from the stop line:

Phase 1: Reaction Time

We know the motorist's reaction time is 0.1 seconds. During this time, the car continues moving
at a constant velocity of 15 m/s.

Distance covered during the reaction time:

s1 = v × t

s1 = 15 m/s × 0.1 s

s1 = 1.5 m