LEARNING MATERIAL – 03 DATE: 02-26-22

SUBJECT NAME: NPS 2 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

TRAINER: ENGR. VINCENT T. VASQUEZ

Statics and Dynamics

A. Statics
Force System – collection of forces acting at specified location.

Types of Force System:

A. Concurrent Force System – a force system in which all forces are acting on the
same point.
B. Parallel Force System – a force system in which all forces are parallel to each other.
C. Non-concurrent and Non-parallel – a force system in which the forces are not
acting on same point at the same time not parallel.

(A) (B) (C)

MOMENT OF FORCE – it is the rotational effect of force into a specific point or in a

body. It is the product of force and perpendicular line/distance.
VARIGNON’S THEOREM – states that the moment of a force about any point is equal
to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about same point.
RESULTANT – simplest force combination which can replace the original forces without
altering the external effect on the rigid body to which the forces are applied.
EQUILIBRANT – a single force when added, the system will be in equilibrium.
RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCES

𝑅 = √(𝑅𝑥 )2 + (𝑅𝑦 )2

Where;
𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝑥
𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝐹𝑦
𝑅𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑅𝑥 )

MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A POINT

𝑀𝑜 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑟
Where;
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑂.
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑟 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚

FRICTION – is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and
material elements sliding against each other.
Types of Friction:
A. Dry Friction – occurs when the unlubricated surface of two solids are in
contact under a condition of sliding or a tendency to slide.
B. Fluid Friction – occurs when adjacent layers in fluid (liquid or gas) are
moving at different velocities. This motions causes frictional forces
between fluid elements, and these forces depends on the relative
velocity between layers and its viscosity.
C. Internal Friction – occurs in all solid materials which are subjected to
cyclical loading.
MECHANISM OF DRY FRICTION
 “P” is not large enough to cause a motion
or impending motions, the body is in static
condition.
 If “P” reaches to the point in which body
will about start moving, the condition is
called impending motion. For impending
motion, the frictional force will reach a
value of 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑈𝑠 𝑁, this value is also the
maximum friction or limiting friction in
which the body can remain static.
 Increasing force “P” after impending has
occurred, the value of friction will become
equal to kinetic friction, 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑈𝑘 𝑁

B. Dynamics
Kinematics – branch of physics and a subdivision of classical mechanics concerned with
the geometrically possible motion of a body or system without consideration of the forces
involved.
A. RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS
Position – it specifies the location of a point at any given instant time, positive if the point
is located at the right of origin, negative if located at the left of the origin. (by conventional
number line)
Displacement – it measures the change of position after some time from initial point.
Positive if final position is on the right of the initial point and negative if the final position
is on the left of the initial point.
Instantaneous Velocity – velocity at any instant of time, positive if the direction at instant
is going to the right and negative if going to the left. The magnitude of velocity is known
as speed.
Distance – total length travelled by the particle.
Let s=displacement
v=velocity
a=acceleration
t=time
Formulas for Rectilinear Kinematics with constant acceleration:
A. Distance:

1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡
2

B. Velocity

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑜 2 + 2𝑎𝑠

C. Acceleration
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑜
𝑎=
2

PROJECTILE MOTION

Horizontal Component – the effect of gravity

is vertical only (ax=0), hence the particle is
just moving in a constant velocity along the
x-direction.

𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Where “t” =

projectile time
is launched
𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∗ 𝑡

1 𝑣𝑓𝑦 2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 2 ± 2𝑔𝑠

Vertical Component – change a=g 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∗ 𝑡 ± 𝑔𝑡 2
(acceleration to gravitational 2
acceleration) use the formulas in
Sign Convention:
rectilinear motion. 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 ± 𝑔𝑡
Positive (+) = for going down
Negative (-) = for going upward
DERIVED FORMULA OF COMMON ELEMENTS IN THE PROJECTILE:

(𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
a. Maximum Height: ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑔

𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
b. Range: 𝑅= =
𝑔 𝑔

𝑔𝑥 2
c. Relationship between x and y: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
𝑜

B. ROTATION IN KINEMATICS

Elements of Dynamic Rotation:

𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

RECTILINEAR MOTION VS ANGULAR ROTATION

Rectilinear Motion Angular Rotation

Distance "𝑠" "𝜃"
Velocity "𝑣" "𝜔"
Acceleration "𝑎" "𝛼"

A. Uniform motion : 𝜃 =𝜔∗𝑡

B. Uniform acceleration:
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 + 𝛼𝑡 𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑜 2 + 2𝛼𝜃

1
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2
Rectilinear motion vs angular rotation:

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃, 𝜔, 𝛼 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝑉 = 𝑟𝜔 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼

Total acceleration, a:
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑎 = √(𝑎𝑛 )2 + (𝑎𝑡 )2 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣2 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎𝑛 =
𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒