15 DAYS CHALLENGE

Agriculture
Minerals and
Energy Resources
Which one of the following methods is ideal for controlling land
degradation in coastal areas and deserts?

(i) Strip cropping

(ii) Contour ploughing

(iii) Planting of shelterbelts

(iv) Plugging of gullies

Assertion (A): Conservation of forests is essential for
ecological balance.

Reason (R): Every species has a role to play in the

ecosystem.
HOMEWORK STARS
 LESSON OUTCOMES

● QUICK REVISION
● MOST SCORING TOPICS OF EACH CHAPTER
● TOPIC WISE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
● MCQ PRACTICE- PYQ
● FREE NOTES
● CONFIDENCE BOOSTER HW QUESTION
● BLURTING METHOD/ KEYWORDS
IDENTIFICATION
Manufacturing
Industries
 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from

raw materials to more valuable products is called
manufacturing

★ The economic strength of a

country is measured by the
development of manufacturing
industries.
 MANUFACTURING as BACKBONE OF DEVELOPMENT

Foreign Eradication of
Modernises Prosperous
Exchange Poverty and
Agriculture Economy
Unemployment

1. Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of

India. (2019, 18, 17, 16)
OR. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments. (2018, 17, 16)
OR. “Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic
development of a country.” Support the statement with examples. (2017, 15)
 ★ Modernization of Agriculture
Modernises
Agriculture ★ Reduces dependence on Agricultural Income

★ Job Opportunities

Eradication of ★ It aimed at bringing down regional disparities and

Poverty and eradication of Poverty
Unemployment

Prosperous India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing

Economy industries as quickly as possible.

Foreign ★ Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce,

Exchange and brings in much needed foreign exchange
★ Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.
★ The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity

Agriculture depend on irrigation pumps,

fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic
and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc.

Industry depends on Raw materials sell

their products such as irrigation pumps,
fertilisers etc to help farmers
 Classify industries on the basis of
Classification of Industries
source of raw material. How are they
different from each other.

Raw material Based of Weight

Based on their Capital Based on
Used of Raw materials
main Role Investment Ownership
used

A small scale industry Public sector:BHEL,

Basic or key is defined with SAIL etc.
Agro Based : industries: supply Private sector:TISCO,
reference to the Heavy industries
Cotton,oil, raw materials to Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur
maximum investment such as iron and
Rubber,silk,jute, manufacture other allowed on the assets Industries.
Sugar,tea, steel
goods e.g. iron and of a unit. Joint sector industries:
Coffee,Edible Oil. steel and copper Small scale industries Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is
Light industries that
Mineral Based: aluminum smelting. ● Less than one jointly owned by
use light raw
Iron and steel, Consumer industries : crore. public and private
Goods for direct use ● Toy industries. sector materials and
cement,
by consumers – Cooperative sector produce light goods
aluminium, Large scale industries
sugar, toothpaste, industries : The sugar such as electrical
machine tools, One crore or more
paper, sewing industry in goods industries.
petrochemicals. than one crore.
machines, fans etc. Maharashtra, the coir
industry in Kerala.
Iron and steel
industries.
 Agro-based Industries

★ Cotton
★ Jute
★ Silk
★ Woollen textiles
★ sugar
★ Edible oil, etc.
Industries are based on agricultural raw materials
The textile industry is the only industry in
the country which is self-reliant and TEXTILE INDUSTRY
complete in the value chain”. Justify the
statement. (2016)
UNIQUE POSITION IN INDIAN
ECONOMY

● Significant contribution in industrial production.

● Employment generation.
● Foreign exchange earning.
● Contribution in GDP.
● only industry in the country, which is self-reliant
and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw
material to the highest value added products
 The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and
complete in the value chain”. Justify the statement. (2016)

● Textile industry comprises mainly cotton and jute textile industries

● It contributes significantly to Industrial production
● Provides direct employment to millions which is second largest employment after
Agriculture
● Earns foreign exchange for India
● In India it is the only self-reliant industry with a complete value chain set up – from raw
materials to finished products
● Textile industry also supports demands for other Industries such as chemicals, dyes,
packaging materials.
 COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Before 18th Century After 18th Century

After the 18th century, power

In ancient India, cotton textiles were -looms came into use
produced with hand spinning and
handloom weaving techniques.

Impact

❖ The first successful textile mill was

Traditional industries suffered a setback
established in Mumbai in 1854.
during the colonial period because they
❖ The two world wars were fought in Europe, could not compete with the mill-made
India was a British colony. There was a cloth from England.
demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a
boost to the development of the cotton
textile industry
 Reason for Location Challenges

1. Strong spinning production but weak

Localisation of cotton textile industry in weaving sector
Maharashtra and Gujarat
India has world class production in spinning (yarn),
but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it
➔ Availability of raw cotton
cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced
➔ Market
in the country.
➔ Transport including accessible port
facilities
Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while
➔ Labour
apparel/garment manufacturers have to import
➔ Moist climate, etc.
fabric.
contributed towards its localisation.
Therefore it important for us to improve our weaving
sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities.
 Importance India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute
Jute Textile goods and stands at second place as an exporter
Industry after Bangladesh.

Region West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the

Hugli river in a narrow belt.

Why in Hugli? ● Proximity of the jute producing areas

● Inexpensive water transport
● good network of railways,roadways and
waterways
● Abundant water resources
● Cheap labour
● Kolkata as a large urban centre provides
banking, insurance and port facilities
 The jute-textile industry is mainly concentrated in the Hooghly basin. Mention
five factors or reasons for the same. (SQP 2018, Board 2016, 14, 12, 11, 09, 08)

● Proximity of the jute producing areas. Raw jute is easily available as West Bengal is
the largest producer of jute in the world.
● Abundant water for processing of jute. This industry requires a lot of water.
● Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa,
UP
● Cheap water transport and good network of roadways, railways facilitate movement
of goods
● Port facilities. Kolkata port is used for export purposes
● Kolkata is a metro city with good services of banking, insurance and other
commercial facilities.
 Importance India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies
the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.
Sugar
Industry Region The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab,
Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Shift in concentration ★ Cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.

of Industries to ★ The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing
Southern states season.

Challenge -Raw material ★ Cooperatives are more successful in these states

1. is bulky, and
2. in haulage its sucrose
content reduces.
Sugarcane Mill is best suited for cooperative sector as is seasonal in
nature.This avoid the exploitation of the farmers by the moneylenders. This
also help in stabilising the prices of sugar, gur and jaggery.
Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to concentrate in Southern states of
India in recent years? Give three reasons. [2014]

Shifting of sugar industries to Southern states like Maharashtra is because:

● (i) Sugarcane that grows there has higher sucrose content.

● (ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing
season.
● (iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.
● (iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.
 MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

Industries that use minerals and metals

as raw materials
➢ Iron and Steel Industry
➢ Aluminium smelting
➢ Chemical Industries
➢ Fertilizer Industry
➢ Cement Industry
 Iron and Steel Industry

Importance The iron and steel industry is the basic industry forms backbone for other Industries

Chota Nagpur plateau

★ Low cost of iron ore
Region ★ High grade raw materials in proximity
★ Cheap labour
★ Vast growth potential in the home market.

➔ Engineering goods
➔ Construction material
➔ Defence
Uses ➔ Medical
➔ Telephonic
➔ Scientific equipment

● Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s

development.

Properties ● Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.

● Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished
goods
 Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India is concentrated around the
Chhota Nagpur plateau region. (2018, 16, 12, 10, 08)

Chota Nagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron ore and steel industry- & reasons are as
follows:

Low cost of iron ore– The transportation cost is low because of nearness to ores-sites. The required
inputs are easily available.

Proximity to high grade raw materials– Limestone, coking coal are easily available for the industry at
minimal delay to make it run efficiently.

Cheap labour-The adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand provide cheap, hard and skilled
labour force to the industry cutting the cost of production.

Market potential– The home market in India itself has a lot of potential for the growth of this industry. The
production of steel is well consumed in domestic market.
 Aluminium Smelting

Importance Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India

Properties It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong
when it is mixed with other metals.

Application It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.

Speciality It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of
industries.

Region Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,
Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

BAUXITE ALUMINA ALUMINIUM

➔ Regular supply of electricity
Raw Material : Bauxite ➔ Assured source of raw material at minimum
Property:Very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. cost

are the two prime factors for location of the

industry
 Chemical Industries

★ fast growing and diversifying Industry

★ It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
★ Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic
sectors.

Inorganic Organic
Sulphuric acid [fertilisers, synthetic Petrochemicals [synthetic fibres and
fibres, plastic, adhesive, paints, dyes rubber plastic, dye-stuffs, drugs and
stuffs] nitric acid, alkalies soda ash. pharmaceuticals]

➔ The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.

➔ Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other
chemicals.
 Fertilizer Industry

Importance The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of

➔ Nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea)
➔ Phosphatic fertilizers
➔ Ammonium phosphate (DAP)
➔ Complex fertilizers is combination of NPK

Other Mentions Potash is entirely imported in our country - No Potash Reserves

Fertilizer Industry has expanded after Green Revolution

Region ★ Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala

 Cement Industry

Importance ★ This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like
limestone, silica and gypsum.
★ Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail
transportation.

Uses ❏ Building houses

❏ Factories
❏ Bridges
❏ Roads
❏ Airports
❏ Dams and for other commercial establishments.

Region The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have
suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries
 Automobile Industry

Importance Automobiles provide vehicle for quick

transport of good services and
passengers

Liberalization It Stimulated the demand for vehicles in

the market, which led to the healthy
growth of the industry

Region Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai,

Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,
Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
 Information Technology and Electronics Industry

Importance Covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television,

telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers
and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry.

Impact A major impact of the industry has been on employment generation.

ESP WOMEN

Region Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.

Bangalore is called as Electronic Capital of India

 Industrial Pollution & Environmental Degradation

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution

Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Thermal Pollution

Noise Pollution
 Air pollution

It is caused by undesirable gases

Causes ➢ Sulphur dioxide
➢ Carbon monoxide.
➢ Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like
dust, sprays mist and smoke.

➢ Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous

Impacts
➢ It affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a
whole.

Ex: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

➔ Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Control
Measure ➔ Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by
- fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators
- fabric filters
- scrubbers
- Inertial separators
 Water pollution

It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and

Causes effluents discharged into rivers.

● Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum

refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let
out dyes,detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like
lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.

● Contamination of Water
Impacts ● Spread of Waterborne Disease
 Thermal pollution

Thermal Pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories

Causes and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before
cooling

★ Wastes from nuclear power plants

★ Dumping of wastes

Impacts ★ Nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers,

birth defects and miscarriages.

★ It spoils the soil fertility

 Noise pollution

Noise pollution is caused by noisy machines,

Causes loudspeakers, vehicles, and other objects producing sound
at high decibels

★ Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress

★ It causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate
Impacts and blood pressure

➔ Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should

be fitted with silencers.
Control
Measure ➔ Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy
efficiency and reduce noise.

➔ Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal

use of earplugs and earphones.
 Control of Environmental Degradation

➔ Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases

Primary treatment by mechanical means. This

involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.

Secondary treatment by biological process

Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and

physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.
 NTPC - National Thermal power Corporation

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO

certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001

➔ Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and

upgrading existing equipment.
➔ Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

STEPS TAKEN ➔ Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing
the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
➔ Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash
water recycling system and liquid waste management.
➔ Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for
all its power stations.
 How do industries pollute water? Suggest any two measures to control water
pollution. [CBSE 2013]

(i) Most important are the industrial effluents that are discharged into rivers. They are both organic and
inorganic. Coal, dyes, pesticides, fertilisers, plastic are some common pollutants of water. Industrial
wastes containing toxic metals pollute the water.

(ii) Suggestions to control water pollution:

(a) Water should be reused and recycled to maximise its usage.

(b) Rainwater should be harvested to meet water requirements.

(c) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing in river and ponds.

(d) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources
also need to be regulated legally.
Which one of the following industries generates the largest amount of employment?

A Cotton Industry

B Jute Industry

C Silk Industry

D Textile Industry
Which of the following compounds involved in fertilizer industry is completely Imported

A Phosphate

B Potash

C Ammonia

D Potassium
—---------------is the only industry in the country that is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value-added products.

A Sugar industry

B Textile industry

C Iron and steel industry

D Cement industry
Assertion (A): Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical
plants.
Reason (R): Organic chemicals are made of petrochemicals which cannot be transported
over distances.

A
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A.

B
Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A

C A is true but R is false

D A is false and R is True.

 Match the items of column A with that of
Column B

Column A Column B
(i) Cotton Textile (a) Bengaluru

(ii) Jute Textile (b) Jamshedpur A (i) a, (ii) b (iii) c (iv) d (v) e

(iii) Iron and Steel (c) Noida

(iv) Electronic goods (d) Mumbai B (i) d (ii) e (iii) b (iv) a (v) c

(v) Software Park (e) Hugli

C (i) c, (ii) d (iii) b (iv)a (v) e

D (i) d, (ii) e (iii) c (iv) b (v) e

Identify the type of industries with the help of informations given below.
● This industry comprises both large scale and small scale manufacturing units.
● It consists of two sectors namely organic and inorganic sectors.

A Automobile industry

B Chemical industry

C Fertiliser industry

D Cement industry
 Water
Resources
 WATER AS A RESOURCE
Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is
covered with water - • 96.5 per cent of
What percentage of the
the total volume of world’s water is
total volume of world’s
estimated to exist as oceans and only
water is estimated to
2.5 per cent as freshwater
exist as oceans?
Only a small proportion of Earth’s water
accounts for freshwater:
● Groundwater
● Surface Runoff
that is continually being renewed and recharged
through the hydrological cycle.

All water moves within the hydrological

cycle ensuring that water is a renewable
resource
 WATER SCARCITY
Analyse the
impact of ‘water
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available scarcity’.
water resources to meet the demands of water
usage within a region.

Water scarcity in most cases is caused by

over-exploitation , excessive use and unequal access
to water among different social groups.

Water scarcity in most cases is caused by

over-exploitation, excessive use and
Water scarcity may be
unequal access to water among different an outcome of large
social groups.” Explain the meaning of and growing population
statement with the help of examples. in India." Analyse the
statement.
 Why is there water scarcity?
QUALITATIVE REASONS
The situation where water is
sufficiently available to meet the
needs of the people but the area
still suffers from water scarcity.
polluted by domestic and
industrial wastes, chemicals,
pesticides and fertilisers used in
agriculture, thus, making it
hazardous for human use.
In India hydroelectric power
contributes approximately 22
percent of the total electricity
produced.
QUANTITATIVE REASONS
❏ Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and
growing population and consequent greater
demands for water, and unequal access to it
❏ Population = Food Demand & domestic use
Therefore, To facilitate higher food-grain production,
Water Resources are being over-exploited
IMPACT: falling groundwater levels, adversely
affecting water availability and food security of the
people.
❏ Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation
Government Measures
Jal Jeevan Mission

★ The Goal of JJM is to enable every rural

household get assured supply of potable piped
water at a service level of 55 litres per capita per
day regularly on long-term basis by ensuring
functionality of the tap water connections.

The need for the water conservation and management

● Health hazards
● Ensure food security
● Degradation of natural ecosystem
● Over exploitation and
● Mismanagement of Water Resources will
impoverish this resource and cause
ecological crisis
 MULTI -PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT

● Archaeological and historical records

show that from ancient times we have
been constructing sophisticated
hydraulic structures like dams built of
stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes,
embankments and canals for irrigation
"Archaeological and historical records
show that from ancient times we have
been constructing sophisticated
hydraulic structures in India.”
Substantiate the statement by giving
three evidences. [2019
C]
1. Water harvesting system channelling the flood water
of the river Ganga during 1st century
2. Dams,lakes and other resources built by many rulers
like Chandra Gupta Maurya and also found in
various places in India
3. Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works in
Kalinga,Nagarjunakonda,Bennur,Kolhapurs etc
4. The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by
Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area
What is a Dam?
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs,
directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or
impoundment.

Classification of Dam

Based on structure and the materials Based on the height

Timber dams
1. Low dams
Embankment dams 2. Medium dams
3. High dams
Masonry dams
Why Dam is Multipurpose Project?
Important Multipurpose
Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and Projects are:
rainwater that could be used later to irrigate ● Bhakra – Nangal
agricultural fields. project-hydel power
production and
● Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for irrigation.
electricity generation. ● Hirakud
project-conservatio
● Water supply for domestic and industrial uses. n of water with flood
● Flood control control

● Recreation
● Inland navigation and fish breeding. Dams are the ‘Temples of
modern India’ - Jawaharlal Nehru
Reasons for Opposition of Dam construction

1. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing –poor
Explain any three reasons for
sediment flow and excessive sedimentation and poorer habitats for the rivers’ which the multi-purpose projects
aquatic life. and large dams have come under
great scrutiny and opposition in the
2. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna recent years. [CBSE 2018]
3. The reservoirs submerge the existing vegetation leading to its decomposition
over a period of time

4. Dams have also been the cause of many new environmental movements like
"Multi-purpose projects and
the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri dam Andolan’ etc- large-scale large dams have been the cause
displacement of local communities of many new social movements."
Highlight the concerns related to
5. Changing Cropping Pattern stimulated farmers to shift to water intensive and such movements. [2019]
commercial crops- salinisation of soil, Transforming social landscape- In
Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot
over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during
droughts. "The dams that were
constructed to control floods
6. Inter-state water disputes-Krishna - Godavari Dispute ; Kaveri Dispute have triggered floods.” Analyse
the statement.
7. The big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time
of excessive rainfall, destroyed property, life, soil erosion
Rainwater Harvesting
How is rainwater
Rain-water harvesting is a process to conserve harvesting carried out in
water by collecting, storing, conveying and semi-arid regions of
purifying water that comes from rooftop, or Rajasthan ? Explain.
surface runoff. [CBSE 2016-17]

Many thought that given the disadvantages

and rising resistance against multi-purpose
projects, water harvesting system was a
viable alternative against multipurpose
dam which is both socio-economically
and environmentally beneficial
Rainwater Harvesting Methods

● For hilly areas people built diversion channels Eg ‘Kuls’ or ‘Guls’

of Western Himalayas

● Roof top rain water harvesting was common in Rajasthan, Tankas,

of semiarid regions of Rajasthan particularly Bikaner, Phalodi
underground tanks were called Tankas.

● In floodplains of Bengal people used inundation channels to

irrigate their fields.

● In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed
storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like
the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
How are traditional rainwater harvesting methods being
carried out to conserve water resources in different
regions ? Explain with examples.
[2019 C]

What is the need of rainwater harvesting?

[Delhi 2011]
‘‘The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods.”
Analyse the statement. [CBSE 2019]

The dams, that have been constructed to support the economic development of the
country, can be destructive at times. They may cause floods because:

● Sometimes, they are constructed without proper planning and sometimes

low standard construction material is used. This inferior quality of
construction material increases the chances of floods.
● Construction of these dams can make the area, in which they are
constructed, ‘earthquake prone’, which may lead to landslides and the water
to flow out of dams.
● Sometimes extremely large amounts of water needs to be released during
large rain to save dams from breakage. These large releases of water
sometimes cause flooding downstream.
 ‘‘Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population in India.”
Analyse the statement. [CBSE Delhi, 2019]

(i) Very simple to understand that large population leads to greater demand for water for
drinking and domestic purposes.

(ii) A large population also means more demand for more food. It leads to expansion f irrigated
agriculture which affects groundwater level during dry season agriculture.

(iii) Most of the Indian cities are facing the problem of water due to growing population. This
happens because large amount of groundwater is pumped out in densely populated colonies.
This has drastically lowered the water table.

(iv) Large industries also make huge demand on water.

(v) Further industrial pollution often pollutes the water bodies which further aggravates the
situation.
 Analyse the importance of ‘rainwater harvesting.’ [CBSE Delhi, 2019]

It is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by collecting and storing rainwater by

constructing structures, such as dug wells, percolation pits and check dams.

(i) In most cases, the harvested water is usually redirected to storage tanks, cistern or reservoirs. First and
foremost, the collection offers a better and efficient utilization of energy resource. It is important because
potable water is usually not renewable.

(ii) Harvesting allows the collection of large amounts of rainwater. Rainwater is usually free from harmful
chemicals, which makes it ideal for irrigation purposes.

(iii) Another important advantage is that it reduces demand for potable water. It is important especially in
areas with low water levels. Rainwater harvesting, thus, is considered as a very reliable way to conserve
water.
 “Water harvesting system is an effective measure to reduce the problem of water
scarcity.” Justify the statement. [AI 2019]

(i) A large amount of this precious water just drains away. The only way to save this water from wastage is by rain
water harvesting.

(ii) Water harvesting means conserving water or making its optimum utilisation by reducing its wastage. Water saved
or conserved makes it available for use to fight water scarcity.

(iii) Another important advantage is that it reduces demand for potable water. It is important especially in areas with
low water levels. Rainwater harvesting, thus, is considered as a very reliable way to conserve water.

(iv) The different methods of rainwater harvesting used in India have been as follows:

● (a) Guls or Kuls in the Western Himalayas

● (b) Rooftop rain water harvesting in Rajasthan associated with tankas .Khadins in Jaisalmer and Johads in
other parts of Rajasthan were also popular.
● (c) Inundation channels in West Bengal
● (d) In Meghalaya which gets copious rain, rain water harvesting is commonly practiced.
 Describe any four traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in
different parts of India. [CBSE 2014, 2015, 2016, 15, 14, 12, 11]

Methods of rainwater harvesting used in India are:

(i) Guls and Kuls: People built guls and kuls in hilly and mountainous regions to divert water. These are simple channels.
They are mainly used in the Western Himalayas.
(ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting: Commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In Tamil Nadu there are legal
provisions for it.
(iii) Inundation Channels: These channels developed in the flood plains of Bengal to irrigate fields.
(iv) Khadins and Johads: In arid and semi-arid regions, some agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage
structures. These structures are found in Rajasthan.
(v) Tankas: The tankas were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the
houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground
‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from
the subsequent showers was then collected. The rainwater can be stored in the tankas.
(vi) Bamboo Drip Irrigation system: It is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe
and transporting water from higher to lower regions through gravity.
Which place in India has an artificial lake to conserve water that dates to the 11th
century?

A Delhi

B Bhopal

C Mumbai

D Kolhapur
Bhakra Nangal River Valley Project is made on the river:

A Sutlej-Beas

B Ravi-Chenab

C Ganga

D Son
Which of the following structures are known as ‘tankas’?

A Underground tanks for storing rainwater harvested from roof tops

for drinking purpose

B Tanks constructed on rooftops for storing rainwater

C Tanks constructed in agricultural fields to store rainwater

D Tanks constructed to store floodwater

Which one of the following is not an adverse effect of dams?

A Interstate water disputes

B Excessive sedimentation of Reservoir

C Displacement of population

D Flood control
8197 1328
JawaharLal Nehru believed that Dams were the temples of modern India. Which of the
following statements support his belief?

(a) Dams provide safety to Indian mainland.

(b) Dams are the ultimate solution to all theindustrial barriers India faced during the

colonisation.

(c) Dams drive the commercial and industrial sectors of India effectively.

(d) Dams are magnificent structures which signify the strength of a nation.
Arrange in sequential order.
(1) Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe
(II) Water from the well recharges the underground
(III) Underground pipe takes water to sump for immediate usage
(IV) Water is filtered using sand and bricks

Codes:
(a) (I), (III), (IV) and (II)
(b) (II), (III), (I) and (IV)
(c) (I), (IV), (III) and (II)
(d) (II), (I), (IV) and (III)
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