U;k;ikfydk

lajpuk
10-0 mís';
10-1 izLrkouk
10-2 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu% lS)kafrd ,oa oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe
10-3 Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
10-3-1 la?k lwph
10-3-2 jkT; lwph
10-3-3 leorhZ lwph
10-4 dkuwu cukus dh vof'k"V 'kfDr
10-4-1 ljdkfj;k vk;ksx
10-5 iz'kklfud ,oa fofRr; 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
10-6 lkjka'k
10-7 mi;ksxh lanHkZ
10-8 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mRrj

bl bdkbZ ds i<+us ds ckn vki ;g tku ldsaxs %

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dk rdZ ¼ewyk/kkj½(
Lka?kh; jktuhfr ds fy, 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu ds egRo dk ewY;kadu djuk(
fofHkUu lwfp;ksa dks tkuuk ftuls dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
fd;k x;k gS(
'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu ,oa la?kokn dh izÑfr ds chp laca/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk( vkSj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu ls lacaf/kr vuqPNsnksa dks bafxr djukA

'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh vo/kkj.kk dk lS)kafrd rkSj ij tkWu ykWd us fooj.k fd;kA

bls ekWUVsLD;w us ifjofrZr fd;k rFkk ;g la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lafo/kku esa
izfrfcafcr gqvkA lk/kkj.k vFkZ esa] la?kokn 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu gS jk"Vªh; ,oa jkT;
ljdkjksa ds chp esaA la?kokn esa] Li"V foHkktu gksrk gS] ftlls dsUnz viuh ifjf/k ds
vanj vkus okys fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukrk gS rFkk jkT; viuh ifjf/k ds varxZr vkus okys
fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukrs gSA dksbZ Hkh ,d nwljs ds dk;ksZ esa n[ky ugha ns ldrk rFkk
viuh lhek dk mYya?ku ugha dj ldrk gSA okLro esa la?kokn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
leqnk;kas ds chp esa le>kSrk gS tks Lora= ,oa Lok;Rr gSA mUgsa bl ckr dk vglkl
Fkk fd dqN ekeyksa esa mudk fgr leku gS blfy, os ,d lkFk vkus RkFkk ,d ljdkj

*izfri pVthZ] vflLVsaV izksQslj] jktuhfr foKku] dY;k.kh fo'ofo|ky;] ufn;k] if'pe caxkyA 99
la?kokn vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k ds v/khu vkus dks lger gq, rkfd muds fgr lqjf{kr jg ldsA lHkh ekeyksa esa jkT;
ljdkjsa Lora= rFkk Lok;Rr FkhA ;g le>kSrk Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa lekfgr gSA 7oha
vuqlwph ¼Hkkx 11½ ds varxZr rhu lwfp;ksa dk izko/kku gSa blesa la?k lwph] jkT; lwph ,oa
leorhZ lwph ds fo"k; 'kkfey gSaA la?k lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dsUnz dkuwu cukrk gS] jkT;
lwph ds fo"k;ksa esa jkT; dkuwu cuk ldrk gS rFkk leorhZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dsUnz vkSj
jkT; nksuksa dkuwu cukrs gSaA

'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh vo/kkj.kk dk laca/k vk/kqfud jk"Vª&jkT; dh mRifRr ds

bfrgkl ,oa blds iz'kklfud igyw ls gSA ;g eq[;r;k 'kfDr;kssa ds foHkktu ds fopkj
ls mRÑ"V gSA thu cksnk¡ izFke ys[kd Fks ftUgksaus 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh ekax dhA
mUgksaus viuh fdrkc **n LizhV vkWQ ykWt** ¼1748½ ftls ekWVsjD;w us 'kfDr;ksa ds
foHkktu ds fl)kar ds :Ik esa le>k;k gSa mUgksaus fy[kk fd ¼d½ ;fn fo/kk;h ,oa
dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ fdlh ,d vax ;k laLFkk esa lefgr gks tk;s rks yksxksa dh Lora=rk
[krjs esa iM+ ldrh gS D;ksafd blls fujadq'k 'kklu dks c<+kok fey ldrk gS ¼[k½ ;fn
U;kf;d vkSj fo/kk;h 'kfDr;kas Hkh fdlh ,d vax ;k laLFkk esa fey tk;s rks blds dkuwuks
dh O;k[;k fujFkZd gks tk;sxh D;ksafd dkuwu cukus okyk gh dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k djrk
gS vkSj og dHkh Hkh viuh xyrh Lohdkj ugha dj ldrk gSA ¼x½ ;fn U;kf;d 'kfDr;ksa
dks dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa esa feyk fn;k tk;s vkSj bls fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k ,d
laLFkk dks ns fn;k tk;s rks iz'kklu fujFkZd gks tk;sxk rFkk nks"kh gks tk;sxk D;ksafd ml
le; iqfyl gh tt cu tk;sxhA ¼?k½ var esa ;fn rhuksa 'kfDr;ksa dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk
,oa U;k;ikfydk fdlh ,d laLFkk esa feyk nh tk;s vkSj mls fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k laLFkk
dks ns nh tk;s rks blls 'kfDr;ksa dk larqyu fcxM+ tkrk gS vkSj lHkh izdkj dh
Lora=rk,sa Hkh lekIr gks tkrh gSA blls ml laLFkk ;k O;fDr dh rkuk'kkgh LFkkfir gks
tkrh gSA bl izdkj bu rhuksa 'kfDr;ksa dks fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k laLFkk dks ugha fn;k
tkuk pkfg;sA bu rhuksa 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx rhu vyx&vyx laLFkkvksa }kjk fd;k tkuk
pkfg;sA D;ksafd yksxksa dh Lora=rk dh j{kk djuk Hkh lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA ckn esa fczfV'k
fof/kusrk CySdLVksu rFkk vesfjdh lafo/kku ds laLFkkid] fo'ks"kdj esMhlu] gSfeYVu
vkSj tSQjlu us Hkh 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu ds fl)kar dks iwjk leFkZu fn;kA mUgksaus ;g
rdZ fn;k fd 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu ls yksxksa dh Lora=rk lqjf{kr jg ldrh gSA

O;kogkfjd rkSj ij] la?kh; jkT; ,d le>kSrs Ikj lger gksrs gS vkSj ,d jk"Vª jkT;
dk l`tu djrs gS rFkk muds Åij tks 'kklu ds dkuwu cuk;s tkrs gS oks ns'k ds
ekSfyd dkuwu Hkh ekus tkrs gSaA ftu ekeyksa esa vyx dkuwu cuk;k tkrk gS og lHkh
la?kksa dh jk; ds vuqlkj cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd blls tks dk;Z gS og jkT;ksa ,oa jk"Vªh;
ljdkjksa ds chp lqxerk ls gks ldsA ;g bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd lHkh la?kh;
jkT; vius lHkh ekeyksa esa HkkSxksfyd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd bR;kfn esa leku fopkj lkeus
vk;sA ysfdu ,d ckj ;g le>kSrk gks tk;s rks fQj la?kokn ds fy, vfuok;Z ekuk
tkrk gSA

izR;sd la?k esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh ;kstuk jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa
j[kdj dh tkrh gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa tc laizHkq jkT; us la?k esa jgus dh ckr
dgh rks mlus jk"Vh; ljdkj ds lkeus viuh vlhfer 'kfDr;ksa dks leiZ.k djus ls
euk dj fn;k rFkk viuh LFkk;h 'kfDr;ksa dsk NksM+us dks bPNqd ugha FksA bl izdkj
100
dsoy ,d gh lwph gS ftlesa jk"Vªh; ljdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ gS rFkk vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
bdkbZ;ksa ds ikl esa gSA tc dukMk ds la?k dk fuekZ.k gqvk] rc muds lkeus vesfjdk
ds lafo/kku dk mnkgj.k Fkk] ftUgksaus ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd dsUnz ds ikl vf/kd
'kfDr;ka gksuh pkfg,A bl izdkj tks ;kstuk 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh dukMk ds
lafo/kku esa nh x;h gS og fcYdqy vyx gSA jk"Vªh; ljdkj vkSj izkarksa esa tks fo"k;
dkuwu cukus ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s gS mUgsa nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSaA ckdh vof'k"V
'kfDr;ksa dks Mksfefu;u laxzg ds ikl NksM+h x;h gSA ftu yksxksa us vkLVsªfy;k ds
lafo/kku dh jpuk dh os vesfjdh lafo/kku ls izHkkfor Fks] vkSj mUgksaus Hkh dsoy ,d
lwph dks viuk;k ftlesa jk"Vªh; ljdkj ds ikl 'kfDr;k¡ Fkh rFkk vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡
jkT;ksa ds ikl FkhA

egkRek xka/kh us fodsUnzhdj.k dh ckr dh FkhA mUgksaus jke&jkT; ds ckjs esa ckr dh vkSj
dgk fd 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tks xzke&iapk;r ls 'kq: gksdj
jk"Vªh; Lrj rd tk;sA tgka rd fczfV'k jkt esa iz'kklfud bfrgkl dk laca/k gS Hkkjr
ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 ds rgr~ rhu lwfp;ksa ds rgr~ fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dks bafdr fd;k
x;k] la?k lwph] izkarh; lwph vkSj leorhZ lwph] rFkk vof'k"V 'kfDr;ksa dks xouZj&tujy
dks fn;k x;kA ftls os dsUnz ljdkj ;k izkarh; ljdkj dks ns ldrs FksA ;g fo'ks"k
O;oLFkk blfy;s dh x;h D;ksafd ml oDr dh ifjfLFkfr;ka vuqdwy ugha Fkh] fgUnw ,d
etcwr dsUnz ds i{k esa Fks] tcfd eqfLye etcwr izkarksa ds i{k/kj FksA

izR;sd egkla?k esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dks lafo/kku esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] tks fd mldh
izÑfr vkSj pfj= ds vuqlkj uhfr;ksa ds Åij lgefr ls cuk gksA fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa ds
foHkktu esa tks Hkh fofo/krk,as ;k varj gks] ysfdu ,d ckr lHkh la?kksa esa leku gS fd
lHkh la?kksa esa fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gS] vkSj ;g foHkktu lHkh la?kksa
dks dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ka fu/kkZfjr djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA

dsUnz ,oa izkarh; ljdkjksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu ls lacaf/kr izko/kku Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku ds Hkkx 11 vuqPNsn 246 esa j[kk x;k gSa ;g Hkkx nks v/;k;ksa esa foHkkftr gSA
fo/kk;h laca/k ,oa iz'kklfud laca/kA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku us bl O;oLFkk dks viuk;k gS
ftlesa] fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dh nks lwph gS ,d dsUnz ds fy, rFkk nwljh jkT; ds fy,A
vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz ds ikl NksM+ nh x;h gSaA ;g O;oLFkk dukMk ds lafo/kku ls
feyrh tqyrh gSA vkWLVªfs y;k ds lafo/kku dks ekuus ds ckn blesa ,d vfrfjDr lwph
dks tksM+k x;k gS] ftldk uke gS leorhZ lwphA lafo/kku lHkk us 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu
dh O;oLFkk dks viuk;k] tks fd Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 esa fn;k x;k FkkA mu
ij dsUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj ,oa nksuksa dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ;s lwph la?k lwph] jkT;
lwph ,oa leorhZ lwph ds uke ls izpfyr gSA

la?k lwph esa 97 fo"k; 'kkfey gSA ;g lcls cM+h lwph gS rhuksa lwfp;ksa esaA blesa os fo"k;
'kkfey gS tks jk"Vªh; egRo ds gSaA ;s fo"k; bl izdkj gSa %& j{kk] l'kL= lsuk] 'kL=
,oa xksykck:n] ijek.kq mtkZ] fons'kh ekeys] ;q) ,oa 'kkafr] ukxfjdrk] izR;iZ.k] jsyos]
tgkt vkSj iuMqCch] ok;qekxZ] Mkd ,oa VsyhxzkQ] VsyhQksu] ok;jysl vkSj izlkj.k] eqnzk]
fons'kh O;kikj] varj&jkT; O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; cSafdax] thou&chek] m|ksxksa ij 101
la?kokn vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k fu;a=.k] [kkuksa dk fu;ked vkSj fodkl] rsy lalk/ku vkSj [kfut inkFkZ] pquko]
ljdkjh [kkrksa dk ys[kk] loksZPp U;k;ky; dk laxBu ,oa xBu] mPp U;k;ky; ,oa la?k
yksd lsok vk;ksx] vk;dj] lhek 'kqYd fu;kZr 'kqYd] fuxe dj] laifr ds ewY; ij dj]
ifjlaifr 'kqYd] VfeZuy Hkolku dj] bR;kfnA laln dks bl lwph esa fn;s x;s fo"k;ksa
ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA

jkT; lwph esa 66 fo"k; gSA buesa ls egRoiw.kZ fo"k; bl izdkj gSA lkoZtfud O;oLFkk]
iqfyl] U;k; dk iz'kklu] tsy] LFkkuh; ljdkj] lkoZtfud LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk] f'k{kk]
Ñf"k] Ik'kq ikyu] tykiwfrZ vkSj flapkbZ] Hkw vf/kdkj] taxy] eNyh ikyu] jde m/kkj
nsuk] jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx] Hkw&jktLo] Ñf"k vk; ij dj nsuk] Hkwfe ,oa edku ij
dj] laifRr dj 'kqYd] fo|qr dj] okgu dj] foykflrk dj] bR;kfnA bu fo"k;ksa dk
pquko LFkkuh; fgr ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA ;s fo"k; ns'k dh fofo/krk dks Hkh /;ku esa
j[kdj fn;s x;s gS D;ksafd ns'k ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k; fn;s x;s gSaA

leorhZ lwph eas 47 fo"k; gSA ;s fo"k; dsUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dh ifjf/k ds varxZr vkrs
gSA buds mij dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj dsaUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa dks gSA bl lwph esa fuEu
fo"k; gS%& fookg ,oa rykd] Ñf"k Hkwfe ds vfrfjDr laifRr dk LFkkukarj.k] Bsdsnkjh]
fnokfy;kiu vkSj fnokyk] VªLVh vkSj VªLV] ukxfjd izfdz;k] U;k;ky; dh voekuuk]
[kkus dh phtksa esa cnyko] MxZ ,oa fo"k@tgj] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ;sktuk] VsªM
;wfu;u] lqj{kk] Jfed dY;k.k] fo|qr] v[kckj] fdrkcsa rFkk eqnz.kkyk;] LVkEi 'kqYd
bR;kfnA Hkkjr dh laln rFkk jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkk dks bl lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu
cukus dk leorhZ vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA ;fn ,d ckj laln us bl lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij
dkuwu cuk fn;k rks laln ds dkuwu jkT; ds cuk;s dkuwuksa ij ykxw gksaxsA blds fy,
,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa ;g cny Hkh ldrk gSA blds vuqlkj ;fn] fo/kkulHkk us dksbZ
dkuwu igys cuk fy;k gks vkSj og jk"Vªifr ds ikl eatwjh ds fy, Hkstk tk pqdk gks
,slh fLFkfr esa fo/kkulHkk }kjk cuk;k dkuwu ekU; gksxkA blls jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkk dh
rkdr dks Hkh l'kDr cuk;k x;k gSA blesa ;g Hkh izko/kku gS fd fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr
;k ifjfLFkfr esa jkT; dks vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA

vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka os gSa tks fd rhuksa lwfp;ksa ls ckgj ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus ds fy;s
nh x;h gSA Hkkjr esa] vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka dsUnz ds ikl gSA gkykafd jkT;ksa dks Hkh dkuwu
cukus dk vf/kdkj gS ysfdu os jkT; lwph ds varxZr vkus okys fo"k;ksa ij gh dkuwu cuk
ldrs gSA dqN ,sls fo'ks"k ekeyksa esa dsUnz ljdkj gh dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA vlk/kkj.k
ekeyksa esa dsUnz ds ikl vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka gksrh gS dkuwu cukus ds fy;sA ;s vlk/kkj.k
ekeys bl izdkj gS %&

d½ vuqPNsn 249 ds varxZr ;g izko/kku fn;k x;k gS fd ;fn jkT; lHkk us ;g

?kksf"kr dj fn;k fd laln dks jk"Vªh; fgr dks /;ku esa j[kdj dkuwu cukuk
pkfg;s vkSj ;g izLrko nks frgkbZ cgqer ls ikl gks tk;s rks ;g dkuwu laiw.kZ ns'k
102 ds fy;s oS| ekuk tk;sxk tc rd ;g izLrko tkjh jgsxkA jkT;lHkk gkykafd ,sls
 izLrko dks ,d o"kZ ds fy;s vkxs vkSj c<+k ldrh gS ftl rkjh[k ls ;g ykxw 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
fd;k x;k FkkA
[k½ vuqPNsn 250 laln dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og jkT; lwph esa 'kkfey fdlh
Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ;g dkuwu iwjs ns'k esa ;k fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa ykxw
fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn vkikrdky yxk;k tk pqdk gksA bl dkuwu dks ykxw
djus dh vf/kdre lhek vkikrdky dh lekfIr rd ;k mlds N% eghsus ckn
rd oS| gksrh gSA
x½ vuqPNsn] 252 ds vuqlkj laln nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds fy;s dkuwu cukus
dks vf/kÑr gS ysfdu ;g mu jkT;ksa dh lgefr ls gksxhA ;fn nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd jkT; laln ;k dsUnz ljdkj dks fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ij tks fd jkT; lwph
essa gks] dkuwu cukus ds fy, dgk tk;s rks laln ,sls fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu cuk
ldrh gSA ;fn fdlh dkuwu dks cnyuk gks ;k mlesa la'kks/ku djuk gks rks ;g
dsoy laln gh dj ldrh gS] ysfdu bldh 'kq:vkr jkT;ksa dks djuh pkfg,A
?k½ vuqPNsn 253 ds rgr~ laln dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og fdlh laf/k] le>kSrs ;k
lEesyu dks ykxw djus ds fy;s dkuwu cuk lds rFkk ;g le>kSrs fdlh vU;
ns'kksa ds lkFk gks] ;k varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu gks ;k laxBu vkSj laLFkk gksaA blesa ;g
Hkh izko/kku gS fd laln ,sls fo"k; ij Hkh dkuwu cuk ldrh gS tks fo"k; jkT;
lwph esa 'kkfey gksaA
M+½ vuqPNsn 356 ds varxZr ;g izko/kku fn;k x;k gS fd ;fn jk"Vªifr bl ckr ls
larq"V gks tk;s fd jkT; esa ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;h gS ftlesa jkT;iky
lafo/kku ds izko/kkuksa ds vuqdwy dk;Z djus esa vleFkZ gS rks jk"Vªifr ;g ?kksf"kr
dj ldrs gS fd ml jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk laln ds }kjk pyk;h tk;sxhA
vuqPNsn 356 ds rgr~ ml jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk ;k rks Hkax dh tk;sxh ;k fuyafcr
dh tk;sxh vkSj dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr laln ds ikl gksxh tc rd ml jkT;
esa vkikrdky ;k jk"Vªifr 'kklu gksxkA
p½ u dsoy laln jkT;ksa esa dkuwu cukus dks vf/kÑr gS cfYd dsfUnz; dk;Zikfydk
dqN ekeyksa esa viuk fu;a=.k Hkh j[krh gSa vuqPNsn 31] /kkjk3] esa laEifRr dk
vf/kdkj gS] blesa dgk x;k gS fd ;fn jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk us py ;k vpy
laifRr ds vf/kxzg.k ij fo/ks;d ikfjr fd;k gks rks og fo/ks;d rc rd izHkkoh
ugha gksxk tc rd bl ij jk"Vªifr viuh lgefr u ns nsA vuqPNsn 200 esa ;g
dgk x;k gS fd jkT;iky dks lgefr nsus dh ctk; bls jk"Vªifr ds fy;s lajf{kr
j[kk tk;sxk ;fn jkT;iky dh jk; esa ,slk gks] ;fn ;g dkuwu cu tk;s vkSj mPp
U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa esa deh vk tk;s rks ;g [krjukd gSA D;ksafd dksVZ dsk
lafo/kku ls 'kfDr;ka feyh gSA vuqPNsn 200 ds vraxZr jkT;iky fdlh fo/ks;d
dks vius ikl j[k ldrk gS tks fd jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk us ikfjr fd;k gS rkfd
mls jk"Vªifr dh eatwjh ds fy, Hkstk tk ldsA os ,slk viuh LosPNk ls dj ldrs
gSa ;k dsUnz ds funsZ'k ij ;g lafo/kku esa ugha gSaA lkekU; /kkj.kk ;g gS fd
jkT;iky fo/ks;d dks vius ikl j[krs gS rFkk fQj mls jk"Vªifr ds ikl eatwjh
ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gS ;fn dksbZ egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd eqn~nk blesa 'kkfey gks rksA

103
la?kokn vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k

1983 esa] dsUnz ljdkj us ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k Fkk] ftlds v/;{k U;k;ewfrZ
vkj- ,l- ljdkfj;k Fksa bldk eq[; mn~ns'; dsUnz &jkT; laca/kksa ij lafo/kku ds
izko/kkuksa dh leh{kk djuk FkkA la?k&jkT; laca/kksa ds eqn~nksa ij fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa ls
ppkZ ds ckn vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ vDVwcj 27] 1987 dks lkSai nh FkhA ljdkfj;k
vk;ksx us ,d etcwr dsUnz dk leFkZu fd;k tks fd ,d ek= jk"Vªh; ,drk ds fy;s
vko';d gSA blus ;g flQkfj'k dh fd vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ laln ds ikl jguh pkfg,
;s ftlesa eq[; rkSj ij djksa ls lacaf/kr fo"k; 'kkfey gS tcfd vU; fo"k; djksa ds
vfrfjDr leorhZ lwph esa j[ks tkus pkfg;sA ysfdu blus la?kh; ljdkj ds vanj
dsfUnz;dj.k dh 'kfDr;ksa dk leFkZu ugha fd;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us ,d LFkk;h rkSj ij
vuqPNsn 263 ds varxZr varjkZ"Vªh; ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dh flQkfj'k dh Fkh] rkfd ;g
dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ dj ldsA blus 'kfDr;ksa ds
foHkktu ds fy, larqyu cukus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA blus ;g lq>ko fn;k fd tc Hkh
dsUnz ljdkj leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus dk fopkj djrh
gS rks mls jkT; ljdkjksa ls iwoZ vuqefr ysuh pkfg;s rFkk bls varjkZTth;&ifj"kn esa Hkh
lkewfgd :Ik ls ppkZ djuh pkfg;s] vuqPNsn 268 ds rgr~A ljdkfj;k vk;ksx fjiksVZ dh
flQkfj'kksa ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh; ekspkZ ljdkj us 25 ebZ 1990 dks jk"Vªifr ds v/;kns'k ls
vUrjkZT;h;&ifj"kn ds xBu dh LFkkiuk dhA bl ifj"kn esa iz/kkuea=h] lHkh jkT;ksa ds
eq[;ea=h] dsUnz&'kkflr izns'kksa ds eq[;ea=h vkSj dsUnz ljdkj ds N% dsfcusV ea=h
'kkfey gSaA bl ifj"kn ds v/;{k iz/kkuea=h gS] rFkk mudh vuqifLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh
dsfcusV ea=h ftls iz/kkuea=h us fu;qfDr fd;k gksA ;g ifj"kn eqn~nksa ds mij vius fn'kk
funsZ'k r; djrh gS vkSj ppkZ ds fy;s ifj"kn esa ykrh gSA bldh ehfVax o"kZ esa rhu ckj
cqykus dk Hkh izko/kku gSA blus ;g Hkh flQkfj'k dh fd] fdlh mPp dksVh ds O;fDr
dks jkT;iky fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rFkk vuqPNsn 356 ds rgr~ jk"Vªifr 'kklu dh
flQkfj'k dks U;kf;d leh{kk ds varxZr j[kuk pkfg;sA blus ;g Hkh flQkfj'k dh] fd
djksa ,oa 'kqYdksa ds chp lk/;rk gksuh pkfg;s] fuxe dj dk dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp
caVokjk gksuk pkfg;s] rFkk varj jkT; ty fookn ds fy;s ,d fVªC;wuy dk xBu fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA fVªC;wuy dk xBu vkosnu ds feyus ds ,d o"kZ ds vanj gks tkuk pkfg;s
rkfd ;g ikap o"kksZa esa izHkkoh :Ik ls dk;Z dj ldsA

vizSy 2007 esa] ;wih, ljdkj us iqa{kh vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k] ftlds v/;{k U;k;ewfrZ
,e-,e- iqa{kh FksA bldk xBu fofHkUu Lrj ij ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa mrjnkf;Ro dh
leh{kk djuk rFkk dsUnz&jkT;ksa ds laca/kksa dh leh{kk djuk FkkA blesa iapk;rh jkt
laLFkk,sa] LFkkuh; fudk; rFkk mudk vkarfjd laca/k Hkh 'kkfey FkkA bl vk;ksx us viuh
fjiksVZ 2010 esa izLrqr dh FkhA blus 312 flQkfj'ksa dh FkhA bu flQkfj'kksa vkarfjd
lqj{kk rFkk lkaiznkf;d fgalk Hkh 'kkfey FkhA
vH;kl iz'u 1
i) vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii) vius mÙkjksa dh tk¡p bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, vkn'kZ mÙkjksa ls djsaA
1½ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh O;k[;k dhft,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
104 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2½ ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa dkSu&dkSu lh FkhA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lafo/kku esa bl ckr ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gS fd dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp iz'kklfud
lg;ksx gksuk pkfg;sA vuqPNsn 261 ds vuqlkj bl ckr ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS fd
yksd vf/kfu;e] fjdkMZ vkSj U;kf;d izfdz;k dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp lqpk: :Ik ls ,oa
lg;ksxkRed rjhds ls Hkkjrh; la?k ds lHkh Hkkx esa gksuh pkfg;sA ftl izdkj ls bu
vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fjdkMZl dks iznku fd;k tk;sxk] rFkk izHkko fu/kkZfjr gksxk os lalnh;
vf/kfu;e }kjk iznku fd;s tk;ssaxAs vuqPNsn 262 ds vuqlkj ftlesa vUrj&jkT;h;
ufn;ksa ds ty] rFkk unh&?kkfV;ksa dk laca/k gS] laln vius dkuwu }kjk fdlh Hkh fookn]
ty dk mi;ksx] ikuh dk caVokjk ;k mldk lek/kku dj ldrh gSA

lafo/kku esa dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp fofRr; laca/kksa dk Hkh izko/kku gS rkfd QaM esa c<+ksrjh
gks ldsA vuqPNsn 292 ds varxZr dsUnz ljdkj la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr ds vuqlkj
laln }kjk fof/k ds v/khu fu;r lhekvksa ds Hkhrj Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ls m/kkj fy;k
tk ldrk gSA blds fy;s lafo/kku dksbZ {ks=h; lhek fu/kkZZfjr ugha djrk gSA vuqPNsn
293 jkT; ljdkjksa dks m/kkj dh lhek fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA os Hkkjr ds ckgj m/kkj ugha
ys ldrs A dksbZ Hkh jkT; Hkkjr dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj gh m/kkj ys ldrk gS oks Hkh jkT;
dh lafpr fuf/k dh lqj{kk ds fy,A m/kkj dh lhek ml jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk }kjk r;
dh tkrh gSA vuqPNsn 205 ds varxZr la/k dh lEifRk dks jkT;ksa ds djksa ls NwV gksxh
tc rd fd laln dksbZ izko/kku u dj nsA fofRr; vkikrdky ds nkSjku jk"Vªifr la?k
vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp djksa ds foHkktu ls lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks fujLr dj ldrs gSaA nlosa
foRr vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds ckn oSdfYid rkSj ij dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp djksa dk
caVokjk fd;k tkus dk izko/kku gS tks fd 88oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 2000 esa
ikfjr gks pqdk gSA bl la'kks/ku ds vuqlkj] la?k vius djksa dk 29 izfr'kr jkT;ksa dks
nsxk tks fd muds vk;dj] mRikn 'kqYd] fo'ks"k 'kqYd rFkk jsyos ;k=h HkkM+k ls vyx
gksxkA
105
la?kokn vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k vH;kl iz'u 2
uksV % 1½ vius mRrj ds fy;s fuEu fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsa
2½ bl bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mRrj ls vius mRrj dh tk¡p djsaA
1½ dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp iz'kklfud ,oa fofRr; 'kfDr;ksa ds izko/kku dh O;k[;k
dhft,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dk ladsr gesa Hkkjr ljdkj
vf/kfu;e] 1935 ls feyrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dks rhu lwfp;ksa
esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA la?k lwph] jkT; lwph RkFkk leorhZ lwphA vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka
tks fdlh Hkh lwph esa ugha nh x;h gS mu ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj dsUnz ljdkj
ds ikl gSA dsUnz vkSj jkT; laca/kksa dh leh{kk ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us dh FkhA ljdkfj;k
vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa esa vof'k"V lfefr;ksa dk Hkh ftØ FkkA bl laca/k esa bl vk;ksx
us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd djksa ds Åij dkuwu cukus dh vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka dsUnz ds ikl
gksuh pkfg, vkSj djksa ls vyx vU; fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus ds fy, leorhZ lwph esa
'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us vUrjkZTth; ifj"kn ds xBu dh Hkh
flQkfj'k dh FkhA lafo/kku esa iz'kklfud vkSj fofRr; ekeyksa esa dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp
laca/k dk Hkh izko/kku gSA

vkWfLVu] xszufoy] ¼2012½] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] jk"Vª dh vk/kkjf'kyk] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh

izsl] ubZ&fnYyh
c{kh] ih- ,e- ¼2003½] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] ;wfuolZy ykW izdk'ku] fnYyh
clq Mh- Mh- ¼2011½] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk ifjp;] yksDlZl] ysfDll] cVjoFkZ] ok/kok
ukxiqj
jko] ,e- xksfoUn vkSj flag] fujfodkj ¼2005½] Hkkjr esa la?kokn dh jktuhfrd
vFkZO;oLFkk vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] ubZ fnYyh
ukajx] ,- ,l- ¼2000½] Hkkjrh; 'kklu vkSj jktuhfr] xhrkatyh ubZ fnYyh] ohtkiqjA
vCnqy jghe] ih- ¼1998½] jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds la?kh; ekinaM] lsaVj Qksj QsMjy LVMht ,.M
ekud izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] 1998 A

106
 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu

vH;kl iz'u 1
1½ lafo/kku ds Hkkx 11 esa dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh ;kstuk
dk izko/kku gSA tks fo"k; dsUnz] jkT;ksa ,oa nksuksa dks feydj dkuwu cukus dk
vf/kdkj gS os rhu lwfp;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;s x;s gSA la?k lwph] jkT; lwph ,oa
leorhZ lwphA la?k lwph ds fo"k;ksa esa os fo"k; gS ftu ij dsoy dsUnz dks dkuwu
cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij jkT; ljdkj dks dkuwwu cukus dk
vf/kdkj gS tcfd leorhZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dsUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa dks dkuwu cukus
dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA tks fo"k; bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa ugha fn;s x;s gSa os fo"k;
vof'k"V fo"k; gSa vkSj mUgsa vof'k"V 'kfDr;ksa Hkh dgrs gSaA vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ dsoy
dsUnz ljdkj ds ikl gksrh gSA

2½ ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk xBu 1983 esa gqvk FkkA blds v/;{k vkj- ,l- ljdkfj;k
FksA bldk eq[; mís'; Hkkjr esa la?kokn dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dh leh{kk djuk FkkA
blus viuh fjiksVZ 1987 nh FkhA viuh flQkfj'kksa esa bl vk;ksx us vof'k"V
'kfDr;ksa dks dsUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa ds caVokjk fd;k FkkA blesa dgk x;k fd djksa
ls lacaf/kr elyksa ij dsUnz ljdkj dkuwu cuk;s tcfd djksa ds vykok fo"k;ksa ij
leorhZ lwph esa j[kk tkuk pkfg;sA dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp vPNs laca/k cukus ds
fy;s bl vk;ksx us ,d vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn ds xBu dh Hkh flQkfj'k dh FkhA

vH;kl iz'u 2

1½ lafo/kku esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k gS fd dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp esa iz'kklfud
lg;ksx gksuk pkfg;sA lafo/kku esa ty ds izca/ku] ty ds caVokjs ,oa mlds Åij
fu;a=.k ds izko/kku gS rFkk ty ls lacaf/kr fooknksa dk lek/kku gSA lafo/kku esa
dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa }kjk m/kkj dk Hkh izko/kku gSA dsUnz fdlh Hkh lzksr ls m/kkj ys
ldrk gS pkgs og ns'k ls ckgj gh D;ksa u gks ysfdu jkT; ns'k ds vanj gh m/kkj
ys ldrs gSaA

107