International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmecsci

An analytical model for the fracture behavior in hollow cylindrical anodes

Chengjun Xu a, Li Weng a, Bingbing Chen a, Jianqiu Zhou a,b,c,∗, Rui Cai d,∗∗
a
School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210000, China
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
c
School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou Province, China
d
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: Silicon cylindrical anodes suffer from chemo-mechanical degradation and unpredictable fracture problems in high
Hollow cylindrical anode performance lithium-ion batteries, which resulting in capacity fade. A new fracture model based on core-shell
Diffusion-induced stress structure is derived in this work, which combines diffusion-induced stress and surface stress, to demonstrate the
Fracture
mechanical behavior including the evolution of diffusion-induced stress and stress intensity factor in the hollow
Crack
cylindrical anode during lithiation and delithiation. By evaluating the evolution of the radial and circumferential
cracks, we find that maximum stress intensity factor for the radial crack is larger than the circumferential crack,
both for internal and external cracks, which indicates that the radial crack is more dangerous than the circumfer-
ential crack for a cylindrical anode. Furthermore, the critical sizes of the hollow cylindrical anode among various
crack configurations are obtained. The radial cracks caused by the hoop stress are found to be more essential in
determining critical size of the electrode. The present work provides the fracture behavior in Si cylindrical anode
during lithiation, which is helpful to the understanding the chemo-mechanical degradation.

1. Introduction
In the past decade, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the first
choice for the power sources of the small portable electronic devices
[1–3]. Much efforts have been taken to investigate LIBs with high stor-
age capacity, high power density and long cyclic stability [4,5]. Ow-
ing to their high specific surface area and relatively short transport
pathways, nanostructured-based materials have been widely used as the
structural optimization strategies for the electrode of the LIBs [6,7]. Cur-
rently, silicon (Si) materials have become a research hotspot due to low
discharge potential and high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1 ) [8].
However, Si anode experiences the large diffusion-induced stress (DIS)
caused by volume expansion during the charge and discharge, which
eventually causes fracture and pulverization of the electrode [9–11]. It
should be emphasized that understanding capacity fade due to mechan-
ical degradation in Si anode is still an important technological challenge
to guide the design of the anode materials with good performance.
Among various products of mitigating DIS, core-shell nanostruc-
tures exhibit impressive capacity and stable electrochemical perfor-
mance [12,13]. It is proved that the phenomenon of electrode failure in
core-shell nanostructures can be effectively alleviated compared with
their bulk materials. However, although the core-shell nanostructures
buffer the volume expansion through restricting expansion, it may still
encounter shell cracking and core pulverization. Until now, many ef-
forts involved in experimental observations have been made to discover
the stress evolution and fracture mechanisms in nanostructures during
charging and discharging process [14–17]. Furthermore, a number of
novel theoretical models have also been derived to further explain the
mechanisms of stress-induced fracture, which involve many factors such
as stress and concentration coupling [18], dislocation stress [19], dif-
fusion coefficient [20], negative Poisson’s ratio [21] and phase trans-
formation [22–24]. In addition, Wu et al. [25] also proposed a phys-
ically rigorous model to illustrate the diffusion and stress within the
core-shell nanostructure. Note that Feng et al. [26] developed a model
for the spherical electrode covered with shells including the effects of
surface/interface stress. However, they did not separately discuss the
stress components in the core and the shell for the cylindrical electrode
and the crack propagation affected by the surface stress. In general, few
researchers are involved in developing the mechanical behavior of the
crack nucleation and propagation on the core-shell nanowires. Conse-
quently, the fundamental questions of fracture in Si anode materials
still remain open and require in-depth investigation during lithiation.
In this work, we aim to develop a fracture model combining DIS and
surface stress in a hollow core-shell cylindrical electrode. By analyzing
the stress components of the core-shell materials affected by the surface
stress, the stress intensity factors are calculated to describe the fracture

∗
Corresponding author at: School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210000, China.
∗∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zhouj@njtech.edu.cn (J. Zhou), cair@njtech.edu.cn (R. Cai).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.04.035
Received 15 November 2018; Received in revised form 21 March 2019; Accepted 17 April 2019
Available online 18 April 2019
0020-7403/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

Table 1
Parameters used in the model.

r, 𝜃, z cylindrical coordinates
Ei Young’s modulus of phase “i” (N m−2 )
𝜈i Poisson’s ratio of phase ‘‘i’’
Ωi partial molar volume of the solute in phase ‘‘i’’ (mol m−3 )
𝜎r radial stress (N m−2 )
𝜎𝜃 tangential stress (N m−2 )
𝜎z axial stress (N m−2 )
𝜀r radial strain
Fig. 1. Schematic of the hollow core-shell nanowires.
𝜀𝜃 tangential strain
𝜀z axial strain
u radial displacement (m)
behaviors of the anode. And the effects of surface stress on the stress m axial displacement (m)
intensity factor of the hollow cylindrical anode are elucidated during C(r) solute concentration at radius at any selected time (mol m−3 )
intercalation. Further, the fracture behaviors in response to the hoop C𝛼 equilibrium concentration of solute in 𝛼 phase (mol m−3 )
and axial stresses are discussed separately and the corresponding criti- C𝛽 equilibrium concentration of solute in 𝛽 phase (mol m−3 )
D diffusion coefficient of the solute (m2 s−1 )
cal sizes are derived based on the sharp core-shell interphase approxi-
S Cauchy stress
mation. By analyzing theoretical model, we provide a fracture model of 𝜏 residual surface tension under unrestrained conditions (N m−1 )
the hollow core-shell cylindrical anode during lithiation and lithiation, 𝜆s and 𝜇s surface lame constants (N m−1 )
and shed a light on the structural optimization direction of the anodes I1i and I2i integral constants of phase ‘‘i’’
k axial strain component
in LIBs.
a crack length (m)
W cylindrical wall thickness (m)
2. Basic theory and model K stress intensity factor (MPa m0.5 )
KIC critical SIF for crack propagation of mode I (MPa m0.5 )
2.1. Diffusion-induced stress

By analogy to the thermal stress, many efforts have been developed For a core-shell cylindrical electrode with completely different me-
to the DIS raised in LIBs. The specific core-shell structure as shown in chanical properties, both core and shell phases should have their own
Fig. 1, where ri , ro and R represent the inner, interfacial and outer radii, stress components. Thus, during insertion, for the shell phase in the re-
respectively. Thus, using the analogy between thermal stress and DIS, gion of ro < r < R, we have
the stress and strain relationships in the cylindrical coordinate system
can be written as [27] 𝐸𝛽 Ω𝛽 𝑅 𝐸𝛽 𝐼1𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝐼2𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝜈𝛽 𝑘𝛽
𝜎𝛽 = − 𝐶(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 + − +
3(1 − 𝜈)𝑟2 3 ∫𝑟𝑜 (1 − 2𝜈𝛽 )(1 + 𝜈𝛽 ) (1 + 𝜈𝛽 ) 𝑟2 (1 + 𝜈𝛽 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛽 )
1 [ ] 1 𝑟

𝜀𝑟𝑟 = 𝜎 − 𝜈𝑖 (𝜎𝜃 + 𝜎𝑧 ) + Ω𝑖 𝐶(𝑟, 𝑡)

𝐸𝑖 𝑟 𝐸𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝐼1𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝐼2𝛽 𝐸𝛽 Ω𝛽 𝐶(𝑟)
Ω𝛽 𝑅
3 𝜎𝛽 = 𝐶(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 + + −
3(1 − 𝜈)𝑟2 3 ∫𝑟𝑜 (1 − 2𝜈𝛽 )(1 + 𝜈𝛽 ) (1 + 𝜈𝛽 ) 𝑟2 3(1 − 𝜈𝛽 )
1 [ ] 1 𝜃

𝜀𝜃𝜃 = 𝜎 − 𝜈𝑖 (𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝑧 ) + Ω𝑖 𝐶(𝑟, 𝑡) (1)

𝐸𝑖 𝜃 3 +
𝐸𝛽 𝜈𝛽 𝑘𝛽
(1 + 𝜈𝛽 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛽 )
1 [ ] 1
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎 − 𝜈𝑖 (𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 ) + Ω𝑖 𝐶(𝑟, 𝑡) 2𝐸𝛽 𝜈𝛽 𝐼1𝛽 𝐸𝛽 Ω𝛽 𝐶(𝑟) 𝐸𝛽 (1 − 𝜈𝛽 )𝑘𝛽
𝐸𝑖 𝑧 3 𝜎𝛽 = − + (6a)
𝑧 (1 + 𝜈𝛽 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛽 ) 3(1 − 𝜈𝛽 ) (1 + 𝜈𝛽 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛽 )
Since the instability propagation of cracks in the electrode material
mainly occurs in linear-elastic stage of small deformation, we employ
small-strain kinematics. And the strain components can be expressed as Since stress and displacement are finite at the center of cylindrical
functions of displacement. (The meaning of the parameters used in our electrode, for 𝛼 phase within ri < r < ro , we have
model can be found in Table 1): 𝐸𝛼 Ω𝛼 𝑟𝑜
𝐸𝛼 𝐼1𝛼 𝐸𝛼 𝜈𝛼 𝑘𝛼
𝜎𝑟𝛼 = − 𝐶(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 + +
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑚 3(1 − 𝜈𝛼 )𝑟2 3 ∫𝑟𝑖 (1 − 2𝜈𝛼 )(1 + 𝜈𝛼 ) (1 + 𝜈𝛼 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛼 )
𝜀𝑟 = , 𝜀 = and 𝜀z = (2)
𝑑𝑟 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝐸𝛼 Ω𝛼 𝑟𝑜
𝐸𝛼 𝐼1𝛼 𝐸 Ω 𝐶(𝑟)
𝜎𝛼 = 𝐶(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 + − 𝛼 𝛼
Since atomic diffusion in solids is a much slower process than elastic 𝜃 3(1 − 𝜈𝛼 )𝑟2 3 ∫𝑟𝑖 (1 − 2𝜈𝛼 )(1 + 𝜈𝛼 ) 3(1 − 𝜈𝛼 )
deformation, the mechanical equilibrium is treated as a static equilib- 𝐸𝛼 𝜈𝛼 𝑘𝛼
rium problem. In the absence of any body force, the equations for the +
(1 + 𝜈𝛼 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛼 )
force equilibrium in a cylinder can be given 2𝐸𝛼 𝜈𝛼 𝐼1𝛼 𝐸 Ω 𝐶(𝑟) 𝐸𝛼 (1 − 𝜈𝛼 )𝑘𝛼
𝜎𝛼 = − 𝛼 𝛼 + (6b)
𝑧 (1 + 𝜈𝛼 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛼 ) 3(1 − 𝜈𝛼 ) (1 + 𝜈𝛼 )(1 − 2𝜈𝛼 )
𝑑 𝜎𝑟 𝜎𝑟 − 𝜎𝜃
+ =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 For a hollow cylindrical electrode, a total of five parameters for both
𝑑 𝜎𝑧 phases need to be determined. The stresses and displacements in radial
=0 (3)
𝑑𝑧 direction and strains in axial direction are continuous at the interface
By combing the above Eqs. (1)–(3), the solutions for the stress com- between the 𝛼 and 𝛽 phases. Therefore, the boundary conditions can be
ponents are obtained as expressed as
| | | | |
𝜎𝑟 |𝑟=𝑟 𝑖 = 0, 𝜎𝑟 ||𝑟=𝑅 = 0, 𝜎𝑟 𝛼 |𝑟=𝑟 𝑜 = 𝜎𝑟 𝛽 |𝑟=𝑟 𝑜 and 𝑢𝛼 |𝑟𝑜 = 𝑢𝛽 |𝑟𝑜
𝑟
𝐸Ω 𝐸 𝐼1 𝐸 𝐼2 𝐸𝜈𝑘 (7)
𝜎𝑟 = − 𝐶(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 + − + | | | | |
3(1 − 𝜈)𝑟2 ∫𝑎 (1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) (1 + 𝜈) 𝑟2 (1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈)
𝑟
𝐸Ω 𝐸 𝐼1 𝐸 𝐼2 𝐸Ω𝐶(𝑟) 𝐸𝜈𝑘 The cylindrical electrode is treated as free at the ends, thus the gen-
𝜎𝜃 = 𝐶(𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟 + + − +
3(1 − 𝜈)𝑟2 ∫𝑎 (1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) (1 + 𝜈) 𝑟2 3(1 − 𝜈) (1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) eralized plane strain condition is considered and axial strains are equiv-
2𝐸𝜈𝐼1 𝐸Ω𝐶(𝑟) 𝐸(1 − 𝜈)𝑘 alent for both phases. Therefore, we have
𝜎𝑧 = − + (4)
(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) 3(1 − 𝜈) (1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈)
𝑅
𝜎𝑧 (2𝜋𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = 0, 𝑘𝛼 = 𝑘𝛽 (8)
∫𝑟𝑖
And the radial and axial displacements are given by
(1 + 𝜈)Ω 1 𝑟 𝐼 𝑙 When the size of the cylindrical anode is down to the nanometer
𝑢= 𝐶(𝑟′ )𝑟′ 𝑑𝑟′ + 𝐼1 𝑟 + 2 , 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑑𝑧 (5) level, surface effects are inevitably generated due to such a high surface
(1 − 𝜈)3 𝑟 ∫𝑎 𝑟 ∫0

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C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

to volume ratio. Based on the Gurtin–Murdoch’s surface mechanic the-

ory [28], the mechanical equilibrium equations of the surface should
comply with the following tensor form
𝜎𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 = − ∇ 𝑠 𝑆 (9)
where n denotes the outward unit normal vector to the surface, 𝜎 n repre-
sents the continuous extension to the surface of the second-order stress
tensor in bulk body, and S denotes the Cauchy stress.
For an elastically isotropic surface, the Cauchy stress can be rewritten
as [29]
𝑆 = 𝜏𝐼 + 2𝜇𝑠 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜆𝑠 𝑡𝑟(𝜀𝑠 )𝐼 (10)
where 𝜏is the deformation-dependent residual surface tension, Iis the Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the preexisting cracks in a hollow core-shell
second-order unit tensor, 𝜇 s and𝜆s are surface elastic parameters, 𝜀s is the cylindrical electrode: (a) a radial crack that is affected by the hoop stress (b) a
corresponding surface strain tensor equal to the tangential strain tensor circumferential crack that is affected by the axial stress.
in the abutting bulk materials for a coherent surface and tr(𝜀s ) denotes
the trace of 𝜀s .
2.3. Stress intensity factor
Therefore, the boundary conditions in Eqs. (7) and (8) can be rewrit-
ten under the effect of surface stress
The weight function method can be employed introduced to analyze
| the SIF [32]. Considering that the fracture mechanics studied in this
𝑆𝜃𝜃 ||𝑟=R 𝑆𝜃𝜃 |𝑟=𝑟𝑖
| |
𝜎𝑟𝑟 ||𝑟=𝑅 =− , 𝜎𝑟𝑟 |𝑟=𝑟𝑖 = , paper do not involve atomic scales, continuum mechanics can be used
𝑅 | 𝑟𝑖
in this case without losing enough accuracy. Thus, for an arbitrary load
𝑅
|
𝜎𝑧𝑧 (2𝜋𝑟)𝑑𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑅𝑆𝑧𝑧 ||𝑟=𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑟𝑖 𝑆𝑧𝑧 |𝑟=𝑟𝑖 = 0 (11) case resulting in a line crack, the SIF is given as
∫𝑟𝑖 | √
𝐾 = 𝑓 𝜎 𝜋𝑎𝑊 (17)
By combining Eqs. (7) and (11), the unknown parameters can
be determined and the specific analytical solutions can be found in where
𝑎
Appendix A. 𝜎(𝑥) 𝑚(𝑎, 𝑥)
𝑓 = √ 𝑑𝑥 (18)
∫0 𝜎 𝜋𝑎
2.2. Concentration distributions
here, 𝜎 = 𝐸Ω(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )∕(1 − 𝜈), W = R − ri and a denotes the crack length
In an ideal solid solution, the species flux can be written as [30] and m(a, x) represents the weight function which depends only on the
configuration of the crack and specimen. Fig. 2 plots the schematic rep-
𝐽 = −𝑀𝐶∇ ⋅ 𝜇 (12) resentation of the preexisting cracks in a hollow core-shell cylindrical
where M is the mobility of lithium ions, C is the concentration, 𝜇 is electrode. More details can be found in Appendix B.
chemical potential and ∇ represent gradient. The chemical potential can When the configuration of the crack and the pre-existing crack length
be expressed as [31] are determined, the stress intensity factor Kdepends only on the load
condition. Once the load condition exceeds the limit value, the crack will
𝜇 = 𝜇0 + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑋 − Ω𝜎ℎ (13) begin to grow until the entire specimen breaks. The SIF corresponding
where 𝜇 0 is a constant, R is gas constant, T is absolute temperature, to this limit load condition means the critical SIF, which is record as Kc .
X is the molar fraction of lithium ions and 𝜎 h = (𝜎 r + 𝜎 𝜃 + 𝜎 z )/3 is the In addition, since the corresponding critical SIF are usually larger than
hydrostatic stress. KIc , the load conditions of mode II and III can be ignored.
On the basis of neglecting the variation of temperature, following
the conservation of species, we have 3. Critical size in hollow cylindrical anode
𝜕C
+∇⋅𝐽 =0 (14) As mentioned before, an edge crack within the core (shell) phase
𝜕𝑡
subject to the tensile stress during an insertion (deinsertion) half-cycle
Combing Eqs. (12)-(14), the governing equation for the diffusion pro-
is considered in our fracture model. In order to obtain the simplest equa-
cess can be obtained
[ 2 ( 2 )] tion of the critical size, the inner (outer) surface flaw lies within the
( )
𝜕𝐶 𝜕 𝐶 1 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 2 𝜕 𝐶 1 𝜕𝐶 tensile region and the two-phase elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and
=𝐷 + +𝜃 + 𝜃𝐶 + (15)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 partial molar volume are set to equal. Therefore, the analytical solution
where 𝜃 = (Ω/RT)/[(2ΩE)/9(1 − v)] and D = MRT is diffusion coefficient. of the stress component derived in chapter 3 can be simplified. The con-
The core-shell electrode is assumed at a uniform concentration C0 centration of core phase is C𝛼 and the concentration of shell phase is C𝛽
initially. In order to better control the concentration distribution of the during intercalation. During deintercalation, the solute concentration is
hollow core-shell materials (simultaneous charging of inner and outer reversed. In order to simplify the calculation, a proper ratio of inner and
surfaces), the charging conditions of constant surface concentration are outer diameters are chosen as a sample: ri: R = 1 : 2 and (R − ro ): ri = 1:
used. Thus, under potentiostatic operation [25], the initial and boundary 6. The critical size of the structures for other ratio of inner and outer
conditions can be given as diameters can be easily found with the same method. Therefore, the SIF
of a hollow cylinder subjected to internal pressure on the crack surface
𝐶(𝑟, 0) = 𝐶0 , 𝑟𝑖 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅 has been given by Wu et al. [33] as
𝐶(𝑅, 𝑡) = 𝐶max , 𝐶(𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝐶max , 𝑡 > 0 (16) 3
√ 𝑎 𝐽
∑ ( )𝑖− 2
1 𝑥
Finite difference method is employed here to solve the governing 𝐾= √ 𝑊 𝜎(𝑥) 𝛽𝑖 ( 𝑎 ) 1 − 𝑑𝑥 (19)
2𝜋𝑎 ∫0 𝑎
𝑖=1
equation Eq. (15) related to the initial and boundary conditions in
Eq. (16). Then, by substituting lithium-ion concentration into Eq. (6), where J is a variable parameter, depending on the configuration of the
stress components for shell and core phases are obtained. crack.

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C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

Fig. 3. Evolution of the solute concentration and the corresponding stress profiles for a core-shell anode at various charging time: (a) lithium-ion concentration
profiles; (b) radial stress profiles; (c) hoop stress profiles; (d) axial stress profiles.

3.1. A radial crack during intercalation its integrity when the dimensionless crack length reaches 0.5. There-
fore, the dimensionless crack length 𝑎̃ = 0.5 is considered to be the most
The analytical hoop stress at the core phase during intercalation can dangerous case and the resultant SIF can be obtained as
be simplified into
⌢ max 𝐾𝐼ℎmax
0.841
(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )𝐸Ω 𝐾 𝐼ℎ = √ = √ (23)
𝜎𝜃 𝛼 = 0.214 (20) 𝐸Ω(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 ) 𝑊 ∕3(1 − 𝜈) 𝜋
3(1 − 𝜈)
In light of Griffith criterion, the critical electrode size for the DIS can
Replacing 𝜎 𝜃 𝛼 from Eq. (20) into Eq. (19), the resultant SIF can be
be deduced from Eq. (23), that is
given in the following dimensionless form
( )2
𝑓 (𝑎) 𝐾𝐼𝑐
𝐾̃ 𝐼ℎ = 0.214 √ (21) 𝑅ℎ = 31.81𝜋 (24)
𝐵(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )
2𝜋𝑎
and where B = E/(1 − 𝜈).

−0.0667𝑎 + 0.0588𝑎2 − 1.28𝑎3 + 6.2𝑎4 − 26.4𝑎5 + 94.1𝑎6 − 336𝑎7 + 1090𝑎8 3.2. A circumferential crack during intercalation
𝑓 (𝑎) =
−0.0133 − 0.125𝑎2 + 0.571𝑎3 − 1.77𝑎4 + 3.16𝑎5 − 2.83𝑎6 + 𝑎7

−2840𝑎9 + 5580𝑎10 − 8030𝑎11 + 8130𝑎12 − 5430𝑎13 + 2140𝑎14 − 377𝑎15 The analytical axial stress at the core phase during intercalation can
+
−0.0133 − 0.125𝑎2 + 0.571𝑎3 − 1.77𝑎4 + 3.16𝑎5 − 2.83𝑎6 + 𝑎7 be simplified into
(22)
(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )𝐸Ω
𝜎𝑧 𝛼 = 0.33 (25)
√ 3(1 − 𝜈)
where 𝐾̃ 𝐼ℎ = 𝐾𝐼ℎ ∕( 𝑊 (𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )𝐸Ω∕3(1 − 𝜈)), f(a) is derived from in-
Replacing 𝜎 z 𝛼 from Eq. (25) into Eq. (19), the resultant SIF can be
tegration of the Eq. (19).
given in the following dimensionless form
Considering that under the small deformation assumption, the the-
oretical model loses sufficient accuracy when the dimensionless crack 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝐾̃ 𝐼𝑎 = 0.33 √ (26)
length exceeds 0.5. Moreover, the electrode material substantially loses 2𝜋𝑎

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C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

Fig. 4. The effect of positive and negative surface parameters on DIS at charging time t = 3.5 s during intercalation: (a) radial stress profiles; (b) hoop stress profiles;
(c) axial stress profiles.

and for this phenomenon can be interpreted as that since the phase boundary
0.4117𝑎 − 0.2051𝑎2 + 2.389𝑎3 − 6.875𝑎4 + 19.14𝑎5 − 39.66𝑎6 remains stable in present theoretical model, the same boundary position
𝑓 (𝑎) =
0.08333 − 0.02083𝑎 + 0.2381𝑎2 − 0.6316𝑎3 + 1.424𝑎4 − 1.818𝑎5 + 𝑎6 means different stress levels for lithium insertion and delithiation. In
( ) other words, the current boundary position means a greater stress level
79.15𝑎7 − 162.7𝑎8 + 288.9𝑎9 − 387.8𝑎10 + 370.5𝑎11 − 218.9𝑎12 + 60.23𝑎13
+ for delithiation.
0.08333 − 0.02083𝑎 + 0.2381𝑎2 − 0.6316𝑎3 + 1.424𝑎4 − 1.818𝑎5 + 𝑎6 Replacing 𝜎 𝜃 𝛽 from Eq. (30) into Eq. (19), the resultant SIF KIh can
(27) be given in the following dimensionless form
Similar to hoop crack, the most dangerous condition for the circum-
ferential crack during intercalation is set to be a = 0.5. Therefore, the 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝐾̃ 𝐼ℎ = 0.785 √ (31)
resultant SIF in terms of axial stress can be obtained 2𝜋𝑎
⌢ max 𝐾𝐼𝑎
max
0.994
𝐾 𝐼𝑎 = √ = √ (28) and
𝐸Ω(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 ) 𝑊 ∕3(1 − 𝜈) 𝜋
In the light of Griffith criterion, the critical electrode size for the DIS 𝑎(0.23 + 0.125𝑎 + 1.71𝑎2 − 2.35𝑎3 + 6.57𝑎4 − 5.4𝑎5 + 9.89𝑎6 − 6.96𝑎7 )
𝑓 (𝑎) =
can be deduced from Eq. (28), that is 0.0476 + 0.0126𝑎 + 0.166𝑎2 − 0.285𝑎3 + 0.428𝑎4 + 0.353𝑎5 − 1.46𝑎6 + 𝑎7
( )2
𝐾𝐼𝑐 𝑎(50.5𝑎8 + 153𝑎9 − 179𝑎10 − 16.3𝑎11 + 299𝑎12 − 308𝑎13 + 104𝑎14 )
𝑅𝑎 = 22.77𝜋 (29) +
0.0476 + 0.0126𝑎 + 0.166𝑎2 − 0.285𝑎3 + 0.428𝑎4 + 0.353𝑎5 − 1.46𝑎6 + 𝑎7
𝐵(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )
(32)
3.3. A radial crack during deintercalation

During deintercalation, the hoop stress at the shell phase can be sim- Since the surface flaw lies within the entire shell region and its tip
plified by using the same method is located at the interphase, the dimensionless crack length within the
shell can be determined as the share of the shell in the radius, which
(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )𝐸Ω
𝜎𝜃 𝛽 = 0.785 (30) is (R-ro):(R-ri) = 1:6. Considering that the peak value of SIF may not
3(1 − 𝜈) stop at the interphase, we set the dimensionless crack length to 0.25
As can be observed in the above formula, the value of hoop stress dif- to ensure that the most dangerous condition is covered in our model.
fers greatly between delithiation and lithium insertion. The main reason Therefore, the resultant SIF according to the external hoop stress can be

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C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

Fig. 5. Effect of positive surface parameters on DIS at charging time t = 3.5 s during intercalation: (a) radial stress profiles; (b) hoop stress profiles; (c) axial stress
profiles.

obtained Also, the surface flaw lies within the entire shell region in this case
⌢ max 𝐾𝐼ℎmax
1.57 and the crack length is known to be a = 0.25. Thus, the resultant SIF
𝐾 𝐼ℎ = √ = √ (33) according to the external axial stress can be obtained
𝐸Ω(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 ) 𝑊 ∕3(1 − 𝜈) 𝜋
⌢ max 𝐾𝐼𝑎max
1.43
In the light of Griffith criterion, the critical electrode size for the DIS 𝐾 𝐼𝑎 = √ = √ (38)
can be deduced from Eq. (33), that is 𝐸Ω(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 ) 𝑊 ∕3(1 − 𝜈) 𝜋
( )2
𝐾𝐼𝑐 In light of Griffith criterion, the critical electrode size for the DIS can
𝑅ℎ = 9.13𝜋 (34)
𝐵(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 ) be deduced from Eq. (38), that is
( )2
3.4. A circumferential crack during deintercalation 𝐾𝐼𝑐
𝑅𝑎 = 11𝜋 (39)
𝐵(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )
Finally, the axial stress at the shell phase during deintercalation can Here, it is worth noting that Haftbaradaran et al. [34] present a frac-
be simplified into ture analysis of an edge crack in a phase-separating plate, which can be
(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )𝐸Ω compared with the current analysis of the external circumferential crack
𝜎𝑧 𝛽 = 0.703 (35)
3(1 − 𝜈) in a hollow core-shell cylinder. By using the sharp-interphase model, a
critical width is derived and below which the plate will not rupture.
Replacing 𝜎 z 𝛽 from Eq. (35) into Eq. (19), the resultant SIF can be
Thus, the critical size Hcr can be written as
given in the following dimensionless form
( )2
𝑓 (𝑎) 𝐾𝐼𝑐
𝐾̃ 𝐼𝑎 = 0.703 √ (36) 𝐻𝑐𝑟 =
63.7
(40)
2𝜋𝑎 𝜋 (𝑐̃𝛽 − 𝑐̃𝛼 )𝐵 𝑉̄ 𝐶max
and
where 𝑐̃𝛽 = 𝑐𝛽 ∕𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑐̃𝛼 = 𝑐𝛼 ∕𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑉̄ = Ω
0.428𝑎 + 0.166𝑎2 + 2.28𝑎3 − 5.37𝑎4 + 15.4𝑎5 − 30.3𝑎6 Note that the critical width Hcr for the plate is equal to the critical
𝑓 (𝑎) =
0.0909 + 0.0172𝑎 + 0.222𝑎2 − 0.583𝑎3 + 1.36𝑎4 − 1.75𝑎5 + 𝑎6 diameter 2𝑅𝑎 in the current analysis. Therefore, the critical size in Eq.
62.9𝑎7 − 138.𝑎8 + 256.𝑎9 − 349.𝑎10 + 340.𝑎11 − 205.𝑎12 + 58.6𝑎13 (40) can be rewritten as
+
0.0909 + 0.0172𝑎 + 0.222𝑎2 − 0.583𝑎3 + 1.36𝑎4 − 1.75𝑎5 + 𝑎6 ( )2
𝐻𝑐𝑟 31.85 𝐾𝐼𝑐
(37) = (41)
2 𝜋 𝐵(𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝛼 )
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C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al.
Fig. 6. Temporal variation of the SIF as the function of the dimension crack size for a hollow core-shell cylindrical electrode: (a) for an internal crack subject to the
hoop stress; (b) for an internal crack subject to the axial stress; (c) for an external crack subject to the hoop stress; (d) for an external crack subject to the axial stress.
It is found that the critical size derived in our analytical model
is approximately three times larger than the previous study. This in-
dicates that the hollow cylinder is much more resistant to fracture
than the flat plate based on the sharp-interphase model. Also, the frac-
ture analysis used in the previous model overestimates the elastic en-
ergy available for crack growth, which is improved in our analytical
model.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Evolution of concentration and stress
To examine the theoretical model derived above, DIS and SIF in a
hollow Si cylinder coated with a thin shell are displayed during in-
tercalation and deintercalation process. Song et al. [35] developed a
Si/Ge double-layered nanotube array electrode that exhibit improved
electrochemical performances over the analogous homogeneous Si sys-
tem. Therefore, we set the Ge as the shell material. Here, the mechanical
properties of the core and shell phases are listed: for amorphous sili-
con, Esi = 80 Gpa and 𝜈 si = 0.22, and for lithiated germanium, Ege = 78
Gpa, 𝜈 ge = 0.22 [35,36]. Considering that Ge (9 × 10− 16 m2 s−1 ) has a
higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient (2 orders of magnitude) than Si
(2.5 × 10− 17 m2 s−1 ), we neglect the diffusion process of the shell phase
to simplify the calculation [37,38]. Therefore, the concentration of shell
phase is assumed to remain uniform at each instant of charging time and
is consistent with the boundary concentration Cmax .
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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97
Fig. 3 illustrates the dimensionless concentration distribution pro-
files and the corresponding stress files without considering the effect of
surface stress. As can be observed from Fig. 3(a), concentration profile
is concave within the core phase under potentiostatic operation during
intercalation. Note that a concentration platform can be seen in the shell
phase. Fig. 3(b) shows the dimensionless radial stress along the electrode
radius. It is shown that as the charging process proceeds, the stress pro-
file decreases accordingly. The main reason for this phenomenon can
be interpreted as the concentration distribution is more uniform with
the charging time increases. In addition, the radial stress near the inner
surface within the hollow electrode turns to a low compressive stress in
contrast with the tensile stress within the center of solid electrode.
Furthermore, Fig. 3(c) and (d) display the profiles of hoop stress
and axial stress. It is shown that the tensile stresses turn to compressive
stresses in the neat-surface region. Also, consistent with the concentra-
tion distribution, the hoop stress and axial stress are symmetrical within
the core phase. Note that the restriction of the shell phase to the core
phase is not obvious because the concentration difference between the
two phases is zero. However, the effect of shell restriction becomes more
seriously with the concentration difference increases, which blocks the
fracture of the core phase.
4.2. Effects of surface stress on DIS
Next, the effects of surface stress on DIS are investigated. The resid-
ual surface tension and surface elastic parameters are set as: 𝜏=0.2N/m,
C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al.
Fig. 7. The effect of surface stress on stress intensity factors at various electrode sizes: (a) for an internal crack subject to the hoop stress; (b) for an internal crack
subject to the axial stress; (c) for an external crack subject to the hoop stress; (d) for an external crack subject to the axial stress.
𝜇 s = ∓2.5N/m and 𝜆s = ±7.5N/m. It should be noted that surface param-
eters can be either positive or negative and these values have the same
order of magnitude as reported by Miller and Cammarate [29]. Fig. 4 il-
lustrates the effect of surface parameters on DIS. As can be seen, positive
surface parameters decrease the DIS, and negative surface parameters
increase the DIS. Fig. 5 shows the DIS affected by the positive surface
stress among various outer radius during intercalation. The effect of sur-
face stress on the DIS is highly dependent on the size of the electrode
and is more significant when the radius of the electrode shrinks down
to 25 nm. For radial stress, the surface tension introduces tensile radial
stress at the inner surface and compressive radial stress at the outer sur-
face. This is because the effect of surface tension always points to the
center of curvature circle. In addition, due to the smaller radius of cur-
vature, the effect of surface stress on the inner surface is more significant
than on the outer surface.
Furthermore, for hoop and axial stress, the surface stress reduces the
stress level throughout the electrode. In general, the introduction of the
positive surface stress decreases the maximum stress level within the
electrode and effectively prevents the electrode from fracture when the
electrode size is reduced.
4.3. Dimensionless stress intensity factor
Fig. 6(a) and (b), respectively, show the dimensionless SIF corre-
sponding to the hoop stress and axial stress for an internal crack during
intercalation. For a small crack which the dimensionless crack length
below to 0.2, the SIF is less than zero which means the resistance to
94
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97
crack propagation. As to the large pre-existing crack length, the SIFs
both for hoop stress and axial stress turn to positive and the crack be-
gin to propagate. Furthermore, the SIF for the hoop stress is larger than
the SIF for the axial stress while the axial stress is much larger than
the hoop stress. This phenomenon can be interpreted as the radial crack
is more destructive than the circumferential crack to the hollow cylin-
drical electrode. Note that the SIF reaches the maximum value at the
dimensionless crack length close to 0.6 and such peak value could be
destructive to the hollow core-shell electrode.
Fig. 6(c) and (d) plot the normalized SIF corresponding the hoop
stress and axial stress, respectively, for an external crack during dein-
tercalation. Owing to the large tensile stress arises in the shell phase,
the SIF raises rapidly within the shell phase, reaches the peak value,
and then descends with increasing crack length within the core phase.
This phenomenon is more apparent in the early stages of the delithi-
ation process due to the large differences in stress levels. In Fig. 6(c)
and (d), it can be seen that for an initial crack length d0 which exceeds
the fracture toughness of the medium, the crack will begin to propagate
instantaneously and reach a stable crack length dI , where the fracture
toughness of the medium is achieved again. Note that the normalized
SIF decreases with the increasing time in this case, which indicates the
fact that the crack within the hollow cylindrical electrode under poten-
tiostatic operation only propagate at the beginning of the discharging
(charging) time.
Furthermore, comparing the dimensionless SIFs between the radial
crack and circumferential crack, it can be observed that the maxi-
mum SIF for the radial crack is much larger than maximum SIF for
C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

to the previous study, the Eq. (41) given by Haftbaradaran et al. is

also plotted in Fig. 8. It can be observed that the dimensional critical
size decreases rapidly as the ratio of inter-phase concentration c𝛼 /c𝛽
increases. From this we can conclude that the fracture resistance of
the core-shell material decreases as the inter-phase concentration dif-
ference increases. Therefore, when selecting a shell material of silicon,
it must have a much better mechanical strength than silicon or have a
lithium storage capacity close to silicon. Only in this case can a suffi-
ciently small concentration difference be met to achieve better fracture
resistance. In addition, for the same concentration difference, the dimen-
sional critical sizes of the internal crack are much larger than the exter-
nal crack and the external radial crack has the minimum dimensional
critical size. This indicates the fact that the radial crack induced by the
hoop stress plays a decisive role in the fracture of the battery. It is worth
noting that the predictions given in previous studies are more conserva-
tive than any of the crack configurations in this paper and this can be
understood considering the fracture resistance of the hollow core-shell
cylinder.

Fig. 8. The dimensionless critical size obtained for various crack configurations. 5. Conclusion

In summary, a fracture model in the hollow cylindrical anode is de-

veloped to demonstrate the mechanical behavior based on the core-shell
the circumferential crack. Therefore, for the same crack length and structures. Considering the effect of surface stress, the solutions of DIS
fracture toughness, the SIF corresponding to the radial crack is more during intercalation and deintercalation are obtained. It is shown that
likely to reach the fracture toughness and thus the crack begins to as the charging process proceeds, the DIS decreases accordingly and the
propagate. This indicates that the length of the initial crack instabil- introduction of the positive surface stress decreases the maximum stress
ity propagation for the radial crack is shorter than for the circumferen- level within the entire electrode. In the light of the elastic fracture me-
tial crack. This further states that for the hollow core-shell cylindrical chanics, the weight function is employed to calculate the SIF based on
electrode, the radial crack is much dangerous than the circumferential the stress evolution as found in the above analytical model. Thus, the
crack. radial crack caused by hoop stress and the circumferential crack caused
by axial stress is discussed separately. It is found that the maximum SIF
4.4. Effect of the surface stress on the SIF for the radial crack is larger than maximum SIF for the circumferen-
tial crack, both for internal and external cracks, which delivering a new
Fig. 7(a) and (b) plot the effect of surface stress on SIF of the inter- insight that the hoop stress is more destructive to the electrode. In ad-
nal crack among various outer radius during intercalation. The effect dition, the effects of surface stresses are found to be more significant on
of surface tension is more significant on the SIF than on the DIS. In the SIF than on the DIS. Through the theoretical study we found that
Fig. 7(a), it can be seen that the maximum value of the SIF drops to a radial cracks caused by hoop stress play a decisive role in determining
half value when the outer radius of the electrode drops to 25 nm. This the critical size of the electrode fracture. Finally, the critical sizes for the
can be explained by the fact that considering the SIF is derived from the hollow cylinder among various crack configuration are obtained based
integral, the effect of the surface stress is more significant due to the on the fracture mechanics model. This work further provides a theoret-
integration over the electrode radius. Also, for the same crack length ical basis for industrial design of cylindrical electrode.
and outer radius, the SIF for radial crack drops more than the SIF for
circumferential crack. This indicates that for an internal crack, the effect Acknowledgments
of surface stress on radial crack is much larger than the circumferential
crack. It can also be seen that the negative surface parameters increase This work was supported by the Guizhou Provincial General Un-
the maximum value of the SIF, which is detrimental to the electrode. dergraduate Higher Education Technology Supporting Talent Support
Fig. 7(c) and (d) illustrate the effect of the surface stress on the SIF Program (KY(2018)043), Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation
of the external crack among various outer radius during deintercalation. Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX18_1117), the National Natural Sci-
Similar to the case of internal crack, the surface stress has a greater im- ence Foundation of China (10502025, 10872087, 11272143), the Pro-
pact on SIF than on DIS. It can be observed that for any given electrode gram for Chinese New Century Excellent Talents in university (NCET-12-
size, as the length of the crack increases, the impact of surface stress 0712), the Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province
on SIF is also intensified. Also, the difference between the radial and (17KJA130002), as well as the Ph.D. programs Foundation of Ministry
circumferential crack for the external crack are smaller than the inter- of Education of China (20133221110008).
nal crack. Therefore, we may conclude that the surface stress affects
the fracture of the hollow core-shell cylindrical electrode and the frac-
Appendix A
ture is effectively prevented when the crack size is large, which has a
significant impact on preventing the electrode from being completely The unknown parameters I1𝛼 , I2𝛼 , I1𝛽 and I2𝛽 are determined as
broken.
( )
( )( ) 𝐸𝛼 𝐼2𝛼 𝐸𝛼 𝑘𝑢𝛼 𝐸𝛽 𝐼2𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝐼1𝛽
1 − 2𝑢𝛼 1 + 𝑢𝛼 − − ( ) + ( )( )
4.5. The dimensionless critical size 𝑟𝑜 2 (1+𝑢𝛼 ) (1−2𝑢𝛼 )(1+𝑢𝛼 ) 𝑟𝑜 2 1+𝑢𝛽 1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽
𝐼1𝛼 =
𝐸𝛼
Fig. 8 plots the dimensionless critical size of the hollow core-shell ( )
( )( ) 𝐸𝛽 𝑘𝑢𝛽 𝐸𝛽 Ω𝛼 𝑔1(𝑟𝑜 ) 𝐸𝛽 𝑜𝛽 𝑔2(𝑟𝑜 )
cylindrical electrode as the function of normalized core-shell concen- 1 − 2𝑢𝛼 1 + 𝑢𝛼 ( )( ) + − ( )
1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 3𝑟𝑜 2 (1−𝑢𝛼 ) 3𝑟𝑜 2 1−𝑢𝛽
tration difference. In addition, in order to compare the current work + (A-1)
𝐸𝛼

95
C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

( ) where the functions 𝛽 i (a) are given by

𝐸𝛼 𝐼1𝛼 𝐸𝛼 𝑘𝑢𝛼 𝐸𝛽 𝐼2𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝐼1𝛽
− − − + ( )( )
( ) (1−2𝑢𝛼 )(1+𝑢𝛼 ) (1−2𝑢𝛼 )(1+𝑢𝛼 ) 𝑟𝑜 2 (1+𝑢𝛼 ) 1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 𝛽1 (𝑎) = 𝐹 1(𝑎)∕[2𝑓 𝑟(𝑎)] (B-8)
𝐼2𝛼 = 𝑟𝑜 2 1 + 𝑢𝛼
𝐸𝛼 [ ]
( ) 3
𝐸𝛽 𝑘𝑢𝛽 𝐸𝛼 Ω𝛼 𝑔1(𝑟𝑜 ) 𝐸𝛽 Ω𝛽 𝑔2(𝑟𝑜 ) 𝛽2 ( 𝑎 ) = 4 𝑎 𝑓 ′ 𝑟 ( 𝑎 ) + 2 𝑓 𝑟 ( 𝑎 ) + 𝐹 2 ( 𝑎 ) ∕ 𝑓 𝑟 ( 𝑎 ) (B-9)
( )( ) + − ( ) 2
1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 3𝑟𝑜 2 (1−𝑢𝛼 ) 3𝑟𝑜 2 1−𝑢𝛽
( )
+ 𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑢𝛼
2
(A-2) [ ]
𝐸𝛼 1
𝛽3 ( 𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝐹 ′ 2 ( 𝑎 ) − 𝐹 2 ( 𝑎 ) ∕ 𝑓 𝑟 ( 𝑎 ) (B-10)
2
Therefore, the stress intensity factor can be determined by
𝜏 𝐸𝛽 𝐼2𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝑘𝑢𝛽 𝑘𝜆𝑠 2𝐼2 𝛽 (𝑢𝑠 +𝜆𝑠 ) √
− ( ) + ( )( ) + + 𝐾 = 𝑓 𝜎 𝜋𝑎𝑊 (B-11)
𝑅 𝑅2 1+𝑢𝛽 1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 𝑅 𝑅3
𝐼1𝛽 =
𝐸𝛽 2(𝑢𝑠 +𝜆𝑠 ) where
( ) + )(
1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 𝑅
( ) 𝑎
𝜎(𝑥) 𝑚(𝑎, 𝑥) 𝑎
𝜎(𝑥) ∑
3 ( ) 3
𝐸𝛽 Ω𝛽 𝑔2(𝑅) 2Ω𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 (𝑢𝑠 +𝜆𝑠 )𝑔2(𝑅) 1 𝑥 𝑖− 2
( ) + ( ) 𝑓 = ⋅ √ 𝑑𝑥 = √ 𝛽𝑖 ( 𝑎 ) ⋅ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
3𝑅2 1−𝑢𝛽 3𝑅3 1−𝑢𝛽 ∫0 𝜎 𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑎 ∫0 𝜎 𝑖=1 𝑎
− (A-3)
𝐸𝛽 2(𝑢𝑠 +𝜆𝑠 )
( )( ) + (B-12)
1−2𝑢𝛽 1+𝑢𝛽 𝑅

(i) A radial crack in a hollow cylindrical electrode

( ( ( ) ( )( )) )
3 𝐸𝛽 𝑅 𝐼1 𝛽 +𝑘𝑢𝛽 − −1+𝑢𝛽 +2𝑢𝛽 2 𝜏+𝑘𝜆𝑠 +2𝐼1 𝛽 (𝑢𝑠 +𝜆𝑠 ) The normalized crack opening displacement ur in terms of arbitrary
( )
𝑅 −1+𝑢𝛽 +2𝑢𝛽 2 load condition for an internal (external) radial crack in a hollow cylinder
𝐼2𝛽 = 𝑅3 ( ) has been given by Wu and Carlson
𝐸 𝑅 ( ) √
3 − 1+𝛽𝑢 + 2 𝑢𝑠 + 𝜆𝑠 𝜎𝑎 1 − (𝑥∕𝑎) ∑ 𝐽 ( )
𝛽 𝑥 𝑗−1
( ) 𝑢𝑟 = √ 𝐹𝑗 (𝑎) ⋅ 1 − , 0 ≤ 𝑥∕𝑎 ≤ 1 (B-13)
( ( ) )
Ω𝛽 𝐸𝛽 𝑅−2 1+𝑢𝛽 (𝑢𝑠 +𝜆𝑠 ) 𝑔2(𝑅) 2𝐸 ′ 𝑗=1
𝑎
( )
𝑅3 −1+𝑢𝛽
−𝑅3 ( ) (A-4) where J is different for internal crack and external crack and the un-
𝐸 𝑅 ( ) known function in Eq. (B-13) Fj are given by
3 − 1+𝛽𝑢 + 2 𝑢𝑠 + 𝜆𝑠
𝛽
(1) internal crack:
It is worth noting that due to limited space, the equations given here 𝐹1 (𝑎) = 4𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) (B-14)
are not fully expanded and the parameter k is not given here.
[√ ]
𝐹2 (𝑎) = 2𝜋𝜙(𝑎) − 𝐸1 (𝑎)𝐹1 (𝑎) ∕𝐸2 (𝑎) (B-15)
Appendix B
(2) external crack
(i) A circumferential crack in a hollow cylindrical electrode 𝐹1 (𝑎) = 4𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) (B-16)
The normalized crack opening displacement ur in terms of arbitrary [√ ]
load condition for an internal (external) circumferential crack in a hol- 15 2𝜋𝜙(𝑎) − 𝐸1 (𝑎) ⋅ 𝐹1 (𝑎) − 𝐸3 (𝑎) ⋅ 𝐹1 (𝑎)
low cylinder has been given by Wu et al. [32] 𝐹2 (𝑎) = (B-17)
15𝐸2 (𝑎) − 3𝐸3 (𝑎)
√
𝜎𝑎 1 − (𝑥∕𝑎) ∑2
𝑥 [√ ]
𝑢𝑟 = √ 𝐹𝑗 (𝑎) ⋅ (1 − )𝑗−1 , 0 ≤ 𝑥∕𝑎 ≤ 1 (B-1) 𝐸2 (𝑎) ⋅ 𝐹1 (𝑎) − 3 2𝜋𝜙(𝑎) − 𝐸1 (𝑎) ⋅ 𝐹1 (𝑎)
2𝐸 𝑎
′ 𝑗=1 𝐹3 (𝑎) = (B-18)
15𝐸2 (𝑎) − 3𝐸3 (𝑎)
where the unknown function in Eq. (B-1) Fj are given by
where
𝐹1 (𝑎) = 4𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) (B-2) 𝑎
1
𝜙(𝑎) = 𝑠 ⋅ [𝑓 𝑟(𝑠)]2 𝑑𝑠 (B-19)
𝑎2 ∫0
[ ]
5 √ 8
𝐹2 (𝑎) = 2𝜋𝜙(𝑎) − 𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) (B-3) 𝑀
∑
2 3 2𝑚+1 𝑚!𝑎𝑚
𝐸𝑗 (𝑎) = 𝑚
(B-20)
where 𝑚=0 ∑
(1 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘)
𝑘=0
(1) internal crack:
(1) internal crack:
𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) = 1.1215 − 0.2781𝑎 + 3.217𝑎2 − 8.556𝑎3 + 19.313𝑎4 − 24.641𝑎5
𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) = 1.122 − 0.475𝑎 + 10.89𝑎2 − 48.27𝑎3 + 151.9𝑎4 − 268.7𝑎5
+13.558𝑎6 (B-4)
+241.1𝑎6 − 84.95𝑎7 (B-21)
(2) external crack (2) external crack:

𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) = 1.122 − 0.226𝑎 + 3𝑎 − 7.735𝑎 + 18𝑎 − 23.125𝑎 + 13.19𝑎

2 3 4 5 6 𝑓𝑟 (𝑎) = 1.121 + 0.297𝑎 + 4𝑎2 − 6.625𝑎3 + 10.182𝑎4 + 8.182𝑎5
(B-5) −34.673𝑎6 + 23.594𝑎7 (B-22)
𝑎 Thus, the weight function for an internal (external) radial crack in a
1
𝜙(𝑎) = 𝑠 ⋅ [𝑓 𝑟(𝑠)]2 𝑑𝑠 (B-6)
𝑎2 ∫0 hollow cylinder can be determined as
3,4
∑ ( ) 3
Thus, the weight function for an internal (external) circumferential 1 𝑥 𝑖− 2
𝑚(𝑎, 𝑥) = √ 𝛽𝑖 ( 𝑎 ) ⋅ 1 − (B-23)
crack in a hollow cylinder can be determined as
2𝜋𝑎 𝑖=1 𝑎
∑
3 ( ) 3
1 𝑥 𝑖− 2 where the summation of internal and external cracks are 3 and 4 respec-
𝑚(𝑎, 𝑥) = √ 𝛽𝑖 ( 𝑎 ) ⋅ 1 − (B-7)
𝑎 tively.. And functions 𝛽 i (a) are given by
2𝜋𝑎 𝑖=1

96
C. Xu, L. Weng and B. Chen et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 157–158 (2019) 87–97

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