Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

A comprehensive study on an integrated approach for water hyacinth

management to conserve natural water resources in India
Dhanashri S. Pendse a, Minal P. Deshmukh b, *
a
Research Scholar, School of Chemical Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, India
b
School of Petroleum Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The rapid growth of the free-floating invasive weed Water Hyacinth (WH) has caused an environmental and
Water hyacinth social menace in most water bodies. Its large mat formation not only affects the underlying aquatic species by
Water pollution blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen, but it also interferes with commercial activities such as fishing and
Weed management
transportation. Public health is also affected as it provides shelter for disease-causing mosquitoes. Additionally, it
Action plan
Case studies
is a bio-indicator of water bodies polluted with heavy metals. Removing and managing this weed is crucial for
Environmental sustainability conserving natural water resources. Various manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological methods have been
tried and tested to eradicate this plant. However, each method has its limitations, and the reoccurrence of this
weed in a short time calls for an innovative approach to finding sustainable solutions. Recent studies focus on
utilizing this weed for commercial purposes rather than eradicating it. The high cellulose and hemicellulose
content in the plant make it an excellent source for renewable fuel production. It also finds application in in­
dustries that prepare animal food, compost, and bio-fertilizers due to the high nutrient content. Many states in
India are utilizing the WH plant to produce eco-friendly and creative products, thus helping in local employment
generation. This study’s research contribution is evaluating the advantages and drawbacks of weed removal
methods, the potential of WH plants in phytoremediation and biofuel production, case studies of successful
alternate uses of WH plants, and possible action plans for economically and ecologically sustainable plant
management to conserve water resources in India. The specific outcome of the study is that water hyacinth
management is not the responsibility of a single body or entity, but rather the responsibility of different
stakeholders and their combined efforts to combat this issue at a national level.

1. Introduction
Clean water is the elixir of life. Pure water is not just essential to
public health, but also for energy and agricultural production. Unfor­
tunately, water scarcity is seen all over the world, particularly due to
serious problems like water pollution [1]. Conservation of natural water
resources and restoring the water ecosystem is the need of the hour. In
India, many programs and campaigns like Swacch Bharat Abhiyaan,
Clean India campaign, and River water cleanliness programs like
Namami Gange, etc., are working to conserve water bodies that sustain
human and aquatic lives [2]. Water hyacinth plants have covered most
of the water bodies, forming green mats spread over a large surface area.
They are free-floating aquatic plants that live in water. Due to their rapid
growth, these plants have become a weed. The growth of water hyacinth
reaches more than 200 tonnes wet weight/1 ha area within 1 year under
normal conditions [3]. The problems associated with this fast-growing
noxious weed include the decline of biodiversity, blockage of rivers
and drainage systems, depletion of dissolved oxygen, changes in water
chemical parameters, and environmental pollution [4]. Its growth
detrimentally affects commerce by clogging irrigation channels, affects
commercial fishing causing economic hardship, and interferes with
recreation It also causes various diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue,
encephalitis, etc., due to the growth of a large number of mosquitoes.
Additionally, since it blocks sunlight, it smothers submerged native
vegetation. Fig. 1 shows a map of India with states highlighted that have
a massive growth of this weed. Several weed removal techniques,
including physical (mechanical/manual), chemical, and biological
methods, have been widely used, but they all have certain limitations
with respect to the energy required, labor, and cost [5]. Nowadays, the
focus is not on the removal of the weed, but rather on exploring potential

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: minal.deshmukh@mitwpu.edu.in (M.P. Deshmukh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.12.047
Received 7 October 2023; Received in revised form 5 December 2023; Accepted 26 December 2023
2214-7853/Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International
Conference on Advances in Water Treatment and Management.

Please cite this article as: Dhanashri S. Pendse, Minal P. Deshmukh, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.12.047
D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Indian states polluted with water hyacinth plant.

Fig. 2. Negative and positive aspects of water hyacinth plant.

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D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1 hyacinth weeds, are shown in the above image. The removal of these
Biochemical composition of water hyacinth plant. weeds is costly and labor-intensive. Additionally, the transportation of
Parameter Value (%) Parameter Value (%) harvested grains by boat is difficult through the water channel, as the
weed has completely blocked the way [11].
pH 5.5––6.5 Carbon 11–50
Water content 65–90 Nitrogen 1.1–3
Cellulose 17–35 Oxygen 30–50 3.2. Mapusa river infestation, Goa
Hemicellulose 17–45 Hydrogen 5–6
LigninAsh 1.1–15 SulphurPhosphorous 0.1–1.5
1.5––30 0.2–0.7
Crude Protein 5–20 Calcium 0.5–5
Magnesium 0.1–2
Potassium 2.5–8

applications from this aquatic plant. A lot of research work has been
done to find its applications in industry, agriculture, and wastewater
treatment [6]. In order to organize and conceptualize the present work,
one review paper was referred to [7].

1.1. Need for the present study

The massive growth of water hyacinth across lakes and rivers in India
has caused social and environmental trouble, and the removal of this
weed is still a challenging task. The removal of the weed and its trans­
portation to landfills is a very costly process. In this context, alternate
uses of water hyacinth have been explored and reported in literature.
However, there is no comprehensive review of literature about the
overall water hyacinth management process, especially in India. This
review paper fills this gap and provides insights about the problems
caused by this weed across the nation in the form of case studies. It also
discusses the success stories reported as alternate sustainable solutions
to manage this weed as a part of revenue generation for the nation.
Around 200 tonnes of water hyacinth plants have infested the
Mapusa River in Goa, directly affecting aquatic life and fishing. The
overgrowth of water weeds has disturbed the flora and fauna in the
surrounding area of the river. A group of villagers, along with the Water
Resources Department, Municipal Council, and Panchayats, have
decided to tackle the problem and restore the river bodies before the
monsoon season [12].
3.3. Citizens urge water hyacinth removal for lake restoration, Chennai

1.2. Framework of the present study

In this study, the negative effects of water hyacinth weed are re­
ported first in the form of case studies. After that, the positive applica­
tions of water hyacinth plant are reported in the form of case studies
again. Fig. 2 mentions the pros and cons of water hyacinth plant, which
are discussed in detail in section 3 and 5.

2. Characteristics of water hyacinth plant

Residents of Perumbakkam had requested the Water Resources
Department to check sewage inflow into the lake. Water hyacinth has
Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic perennial plant native to
the ability to absorb nutrients, and its overgrowth is a symptom of water
South America [8]. It has the ability to double its size within five days,
pollution. The construction of proper irrigation tanks, the creation of
and more than a million plants of medium size form a large mat per
pathways on bunds, and walls around the water body could help in the
hectare of area [9]. It reproduces both sexually and asexually, making it
further spread of weeds [13].
difficult to control, and its seeds remain dormant for more than 20 years
in water bodies [10]. The typical biochemical composition of the water
3.4. Water hyacinth spread in 82 lakes, Hyderabad
hyacinth plant, as reported in the literature is shown in Table 1.

3. Case studies on impacts of water hyacinth plant across India

3.1. Effects on Agriculture, fishing in Kerala

The paddy fields of farmers from Kuttanad, fully covered with water
Among the 82 lakes, 53 are larger than 5 acres and all have been
infected with water hyacinth weed. This weed has had a negative impact
on water flow, aquatic life, migration patterns, recreation, and urban
infrastructure. Additionally, it has become a breeding ground for
mosquitoes, spreading diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, filariasis,

3
D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh
and cholera. The estimated cost for removing this weed from the 53
lakes is Rs 17 crores. The cost of transporting the weed to a nearby
landfill is Rs 36,750 per acre, and the maintenance cost for one year is
calculated to be Rs 16 crores per acre [14].
3.5. Activists urge to clean rivers that are sources of drinking water, Pune
Water hyacinth has spread across the rivers of Pavana, Mula, and
Indrayani. Activists and citizens have raised concerns with the Pimpri
Chinchwad Municipal Corporation regarding the problem caused by
mosquitoes breeding on hyacinth plants. They have also urged for the
rivers to be cleaned up, as these rivers are the primary sources of
drinking water for residents in the surrounding areas. In response to
these concerns, the PCMC has issued a tender and initiated the removal
of water hyacinth through contractors. The total cost for this cleanup
project is estimated to be 54 crores, and it will cover a distance of 53 km
across the three rivers. The cleanup is expected to take 5 to 6 months to
complete. The PCMC will monitor the progress of the removal every 15
days [15].
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3.6. Effect on tourism, Alappuzha lake, Kerala
Alappuzha, known as the Venice of India, is located on the banks of
the Vembanad lagoon, which is an extensive network of estuaries and
canals. In recent years, tourism has become a significant source of in­
come for the people of Alappuzha. However, when the water bodies are
clogged with water hyacinth, it can have a negative impact on the aes­
thetics, biodiversity, and ultimately, tourism revenue [16].
.
4. Traditional weed removal methods
The three commonly used weed removal methods are reported by
[17] as shown in Fig. 3. Authors have also highlighted the limitations of
each method, as described in Table 2.
Measures to remove the hyacinth have mostly been either through
chemical treatments or manual removal. However, both methods have
proven to be extremely ineffective and expensive. For instance, the
municipal corporation in Ooty spent millions of dollars to clean the lakes
in the tourist town, only to find the hyacinth growing back. Similarly, in
Bengaluru, the Indian Army deployed 7,000 personnel to clean the
D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

5. Commercial uses of water hyacinth plant - case studies of

success stories

5.1. Water hyacinth craft activities in Assam state

In Assam, every water body of the state, be it ponds or lakes, was

covered with heavy growth of water hyacinth plants. The government
Fig. 3. Types of weed removal methods. had taken up a water hyacinth project for two years (August 2017 to
August 2019) under the Assam State Rural Livelihood Mission (ASRLM)
Ulsooru lake, but their efforts proved to be futile [16]. to utilize this weed in commercial products and provide sustainable
livelihoods for rural communities [18]. The project highlights are
mentioned below
4.1. Case study of biological control of water hyacinth in Jabalpur,
Particulars Details
Madhya Pradesh
Need for water hyacinth Raw material is free and plenty, eco-friendly product,
craft women empowerment, its removal conserves water and
DWSR (Directorate of Weed Science Research), Jabalpur had con­
rejuvenates environment
ducted a study on biological control of water hyacinth. The project de­ Steps in processing the Sizing, cleaning, dying, flatting, knitting and surface
tails are described below plant into craft decoration
Particulars Details Project coverage 6 blocks under 6 districts of Assam
No of training sessions 3
Ponds chosen for Mahanadda, Ranital, Guloua tal, Man Singh tal conducted
study No of artisans benefitted 810
Pond size 3–5 acres No of exhibitions 18 including local, regional and national level to
Biological agent Weevil Neochetina species conducted promote water hyacinth craft
used Value of products Rs 40 (coin purse) to Rs 30,000 (furniture set)
Initial population 500–1000 adults
Action mode Adults feed on leaf tissues, while grubs make tunnels in petioles
thus gradually killing the weed
Time taken for 12–18 months after introduction of bio-agents
control

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D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh
5.2. Manufacture of paper and paper boards from water hyacinth plant,
Hyderabad
Scientists from the Hyderabad Regional Research Laboratory (RRL)
have been successful in developing technology to make paper from the
stalk of water hyacinth. The steps involved are explained in brief below:
Stalk is chopped into pieces of 3 to 5 cms long Pieces are cooked with
chemicals in an autoclave at 120 ◦ C to 130 ◦ C for 2 h cooked material is
washed with water pulp is bleached with hypochlorite in two stages pulp
is beaten into paper.
The paper thus produced showed good strength in terms of appear­
ance and suitability for writing and printing [19].
5.3. Production of organic fertilizers from water hyacinth plants,
Jharkhand
Professors and students from KKM College in Pakur have developed
technology to produce fertilizers from water hyacinth plants at a
cheaper rate. Compost is prepared in a pit where pieces of harvested
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water hyacinth plants are placed, along with cow dung slurry, urea, and
powdered superphosphate. Bamboo poles with holes are placed for
better aeration, and the pit is covered with mud. After about two and a
half months, 2–3 tonnes of fertilizer were obtained. Better quality crops
and improved soil fertility can be achieved using organic fertilizer [20].
5.4. Biodegradable products from water hyacinth stem, West Bengal
Bikram Mitra and his team from Kolkata have developed a cottage
industry that produces biodegradable natural products such as cups,
plates, boxes, and other daily use items from water hyacinth stems.
These products serve as a substitute for plastic products. Operating
under the organization name Earth Thrust, they conduct various train­
ings and workshops, providing self-employment opportunities specif­
ically for rural women. The team has taken their technology to the next
level by designing both hand and machine-based manufacturing pro­
cesses for water hyacinth stem ropes, which are used to make woven
baskets, containers, bags, hats, and caps [21].
D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

5.5. Biodegradable products from water hyacinth pulp, Centre for 5.6. Production of briquettes, Pune
research on aquatic Resources, Kerala
A team of professors and students from Pune have reported an
A team of scientists from the Centre has developed a range of alternate use for water hyacinth leaves in the form of briquettes. They
products from the pulp obtained from water hyacinth leaves and collected the leaves and cut them into small pieces, which were then
stems, along with small amounts of used newspaper and appropriate completely dried to remove the moisture. They used a molasses binder
binders. The products include disposable plates, ready-to-plant along with the organic material and made compact briquettes using a
biodegradable nursery pots, egg and fruit trays, cartoon models, hydraulic press machine [22].
toys, file boards, multi-purpose boards, special canvas for paintings,
etc. The team has also blended coir industry waste fibers, popularly
known as “baby fibers,” with water hyacinth pulp to prepare a unique
canvas for paintings [16].

6. Other commercial products from water hyacinth as reported

in literature

There have been numerous research articles published about the

commercial uses of the water hyacinth plant, which are summarized in
Table 3.

7. Integrated efforts of different stakeholders

7.1. A case study of Mysuru lake clean-up programme

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Table 2 Table 3
Description of weed removal methods. Commercial uses of water hyacinth.
Sl. Method of Description Limitations Sl. Substrate Process outline steps End Product Reference
No removal No

1 Physical Manual method includes Labor intensive, use of water 1 WH Hydrolysis, enzyme Polyhydroxybutyrate [23]
removing the weed using and land machinery for Biomass saccharification, (PHB)
hand tools. About 300 man removal, transportation and Microbial production
hours is required to remove disposal of waste is expensive of biopolymer
600 tons of hyacinth process 2 WH Acid/alkali pre- Bioethanol [24]
Mechanical method Biomass treatment, enzyme
includes removing the weed saccharification,
using harvesting machines, microbial
conveyors, push boats fermentation using
yeast
3 WH plant Water hyacinth is Animal fodder for [25]
2 Chemical Using boat or aircraft, Herbicides are costly besides
boiled and mixed with ruminants
herbicides like glyphosate they cause long term adverse
rice bran
are sprayed to kill the effects on aquatic life and
4 WH plant WH absorbs pollutant Phytoremediation [26]
weeds. environment
metals like Lead, Zinc,
Nickel, Mercury,
3 Biological Moths, Pathogens, fungal At developmental stage, time Chromium and
parasites are used to kill the consuming Arsenic
weeds. These organisms 5 WH plant Plant extract is rich in Excipient in [27]
feed on water hyacinth extract oleic acid and pharmaceutical
plants. It is environment Levulinic acid industry
friendly method and doesn’t 6 WH plant Absorbs organic and Domestic and [28]
cause threat to non-target inorganic pollutants, Industrial Waste water
organisms. can treat sewage with treatment plant
effluent standard
750–850 mg/L
The Mysuru City Corporation (MCC) provided an earth-moving 7 WH WH is used as Carbon Commercial enzymes [29]
Biomass source for production
machine to remove water hyacinth from Kukkarahalli Lake. More than of enzymes like
500 National Service Scheme (NSS) volunteers from different colleges Cellulase, Xylanase,
took part in the clean-up process, along with workers from the Horti­ β-glucosidase
culture Department of the University of Mysore. The Mysuru Lake Pro­ 8 WH Plant Cellulose from WH Bio plastic [30]
plant is extracted to
tection Committee had approached the MCC and the Mysuru Urban
manufacture
Development Authority (MUDA) to collaborate on this issue [31]. biodegradable plastic

7.2. Water hyacinth recycling unit, Tirunelveli water resources

programme
Water hyacinth grown in Tamirabharani has been removed through
the collective efforts of the public, volunteers, and non-governmental
organizations in order to rejuvenate the water body. Instead of dis­
carding it and sending it to a garbage center, it will now be sent to a
recycling unit. Trained staff will use crushing machines to convert the
water hyacinth into manure, paper, and handicrafts. Approximately
15,000 tonnes of hyacinth will be processed every year by women and
unemployed youth from the surrounding villages [32].
8. Future perspective of water hyacinth management using the
principles of circular economy
The circular economy, as applied to water hyacinth management,
can be described using Fig. 4. It involves the elimination of waste and
pollution, as well as the production of useful products and materials that
can be circulated. Most importantly, it aims to regenerate nature.
9. Discussion
In the previous published literature, Irina Harun et al. [6] have dis­
cussed the invasion of water hyacinth, its negative impacts on commu­
nities and the environment, and given a detailed explanation of the
prospects of water hyacinth into different commercial products, indi­
cating the benefits for the community in every other application. The
authors have also emphasized that the success of programs to manage
water hyacinths is significantly influenced by community involvement.
Ajithram et al. [33] have discussed the advantages and drawbacks of
physical, chemical, and biological control methods in preventing the
proliferation of water hyacinth weed. The authors have also elaborated
on water hyacinth fiber extraction methods and their properties with
respect to mechanical strength to convert them into useful and com­
mercial products. The potential of water hyacinth in phytoremediation
applications is emphasized by Farah Amalina et al. [34], where the
authors have thoroughly discussed the capacity of the weed in the up­
take of organic pollutants, thus helping to combat secondary water
pollution that is caused by the growth of water hyacinth plants. Using
technology-based solutions for monitoring the water hyacinth spread
was elaborated on by Aviraj Datta et al. [35]. The authors have thor­
oughly discussed the role of remote sensing, machine learning algo­
rithms, aerial surveys, and ground-level sensors for monitoring water
hyacinth. Tadesse Mucheye et al. [36] have reported the potential of
using satellite images for understanding the inland water quality and the
monitoring of water hyacinth for a span of one year in Lake Tana,
Ethiopia. The data generated from such tools helps to improve current
weed management practices and gives insights about future scenarios
with respect to water quality and climate change.
M.A. Bote et al. [37] have given a detailed review of the use of water
hyacinth as a potential crop for sustainable biofuel production, which
includes information about the pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and fermen­
tation methods used so far and the experimental set-up required to run a
small-scale biofuel production plant.
Our current study supports the viewpoint of Irina Harun et al. [6] by
demonstrating the advantages of community involvement in the adop­
tion and upkeep of integrated management techniques. The manage­
ment of water hyacinths must take into account their ecological effects
on local wildlife and plants. Our study supports this understanding by
illuminating the possible ecological advantages of the suggested inte­
grated approach, particularly how it can affect ecosystem resilience and
biodiversity.

8
D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh
Fig. 4. Diagrammatic illustration of circular economy principles for water hyacinth management.
10. Conclusion
The objective of this review paper was to highlight the impacts and
benefits of the water hyacinth plant through case study examples across
India. From the study, it can be seen that this weed, which has caused
problems in many parts of India, can now be considered for commercial
uses to create employment and generate revenue. To restore and reju­
venate water bodies, including rivers and lakes, it is the responsibility of
various stakeholders to participate in this process. Government de­
partments such as the City Corporation, tourism department, and
pollution control boards should take the initiative to clean up water
bodies, bear the cost of weed removal, establish small-scale industries
for waste utilization, train workers to make useful products, and main­
tain the aesthetics of water bodies throughout the year with proper
guidelines for nearby industries to prevent the discharge of polluted
water into water bodies. Local stakeholders such as farmers, fishermen,
rural women, and unemployed youth can voluntarily participate in
weed removal activities to earn part-time employment and incentives,
and utilize the removed weed in product development. Schools and
colleges can also volunteer to educate students about the process of
making eco-friendly products from water hyacinth stems and leaves,
promoting sustainable growth and development by reducing the use of
plastics. Industrialists can invest in setting up small or medium-scale
industries using appropriate technology to produce commercial prod­
ucts from water hyacinth, such as biofuel, enzymes, and biogas. This will
contribute directly to waste reduction and employment generation, as
the raw material is abundantly available throughout the country.
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Therefore, for an integrated approach following the principles of cir­
cular economy, the combined efforts of all the stakeholders plays a
crucial role in tackling the issues of water hyacinth invasion and pro­
mote sustainable growth for the environment and economy of the
country.
It is anticipated that this study will provide integrated knowledge
that will illustrate how to employ invasive water hyacinth plants to
produce goods that are valuable. In fact, this has the potential to address
present problems with energy, food, and the environment (wastewater
treatment). In order to facilitate future developments, education must be
transferred to students.
11. Limitations of the research
Regional differences in climate and socioeconomic factors may have
an impact on the integrated strategy suggested in the research. India’s
states and regions may have differed in the approach’s efficacy, and the
review may not have fully captured the distinction.
Although the research suggests an integrated approach, there may be
difficulties in putting it into practice. The effective implementation of
the suggested techniques may be impacted by issues with resource
allocation, community involvement, expenses related to implementa­
tion and policy enforcement.
12. Scope of future research
The scope for future study lies in examining the cutting-edge
D.S. Pendse and M.P. Deshmukh
techniques and methods for the use, management, and monitoring of
water hyacinth. This could involve improving the effectiveness of
management methods through the use of artificial intelligence, remote
sensing, and other cutting-edge technologies. There is a need to analyze
the success of the current water hyacinth management policies in the
various Indian states and to determine the gaps, obstacles, and chances
for developing or improving policies.
Funding statement
There is no funding available to our present study.
Ethical Approval: This declaration is “Not applicable” to our present
study.
Consent to participate: This declaration is “Not applicable” to our
present study.
Consent to Publish: This declaration is “Not applicable” to our pre­
sent study.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Dhanashri S. Pendse: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original
draft, Resources. Minal P. Deshmukh: Conceptualization, Investiga­
tion, Supervision.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
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