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CHAPTER 07: Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Diversity in primate societies means that primates:

a. express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.
b. encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors.
c. can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior.
d. are just as diverse in their behavior as are humans.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain what it means when primatologists say that primate societies are diverse
TOP: Primate societies: diverse, complex, long-lasting MSC: Remembering
2. Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:

a. several species of primates coexist socially.
b. within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and
sexes often form alliances.
c. some primate societies are male only.
d. some primate societies are female only.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
3. Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances,
including by:
a. rank. c. kinship.
b. age. d. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy
4. Natural selection generally favors behaviors that:

a. increase body size. c. limit population size.
b. increase brain size. d. enhance survival and reproduction.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection
5. Primatologists:
a. explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
b. study only physical aspect of primates.
c. study cultural anthropology.
d. know nothing of primate bones.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
TOP: Primate social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction
MSC: Understanding
6. Sexual dimorphism:
a. refers to the mating rites of primates.
b. concerns differences in body size and canine size.
c. refers primarily to male and female social hierarchy.
d. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy,
social behavior, and body shape
TOP: Primates’ social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction
MSC: Remembering
7. Sexual dimorphism:
a. relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
b. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
c. tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.
d. determines male and female social hierarchy.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
TOP: Primates’ social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction
MSC: Remembering
8. Polygynous:
a. means “many marriages.”
b. means “many offspring.”
c. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their
offspring.
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns
TOP: Primate residence patterns MSC: Remembering
9. Polyandrous:
a. refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult
males and their offspring.
b. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
c. means “many offspring.”
d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their
offspring.
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns
10. Monogamous refers to:

a. a social group that is dominated by a single sex.
b. a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
c. primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family.
d. a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their
offspring.
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns
11. Sexual selection is best defined as:

a. the physical competition for access to females.
b. the competition for resources to access females.
c. natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite
sex.
d. selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and
hierarchical position.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies
MSC: Understanding
12. Grooming involves:

a. the development of alliances between females only.
b. the development of alliances between males only.
c. bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of
another individual.
d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being
groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain why primates cooperate and provide at least one specific example of this behavior
TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Remembering
13. Altruistic behavior:

a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
14. Kin selection refers to:

a. nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group.
b. altruistic behavior that increases the donor’s inclusive fitness.
c. altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin.
d. behavior that increases only the donor’s fitness.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
15. Three key factors that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding are:
a. speed, agility, and strength.
b. source, quantity, and safety.
c. quality, distribution, and availability of food.
d. cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food
TOP: Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on Mom
MSC: Remembering
16. Quality, in reference to food, refers to the:
a. location of food sources.
b. ability to acquire food.
c. storage of food for future consumption.
d. amount of energy and protein a food provides.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
17. Distribution, in reference to food, means the:

a. location of food across the landscape.
b. distribution of primates in a primate group as they forage for food.
c. distribution of food among primates in a group.
d. adjustment in size of a feeding group.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
18. Availability of food:

a. is dependent upon kin selection.
b. can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall.
c. is determined primarily by the alpha male.
d. is restricted to individuals high up in the dominance hierarchy.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
19. The study of primate vocal communication:

a. has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates.
b. has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak.
c. can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of
language.
d. demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe how primatologists have studied and translated primates’ calls
TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies
MSC: Understanding
20. Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest includes:
a. stress calls between kin only.
b. mating calls between dominant primates only.
c. two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or humans.
d. two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls
TOP: Vocal competition is fundamental behavior in primates MSC: Remembering
21. Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
a. the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
b. conditioning in the lab by primatologists.
c. emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
d. individual factors, as in humans.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
MSC: Remembering
22. Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:

a. screams, gnashing, and hissing.
b. grunts, pants, and hoots.
c. howling, hoots, and high-pitched screams.
d. pants, coos, and gurgles.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
23. Vocalizations enable primates to:

a. communicate as humans do.
b. solve distressing situations among primate groups.
c. name resources and monitor the social group.
d. communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
MSC: Remembering
24. Vocalization in chimp groups:

a. occurs only to communicate a food source.
b. exists only among those high up in the dominance hierarchy.
c. sounds like howls and growls.
d. is unique to specific groups or regions.
MSC: Remembering
25. Why are primates social in the long term?

a. to reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance reproductive success
b. to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society
c. to emphasize care of the young
d. to develop support for females to increase fecundity
MSC: Understanding
26. Why are primates social in the short term?
a. to increase female fecundity in dominant females only
b. to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females
c. to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators
d. to share food sources
ANS: B DIF: Easy
MSC: Understanding
27. What is special about primate societies and social behavior?

a. They are not diverse.
b. They welcome newcomers as humans do.
c. They are highly diverse.
d. They share and cooperate as humans do not.
28. Female reproductive strategies emphasize:

a. bonding with the dominant male monogamously.
b. having one birth per year.
c. having twin births every year.
d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.
TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’
MSC: Remembering
29. Male reproductive strategies emphasize:

a. competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.
b. avoiding risk-taking behavior.
c. avoiding violence against competitors for female access.
d. engaging in care of young.
MSC: Remembering
30. How do primates acquire food?

a. through cooperation among kin groups, mostly by hunting
b. through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies
c. through a limited set of highly specialized foraging strategies
d. through the use of highly developed material culture
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
MSC: Remembering
31. How do primates communicate?
a. through a system of adaptation that varies among social groups
b. through the use of symbols
c. through speech learned from primatologists
d. through vocalizations that serve a range of functions and contexts
ANS: D DIF: Easy
MSC: Remembering
32. Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these species?

a. baboon c. orangutan
b. gibbon d. chimpanzee
33. A male and female gibbon that are similar in size likely demonstrate the lack of sexual
dimorphism:
a. due to the polygamous social structure in gibbons.
b. as the result of unequal access to resources within their environment.
c. due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure.
d. which is not related to social structure in gibbons.
MSC: Understanding
34. Which of the following is a rare primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few
strepsirhines?
a. one-male, multifemale c. multimale, multifemale
b. one-female, multimale d. solitary
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns
35. All-male groups of nonhuman primates:

a. are often polyandrous, before females join other existing groups.
b. often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups.
c. become permanent groups with rigid ranking systems.
d. do not exist in the wild.
36. Polyandrous residence patterns represent:

a. a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females.
b. one of the most common patterns in prosimians and Old World monkeys.
c. a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities.
d. a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females.
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns
TOP: Primate residence patterns MSC: Understanding
37. Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources,
demonstrating that:
a. reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different
reproductive strategies.
b. reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond
accordingly.
c. primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.
d. males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
MSC: Understanding
38. The higher the social rank of a female primate the:

a. lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring.
b. lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring.
c. greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates.
d. greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
MSC: Remembering
39. Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the
following social strategies EXCEPT:
a. infanticide.
b. vocalizing through loud territorial calls.
c. fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group
d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
MSC: Understanding
40. Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of
the following reasons does NOT explain why it exists in primate societies?
a. Altruistic behavior is not directed randomly but toward related individuals.
b. Altruistic behavior is an example of kin selection.
c. Altruistic behavior is likely to be observed in groups where there is high genetic
relatedness among individuals.
d. Altruistic behavior is the random effect of living in a complex social species.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Understanding
41. Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?
a. predation c. adaptive radiation
b. niche competition d. habitat
ANS: A DIF: Easy
ESSAY
1. Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and
competition.
ANS:
Males compete physically for access to females. This competition results in selection for both large
body size and large canines, with selection for loud vocalization ability in some territorial
primates. Some male primates may practice infanticide as a form of reproductive competition,
because it suppresses lactation and makes the female sexually receptive to a new male partner
more quickly. Female reproduction depends on the successful acquisition of resources for raising
infants, usually in competition with other females. Higher-ranked females might gain more
resources than lower-ranked females and thus, over their lifetimes, have more surviving offspring.
DIF: Difficult
social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies
MSC: Analyzing
2. Describe the range of primate residence patterns. Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.
ANS:
Primate social groups are strongly influenced by food availability, environment, and competition.
For example, groups break apart if food is scarce and reunite when food availability increases.
There are six main types of primate residence patterns. One-male, multifemale groups include one
reproductive- age male, several mature females, and their immature offspring. These groups are
polygynous; one male has more than one partner. An example is baboons. One-female, multimale
groups include one reproductive female, several mature males, and their immature offspring. These
groups are polyandrous; one female mates with multiple males. The males often cooperate in
parenting. Only some New World monkeys practice this type of social organization. Multimale,
multifemale groups consist of many adults (male and female) and their offspring. Both sexes mate
promiscuously. Competition for mates is relatively low; many Old World monkeys, some New
World monkeys, and chimpanzees fit into this category. All-male groups form in some species.
One-male, one-female groups consist of an adult male, an adult female, and their immature
offspring. Males generally invest heavily in the young, and mating is generally monogamous.
Gibbons, some cebids, and some prosimians are characterized by this grouping pattern. Some
primates are solitary with limited interaction between adult males and adult females. Orangutans
and a few prosimians are solitary.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns
TOP: Why are primates social? | Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on Mom
MSC: Understanding
3. Why are primates social?
ANS:
Generally primates that cooperate in social groups are better able to protect themselves from
predators. Larger groups have more eyes and ears on guard and can better defend themselves as
compared to smaller groups.
Living in social groups provides access to mates and enhances reproductive success.
Males and females living in the same group have access to mates. The young in social
groups are taught behaviors that reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance
reproductive success.
DIF: Difficult
TOP: Why are primates social? MSC: Understanding
4. What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the
evolution of human language?
ANS:
The use of playback experiments has increased our ability to understand the meaning of calls and
what primates know about each other. Cheney and Seyfarth used playbacks to demonstrate that
vervet monkeys recognize the voices of their own infants as well as the relationships between
mothers and particular infants. Primates communicate with subtle, quiet calls in order to mediate
social encounters and relationships. They use loud calls for territorial defense and encounters.
These calls contain information for listeners. For example, howlers can assess the strength of
opposing groups based on vocal cues. Loud calls of chacma baboons reliably indicated the caller’s
physical condition.
Many primates have referential calls, particularly predator-specific antipredator
calls. Listeners treat all sounds in the forest associated with one type of predator in the
same way. For example, a leopard’s growl produces the same response as a leopard
alarm-call of a male Diana monkey. Calls can also be used to label events and objects. For
example, chimpanzee food grunts vary with type and desirability of food.
DIF: Difficult OBJ: Describe how primatologists have studied and translated primates’
calls
TOP: Context and meaning of calls and relationship to language
MSC: Understanding
5. Describe some examples of learned behavior and cultural traditions among primates.
ANS:
Chimpanzee tool use, some forms of social grooming, and vocalizations are specific to groups and
regions. For example, only chimpanzees in West Africa crack open nuts with stone and wood
hammers. Some groups of chimpanzees in Tanzania have particular forms of social grooming,
including the handclasp grooming method. Captive chimpanzees, bonobos, and other apes have
some of the rudimentary cognitive abilities necessary to understand human speech. Some
individuals like Kanzi have been able to learn symbolic communication systems and are argued to
have a form of protogrammar.
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Illustrate examples of activities and objects that primatologists believe constitute culture
TOP: Acquiring resources and transmitting knowledge, culture MSC: Remembering
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in Honiton lace making
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Madame Goubaud's pillow lace patterns, and instructions in

Honiton lace making
Author: Madame Adolphe Goubaud
Release date: December 28, 2023 [eBook #72526]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Ward, Lock, and Tyler, 1871
Credits: Bob Taylor, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MADAME

GOUBAUD'S PILLOW LACE PATTERNS, AND INSTRUCTIONS IN
HONITON LACE MAKING ***
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MADAME GOUBAUD’S
PILLOW LACE PATTERNS,

AND
INSTRUCTIONS
IN
HONITON LACE MAKING.
NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
LONDON:
WARD, LOCK, AND TYLER,
WARWICK HOUSE, PATERNOSTER ROW
PREFACE.
In offering this little work upon Honiton Pillow Lace Making,

Madame Goubaud tenders her sincere thanks for the reception
accorded to her volume upon Point Lace.
The great demand for Pillow Lace Instruction and Designs has
induced Madame Goubaud to begin this, the first of a series upon
Pillow Lace Making. Valenciennes, Bedford, and Maltese laces will
follow in due course.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Appliqué, Honiton 52
Baby Cue 21
Beading or Chain 44
Braid Work 11
Butterfly 35
Cross Cottons, To 32
Cue 21
Devonshire Turn 19
Diamond Fillings, To Join 42
Double Stitch, A 36
Fern Sprig 47
Half Stitch 18
Honiton Guipure Lace 51
Honiton Lace Stitch 20
Lace Pillows 9
Lappet, Lace 49
Lerd Works or Fillings 38
” Diamonds 40
” Square 42
Maltese Cross 17
Materials Required for Lace Working 9
Old Violet Sprig 31
One Rose Border 25
Passements 11, 13, 15
Purl Edge 28
Purl Pin 28
Purl Pin for Groundwork 30
Raised Work 36
Rose Border 23
Rose Sprig 33
Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle Sprig 43
Sewings 24
Small One Rose Sprig 37
Snatch Pin 26
Spade Border 41
Sprigs, Making up The 48
Stem Work 34
Stem Work and Leaves 17
The Tulip Sprig 29
Throwing and Tying 24
To Form a Pattern 22
To Join 38
Trefoil Pattern 45
Turkey Tail 27
Whole Stitch 16
PILLOW LACE.
The materials required for Honiton Pillow Lace work are neither
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thread, a needle-pin, a pair of blunt scissors, and a few pricked
patterns or passements, and lace pins are all the requisites for this
useful and beautiful work.
The pillows are made and sold at moderate prices by Mrs.
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lace making. The pillows can be obtained with plain or handsome
covers and cloths, and with wooden, ivory, or ornamental bobbins.
Learners will find it useful to have their leading bobbins ornamented,
in distinction to the plain, until they have acquired the art of working
Honiton lace.
For braid-work Mecklenburg thread is used; No. 8 is a useful size
to begin with for Honiton lace, No. 8 and 12 or 14 for very fine work;
No. 8 is quite fine enough for beginners to manage.
The pillows are always sent out fitted up, but to change one design
for another proceed as follows:—
Unpin the cloths, remove the passement; firmly pin down the new
passement with plain, not lace, pins; replace the cloths, attach the
bobbins to a pin about three-quarters of an inch from the place
intended to begin at, divide the bobbins into three parts, and loosely
plait down to the first pinhole, insert a pin and work on as before.
Nos. 1, 2, 3.—Braid Works and Passement.

No. 1 shows a pretty braid for point lace work; this braid consists
of whole stitch and pearl.
No. 2 is the passement or pricking for a shamrock spray.
No. 3 is a simple braid in whole stitch.
No. 1.—Braid-work.
No. 2.—Shamrock Passement.
No. 3.—Braid-work.
The first lesson usually given in pillow lace making is the braid
work; the learner is at first puzzled by the number of fine bobbins,
but if it is remembered that only four are used together, and that the
plain or whole stitch is only weaving or plaiting across and back
again, the difficulty vanishes.
Braid Work.
Mecklenburg linen thread, No. 8, six pairs of bobbins. For braid
work three pairs of leaders are required. One pair of leaders remains
on each side separated by a pin; work across and back again with
the third pair thus:—Work across, twist, make a stitch, twist twice,
pin, work back, twist twice, make stitch, twist twice, pin, and repeat
as before.
The lace pins are made expressly for the lace-workers in
Devonshire, and are sold in the old-fashioned paper rows.
Nos. 4 and 5.—Passements.

No. 4 is the passement or pricked design for a spade.
No. 5 is the passement of an old-fashioned sprig formerly much in
vogue among Honiton lace workers, now seldom seen.
No. 4.—Spade Passement.

No. 5.—Old Sprig Passement.
The passements are pieces of brown parchment, having the exact

glazed pattern pricked out on them as shown on pages 11, 13, and
15.
Ladies can easily prick them from the illustration. To prick from
lace itself it is necessary to keep the lace in proper position and to
place a pin in every pinhole along the outlines, to mark any crossed
threads by a pinhole, and to show where lerd or lead-works occur by
the same means.
Great accuracy is necessary for this work, as all the beauty of the
lace depends on the correctness of the prickings.
Position in Working Pillow Lace.

Devonshire workers usually sit on low chairs with their feet on the
back rail of another chair, resting their pillow against the back of the
chair. Ladies will find that they can work most comfortably seated on
an ordinary chair with their feet on a footstool, and resting the pillow
against a table.
Nos. 6 and 7.—Passements.

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1. Diversity in primate societies means that primates:

2. Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:

4. Natural selection generally favors behaviors that:

10. Monogamous refers to:

11. Sexual selection is best defined as:

12. Grooming involves:

13. Altruistic behavior:

14. Kin selection refers to:

17. Distribution, in reference to food, means the:

18. Availability of food:

19. The study of primate vocal communication:

22. Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:

23. Vocalizations enable primates to:

24. Vocalization in chimp groups:

25. Why are primates social in the long term?

27. What is special about primate societies and social behavior?

28. Female reproductive strategies emphasize:

29. Male reproductive strategies emphasize:

30. How do primates acquire food?

32. Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these species?

35. All-male groups of nonhuman primates:

36. Polyandrous residence patterns represent:

38. The higher the social rank of a female primate the:

3. Why are primates social?

Title: Madame Goubaud's pillow lace patterns, and instructions in

Author: Madame Adolphe Goubaud

Release date: December 28, 2023 [eBook #72526]

Original publication: London: Ward, Lock, and Tyler, 1871

Credits: Bob Taylor, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MADAME

Price 1s., postage 1d.

Madame Goubaud’s TRIMMED PAPER PATTERNS of all the

Price 7s. 6d. each, postage 6d.

BEETON’S HOUSEHOLD BOOKS.

Ward, Lock, & Tyler, Warwick House, Paternoster Row.

Outfits to India, Outfits to China,

An ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST, containing much information

MACDOUGALL & CO.,

Manufacturers to Her Majesty,

Respectfully solicit attention to their large and most

THE HIGHLAND COSTUME,

Linsey Woolseys of the Newest Shades &

SCOTCH YARNS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION FOR

Prices on the same moderate scale as our Inverness House.

THE ROYAL TARTAN & TWEED WAREHOUSE,

PILLOW LACE BOOK.

PILLOW LACE PATTERNS,

HONITON LACE MAKING.

In offering this little work upon Honiton Pillow Lace Making,

Nos. 1, 2, 3.—Braid Works and Passement.

No. 2.—Shamrock Passement.

Nos. 4 and 5.—Passements.

No. 4.—Spade Passement.