ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

ENVIROMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ON THE ASSESSMENT OF

CABAS-AN COLD SPRING RESORT

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of

Management Iloilo State University of Fisheries Science
and Technology-San Enrique Campus

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

By:

EDAÑO, STELLA R.
LAPRADES, ELMER N.
PLANTO, MICHAEL C.
2024
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The environmental and economic impact of a Cold Spring resort
would likely focus on the interaction between the resort's operations
and its surrounding environment and economy.

Resorts, particularly those in natural settings like a cold

spring, can have significant environmental impacts. These can include
water usage, waste segregation, energy consumption, disturbance to
local wildlife, and alteration of natural landscapes.

At the same time, resorts can also have substantial economic

impacts. They can bring in tourism revenue, create jobs, and stimulate
local businesses. However, they can also contribute to rising costs in
the area, particularly if they lead to an increase in property values
or a shift in the local economy towards tourism.

The study would likely aim to assess these impacts, both positive
and negative, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the resort's
overall impact. This information could then be used to guide

management decisions, policy-making, and future development.

(Matsuoka J.& Kelly, T)

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Environmental and Economic
impact of Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort. The thesis argues that
only by providing a deep understanding of this business
dimensions will it be possible to create a strong basis to
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

develop and enable to establish new comprehensive plans for

sustainable tourism in San Enrique, Iloilo, in general.
In order to address the key issues raised in current
discussions, this research will investigate the following
questions:
1. What are the environmental and economic impacts on the
assessment of the Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort?

2. How do they affect the surrounding area and local

community?

3. How does Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort helps in

promoting the ecotourism of San Enrique?

Hypothesis
To answer the aforementioned questions, the researchers
hypothesized that;

1: The environmental impact assessment of Cabas An Cold Spring

Resort will reveal that the resort's water usage, waste
segregation, and energy consumption have a significant negative
impact on the local ecosystem and natural resources.

2: The economic impact assessment of Cabas An Cold Spring Resort

will demonstrate that the resort contributes positively to the
local economy through job creation, revenue generation, and
tourism-related activities, but also raises concerns about
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

potential economic dependence on tourism and displacement of

local businesses.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): This framework

involves evaluating the potential environmental impacts of the
resort, including water usage, waste management, energy
consumption, air and noise pollution, and impacts on local
ecosystems and biodiversity. It aims to identify and mitigate any
negative environmental effects.
The concept of sustainable development guides the
assessment, emphasizing the need to balance economic growth with
environmental protection and social well-being. This framework
ensures that the resort's development and operations align with
long-term sustainability goals.
Triple Bottom Line (TBL), approach assesses the economic,
environmental, and social impacts of the resort. It examines the
economic benefits generated, such as job creation, revenue
generation, and local economic development. It also considers the
social impacts on the local community, including cultural
preservation, community well-being, and social equity.
Carrying Capacity, determines the maximum number of visitors or
level of development that the area can sustain without causing
significant environmental degradation or negative socio-cultural
impacts. It helps ensure that the resort's operations remain
within the limits of the local environment and community.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

Stakeholder Engagement: Stakeholder theory emphasizes the

importance of engaging with and considering the perspectives of
various stakeholders, including local communities, environmental
organizations, government agencies, and the resort management.
This framework ensures that the assessment incorporates diverse
interests and concerns.

Tourism Impact Framework, focuses specifically on the

impacts of tourism activities on the environment and the local
economy. It assesses factors such as tourist spending, employment
generation, infrastructure development, and effects on local
culture and natural resources.
These theoretical frameworks provide a comprehensive
understanding of the environmental and economic impacts of
resorts, guiding the assessment process and informing decision-
making for sustainable resort development and management.
(Zubair, S., Bowen, D., & Elwin, J. (2011).)

Conceptual Framework
This study was guided by the conceptual frameworks shown in
figure 1.

The diagram shows the independent variable and the

dependent variable. The independent variables are age, sex, civil
status and religion of the staffs of Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort.
While the dependent variables Environmental and Economic Impact
Assessment of Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

X INDEPENDENTVARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Respondent Profile: ENVIROMENTAL AND

SEX
ECONOMIC IMPACT ON THE
AGE
ASSESSMENT OF
CIVIL STATUS
RELIGION CABAS-AN COLD SPRING

RESORT

Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating the relationship

between independent variables and dependent variables.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study may be beneficial to the following:

Hospitality Management Students. The study can increase

student’s knowledge on the impact of environmental and economic
assessment of Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort.

Faculty. The result of the study can give additional knowledge

to the faculty for further information about the impact of
resorts in the study of the students and the incoming future
researcher.

Administration. The result of the study can inform the

development of evidence-based policies and initiatives to improve
the Ecotourism of the municipality.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

Future Researchers. This study can be used baseline for future

researchers.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research study aims to comprehensively assess the
environmental and social impact of Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort,
including the evaluation of mitigation strategies and stakeholder
engagement, while acknowledging limitations such as data
availability, time constraints, resource limitations,
generalizability and subjectivity.

Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarity and understanding, the following
terms will be defined conceptually and operationally:

ECONOMIC-connected with the trade, industry, and development

of the wealth of a country, ah area or a society (Oxford
Dictionary,2023)
Operationally, economic refers to a social science that
studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services.

ENVIRONMENTAL- Of or relating to the natural environment.

(Oxford Dictionary,2023)
Operationally, it refers to various aspects related to
natural world and the impact of human activities on it.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

IMPACT- The act of impinging; the striking of one body

against another; collision. Chiefly in Dynamics, in reference to
momentum. (Oxford Dictionary,2023)
Operationally, it refers to the effect or influence that
something has on particular situation, system, or individual.

ASSESSMENT- The determination or adjustment of the amount of

taxation, charge, fine, etc., to be paid by a person or
community. (Oxford Dictionary,2023)
Operationally, it refers to the process of evaluating or
measuring your knowledge, skills, abilities, or standing of a
particular subject or topic.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Sustainable Tourism Development

The travel and tourism industry are placed among the largest
industries in the world. However, the degrading effects of
tourism have become a big concern and need to be addressed
quickly. With this in mind, the concept of sustainable tourism
has emerged with the aim of reducing the negative effects of
tourism activities, which has become almost universally accepted
as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism
development (Sharpley, Citation2003). Sustainability covers all
elements that constitute a complete tourism experience. According
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

to the majority of scientists (Briguglio, Archer, Jafari, & Wall,

Citation1996; Butler, Citation1991; Sharpley, Citation2000;
Vellas & Becherel, Citation1999; WCED, Citation1987) ‘sustainable
tourism development’ concerns an economic, social and
environmental tourism development that aims at the continuous
improvement of tourists’ experiences.
The tourism industry has the potential to contribute to
sustainable development, particularly by job creating, including
employment for women and marginalized groups (Cukier,
Citation2002; Go¨rg, Citation2000).

The purpose of sustainable tourism is to make a balance

between protecting the environment, maintaining cultural
integrity, establishing social justice and promoting economic
benefits, meeting the needs of the host population in terms of
improved living standards both in the short and long term (Liu et
al., Citation2013) in both developed and emerging nations
(Mitchell & Hall, Citation2005; Swarbrooke & Horner,
Citation2004) while emphasizing both intergenerational equity and
intra-generational equity (Liu, Citation2013) and in a form that
can maintain its viability in an area for an indefinite period of
time’ (Butler, Citation1993, Citation1999).

In community tourism, sustainable development is applied to

improve the residents’ quality of life by optimizing local
economic benefits, protecting the natural and built environment
and providing a high-quality experience for visitors (Bramwell &
Lane, Citation1993; McIntyre, Citation1993; Park & Yoon,
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

Citation2009; Park, Yoon, & Lee, Citation2008; Stabler,

Citation1997).
There is a growing consensus within the tourism community that
sustainable development is a key issue for securing long-term
viability of tourism and that it requires commitment and
engagement from all tourism stakeholders [1], [2]. However, the
highly complex and fragmented structure of the tourism sector
remains a key challenge for achieving consensus and developing
coherent sustainable tourism strategies [3]. The strong
interdependencies between tourism actors indicate that value
chain strategies may be appropriate for finding common approaches
for shared commitments [4]. One useful concept for how
sustainability can be approached in a context with multiple
actors is environmental supply chain management (ESCM), that is,
inter-organizational strategies aimed at reducing environmental
impacts generated throughout the entire life-cycle of products
and services [5], [6]. Studied extensively in manufacturing
sectors [7], the concept of ESCM takes precedence in the
environmental management field to explain how models of
cooperative and adversarial relations can be used to promote
environmental goals. Although the focus of ESCM seems logically
suitable for the interconnected nature of the tourism industry,
there is limited discussion about its adoption in tourism
research. Recent developments in the tour operator sector give
scope for this article to examine emerging experiences with ESCM
adoption, with the purpose of identifying which factors influence
the adoption and implementation of ESCM. The overall goal of this
research is to acquire a better understanding of the process
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

behind the adoption of ESCM and provide explanations for its

rather slow uptake by tour operators.
Tourism Impact Assessment
The article focuses on large tour operators for two reasons.
First, their central position in tourism and major influence on
other stakeholders designate the tour operators as key actors in
tourism and indicate that their adoption of ESCM may have major
implications for the sustainability of tourism overall [8], [9].
A second reason for choosing tour operators as focus of analysis
is the possibility of learning from experiences of early adopters
in order to identify most efficient ways for companies to adopt
ESCM. Due to the incipient stages of such practices in tourism,
the research focuses on the strategic perceptions of ESCM by tour
operators. Therefore, the research did not include investigations
into the later stages of ESCM implementation, such as the
suppliers' reaction to operators' demands and the effect of ESCM
initiatives in reduction of environmental impacts. Consequently,
to the narrow focus of the study, the results are primarily
relevant to tour operators and aim to bring a better
understanding of complex conditions necessary for a wider
adoption of ESCM among tourism organizations. In tourism, apart
for a few seminal works that focus primarily on the institutional
context of ESCM [9], [10], [11], [12] the research on the ESCM
adoption is scarce. Therefore, this article starts takes a
starting point in the general literature on environmental
management and ESCM in order to identify the factors commonly
associated with its adoption and build an analytical framework
for the case studies. Further, the article presents the context
of the tour operating business as a background to the research
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

findings. In order to provide a better insight into the contexts

explored, the findings are first presented at length and then
analyzed to identify the importance of different factors for the
adoption of ESCM by large tour operators. Bearing in mind the
boundaries of the study, the article ends with more general
concluding remarks about the adoption of ESCM (Adriana
Budeanu,2011)

Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) of Resorts

In the evaluation of resorts, several specific environmental
impacts are commonly assessed. These assessments include
evaluating the resort's water usage, considering the amount of
water consumed for amenities like landscaping and swimming pools,
and the potential strain on local water resources. Waste
generation and management practices are also evaluated, focusing
on solid waste, wastewater, and hazardous materials, with an
emphasis on waste reduction, recycling, and proper disposal
methods. The resort's energy consumption patterns are analyzed,
including electricity and fuel usage, with a focus on energy
efficiency, renewable energy sources, and greenhouse gas
emissions reduction. The assessment also considers the resort's
impact on air and noise pollution, examining emissions from
transportation, energy generation, and other activities, as well
as potential disturbance to local wildlife and communities. Land
use changes and habitat loss resulting from resort development
are evaluated, considering deforestation, wetland conversion, and
fragmentation of natural habitats, and their potential impact on
biodiversity and ecosystems. Additionally, pollution prevention
measures, such as the use of environmentally friendly cleaning
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

products and proper chemical management, are assessed. Finally,

the evaluation may consider the resort's preparedness and
resilience to climate change impacts, including sea-level rise,
extreme weather events, and changing climatic conditions, and the
implementation of adaptation strategies and sustainable
practices. These assessments provide a comprehensive
understanding of the environmental impacts of resorts and inform
decision-making processes for sustainable resort development and
management.
("Not quite paradise: Inadequacies of environmental impact
assessment in the Maldives")

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods that the researcher used

in the conduct of the study. Environmental and economic
assessment of the Cabas-an cold spring resort is a complex
concept, this can be analyzed from different perspectives. This
includes the (1) Research Design, (2) Locale of the study, (3)
Respondents of the study, (4) Sampling Techniques, (5) Research
Instrument, (6) Data Gathering Procedure, and; (7) Data Analysis
Procedure.

Research Design

This study utilized descriptive-correlation survey method of

research. In this design, which different variables are related
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

to each other within the population in interest. The critical

distinguishing characteristics is the effort to estimate a
relationship, as distinguished from simple descriptive (fox
1969). In this study, one can ascertain how much variation was
caused by one variable in relation with the variation caused by
another variable.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in Cabas-an Coldspring Resort

located at Compo, San Enrique, Iloilo.

Respondent of the Study

Cabas-an Cold Spring staffs, and guests serve as the

respondents of the study.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

Sampling Technique

This study uses Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental,

selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-probability
sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgement when
choosing ,members of population to participate in the study.

(https://researcher/methology.net)

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The instruments used in gathering the data in this study

have been validated by the researchers-respondents. The research
instrument is composed of two parts: Part I deal with the
personal profile of the respondents such as their name, sex,
civil status and religion.

Part II contains the survey questionnaire on the extent of

practices towards solid waste management, staffs segregation of
duties, and their ways of accompanying their customers. The
researcher will provide a validated questionnaire using two
languages: English and Filipino which the correspondents were
asked to answer that will correspond to their honest assessment.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathered subjected purposive sampling. The

researchers asked permission from the head staff of Cabas-an Cold
Spring Resort to conduct the study. For the guests the
researchers will select among them and provide a questionnaire
for the said survey. The researchers personally distributed and
administered the adaption instrument to respondents.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management

In the conduct of the study, the researchers prepared a

letter duly signed by the Campus Administrator. Likewise,
permission from the respondents to answer the questioners were
secured. The data gathering instruments was distributed among the
staffs of Cabas-an Cold Spring Resort. The researchers had
retrieved and check the accomplish instruments to ensure that all
the items are answered appropriately. The data collected were
recorded, analyzed, and interpreted using the statistical package
for social sciences.

Data Analysis Procedure

Descriptive statistics were employed in this study, and the

procedure adopted in the analysis of research data involved the
application of frequency and mean. Inferential statistics made
use of the Mean, Kruskal-Wallis.

Mean. The mean was used to determine the level of awareness

and practices Cabas-an Cold Spring Staffs on solid waste
management as a whole and when classified into age, sex, civil
status and religion.

Kruskal-Wallis Test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to

determine whether there are significant differences in Cabas-an
Cold Spring Staffs when classified into age, sex, civil status
and religion.
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management
ILOILILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Management