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Newgrange
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For other uses, see Newgrange (disambiguation).

Newgrange (Irish: Sí an Bhrú[1]) is a prehistoric monument in County Meath in Ireland, located on a rise overlooking the River
Boyne, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of the town of Drogheda.[2] It is an exceptionally grand passage tomb built during the
Neolithic Period, around 3200 BC, making it older than Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids. Newgrange is the main
monument in the Brú na Bóinne complex, a World Heritage Site that also includes the passage tombs of Knowth and Dowth, as
well as other henges, burial mounds and standing stones.[3]

Newgrange consists of a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway and
Newgrange
cruciform chamber. Burnt and unburnt human bones, and possible grave goods or
votive offerings, were found in this chamber. The monument has a striking façade Sí an Bhrú

made mostly of white quartz cobblestones, and it is ringed by engraved kerbstones.

Many of the larger stones of Newgrange are covered in megalithic art. The mound is
also ringed by a stone circle. Some of the material that makes up the monument came
from as far as the Mournes and Wicklow Mountains. There is no agreement about its
purpose, but it is believed it had religious significance. It is aligned so that the rising
sun on the winter solstice shines through a 'roofbox' above the entrance and floods
the inner chamber. Several other passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with solstices
and equinoxes, and Cairn G at Carrowkeel has a similar 'roofbox'.[4][5] Newgrange
shares similarities with some other Neolithic monuments in Western Europe;
especially Gavrinis in Brittany, which has a similar preserved facing and large carved
stones,[6] Maeshowe in Orkney, with its large corbelled chamber,[7] and Bryn Celli Ddu
in Wales.

Its initial period of use lasted about 1,000 years. Newgrange then gradually became a
ruin, although the area continued to be a site of ritual activity. It featured in Irish
mythology and folklore, in which it is said to be a dwelling of the deities, particularly Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

The Dagda and his son Aengus. Antiquarians first began its study in the seventeenth
century, and archaeological excavations began in the twentieth century. Archaeologist
Michael J. O'Kelly led the most extensive of these from 1962 to 1975 and also
reconstructed the front of the monument, a reconstruction that is controversial.[8]
This included an inward-curving dark stone wall to ease visitor access. Newgrange is
a popular tourist site and, according to archaeologist Colin Renfrew, is "unhesitatingly
regarded by the prehistorian as the great national monument of Ireland" and as one of
the most important megalithic structures in Europe.[9]

Contents

Description
Map of Ireland showing the location
of Newgrange
Mound and passage
Location County Meath,
The Newgrange monument primarily consists of a large mound, built of alternating Ireland
layers of earth and stones, with grass growing on top and a reconstructed facade of
flattish white quartz stones studded at intervals with large rounded cobbles covering Type passage grave
part of the circumference. It consists of about 200,000 tonnes of material. The mound
Width 76 metres
is 85 metres (279 ft) wide at its widest point[10] and 12 metres (39 ft) high, and covers (249 ft)
4,500 square metres (1.1 acres) of ground. Within the mound is a chambered
passage, which may be accessed by an entrance on the southeastern side of the Area 1.1 acre (0.5

monument. The passage stretches for 19 metres (60 ft),[11] or about a third of the way hectare)

into the centre of the structure. At the end of the passage are three small chambers Height up to 12 metres
off a larger central chamber with a high corbelled vault roof. Each of the smaller (39 ft)
chambers has a large flat "basin stone" where the bones of the dead may have been
History
deposited during prehistoric times. Whether it was a burial site remains unclear. The
walls of this passage are made up of large stone slabs called orthostats, twenty-two Founded c. 3200 BC
of which are on the western side and twenty-one on the eastern side. They average
1½ metres in height;[12] several are decorated with carvings (as well as graffiti from Periods Neolithic

the period after the rediscovery). The orthostats decrease in height the further into Site notes
the passageway as a result of the passage being slightly graded from being
constructed on the rise of a hill.[13] The ceiling shows no evidence of smoke. Excavation dates 1962–1975

Archaeologists Michael J. O'Kelly

Standing stones Ownership Office of Public

Works
Situated around the perimeter of the mound is a circle of standing stones. Twelve
standing-stones survive out of a possible original thirty-five.[citation needed] Most Public access yes (guided tour
archaeologists suggest that they were added later, during the Bronze Age, centuries only)
after the original monument had been abandoned as a ritual centre. This view is
disputed and relates to a carbon date from a standing stone setting that intersects UNESCO World Heritage Site
with a later timber post circle, the theory being, that the stone in question could have
been moved and later, re-set in its original position.[citation needed] Official name Brú na Bóinne

Type Cultural

Art Criteria i, iii, iv

Newgrange contains various examples of graphic Neolithic rock art carved onto its Designated 1993 (17th session)
stone surfaces.[14] These carvings fit into ten categories, five of which are curvilinear
Reference no. 659 (official
(circles, spirals, arcs, serpentiniforms, and dot-in-circles) and the other five of which
listing)
are rectilinear (chevrons, lozenges, radials, parallel lines, and offsets). They are
marked by wide differences in style, the skill-level needed to produce them, and on Region Europe
how deeply carved they are.[15] One of the most notable types of art at Newgrange
are the triskele-like features found on the entrance stone. It is approximately three metres long and 1.2 metres high (10 ft long
and 4 ft high), and about five tonnes in weight. It has been described as "one of the most famous stones in the entire repertory
of megalithic art."[16] Archaeologists believe that most of the carvings were produced prior to the stones being erected,
although the entrance stone was carved in situ before the kerbstones were placed alongside it.[17]

Various archaeologists have speculated as to the meanings of the designs, with some, such as George Coffey (in the 1890s),
believing them to be purely decorative, whilst others, such as O'Kelly, believed them to have some sort of symbolic purpose,
because some of the carvings had been in places that would not have been visible, such as at the bottom of the orthostatic
slabs below ground level.[18] Extensive research on how the art relates to alignments and astronomy in the Boyne Valley
complex was carried out by American-Irish researcher, Martin Brennan.

Plan and section of the The entrance passage and Megalithic art on the back The revetment and
passage and chamber, 1903. entrance stone (the grey kerbstone. kerbstones.
paving path is built for visitor
access).

Early history

The Neolithic people who built the monument were native agriculturalists, growing crops and
Models of Newgrange
raising animals such as cattle in the area where their settlements were located.
during its early history

Construction

The original complex of Newgrange was built between c. 3200 and 3100 BC.[19] According to
carbon-14 dates,[20] it is approximately 500 years older than the current form of Stonehenge and
the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, as well as predating the Mycenaean culture of ancient Greece.
[21] Newgrange under
Some put its period of construction somewhat later, at 3000 to 2500 BC.[22] Geological
construction
analysis indicates that the thousands of pebbles that make up the cairn, which together would
have weighed about 200,000 tonnes, came from the nearby river terraces of the Boyne. There is a
large pond in this area that is believed to be the site quarried for the pebbles by the builders of
Newgrange.[23] Most of the 547 slabs that make up the inner passage, chambers, and the outer
kerbstones are greywacke. Some or all of them may have been brought from sites approximately
5 km away,[24] from the rocky beach at Clogherhead, County Louth, about 20 km to the northeast.
The facade and entrance were built with white quartz cobblestones from the Wicklow Mountains, Newgrange as it most likely
about 50 km to the south; dark rounded granodiorite cobbles from the Mourne Mountains, about looked after it was built
50 km to the north; dark gabbro cobbles from the Cooley Mountains; and banded siltstone from
the shore at Carlingford Lough.[24] The stones may have been transported to Newgrange by sea
and up the River Boyne by fastening them to the underside of boats at low tide.[25][26] None of the
structural slabs were quarried, for they show signs of having been weathered naturally, so they
must have been collected and then transported, largely uphill, to the Newgrange site.[23] The
granite basins found inside the chambers also came from the Mournes.[24]
Newgrange after it was built
Frank Mitchell suggested that the monument could have been built within a space of five years,
basing his estimation upon the likely number of local inhabitants during the Neolithic and the
amount of time they could have devoted to building it rather than farming. This estimate, however,
was criticised by Michael J. O'Kelly and his archaeological team, who believed that it would have
taken a minimum of thirty years to build.[27]

Burials Newgrange in the Bronze Age

Excavations have revealed deposits of both burnt and unburnt human bone in the passage, indicating human corpses had been
placed within it, some of whom had been cremated. From examining the unburnt bone, it was shown to come from at least two
separate individuals, but much of their skeletons were missing, and what was left had been scattered about the passage.[28]
Various grave goods were deposited alongside the bodies inside the passage. Excavations that took place in the late 1960s and
early 1970s revealed seven 'marbles', four pendants, two beads, a used flint flake, a bone chisel, and fragments of bone pins
and points.[29] Many more artifacts had been found in the passage in previous centuries by visiting antiquarians and tourists,
although most of these were removed and went missing or held in private collections. Nonetheless, sometimes these were
recorded and it is believed that the grave goods that came from Newgrange were typical of Neolithic Irish passage grave
assemblages.[30] The remains of animals also have been found in the structure, primarily those of mountain hares, rabbits, and
dogs, but also of bats, sheep, goats, cattle, song thrushes, and more rarely, molluscs and frogs. Most of these animals would
have entered and died in the chamber many centuries or even millennia after it was constructed: for instance, rabbits were only
introduced to Ireland in the thirteenth century.[31]

DNA analysis found that bones deposited in the most elaborate chamber belonged to a man whose parents were first-degree
relatives, possibly brother and sister. In history, such inbreeding was usually only found in royal dynasties headed by 'god-kings',
such as the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, who married among themselves to keep the royal bloodline 'pure'. This, together with
the prestige of the burial, could mean that a similar elite group were responsible for building Newgrange, and that it was a royal
tomb.[32] The man was distantly related to people buried in the Carrowkeel and Carrowmore tombs.[33][34] However,
archaeologist Alasdair Whittle said that social difference in the Neolithic was often short-lived, speculating that an elite may
have arisen temporarily in response to crisis. He suggested that Newgrange may have been a communal monument at certain
times and co-opted as a personal tomb for brief periods.[35]

Purpose

There have been various debates as to its original purpose. Many archaeologists believed that
the monument had religious significance of some sort or another, either as a place of worship
for a "cult of the dead" or for an astronomically based faith. O'Kelly believed that the monument
had to be seen in relation to the nearby Knowth and Dowth, and that the building of Newgrange Cross section showing sunlight
"cannot be regarded as other than the expression of some kind of powerful force or motivation, reaching the chamber on the
brought to the extremes of aggrandizement in these three monuments, the cathedrals of the winter solstice
megalithic religion."[36] O'Kelly believed that Newgrange, alongside the hundreds of other
passage tombs built in Ireland during the Neolithic, showed evidence for a religion that venerated the dead as one of its core
principles. He believed that this "cult of the dead" was just one particular form of European Neolithic religion, and that other
megalithic monuments displayed evidence for different religious beliefs that were solar-oriented, rather than ancestor-oriented.
[36]

Studies in other fields of expertise offer alternative interpretations of the possible functions, however, which principally centre
on the astronomy, engineering, geometry, and mythology associated with the Boyne monuments. It is speculated that the sun
formed an important part of the religious beliefs of the Neolithic people who built it. One idea was that the room was designed
for a ritualistic capturing of sun rays on the shortest day of the year, the winter solstice, as the room gets flooded with sunlight,
which might have signaled that the days would start to get longer again. This view is strengthened by the discovery of
alignments in Knowth, Dowth, and the Lough Crew Cairns leading to the interpretation of these monuments as calendrical or
astronomical devices.

Once a year, at the Winter Solstice, the rising sun shines directly along the long passage, illuminating the inner chamber and
revealing the carvings inside, notably the triple spiral on the front wall of the chamber. This illumination lasts for approximately
17 minutes.[5] Michael J. O'Kelly was the first person in modern times to observe this event on 21 December 1967.[37] The
sunlight enters the passage through a specially contrived opening, known as a roofbox, directly above the main entrance.
Although solar alignments are not uncommon among passage graves, Newgrange is one of few to contain the additional
roofbox feature. (Cairn G at Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery is another, and it has been suggested that one can be found at
Bryn Celli Ddu.[38]) The alignment is such that although the roofbox is above the passage entrance, the light hits the floor of the
inner chamber. Today the first light enters about four minutes after sunrise and strikes the middle of the chamber, but
calculations based on the precession of the Earth show that 5,000 years ago, first light would have entered exactly at sunrise
and shone on the chamber's back wall.[39] The solar alignment at Newgrange is very precise compared to similar phenomena at
other passage graves such as Dowth or Maes Howe in the Orkney Islands, off the coast of Scotland.

During much of the Neolithic period, the Newgrange area continued to be a focus of some ceremonial activity.

Bronze Age and Iron Age

By the onset of the Bronze Age, it appears that Newgrange was no longer being used by the
local population, who did not leave any artifacts in the structure or bury their dead there. O'Kelly
stated, "by 2000 [BC] Newgrange was in decay and squatters were living around its collapsing
edge".[40] These people were adherents of the Beaker culture, which had been imported from
mainland Europe, and made Beaker-style pottery locally.[40] A large timber circle (or henge) was
built to the southeast of the main mound and a smaller timber circle to the west. The eastern
timber circle consisted of five concentric rows of pits. The outer row contained wooden posts. Timber circle, Early Bronze Age,
Bell Beaker culture
The next row of pits had clay linings and was used to burn animal remains. The three inner rows
of pits were dug to accept the animal remains. Within the circle were post and stake holes associated with Beaker pottery and
flint flakes. The western timber circle consisted of two concentric rows of parallel postholes and pits defining a circle 20 metres
(66 ft) in diameter.[citation needed] A concentric mound of clay was constructed around the southern and western sides of the
mound that covered a structure consisting of two parallel lines of post and ditches that had been partly burnt. A free-standing
circle of large stones was raised around the Newgrange mound. Near the entrance, seventeen hearths were used to set fires.
These structures at Newgrange are generally contemporary with a number of henges known from the Boyne Valley, at
Newgrange Site A, Newgrange Site O, Dowth Henge, and Monknewtown Henge.[citation needed]

The site evidently continued to have some ritual significance into the Iron Age. Among various
objects later deposited around the mound are two pendants made from gold Roman coins of
320–337 AD (now in the National Museum of Ireland) and Roman gold jewellery including two
bracelets, two finger rings, and a necklace, now in the collections of the British Museum.[41]

The culture that built Newgrange is sometimes confused with the much later Celtic culture, and
designs on the stones are misdescribed as "Celtic".[42] However, recent archaeogenetics Gold jewellery from Roman
suggests that the west European neolithic population was largely replaced by later arrivals.[43] period found at the mound
(British Museum)

Mythology

In Irish mythology, Newgrange is often called Síd in Broga (modern Sídhe an Brugha or Sí an
Bhrú). Like other passage tombs, it is described as a portal to the Otherworld and a dwelling of
the divine Tuatha Dé Danann.[44]

In one tale the Dagda, the chief god, desires Boann, the goddess of the River Boyne. She lives at
Brú na Bóinne with her husband Elcmar. The Dagda impregnates her after sending Elcmar away
on a one-day errand. To hide the pregnancy from Elcmar, the Dagda casts a spell on him,
making "the sun stand still" so he will not notice the passing of time. Meanwhile, Boann gives
birth to Aengus, who is also known as Maccán Óg ('the young son'). Eventually, Aengus learns
that the Dagda is his true father and asks him for a portion of land. In some versions of the tale,
the Dagda helps Aengus take ownership of the Brú from Elcmar. Aengus asks to have the Brú for
"a day and night", but then claims it forever, because all time is made up of "day and night".
Other versions have Aengus taking over the Brú from the Dagda himself by using the same trick.
[45][46] Sunlight entering the chamber
The Brú is then named Brug maic ind Óig after him. In The Pursuit of Diarmuid and
around the time of the winter
Gráinne, Aengus takes Diarmuid's body to the Brú.[47] solstice

It has been suggested that this tale represents the winter solstice illumination of Newgrange, during which the sunbeam (the
Dagda) enters the inner chamber (the womb of Boann) when the sun's path stands still. The word solstice (Irish grianstad)
means sun-standstill. The conception of Aengus may represent the 'rebirth' of the sun at the winter solstice, him taking over the
Brú from an older god representing the growing sun taking over from the waning sun.[48] This could mean that knowledge of the
event survived for thousands of years before being recorded as a myth in the Middle Ages.[46] John Carey, an expert on Irish
mythology, says that the tales of Brú na Bóinne are the only Irish legends where a sacred site is linked with the control of time.
[46]

There is a similar tale about Dowth (Dubhadh), one of the other Boyne Valley tombs. It tells how king Bresal compels the men of
Ireland to build a tower to heaven within a day. His sister casts a spell, making the sun stand still so that one day lasts
indefinitely. However, Bresal commits incest with his sister, which breaks the spell. The sun sets and the builders leave, hence
the name Dubhadh ('darkening').[49] This tale has also been linked with recent DNA analysis, which found that a man buried at
Newgrange had parents who were most likely siblings (see #Construction and burials).[50]

Newgrange is described in some myths as "white-topped", "brilliant to approach", and "chequered with many lights".[51]
Archaeologist Claire O'Kelly wrote that these could be "references to the glistening white quartz of the Newgrange mound".[52]

Local folklore about Newgrange survived into the modern era.[53]

Modern history

Sometime after 1142 the structure became part of outlying farmland owned by the Cistercian Abbey of Mellifont. These farms
were referred to as 'granges'. Newgrange is not mentioned in any of the early charters of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,
but an Inspeximus granted by Edward III in 1348 includes a Nova Grangia among the demesne lands of the abbey.[54]

Antiquarianism in the 17th and 18th centuries

In 1699, the local landowner, Williamite settler Charles Campbell,[55] ordered some of his farm
labourers to dig up a part of Newgrange, which then had the appearance of a large mound of
earth, so that he could collect stone from within it. The labourers soon discovered the entrance
to the tomb within the mound, and a Welsh antiquarian named Edward Lhwyd, who was staying
in the area, was alerted and took an interest in the monument. He wrote an account of the
mound and its tomb, describing what he saw as its "barbarous sculpture" and noting that animal
bones, beads, and pieces of glass had been found inside of it (modern archaeologists have The entrance to Newgrange in
speculated that these latter two were in fact the polished pottery beads that subsequently have the late 1800s, when the mound
been found at the site and that were a common feature of Neolithic tombs).[56] Soon another had become largely overgrown
antiquarian visitor, Sir Thomas Molyneux, professor at Trinity College Dublin, also came to the
site. He talked to Charles Campbell, who informed him that he had found the remains of two human corpses in the tomb, one
(which was male) in one of the cisterns and another farther along the passageway, something that Lhwyd had not noted.[57]
Subsequently, Newgrange was visited by a number of antiquarians, who often performed their own measurements of the site
and made their own observations, which often were published in various antiquarian journals; these included such figures as Sir
William Wilde, Thomas Pownall, Thomas Wright, John O'Donovan, George Petrie, and James Ferguson.[58]

These antiquarians often concocted their own theories about the origins of Newgrange, many of which have since been proved
incorrect. Thomas Pownall conducted a very detailed survey of New Grange in 1769,[59] which numbers all the stones and also
records some of the carvings on the stone and asserted that the mound originally had been taller and a lot of the stone on top
of it had been removed, a theory that has been disproven by archaeological research.[60] The majority of these antiquarians also
refused to believe that it was ancient peoples native to Ireland who built the monument, with many believing that it had been
built in the early medieval period by invading Vikings, whilst others speculated that it had been built by the ancient Egyptians,
ancient Indians, or the Phoenicians.[61]

At some time in the early 1800s, a folly was built a few yards behind Newgrange. The folly, with two circular windows, was made
of stones taken from Newgrange.

Conservation, archaeological investigation and reconstruction

In 1882, under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, Newgrange and the nearby monuments
of Knowth and Dowth were placed under the control of the state with the Board of Public Works
being the responsible administrative authority. In 1890, under the leadership of Thomas
Newenham Deane, the board began a project of conservation of the monument, which had
been damaged through general deterioration over the previous three millennia as well as the
increasing vandalism caused by visitors, some of whom had inscribed their names on the
stones.[62] In subsequent decades, a number of archaeologists performed excavations at the
The entrance to Newgrange in
site, discovering more about its function and how it had been built; however, even at the time, it the early 1900s, after much of
was still mistakenly believed by archaeologists to be built during the Bronze Age rather than the debris had been cleared and
during the earlier Neolithic period.[63] For 60 years in the late nineteenth and early twentieth a drystone wall built
century Annie (d. 1964) and Bob Hickey looked after Newgrange as caretakers, custodians and
tour guides following his appointment c. 1890. They spoke of noticing a shaft of sunlight hitting a particular stone inside during
the winter equinox in December.[64] In the 1950s, electric lighting was installed in the passageway to allow visitors to see more
clearly.[65]

The first thorough archaeological investigation and excavation of Newgrange was undertaken from 1962 through to 1975, led by
Irish archaeologist Michael J. O'Kelly. Following the O'Kelly excavation, conservation, restoration and reconstruction works took
place, based on the archaeological findings. His excavation report was published in 1982 by Thames and Hudson as
Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend.[66]

A dense layer of white quartz stones, mingled with grey cobbles, was found lying at the front of the mound. O'Kelly's team
carefully recorded the stratigraphy. The quartz layer was thickest nearest the kerbstones, and none was found underneath any
of the kerbstones that had fallen or tilted outward from the mound. This indicated that the quartz had fallen or slipped down
from above the kerbstones. O'Kelly concluded that the quartz had made up a white façade or revetment on the front of the
monument.[67] The archaeologists also found what they believed to be the bottom course of a revetment, still in place above
three kerbstones at the back of the mound.[68] The height of the original façade was calculated as being up to 3 meters tall by
civil engineer John Fogarty of University College Cork, an expert on the movement of piled-up loose materials.[69] Fogarty and
O'Kelly's team tested their theory by building and collapsing a façade made of the same kind of quartz and cobble stones.
O'Kelly wrote that the resulting stratigraphy was almost identical to that found in the excavations.[70]

As part of the restoration, this white quartz façade was rebuilt, and a concrete support wall built
behind it in case of a future cairn collapse. This work is controversial among the archaeological
community. P. R. Giot described the façade as looking like a "cream cheese cake with dried
currants distributed about".[71] Neil Oliver described the reconstruction as "a bit brutal, a bit
overdone, kind of like Stalin does the Stone Age".[72] Some critics claim that the Neolithic
builders did not have the technology to build a revetment at this angle.[73][74]

Other archaeologists have supported O'Kelly's conclusions and the reconstructed façade, such
Closeup of the façade or
as Robert Hensey and Elizabeth Shee Twohig in their paper "Facing the cairn at Newgrange" revetment
[75]
(2017), where they set forth the archaeological evidence. They also contend that if the
builders quarried and brought the quartz such a distance, they likely would have used it to "maximum effect" as a striking
façade, rather than laying it on the ground where it could barely be seen.[75] Along with archaeologist Carleton Jones,[76]
Hensey and Twohig note that passage tombs in Brittany have similar near-vertical dry stone fronts, such as Gavrinis and
Barnenez.[75]

The inward-curving dark stone walls on each side of the entrance are not original, nor are they meant to suggest Newgrange's
original appearance. They were designed solely to facilitate visitor access. One visitor guide book to the site, however,
mistakenly had a drawing showing the modern entrance as if it were part of Newgrange's original appearance.[77]

In 2016, archaeologist Michael Gibbons controversially claimed that the roofbox, which captures the winter solstice sunlight,
was "fabricated" by O'Kelly's team.[78] This claim was refuted by several prominent Irish archaeologists, including Prof William
O'Brien and Ann Lynch, who noted that it has been recorded photographically since the early 1900s, and in detailed site
drawings from the excavation.[79][80]

Access

Newgrange is located 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi) west of Drogheda in County Meath. The
interpretive centre is located on the south bank of the river and Newgrange is located on the
north side of the river. Access is only from the interpretive centre.

Access to Newgrange is by guided tour only. Tours begin at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Mock-up of the chamber, in the
[81]
from which visitors are taken to the site in groups. Current-day visitors to Newgrange are Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre
treated to a guided tour and a re-enactment of the Winter Solstice experience through the use
of high-powered electric lights situated within the tomb. The finale of a Newgrange tour results in every visitor standing inside
the tomb where the tour guide then turns off the lights, and then turns on ones simulating the sunlight that would appear on the
winter solstice.

To experience the phenomenon on the morning of the Winter Solstice from inside Newgrange, visitors to Bru Na Bóinne Visitor
Centre must enter an annual lottery at the centre. Of the tens of thousands who enter, sixty are chosen each year. Winners are
permitted to bring a single guest. The winners are split into groups of ten and taken in on the five days around the solstice in
December when sunlight can enter the chamber, weather permitting.[82] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the 2020
and 2021 events were exclusively live-streamed with no public access.[83]

Gallery

Side view Orthostat-lined passage Triskele (triple spiral) pattern A chiselled granite basin in
leading towards tomb on orthostat C10 in the end- the east side-chamber
chamber chamber

Looking up to the corbelled

ceiling of end-chamber

See also

Neolithic British Isles

Prehistoric Ireland

References

1. ^ "Sí an Bhrú /Newgrange" . logainm.ie. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
2. ^ O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982. Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and
Legend. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 13.
3. ^ Lynch, Ann (2014). "Newgrange revisited: New insights from
excavations at the back of the mound in 1984–8" . The Journal of
Irish Archaeology. 23: 13–82 – via JSTOR.
41. ^ "British Museum – Collection search" . British Museum.
Retrieved 27 April 2015.
42. ^ "History of Newgrange Stone Age Passage Tomb in Ireland" . 21
March 2010.
43. ^ Reich D. Who we are and how we got here; Oxford UP (2018) pp.
98, 114–117.

4. ^ Carrowkeel Cairn G . The Megalithic Portal.
5. ^ a b "The Winter Solstice Illumination of Newgrange" . Archived
from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
6. ^ O'Kelly and O'Kelly, 102
7. ^ Laing 1974, p. 42
8. ^ "Newgrange got new lease of light and life in 1960s 'rebuild' " .
The Irish Times. 20 December 2008.
9. ^ Renfrew, Colin, in O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982. Newgrange:
Archaeology, Art and Legend. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 7.
10. ^ Hensey (2015). First Light: The origins of Newgrange. Oxbow
Books. p. 13.
11. ^ "Newgrange" . newgrange.com. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
44. ^ Löffler, Christa. The Voyage to the Otherworld Island in Early Irish
Literature. Brill Academic Publishers, 1983. pp.81–82
45. ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of
the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p.39
46. ^ a b c Hensey, Robert. Re-discovering the winter solstice
alignment at Newgrange, in The Oxford Handbook of Light in
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External links

Information on Newgrange by Meath Tourism Wikimedia Commons has

media related to
Irish passage tombs and other Neolithic monuments Newgrange.

101 Facts About Newgrange

Newgrange.com

Windows Media recording of the 2007 Winter Solstice event

Short Video by National Geographic about Newgrange .

MegalithicIreland.com

Brú na Bóinne in myth and folklore

Newgrange winter solstice simulation in 3D

Calendrical Interpretation of Spirals in Irish Megalithic Art on Arxiv.org 19 March 2019.

Here Comes the Sun Neil MacGregor narrates a BBC Radio 4 / British Museum programme describes the solstice at Newgrange,
making a comparison with the story of Amaterasu, Japanese sun goddess. (May 2022)

Consanguineous unions in the archaeology and mythology of the Neolithic passage-tomb at Newgrange, Ireland (Graham 2021)

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