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UGRD-CYBS6101 Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals Prelim

Exams
Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals (AMA Computer University)

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UGRD-CYBS6101 Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals
If it’s wrong, use Gemini
1. Home
2. My courses
3. UGRD-CYBS6101-2333T
4. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
5. Prelim Exam

Started on Friday, 17 May 2024, 7:06 AM

State Finished
Completed on Friday, 17 May 2024, 7:32 AM
Time taken 25 mins 30 secs
Marks 44.00/50.00
Grade 88.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
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Question text
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is equally likely to happen or
not happen?
Select one:

a.
75%

b.
25%

c.
50%

d.
0%

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Question 2
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness
theorems for the formal system of Peano arithmetic?
Select one:

a.
There are always unprovable statements within the system

b.
The system cannot prove its own completeness

c.
The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system

d.
The system cannot prove its own consistency

Question 3
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What is the primary bene昀椀t of using a cost matrix to assess and manage risks?
Select one:

a.
It provides a comprehensive analysis of risks

b.
It allows for the identi昀椀cation of previously unrecognized risks

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c.
It allows for the quanti昀椀cation of risks

d.
It allows for quick and easy comparison of risks

Question 4
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In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is de昀椀ned as:
Select one:

a.
The degree of belief that an event will occur

b.
The likelihood that an event will occur

c.
The probability that an event will occur

d.
The level of uncertainty about an event

Question 5
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of arti昀椀cial intelligence?
Select one:

a.

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They have led to the development of new arti昀椀cial intelligence algorithms

b.
They have led to the abandonment of the use of arti昀椀cial intelligence

c.
They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent
machine

d.
They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning

Question 6
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Which of the following statements about iterative deepening is NOT true?
Select one:

a.
It is a breadth-昀椀rst search algorithm

b.
It is a depth-昀椀rst search algorithm

c.
It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-昀椀rst search
algorithm

d.
It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-昀椀rst search
algorithm

Question 7
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand theorem?
Select one:

a.
A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others

b.
A statement that is always true in a given Herbrand interpretation

c.
A statement that is always false in a given Herbrand interpretation

d.
A statement that is provable from the axioms of 昀椀rst-order predicate logic

Question 8
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.7, what is the probability of either event A or B occurring?
Select one:

a.
0.3

b.
0.7

c.
1

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d.
0

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How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time?
Select one:

a.
They may change based on the outcome of a coin 昀氀ip

b.
They may change based on new beliefs, opinions, and experiences

c.
They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on a coin 昀氀ip

d.
They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective,
observable data and statistical analysis

Question 10
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a quanti昀椀er?
Select one:

a.
A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

b.

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A symbol that speci昀椀es the scope of a variable

c.
A logical symbol that represents a negation

d.
A function that returns a value based on its input

Question 11
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be considered when deciding
whether or not to use LEXMED?
Select one:

a.
The cost of the LEXMED subscription

b.
The legal and ethical implications of using LEXMED

c.
The speci昀椀c needs of the medical practice

d.
The preferences of the medical professionals

Question 12
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What is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability
distribution in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

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Select one:

a.
The Shannon entropy is proportional to the probability distribution

b.
The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the probability distribution

c.
The Shannon entropy is the probability distribution

d.
The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform

Question 13
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of computer science?
Select one:

a.
They have led to the development of new programming languages

b.
They have led to the development of new algorithms

c.
They have sparked debates about the limitations of computation

d.
They have led to the abandonment of the use of computers

Question 14
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What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case?
Select one:

a.
To penalize correct predictions di昀昀erently based on the actual class

b.
To penalize incorrect predictions di昀昀erently based on the actual class

c.
To penalize correct predictions di昀昀erently based on the predicted class

d.
To penalize incorrect predictions di昀昀erently based on the predicted class

Question 15
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What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:

a.
A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model

b.
A matrix that represents the cost of training a model

c.
A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions

d.

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A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model

Question 16
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Why are subjective probabilities important in decision-making?
Select one:

a.
Because they are based on statistical analysis

b.
Because they are based on a coin 昀氀ip

c.
Because they are based on objective, observable data

d.
Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and
experiences, which can a昀昀ect their decision-making

Question 17
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand model?
Select one:

a.
A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

b.
A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

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c.
A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

d.
A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

Question 18
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What is the space complexity of a breadth-昀椀rst search algorithm when applied
to a graph with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:

a.
O(V + E)

b.
O(V)

c.
O(E)

d.
O(V * E)

Question 19
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Which of the following is NOT a bene昀椀t of using LEXMED?
Select one:

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a.
Improved e昀케ciency in legal matters

b.
Improved patient care

c.
Improved legal compliance

d.
Improved understanding of medical terminology

Question 20
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In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:
Select one:

a.
Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event

b.
Calculate the probability of an event occurring

c.
Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

d.
Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

Question 21
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Question text
What is the time complexity of depth-昀椀rst search in terms of the number of
nodes, n, and the number of edges, m?
Select one:

a.
O(n * m)

b.

c.
O(n + m)

d.
O(m)

Question 22
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In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to?
Select one:

a.
The duration of the risk

b.
The severity of the risk

c.
The frequency of the risk

d.
The probability of the risk occurring

Question 23
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What is Bayes' theorem used for?
Select one:

a.
To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of all
other events

b.
To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the likelihood of
other events

c.
To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of its
opposite occurring

d.
To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on previous events

Question 24
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What is an advantage of depth-昀椀rst search over breadth-昀椀rst search?
Select one:

a.
Depth-昀椀rst search uses less memory

b.
Depth-昀椀rst search is more e昀케cient

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c.
Depth-昀椀rst search is more 昀氀exible and can be easily modi昀椀ed to solve di昀昀erent
types of problems

d.
Depth-昀椀rst search is faster

Question 25
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of both event A and B occurring?
Select one:

a.
1

b.
0

c.
0.25

d.
0.5

Question 26
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What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?
Select one:

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a.
It cannot be determined

b.
100%

c.
0%

d.
50%

Question 27
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In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm
will 昀椀nd the optimal solution?
Select one:

a.
Decision tree problems

b.
Constraint satisfaction problems

c.
None of the above

d.
Traveling salesman problems

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Question text
What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?
Select one:

a.
P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)

b.
P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)

c.
P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

d.
P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)

Question 29
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What is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints
over other statistical models?
Select one:

a.
It can handle missing data

b.
All of the above

c.
It can handle a large number of variables

d.
It can handle outliers

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Alpha-beta pruning is used in minimax algorithms for two-player games, where
one player is trying to maximize the score and the other player is trying to
minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents:
Select one:

a.
The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve

b.
The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve

c.
The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of

d.
The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of

Question 31
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IDA* search is a type of search algorithm used for what purpose?
Select one:

a.
Sorting data in ascending or descending order

b.
Solving problems involving game trees

c.
Finding patterns in large datasets

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d.
Storing and retrieving data from a database

Question 32
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What does "P(B|A)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:

a.
The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred

b.
The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

c.
The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred
or not

d.
The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

Question 33
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What is a defuzzi昀椀cation process in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values

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b.
A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values

c.
A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values

d.
A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values

Question 34
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How do you calculate the probability of multiple events occurring independently
of each other using Bayes' theorem?
Select one:

a.
By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) + P(C) / P(D) + ...

b.
By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

c.
By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

d.
By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) * P(C) / P(D) * ...

Question 35
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Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?

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Select one:

a.
Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the
optimal next step

b.
Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the
next step that leads to the highest cost

c.
Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the
next step that leads to the highest cost

d.
Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the
optimal next step

Question 36
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IDA* search is an example of what type of search algorithm?
Select one:

a.
Depth-昀椀rst search

b.
Breadth-昀椀rst search

c.
Best-昀椀rst search

d.
Iterative deepening search

Question 37
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In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?
Select one:

a.
2 rows and 1 column

b.
2 rows and 2 columns

c.
1 row and 2 columns

d.
1 row and 1 column

Question 38
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Which of the following is NOT a common method of mitigating risks?
Select one:

a.
Transferring the risk to another party

b.
Reducing the likelihood of the risk occurring

c.
Accepting the risk

d.

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Increasing the impact of the risk

Question 39
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Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is
NOT true?
Select one:

a.
It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium

b.
It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to
its energy

c.
It can be used to predict the probability of di昀昀erent outcomes in a system

d.
It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum order

Question 40
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How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood
principle in statistics?
Select one:

a.
They are independent of each other

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b.
The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood
principle

c.
They are equivalent

d.
The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum
entropy

Question 41
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What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:

a.
Belief

b.
Probability

c.
Decision making

d.
Statistics

Question 42
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Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

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Select one:

a.
The completeness of formal systems

b.
The consistency of arithmetic

c.
The incompleteness of formal systems

d.
The consistency of formal systems

Question 43
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In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is de昀椀ned as:
Select one:

a.
The probability that an event will occur

b.
The likelihood that an event will occur

c.
The level of uncertainty about an event

d.
The degree of belief that an event will occur

Question 44
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In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the falsehood of a statement based on the falsehood of
another statement?
Select one:

a.
Modus ponens

b.
A昀케rming the consequent

c.
Denying the antecedent

d.
Modus tollens

Question 45
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How is the Shannon entropy calculated in maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:

a.
By summing the probabilities of all the events in the distribution

b.
By taking the median of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution

c.

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By summing the logarithms of the probabilities of all the events in the

distribution

d.
By taking the mean of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution

Question 46
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of event A occurring given that event B
has already occurred?
Select one:

a.
0.5

b.
0.25

c.
1

d.
0

Question 47
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In which type of games is minmax search commonly used?
Select one:

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a.
Games with random elements

b.
Multiplayer games

c.
Single-player games

d.
Games with perfect information, such as chess and tic-tac-toe

Question 48
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In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of its opposite?
Select one:

a.
Modus tollens

b.
Denying the antecedent

c.
A昀케rming the consequent

d.
Modus ponens

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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of philosophy of mathematics?
Select one:

a.
They have sparked debates about the relationship between mathematics and
reality

b.
They have led to new discussions about the nature of mathematical truth

c.
They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of
mathematics

d.
They have led to the development of new philosophical theories about
mathematics

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What makes A* search di昀昀erent from other search algorithms?
Select one:

a.
It only considers paths that are at least as good as the current path

b.
It uses a heuristic function to guide the search

c.
It considers all possible paths, regardless of their cost

d.
It only considers paths that are better than the current path

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UGRD-CYBS6101 Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals
1. Home
2. My courses
3. UGRD-CYBS6101-2333T
4. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
5. Prelim Lab Exam

Started on Friday, 17 May 2024, 7:35 AM

State Finished
Completed on Friday, 17 May 2024, 7:57 AM
Time taken 21 mins 17 secs
Marks 39.00/50.00
Grade 78.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
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In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be most
useful?
Select one:

a.
When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important

b.
When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important

c.
When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important

d.
When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important

Question 2
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of cognitive science?
Select one:

a.
They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent
machine

b.
They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning

c.
They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition

d.
They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought

Question 3
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What is an advantage of depth-昀椀rst search over breadth-昀椀rst search?
Select one:

a.
Depth-昀椀rst search is faster

b.
Depth-昀椀rst search uses less memory

c.

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Depth-昀椀rst search is more 昀氀exible and can be easily modi昀椀ed to solve di昀昀erent
types of problems

d.
Depth-昀椀rst search is more e昀케cient

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What is the probability of an event occurring if it is twice as likely to happen as
not happen?
Select one:

a.
0%

b.
75%

c.
25%

d.
50%

Question 5
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In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm
will 昀椀nd the optimal solution?
Select one:

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a.
Decision tree problems

b.
Constraint satisfaction problems

c.
Traveling salesman problems

d.
None of the above

Question 6
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
It is based on precise, binary values

b.
It can handle uncertainty and imprecision

c.
It can handle complex, non-linear relationships

d.
It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making

Question 7
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Question text
What is a heuristic function in the context of search algorithms?
Select one:

a.
A function that estimates the cost of the most expensive path from the current
node to the goal

b.
A function that estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to
the goal

c.
A function that estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to
the goal

d.
A function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from the current node to
the goal

Question 8
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If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both
occurring?
Select one:

a.
50%

b.
25%

c.
100%

d.
0%

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Question 9
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of event B occurring given that event A
has already occurred?
Select one:

a.
0.6

b.
0

c.
0.4

d.
1

Question 10
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In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?
Select one:

a.
Regression problems

b.
Clustering problems

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c.
Classi昀椀cation problems

d.
Dimensionality reduction problems

Question 11
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Question text
How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?
Select one:

a.
Daily

b.
Annually

c.
Monthly

d.
Weekly

Question 12
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Can subjective probabilities be biased?
Select one:

a.

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Yes, subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and

experiences, which can be in昀氀uenced by personal biases

b.
No, subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, which is unbiased

c.
It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences

d.
No, subjective probabilities are objective and unbiased

Question 13
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In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of multiple other
statements?
Select one:

a.
Modus ponens

b.
Conjunction

c.
A昀케rming the consequent

d.
Modus tollens

Question 14
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In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:
Select one:

a.
Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

b.
Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event

c.
Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

d.
Calculate the probability of an event occurring

Question 15
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What is the time complexity of depth-昀椀rst search in terms of the number of
nodes, n, and the number of edges, m?
Select one:

a.
O(n * m)

b.

c.
O(n + m)

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d.
O(m)

Question 16
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In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?
Select one:

a.
The severity of the risk

b.
The duration of the risk

c.
The probability of the risk occurring

d.
The risk rating

Question 17
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem that could be solved
using a greedy search algorithm?
Select one:

a.
Sorting a list of numbers in ascending order

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b.
Finding the shortest path between two points on a map

c.
Solving a puzzle such as the Tower of Hanoi

d.
Solving the knapsack problem (choosing a set of items to maximize value while
staying within a weight limit)

Question 18
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What is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the
constraints in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:

a.
The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the constraints

b.
The maximum entropy distribution satis昀椀es all the constraints

c.
The maximum entropy distribution satis昀椀es none of the constraints

d.
The maximum entropy distribution satis昀椀es some of the constraints

Question 19
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Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events

occurring simultaneously?
Select one:

a.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

b.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring independently of any other events

c.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring given another event

d.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

Question 20
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Question text
How does minmax search handle tie situations?
Select one:

a.
By selecting the move with the highest score

b.
By selecting the move with the lowest score

c.
By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the
lowest score for the opponent

d.
By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the
highest score for the opponent

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Question 21
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Question text
What does LEXMED stand for?
Select one:

a.
Legal and Ethical Medical Decision-Making

b.
Local Exchange for Medical Data

c.
Legal and Medical Expert System

d.
Linux Extension for Medical Devices

Question 22
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What is the main goal of supervised machine learning?
Select one:

a.
To make predictions or decisions based on data

b.
To model the relationship between input and output variables

c.

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To identify patterns and relationships in data

d.
To understand the underlying structure of the data

Question 23
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when
evaluating the impact of a risk?
Select one:

a.
Legal impact

b.
Reputational impact

c.
Frequency of occurrence

d.
Financial impact

Question 24
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Question text
Alpha-beta pruning is based on the idea that:
Select one:

a.

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When the beta value is greater than the alpha value, the search can be stopped
because the minimizing player will not choose a move that leads to a worse
score

b.
None of the above

c.
When the alpha value is greater than the beta value, the search can be stopped
because the maximizing player will not choose a move that leads to a worse
score

d.
When the alpha and beta values are equal, the search can be stopped because
both players will choose the same move

Question 25
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Question text
Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following 昀椀elds?
Select one:

a.
Quantum mechanics

b.
Arti昀椀cial intelligence

c.
Probability and statistics

d.
Decision making

Question 26
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Question text
What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?
Select one:

a.
P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)

b.
P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)

c.
P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)

d.
P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

Question 27
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in
practice?
Select one:

a.
To generate random numbers

b.
To prove the consistency of mathematical theories

c.
To create unbreakable codes for secure communication

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d.
To verify the correctness of software programs

Question 28
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Question text
What is fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
A form of arti昀椀cial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning

b.
A form of arti昀椀cial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning

c.
A form of arti昀椀cial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning

d.
A form of arti昀椀cial intelligence that uses logical reasoning

Question 29
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of neither event A nor B occurring?
Select one:

a.
0.4

b.

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c.
1

d.
0.6

Question 30
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Question text
What is the "fuzzy envelope" in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
The area of heuristic values surrounding a fuzzy set

b.
The area of uncertainty surrounding a fuzzy set

c.
The area of probabilistic values surrounding a fuzzy set

d.
The area of precision surrounding a fuzzy set

Question 31
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What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?
Select one:

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a.
Node expansion

b.
Graph traversal

c.
Route planning

d.
Path昀椀nding

Question 32
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What is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability
distribution in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:

a.
The Shannon entropy is the probability distribution

b.
The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform

c.
The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the probability distribution

d.
The Shannon entropy is proportional to the probability distribution

Question 33
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Question text
What is an example of a problem that can be solved using heuristic search?
Select one:

a.
Finding the maximum value in a list of numbers

b.
Sorting a list of numbers

c.
Finding the shortest path between two points on a map

d.
Sorting a list of strings alphabetically

Question 34
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In what year did Kurt Godel 昀椀rst present his incompleteness theorems?
Select one:

a.
1975

b.
1931

c.
1879

d.
1952

Question 35
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a quanti昀椀er?
Select one:

a.
A logical symbol that represents a negation

b.
A function that returns a value based on its input

c.
A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

d.
A symbol that speci昀椀es the scope of a variable

Question 36
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Which of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can
be used in economics?
Select one:

a.
To model market equilibrium

b.
To model risk and uncertainty

c.
To predict consumer behavior

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d.
To calculate the cost of production

Question 37
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Question text
Alpha-beta pruning is used in minimax algorithms for two-player games, where
one player is trying to maximize the score and the other player is trying to
minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents:
Select one:

a.
The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of

b.
The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve

c.
The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of

d.
The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve

Question 38
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of event A occurring given that event B
has already occurred?
Select one:

a.

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b.
0

c.
0.5

d.
0.25

Question 39
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Question text
Alpha-beta pruning is a technique used in:
Select one:

a.
Sorting algorithms

b.
Search algorithms

c.
Graph traversal algorithms

d.
Hash table algorithms

Question 40
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Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using LEXMED?

Select one:

a.
Limited accessibility

b.
Limited scope of legal guidance

c.
Limited user support

d.
Limited scope of medical guidance

Question 41
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What does "P(B|A)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:

a.
The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred
or not

b.
The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

c.
The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

d.
The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred

Question 42
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand theorem?
Select one:

a.
A statement that is always true in a given Herbrand interpretation

b.
A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others

c.
A statement that is provable from the axioms of 昀椀rst-order predicate logic

d.
A statement that is always false in a given Herbrand interpretation

Question 43
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In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that
can occur during the training process?
Select one:

a.
Class imbalance

b.
Over昀椀tting

c.
Data leakage

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d.
Under昀椀tting

Question 44
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Question text
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of all other
statements in a given set?
Select one:

a.
Modus tollens

b.
Exclusive disjunction

c.
Modus ponens

d.
A昀케rming the consequent

Question 45
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Question text
Can subjective probabilities be measured or quanti昀椀ed?
Select one:

a.
It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences

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b.
No, subjective probabilities are subjective and cannot be measured or quanti昀椀ed

c.
Yes, by using objective, observable data and statistical analysis

d.
Yes, by using a scale or rating system

Question 46
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of computer science?
Select one:

a.
They have led to the abandonment of the use of computers

b.
They have led to the development of new programming languages

c.
They have sparked debates about the limitations of computation

d.
They have led to the development of new algorithms

Question 47
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What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of
昀椀rst-order predicate calculus?

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Select one:

a.
PA set theory

b.
ZF set theory

c.
ZFC set theory

d.
PA+ set theory

Question 48
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness
theorems?
Select one:

a.
There are always provable statements within a given formal system

b.
There are always unprovable statements within a given formal system

c.
There are always false but unprovable statements within a given formal system

d.
There are always true but unprovable statements within a given formal system

Question 49
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Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?
Select one:

a.
It depends on the speci昀椀c problem and the heuristic function being used

b.
It depends on the speci昀椀c search algorithm being used

c.
Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem

d.
No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and
solution

Question 50
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In a cost matrix, what does the cost of a risk refer to?
Select one:

a.
The duration of the risk

b.
The probability of the risk occurring

c.
The estimated cost of mitigating the risk

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d.
The severity of the risk

UGRD-CYBS6101 Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals
1. Home
2. My courses
3. UGRD-CYBS6101-2333T
4. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
5. Prelim Lab Exam

Started on Friday, 17 May 2024, 1:30 PM

State Finished

Completed on Friday, 17 May 2024, 2:04 PM

Time taken 34 mins 13 secs

Marks 38.00/50.00

Grade 76.00 out of 100.00

Question 1
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Question text
In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to?
Select one:

a.
The probability of the risk occurring

b.

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The duration of the risk

c.
The severity of the risk

d.
The frequency of the risk

Question 2
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Question text
What is a common application of data mining in business?
Select one:

a.
To increase sales

b.
All of the above

c.
To optimize production processes

d.
To improve customer service

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Question 3
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Question text
How does the order of events in Bayes' theorem a昀昀ect the calculation of
probability?
Select one:

a.
The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of
events occurring independently of each other

b.
The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of
events occurring sequentially, so the order in which they are listed does not
a昀昀ect the 昀椀nal probability

c.
The order matters, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events
occurring simultaneously, so the order in which they are listed a昀昀ects the 昀椀nal
probability

d.
The order matters, as the probability of one event occurring given another event
is not the same as the probability of the other event occurring given the 昀椀rst
event

Question 4
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Question text
What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?
Select one:

a.
To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables

b.
To provide probabilistic control over system variables

c.
To provide precise, binary control over system variables

d.
To provide heuristic control over system variables

Question 5
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How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time?
Select one:

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 lOMoARcPSD|11614757

a.
They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective,
observable data and statistical analysis

b.
They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on a coin 昀氀ip

c.
They may change based on the outcome of a coin 昀氀ip

d.
They may change based on new beliefs, opinions, and experiences

Question 6
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Question text
What is a fuzzy set in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
A set of values that are de昀椀ned with precise boundaries

b.
A set of values that are de昀椀ned with imprecise boundaries

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c.
A set of values that are de昀椀ned with probabilistic boundaries

d.
A set of values that are de昀椀ned with heuristic boundaries

Question 7
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Question text
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of another
statement and the truth of a third statement?
Select one:

a.
Modus ponens

b.
A昀케rming the consequent

c.
Hypothetical syllogism

d.
Modus tollens

Question 8

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Correct

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What is the time complexity of a breadth-昀椀rst search algorithm when applied to
a graph with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:

a.
O(V)

b.
O(V * E)

c.
O(V + E)

d.
O(E)

Question 9
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to
assess and manage risks?
Select one:

a.
Determining the cost of each risk

b.
Implementing risk mitigation measures

c.
Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk

d.
Identifying potential risks

Question 10
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What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-昀椀rst search?
Select one:

a.
Finding the largest number in a list

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b.
Determining if a graph is bipartite

c.
Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph

d.
Sorting a list of numbers

Question 11
Correct

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Question text
How does the heuristic function in A* search work?
Select one:

a.
It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node

b.
It estimates the cost of the most e昀케cient path from the current node to the goal
node

c.
It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node

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d.
It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node

Question 12
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What is the disadvantage of using maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:

a.
It cannot handle missing data

b.
It can only handle a small number of variables

c.
It makes a lot of assumptions about the data

d.
It cannot handle outliers

Question 13
Correct

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Which of the following is NOT a type of supervised learning algorithm?
Select one:

a.
Neural networks

b.
K-nearest neighbors

c.
Clustering

d.
Decision trees

Question 14
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What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:

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a.
Decision making

b.
Probability

c.
Belief

d.
Statistics

Question 15
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What is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a
distribution in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:

a.
The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution

b.
The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is
uniform

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c.
The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution

d.
The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution

Question 16
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?
Select one:

a.
Legal precedent search

b.
Legal case search

c.
Medical diagnosis assistance

d.
Medical terminology lookup

Question 17
Correct

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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness
theorems for the formal system of Peano arithmetic?
Select one:

a.
There are always unprovable statements within the system

b.
The system cannot prove its own completeness

c.
The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system

d.
The system cannot prove its own consistency

Question 18
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Which of the following statements about iterative deepening is NOT true?
Select one:

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a.
It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-昀椀rst search
algorithm

b.
It is a breadth-昀椀rst search algorithm

c.
It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-昀椀rst search
algorithm

d.
It is a depth-昀椀rst search algorithm

Question 19
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What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?
Select one:

a.
To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data

b.
To provide medical guidance to legal professionals

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c.
To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data

d.
To provide legal guidance to medical professionals

Question 20
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What is the space complexity of a breadth-昀椀rst search algorithm when applied
to a graph with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:

a.
O(V)

b.
O(E)

c.
O(V + E)

d.
O(V * E)

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Question 21
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Question text
Why are subjective probabilities important in decision-making?
Select one:

a.
Because they are based on objective, observable data

b.
Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and
experiences, which can a昀昀ect their decision-making

c.
Because they are based on statistical analysis

d.
Because they are based on a coin 昀氀ip

Question 22
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In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common evaluation

metric?
Select one:

a.
Precision

b.
Recall

c.
Mean squared error

d.
Accuracy

Question 23
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Question text
What is Shannon entropy?
Select one:

a.
The amount of uncertainty in a distribution

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b.
The amount of symmetry in a distribution

c.
The amount of randomness in a distribution

d.
The amount of information in a distribution

Question 24
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Which of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can
be used in information theory?
Select one:

a.
To calculate the probability of di昀昀erent outcomes

b.
To determine the accuracy of a prediction

c.
To compress data

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d.
To model communication channels

Question 25
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Which of the following is NOT a typical application of breadth-昀椀rst search?
Select one:

a.
Sorting a list of numbers

b.
Path昀椀nding in a maze or grid

c.
Searching a database for a speci昀椀c record

d.
Traversing a tree or graph data structure

Question 26
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In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the
actual class is negative called?
Select one:

a.
The false positive cost

b.
The true negative cost

c.
The true positive cost

d.
The false negative cost

Question 27
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of philosophy of mathematics?
Select one:

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a.
They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of
mathematics

b.
They have sparked debates about the relationship between mathematics and
reality

c.
They have led to the development of new philosophical theories about
mathematics

d.
They have led to new discussions about the nature of mathematical truth

Question 28
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What is the process of using A* search to 昀椀nd the shortest path between two
nodes called?
Select one:

a.
Path昀椀nding

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b.
Route planning

c.
Graph traversal

d.
Node expansion

Question 29
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Question text
How often is the medical terminology in LEXMED updated?
Select one:

a.
Monthly

b.
Daily

c.
Weekly

d.

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Annually

Question 30
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Question text
How is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:

a.
By using an iterative optimization algorithm

b.
By using a least squares algorithm

c.
By using a gradient descent algorithm

d.
By using a support vector machine algorithm

Question 31
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Question text
What is a defuzzi昀椀cation process in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values

b.
A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values

c.
A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values

d.
A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values

Question 32
Correct

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What is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-昀椀rst
search algorithm?
Select one:

a.
It requires less computation time to search the tree

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b.
It requires less memory to store the visited nodes

c.
It requires more computation time to search the tree

d.
It requires more memory to store the visited nodes

Question 33
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Question text
What is the main goal of data mining?
Select one:

a.
To discover patterns and relationships in data

b.
To store and organize data e昀케ciently

c.
To collect as much data as possible

d.

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To visualize data in a meaningful way

Question 34
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Question text
What is A* search used for?
Select one:

a.
To 昀椀nd the shortest path between two nodes in a graph

b.
To 昀椀nd the longest path between two nodes in a graph

c.
To 昀椀nd all possible paths between two nodes in a graph

d.
To 昀椀nd the most e昀케cient path between two nodes in a graph

Question 35
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Question text
If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability
that at least one of them will occur?
Select one:

a.
50%

b.
25%

c.
75%

d.
0%

Question 36
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for using LEXMED?
Select one:

a.
A stable internet connection

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b.
A valid LEXMED subscription

c.
A valid medical license

d.
A valid legal license

Question 37
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Question text
What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?
Select one:

a.
It is less accurate and reliable

b.
It is more computationally expensive

c.
It is less 昀氀exible and adaptable

d.

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It is more di昀케cult to implement and understand

Question 38
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Question text
Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring
given multiple other events that are both independent and not independent of
each other?
Select one:

a.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

b.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring given another event

c.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

d.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring independently of any other events

Question 39
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to
Gödel's incompleteness theorems?
Select one:

a.
The system must be consistent

b.
The system must be 昀椀nite

c.
The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic

d.
The system must be complete

Question 40
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Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is
NOT true?
Select one:

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a.
It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium

b.
It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to
its energy

c.
It can be used to predict the probability of di昀昀erent outcomes in a system

d.
It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum order

Question 41
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Question text
What is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the
underlying distribution in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:

a.
The maximum entropy distribution is similar to the underlying distribution

b.
The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the underlying distribution

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c.
The maximum entropy distribution is the same as the underlying distribution

d.
The maximum entropy distribution is di昀昀erent from the underlying distribution

Question 42
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Question text
What does "P(A)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:

a.
The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred
or not

b.
The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

c.
The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

d.
The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred

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Question 43
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Question text
What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?
Select one:

a.
They use more memory

b.
They are slower

c.
They may not 昀椀nd the optimal solution

d.
They may not 昀椀nd any solution at all

Question 44
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered

unprovable within a godelized system of logic?
Select one:

a.
It is not a theorem of the system

b.
It is not a contradiction of a theorem of the system

c.
It is not a combination of theorems of the system

d.
It is not a negation of a theorem of the system

Question 45
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Question text
What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic?
Select one:

a.
Automatic image recognition systems

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b.
Automatic tra昀케c control systems

c.
Automatic stock trading systems

d.
Automatic temperature control systems

Question 46
Correct

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Question text
Can subjective probabilities be used to make predictions about future events?
Select one:

a.
Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on the
outcome of a coin 昀氀ip

b.
No, subjective probabilities are not based on a coin 昀氀ip and cannot be used to
make predictions

c.
Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on an
individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the likelihood of certain
events occurring

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d.
No, subjective probabilities are not based on objective, observable data and
statistical analysis and cannot be used to make predictions

Question 47
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Question text
In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a substitution instance of a formula?
Select one:

a.
A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the variables in the original
formula with constants

b.
A formula obtained by negating the original formula

c.
A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the quanti昀椀ers in the original
formula with logical symbols

d.
A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the predicates in the original
formula with functions

Question 48
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?
Select one:

a.
A formula that contains a free variable

b.
A formula that contains only predicates

c.
A formula that is always true

d.
A formula that contains only closed terms

Question 49
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Question text
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.7, what is the probability of neither event A nor B occurring?
Select one:

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a.
0

b.
0.7

c.
0.3

d.
1

Question 50
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Question text
Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring
given multiple other events that are not independent of each other?
Select one:

a.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring given another event

b.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

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 lOMoARcPSD|11614757

c.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

d.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring independently of any other events

UGRD-CYBS6101 Artificial Intelligence

Fundamentals
1. Home
2. My courses
3. UGRD-CYBS6101-2333T
4. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
5. Prelim Lab Exam

Started on Friday, 17 May 2024, 2:12 PM

State Finished

Completed on Friday, 17 May 2024, 2:37 PM

Time taken 25 mins 8 secs

Marks 44.00/50.00

Grade 88.00 out of 100.00

Question 1
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the 昀椀eld
of computer science?

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Select one:

a.
It allows for the generation of random numbers

b.
It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system

c.
It allows for the veri昀椀cation of the correctness of software programs

d.
It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms

Question 2
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Question text
In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?
Select one:

a.
The probability of the risk occurring

b.
The frequency of the risk

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c.
The impact of the risk

d.
The duration of the risk

Question 3
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Question text
What is the main disadvantage of using a greedy search algorithm?
Select one:

a.
They may not consider all possible options before making a decision

b.
They are not guaranteed to 昀椀nd a solution

c.
They can be slow when searching large spaces

d.
They are not guaranteed to 昀椀nd the optimal solution

Question 4

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Correct

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Question text
Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring
based on multiple other events?
Select one:

a.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring given another event

b.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

c.
Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

d.
No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event
occurring independently of any other events

Question 5
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Question text
In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is an open formula?
Select one:

a.
A formula that contains only predicates

b.
A formula that contains only closed terms

c.
A formula that is always true

d.
A formula that contains a free variable

Question 6
Correct

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Question text
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when
the actual class is negative called?
Select one:

a.
The true positive cost

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b.
The true negative cost

c.
The false positive cost

d.
The false negative cost

Question 7
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Question text
What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:

a.
A statistical model that assumes the data follows a speci昀椀c distribution

b.
A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data

c.
A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data

d.

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A statistical model that assumes the data is random

Question 8
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Question text
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is de昀椀ned as:
Select one:

a.
The degree of belief that an event will occur

b.
The likelihood that an event will occur

c.
The level of uncertainty about an event

d.
The probability that an event will occur

Question 9
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Question text
What is a potential drawback of data mining?
Select one:

a.
It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population

b.
It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive

c.
All of the above

d.
It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed

Question 10
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What is the probability of an event occurring if it is impossible to happen?
Select one:

a.
100%

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b.
It cannot be determined

c.
50%

d.
0%

Question 11
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Question text
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of philosophy?
Select one:

a.
They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge

b.
They have led to the development of new philosophical systems

c.
They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality

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d.
They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning

Question 12
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Question text
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the
actual class is positive called?
Select one:

a.
The true positive cost

b.
The false positive cost

c.
The false negative cost

d.
The true negative cost

Question 13
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

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Question text
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:
Select one:

a.
Calculate the probability of an event occurring

b.
Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

c.
Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

d.
Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized

Question 14
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In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the highest priority risk?
Select one:

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a.
High likelihood, high impact

b.
High likelihood, low impact

c.
Low likelihood, high impact

d.
Low likelihood, low impact

Question 15
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In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of at least one of
multiple other statements?
Select one:

a.
Modus tollens

b.
Modus ponens

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c.
A昀케rming the consequent

d.
Disjunction

Question 16
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of philosophy of mind?
Select one:

a.
They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of mind

b.
They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mind

c.
They have sparked debates about the possibility of arti昀椀cial intelligence

d.
They have led to new discussions about the nature of consciousness

Question 17
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What is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and
relationships in data?
Select one:

a.
Data collection

b.
Data storage and organization

c.
Data visualization

d.
Machine learning

Question 18
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What is the space complexity of depth-昀椀rst search in terms of the maximum
depth of the search tree, d?

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Select one:

a.
O(1)

b.
O(d)

c.

d.
O(m)

Question 19
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What is the main advantage of heuristic search algorithms over traditional
search algorithms, such as breadth-昀椀rst or depth-昀椀rst search?
Select one:

a.
They use less memory

b.

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They are faster

c.
They can 昀椀nd solutions more quickly in some cases

d.
They can 昀椀nd solutions more accurately in some cases

Question 20
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of philosophy of language?
Select one:

a.
They have led to new discussions about the nature of meaning

b.
They have sparked debates about the relationship between language and
thought

c.
They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of language

d.

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They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of language

Question 21
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In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of another
statement and the truth of a third statement?
Select one:

a.
Modus ponens

b.
Disjunctive syllogism

c.
Modus tollens

d.
A昀케rming the consequent

Question 22
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In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that
allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of its
opposite?
Select one:

a.
Denying the antecedent

b.
A昀케rming the consequent

c.
Modus tollens

d.
Modus ponens

Question 23
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If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of
them occurring?

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Select one:

a.
0%

b.
10%

c.
25%

d.
100%

Question 24
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What is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints
over other statistical models?
Select one:

a.
It can handle a large number of variables

b.

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All of the above

c.
It can handle missing data

d.
It can handle outliers

Question 25
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In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of
maximum ignorance?
Select one:

a.
The principle of maximum ignorance is a special case of the principle of
maximum entropy

b.
They are equivalent

c.
They are independent of each other

d.

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The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of maximum

ignorance

Question 26
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How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood
principle in statistics?
Select one:

a.
The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum
entropy

b.
They are independent of each other

c.
The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood
principle

d.
They are equivalent

Question 27
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In a cost matrix, what does the columns represent?
Select one:

a.
The cost of making a prediction

b.
The predicted class

c.
The actual class

d.
The probability of a prediction

Question 28
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Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?
Select one:

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a.
The incompleteness of formal systems

b.
The completeness of formal systems

c.
The consistency of arithmetic

d.
The consistency of formal systems

Question 29
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?
Select one:

a.
A logical symbol that represents a negation

b.
A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

c.

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A function that returns a value based on its input

d.
A statement that is either true or false

Question 30
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What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?
Select one:

a.
It cannot be determined

b.
0%

c.
50%

d.
100%

Question 31
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems
have in昀氀uenced the 昀椀eld of mathematics education?
Select one:

a.
They have led to the development of new mathematics curricula

b.
They have led to the abandonment of the study of mathematics

c.
They have sparked debates about the importance of proof in mathematics

d.
They have led to the development of new teaching methods

Question 32
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be considered when deciding
whether or not to use LEXMED?
Select one:

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a.
The cost of the LEXMED subscription

b.
The legal and ethical implications of using LEXMED

c.
The preferences of the medical professionals

d.
The speci昀椀c needs of the medical practice

Question 33
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when
evaluating the likelihood of a risk?
Select one:

a.
Duration of the risk

b.
Probability of occurrence

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c.
Severity of the risk

d.
Likelihood of detection

Question 34
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of
heuristic search algorithms?
Select one:

a.
The type of problem being solved

b.
The quality of the heuristic function

c.
The number of processors in the computer

d.
The size of the search space

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Question 35
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of either event A or B occurring?
Select one:

a.
0.4

b.
0.6

c.
1

d.
0.1

Question 36
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What is the primary advantage of using a breadth-昀椀rst search algorithm over a

depth-昀椀rst search algorithm?
Select one:

a.
It is easier to implement and understand

b.
It is faster and requires less processing power

c.
It is more accurate and reliable

d.
It explores the entire search space more thoroughly

Question 37
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What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of
set theory?
Select one:

a.
ZFC set theory

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b.
ZF set theory

c.
PA+ set theory

d.
PA set theory

Question 38
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What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-昀椀rst
search algorithm?
Select one:

a.
It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time

b.
It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time

c.
It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time

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d.
It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time

Question 39
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In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "con昀氀ict function" is de昀椀ned as:
Select one:

a.
The degree of belief that an event will occur

b.
The level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event

c.
The likelihood that an event will occur

d.
The probability that an event will occur

Question 40
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of event A occurring given that event B
has already occurred?
Select one:

a.
1

b.
0.4

c.
0

d.
0.6

Question 41
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Which of the following statements about Gödel's incompleteness theorems is
NOT true?

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Select one:

a.
They prove that all formal systems are complete

b.
They demonstrate the inherent limitations of any formal system

c.
They show that some statements within a formal system are undecidable

d.
They prove that all formal systems are consistent

Question 42
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?
Select one:

a.
They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making
a decision)

b.

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They are complete (meaning they will always 昀椀nd a solution if one exists)

c.
They are e昀케cient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)

d.
They are optimal (meaning they will always 昀椀nd the best solution)

Question 43
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Question text
IDA* search is used in what type of problems?
Select one:

a.
Problems with a large number of possible solutions

b.
Problems with a small number of solutions

c.
Problems with a 昀椀xed number of steps

d.
Problems with a known solution

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Question 44
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In what year was the godelization process 昀椀rst described by Kurt Godel?
Select one:

a.
1879

b.
1975

c.
1952

d.
1931

Question 45
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered

provable within a godelized system of logic?
Select one:

a.
It is a contradiction of a theorem of the system

b.
It is a combination of theorems of the system

c.
It is a theorem of the system

d.
It is a negation of a theorem of the system

Question 46
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If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B
occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of both event A and B occurring?
Select one:

a.
0

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b.
0.25

c.
1

d.
0.5

Question 47
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If there are three events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability
that none of them will occur?
Select one:

a.
0%

b.
25%

c.
50%

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d.
75%

Question 48
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Question text
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:

a.
A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model

b.
A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model

c.
A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions

d.
A matrix that represents the cost of training a model

Question 49
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Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:

a.
Con昀氀ict

b.
Plausibility

c.
Uncertainty

d.
Belief

Question 50
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In 昀椀rst-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand base?
Select one:

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a.
A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

b.
A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

c.
A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

d.
A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

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