HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Jan 18, 2023

Chapter 1 : • Endocrine System

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF • Cardiovascular System

THE HUMAN BODY • Lymphatic System
ANATOMY • Respiratory System
- Structure
- Shape • Digestive System
- Parts • Urinary System
- Relationship to one another
• Reproductive System (Male and Female)
PHYSIOLOGY
- Functions of the body ORGAN SYSTEM

SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY
- Cardiovascular physiology
- Renal physiology
- Neurophysiology
- Pathophysiology

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Functional changes associated with
disease and aging

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• External body

• Protection

• Vitamin D

• Regulate body
temperature

• Nerve receptors
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Atoms • Brain, spinal cord,
nerves,
2. Cells sensory
3. Tissues receptors
4. Organs • Responds to
5. Organ systems stimuli

6. Organism • Messenger

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW • Response

• Integumentary System

• Nervous System
 • Homeostasis

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Electrolyte balance

• Hormones
• BP regulation
• Growth
ORGAN SYSTEM
• Reproduction REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • MALE: testes, scrotum, penis, accessory

• Heart, glands, duct
blood
• FEMALE : ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vessels
vagina
• Transports
blood

• Protection
from foreign
invaders

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid
organs

• Complements the
cardiovascular system

• Cleanses the blood

Immunity
Necessary Life Functions
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Maintain boundaries
• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea,  Movement
bronchi, lungs  Locomotion
 Movement of substances
• Exchange of  Responsiveness
gases  Ability to sense changes and react
 Digestion
 Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small & SURVIVAL NEEDS
large intestines, rectum,  Nutrients
accessory organs  Oxygen
 Water
• Breaks down food
 Normal Body Temperature
• Nutrient absorption  Atmospheric pressure

• Eliminates waste HOMEOSTASIS

- To maintain relatively stable
internal conditions

URINARY SYSTEM
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

• Eliminates wastes
 - Dynamic state of EQUILIBRIUM or
BALANCE
- Homeostatic Imbalance

COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS
RECEPTOR: monitors and responds to
changes in environment

CONTROL CENTER: determines the level at

which a variable is to be maintained

EFFECTOR: provides control center's

response to stimulus

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
MECHANISMS
- Negative Feedback
- Mechanism mechanisms that seem to
be naturally stable
- Positive Feedback Mechanism
- result of an uncontrolled conditions

BODY CAVITIES

DORSAL CAVITY
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY - Cranial
- Spinal
ANATOMICAL POSITION
- To avoid confusion
- Stand erect
- Feet parallel
- Arms hanging at the sides VENTRAL CAVITY
- with palms facing forward - Thoracic
- thumbs pointing away from the body - Abdominopelvic

REGIONAL TERMS
- Anterior
- Posterior
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
SUBDIVISIONS :
1. Four Quadrants
2. Nine Regions

• ORAL AND DIGESTIVE

CAVITIES
• NASAL CAVITY
• ORBITAL CAVITIES
• MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES
• SYNOVIAL CAVITIES