CHAPTER 1

Introduction To Microcomputer
CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Explanation of Basic Terms

 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

 Microprocessor-based System

 Evolution of Microprocessor

 Classification of Microprocessor

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INTRODUCTION
 The microprocessor is an electronic chip that
functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
of a computer.
 In other words, the microprocessor is the heart
of any computer system.
 Is silicon chip which includes
 ALU,
 Register circuits and
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 Control circuits
INTRODUCTION

 is the logic circuitry that responds to and

processes the basic instructions that drives a
computer

 is a programmable device that takes in

numbers, performs on them arithmetic or
logical operations according to the program stored
in memory and then produces other numbers as a
result 4
INTRODUCTION
 Examples
 Intel 4004 – The First Microprocessor
 Intel 8008
 Intel 8085
 Intel 8086
 Intel Pentium 4
 Intel Core i7
 AMD Athlon
 Motorola C680

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APPLICATION AREA OF MICROPROCESSOR

 Computer printers

 Washing machines

 Microwave ovens

 Mobile phones

 Fax machines, and

 Photocopiers

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TERMS

 Bus

 A bus is a set of conductors intended to transmit data,

address or control information to different elements in a

microprocessor.

 Usually a microprocessor will have 3 types of buses

 Data Bus, Control Bus and Address Bus.

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TERMS
 Instruction Set

 Instruction set is the group of commands that a

microprocessor can understand.

 Is an interface between hardware and software

 An instruction commands the processor to switch

relevant transistors for doing some processing in data.

 e.g. ADD A, B ; is used to add two numbers stored in

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; the register A and B.
TERMS
 Word Length
 is the number of bits in the internal data bus of
a processor

 is the number of bits a processor can process at a

time.

 e.g.
 An 8-bit processor will have an 8-bit data bus, 8-bit
registers and will do 8-bit processing at a time.

 Higher bits (32-bit, 16-bit) operations, it will split that into

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a series of 8-bit operations.
TERMS
 Cache memory
 is a random access memory that is integrated into the
processor.
 So the processor can access data in the cache memory
more quickly than from a regular RAM.
 It is also known as CPU Memory.
 Cache memory is used to store data or instructions
that are frequently referenced by the software or
program during the operation. So it will increase the
overall speed of the operation. 10
TERMS
 Clock Speed
 Microprocessors uses a clock signal to control the
rate at which instructions are executed,
synchronize other internal components and to control
the data transfer between them.

 Clock speed refers to the speed at which a

microprocessor executes instructions.

 It is usually measured in Hertz and are expressed in

megahertz (MHz), gigahertz (GHz) etc.
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 MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER

 Microprocessor consists  Microcontroller contains

of only a CPU, a CPU, Memory, I/O all
 Microprocessor is used integrated into one chip.
in Personal Computers  Microcontroller is used
 Microprocessor uses an in an embedded system.
external bus to  Microcontroller uses an
interface to RAM, ROM, internal controlling
and other peripherals, bus 12
MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER
 Microprocessors are
 Micro controllers are
based on Von
based on Harvard
Neumann mode
architecture
 Microprocessor is
 Microcontroller is
complicated and
inexpensive and
expensive, with a
large number of straightforward with

instructions to fewer instructions to

process process. 13
MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM
 Block diagram

INPUT OUTPUT
MICROPROCESSOR

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MEMORY
MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM
 Block diagram

INPUT/OUTPUT ALU

SYSTEM BUS
Register Control

MEMORY

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MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM
 System bus interface

ADDRESS BUS
Microprocessor

CONTROLBUS

DATABUS

INTERFACE

RAM ROM

PHERIPHERAL 16
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

 1st generation microprocessor

 In 1971

 Intel 4004
 4 bit processing

 Speed: 108KHz

 PMOS transistors

 45 instruction set 17
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

 1st generation microprocessor:

 Problem
 Low Speed , not compatible with TTL

 Small number of Instruction

 Memory size, less memory address

 Word width, 4/8 – bit width

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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

 1st generation microprocessor cont..

Examples
 4-bit Microprocessors
 INTEL 4004

 INTEL 4040

 FAIRCHILD PPS-25

 ROCKWELL PPS-4

 NATIONAL IMP-4

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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

 1st generation microprocessor cont..

Examples
 8-bit Microprocessors
 INTEL 8008

 NATIONAL IMP-8

 ROCKWELL PPS-8

 AMI 7200

 MOSTEK 5065

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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 2nd generation Microprocessor:
 NMOS technology
 faster speed, higher density and better reliability

 addressed an expanded memory size (64K

bytes)

 48 Instruction set

 address more I/O Ports

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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 2nd generation Microprocessor:

 Better Interrupt handling

capabilities

 Problem:
 Memory size

 Speed

 Instruction set limitation 22

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
2nd generation Microprocessor cont..

 Examples:
 8-bit Microprocessors
 INTEL 8080

 INTEL 8085

 FAIRCHILD F8

 MOTOROLA M6800

 ZILOG Z-80

 SIGNETICS 2650

 12-bit Microprocessors
 INTERSIL 6100

 TOSHIBA TLCS-12
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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
3rd generation Microprocessor

 Introduced in 1978.

 16-bit microprocessors

 HMOS (High Density MOS) technology.

 better speed and higher packing density

than NMOS.
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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
3rd generation Microprocessor
 Size of internal registers were 8/16/32 bits,
 had the multiply/divide arithmetic hardware
 Physical memory space was from 1 to 16 MB
 Powerful interrupt and hardware capabilities
 Segmented address and virtual memory
features.
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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
3rd generation Microprocessor cont..
 Examples
 16-bit Microprocessors
 INTEL 8086
 INTEL 8088
 INTEL 80186

 INTEL 80286
 MOTOROLA-68000
 MOTOROLA-68010

 NATIONAL NS-16016
 TEXAS INSTRUMENTTMS-99000

 INTERSIL 6100

 TOSHIBA TLCS-12
 ZILOG Z-8000 26
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
4th generation microprocessor:

 32 bit microprocessor

 HCMOS(High-density n- type CMOS

transistor technology)

 addressed up to 4G bytes of memory

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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
4th generation microprocessor:
 Examples
 INTEL 80386
 INTEL 80486
 NATIONAL NS16022
 MOTOROLA MC 88100
 MOTOROLA M-68020
 MOTOROLA M-68030
 BELLMAC-32 28
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 5th generation microprocessor:

 Introduced by INTEL Corporation in 1993

 PENTIUM with 64 data bus.

 Clock frequency of 60 MHz and 66 MHz

 Speed of 110 MIPS

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COMPARISON OF GENERAL PURPOSE PROCESSORS

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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on the size of the data that the
microprocessors can handle, they are
 4-bit
 8-bit
 16-bit
 32-bit
 64-bit

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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on application
I. General-purpose processors

 used in general computer system

integration and can be used by the
programmer for any application.

 Common processors : Intel 8085 to Pentium

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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on application
II. Microcontrollers

 chips with built-in hardware for the memory

and ports

 can be programmed by the user for any generic

control application

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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on application
III. Special-purpose processors

 to handle special functions required for an

application

 Digital signal processors

 Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR

 Based on Architecture and Hardware

I. RISC

 supports limited machine language

instructions

II. CISC

 Large number of instruction

 Easier to program
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 Slower and expensive

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on Architecture and Hardware
III. VLIW(Very large Instruction Word)

 instruction-level parallelism

 Large number of registers

IV. Superscalar processor

 Use complex hardware to achieve parallelism.

 overlapping of instruction execution

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SOURCE
 https://t.me/microprocessor_2024

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