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Siddhant Kale
Praveen Mali
Ashutosh Mokate
The Effect of MoS2 on

Friction & Wear Behavior
of PTFE Composites
Copyright © 2016. Diplomica Verlag. All rights reserved.
Anchor Academic Publishing

disseminate knowledge
Kale, Siddhant, Mali, Praveen, Mokate, Ashutosh: The Effect of MoS2 on Friction &
Wear Behavior of PTFE Composites, Hamburg, Anchor Academic Publishing 2016
Buch-ISBN: 978-3-96067-025-4
PDF-eBook-ISBN: 978-3-96067-525-9
Druck/Herstellung: Anchor Academic Publishing, Hamburg, 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 3
3. BASIC FUNDAMENTALS ........................................................................................ 9
3.1 Engineering Materials ............................................................................................ 9
3.1.1 Metals ............................................................................................................. 9
3.1.2 Ceramics ........................................................................................................ 9
3.1.3 Polymers ...................................................................................................... 10
3.1.4 Composites ................................................................................................... 11
3.2 PTFE and PTFE Composites ............................................................................... 12
3.3 Filler Material ...................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Manufacturing of PTFE Component ................................................................... 14
3.5 Friction and Wear ................................................................................................ 16
3.5.1 Friction ......................................................................................................... 16
3.5.2 Wear ............................................................................................................. 17
3.5.3 Liquid Erosion ............................................................................................. 18
3.5.4 Cavitation Erosion ....................................................................................... 18
3.5.5 Fretting Wear ............................................................................................... 19
3.6 Properties of PTFE Composite ............................................................................ 19
3.6.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Unfilled PTFE ................................... 19
3.6.2 Thermal Properties ....................................................................................... 20
3.6.3 Tribological Properties of Bearing Materials .............................................. 20
3.7 Comparison of PTFE+Glass Fiber Material & PTFE + Glass Fiber+MoS2

Material ................................................................................................................ 21
3.8 Area of Applications ............................................................................................ 22
4. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................... 27
4.1 Problem with Friction and Wear .......................................................................... 27
4.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 28

5. EXPERIMENTATION .............................................................................................. 30
5.1 Apparatus ............................................................................................................. 30
5.2 Experimental Setup .............................................................................................. 30
5.3 Construction ......................................................................................................... 30
5.4 Working Procedure .............................................................................................. 32
5.5 Materials and Test Conditions ............................................................................. 34
5.5.1 Variables in Wear Testing ........................................................................... 34
5.6 Measured Parameters ........................................................................................... 35
5.7 Calculation ........................................................................................................... 35
5.8 Pin Specimen Material ......................................................................................... 36
5.9 Observations ........................................................................................................ 37
5.10 Calculations ......................................................................................................... 47
5.10.1 Sample calculations for Material (A) ........................................................... 47
5.10.2 Sample calculations for Material (B) ........................................................... 48
5.11 Results.................................................................................................................. 49
5.12 Graphs .................................................................................................................. 50
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................ 55
6.1 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 55
6.2 Future Scope ........................................................................................................ 55
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 56
1. INTRODUCTION
Tribology is the science of rubbing surfaces in relative motion. It is the study of the friction,
wear and lubrication of engineering surfaces with a view of understanding surface
interactions in detail and then prescribing improvements in given applications. One of the
important objectives in tribology is the regulation of the magnitude of frictional force
according to whether we require a minimum or a maximum. This objective can be realized
only after a fundamental understanding of the frictional process for all conditions like load,
sliding velocity, lubrication, surface finish,temperature and material properties. [1]
For over sixty years, our world and the quality of its inhabitant’s lives have been
improved by a resin known as polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE. It is discovered in 1938 by
a DuPont chemist, Mr. Roy J. Plunkett. Upon examination, DuPont learned that PTFE
provided a combination of friction, temperature, chemical, mechanicaland electrical
resisting properties. PTFE ([C2F4]n) is recorded in The Guinness Book of World Records
for the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction as 0.02 - equivalent to wet ice on
wet ice.[1]
PTFE is a kind of self-lubricating material having super low coefficient of friction,
outstanding corrosion resistance, chemical inertness and wide service temperature range.
[2]
PTFE is a frequently used solid lubricant both as filler and matrix.[3] PTFE is currently
finding increasing utility in high performance mechanical seals due to its unique properties
like high chemical resistivity, low coefficient of friction and high temperature stability.
However, its application has been greatly limited due to its poor mechanical properties,
high linear expansion coefficient, bad thermal conductivity and poor wear and abrasion
resistance. [3, 4]
The wear resistance of PTFE can be significantly improved by addition of suitable
filler materials. Besides the type, the shape and size of the materials added also influence
the tribological properties. In the past, research in this area has been confined to the PTFE
filled with conventional filler materials like glass fibers, graphite, carbon fibers, etc.
However, with the growing demand for utilizing PTFE in a variety of applications,
significant effort is needed towards developing the novel composite materials by adding
one or more non-conventional filler materials possessing the potential of increasing the
wear resistance. It is established that PTFE exhibits significantly low coefficient of friction
when sliding against steels. The low coefficient of friction results from the ability of its
extended chain linear molecules, – (CF2–CF2) n–, to form low shear strength films upon its
surface and mating counter-faces during sliding. [1]
1
PTFE is extensively used for a wide variety of structural applications as in aerospace,
automotive, earth moving, medical, electrical, electronics, computer and chemical
industries. On account of its good combination of properties, these are used for producing
a number of mechanical components such as gears, cams, wheels, brakes, clutches,
bearings, gaskets, seals as well as wires, cables, textile fibers, electronic components,
medical implants, surgical instruments etc.
The needs and advantages of accelerated wear testing are discussed, with particular
reference to aerospace applications. Examples are given from recent work on plastics
based dry-bearing liners to illustrate how accelerated wear tests can provide information
relevant to materials selection, identification of the main parameters influencing wear and
definition of the relationships between wear, material composition and structure.
Prediction of the service life of dry-bearing liners, however, presents problems and full-
scale component tests are usually required. [4]
Surface texturing is the combination of the imperfection on the surface of a part,
roughness, waviness, lay and flaws make a surface texture. Surface texturing takes place
on the disc which consists of the different dimple size in µ and different dimple density.
So, compare the readings of same dimple sizes in µ and dimple density and discuss on the
result on wear and coefficient of friction. We use EN304 stainless steel disc. On that disc,
three dimple tracks are takes place having different diameters and µ sizes (100 µ, 200 µ,
300 µ). On plane surface also takes the reading. Compare the reading on plane surfaces
and texturing surfaces and discuss the results on wear and coefficient of friction.
In this work attention is given to investigate the tribological properties of
composite materials considering various conditions so as to observe the comparative
friction and wear behavior of PTFE composite interfaced with graded fillers under
constant loads and sliding velocities by using a pin-on-disc type wear tester at NTP.
Experimental work will be carried out considering velocity i.e.0.12 m/skeepingrest of the
parameters constant. The test will be carried out for two materials, 85 % PTFE + 15 %
Glass Fiber and 80 % PTFE + 15 % GF + 5 % MoS2 by weight, in dry condition. In this
work EN304 stainless steel disc will be used as counterpart surface and tests will be
carried out at ambient conditions using a pin-on-disc Tribometer (TR-20LE).The

influence of the fillers, on the wear of the PTFE composite under dry sliding conditions
against the EN304 stainless steel disc will try to investigate and their sliding wear
performance will compared with PTFE + GF material.
2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
JaydeepKhedkar, IoanNegulescu, Efstathios I. Meletis(2002) “Sliding wear behavior of
PTFE composites” They experimented that the tribological behavior of
polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and PTFE composites with filler materials such as carbon,
graphite, E glass fibers, MoS2 and poly-p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPDT) fibers, was
studied. The present filler additions found to increase hardness and wear resistance in all
composites studied. The highest wear resistance was found for composites containing (i)
18% carbon + 7% graphite, (ii) 20% glass fibers + 5% MoS2 and (iii) 10% PPDT fibers.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to examine composite microstructures
and study modes of failure. Wear testing and SEM analysis showed that three-body
abrasion was probably the dominant mode of failure for PTFE + 18% carbon + 7%
graphite composite, while fiber pull out and fragmentation caused failure of PTFE + 20%
glass fiber + 5% MoS2 composite. The composite with 10% PPDT fibers caused wear
reduction due to the ability of the fibers to remain embedded in the matrix and
preferentially support the load. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was also
performed to study the relative heat absorbing capacity and thermal stability of the
various composites in an effort to correlate these properties to the tribological
performance. The results indicated that composites with higher heat absorption capacity
exhibited improved wear resistance. The dominant interactive wear mechanisms during
sliding of PTFE and its composites are discussed in view of the present findings. From
that they concluded that Addition of filler materials such as carbon, graphite, glass fibers
and PPDT to PTFE causes an increase in hardness and wear resistance, while the
coefficient of friction is slightly affected and remains low. Filler materials in general are
effective in impeding large-scale fragmentation of PTFE, thereby reducing the wear rate.
The wear process in the composites depends mainly on three factors: thermal stability,
thermal conductivity, and the characteristics of the filler materials. IN the presence of a
strengthening phase such as glass fibers, MoS2 particles were found to be very effective in
improving the wear properties of the composite. [5]
Dr. G.J.Vikhe, K.B.Kale&J.L.Shindein(2008) “An Investigation of tribological

behavior of MoS2 on PTFE composites” they experimented that effect of addition of
MoS2 in PTFE composites (Bronze & Glass Fiber) on tribological properties are studied.
In this paper, experimental evaluation of tribological properties is done with help of Pin-
on-Disc (TR-20) Tribometer to find the wear rate and coefficient of friction. The tests
were carried out in different environments like dry & humid. Also a case study is being
3
done on sealing materials in compressors and they concluded that it is observed from the
graphs of wear that in dry condition addition of 5% of MoS2 toPTFE+15%GF matrix
increases wear against both counter surface Grey CI & ChromiumPlate. This is according
to Liu et al. that MoS2 was not very effective for reducing friction andcaused an increase
in wear. Also Bijwe et al. proposed that the addition of MoS2 alone didnot impart a good
wear resistance to PTFE, especially during severe conditions of slidingGrey C.I. &
Chromium Plate.While addition of 5% MoS2 in PTFE+60% Bronze wear decreases
against both countersurface Grey CI & Chromium Plate. This is due to formation of PTFE
bronze composite filmon the counter surface (disc). It is the result of the fact that
adhesion force between the firstcomposite wear products (pin) and counter surface (disc)
is greater than the cohesion forcebetween first composite wear products and counter
surface causing good compositetransfer film reducing wear. The filler particles in the
current composite are expected toprovide a blocking action on the slip of the PTFE
lamellae and thereby to reduce the wearrate.Frictional force decreases with addition of
MoS2 in PTFE + 15% GF as well as for PTFE +60% Bronze. Also reduction of frictional
force is seen more in PTFE + 60% Bronze comparedto PTFE + 15% GF matrix. This may
be due to addition of lubricating MoS2 in the presence ofa strengthening phase has the
potential to reduce the friction by the latter by maintaining allow friction film. Wear
increases with addition of MoS2 in PTFE +15% GF in humid environment. Highhumidity
enables the rate at which MoS2 oxidizes to increase. The oxidation productmolybdenum
trioxides (MoO3) possess abrasive properties, and the sulphur acid which forms when this
occurs may cause severe corrosive wear. While it remains all the most same forthe PTFE
+ 60% Bronze matrix. Frictional force increases with addition of MoS2 in PTFE + 15%
GF in humid environment. An increase in the temperature in the friction zone causes
partial oxidation of the MoS2 in the areas of the actual contact surface forming H2S
immediately in large quantities, and thefriction coefficient increases until it reached a
maximum value, after which it graduallydropped again to a lower value. Frictional force
decreases with addition of PTFE+60%Bronzematrix in humid environment against both
counter surfaces.Wear resistance of PTFE +15% GF + MoS2 shows slightly better results
as compared toPTFE+60%Bronze + MoS2 but, properties of PTFE + 60%Bronze + MoS2

are more suitable for gas compressors like thermal conductivity, coefficient of linear
expansion, compressivestrength & is thus recommended for the piston rings of gas
compressors. High humidity enables the rate at which MoS2 oxidizes to increase, causing
corrosive wear.Glass fibers with the presence of a small amount of MoS2 particulates
4
(5%) in PTFE cause asignificant decrease in the wear resistance.PTFE + 60 % Bronze
composite with the presence of a small amount of MoS2particulates (5%) cause a
significant increase in the wear resistance and frictional force in both humid &dry
condition & is thus recommended for gas compressors. [6]
ArashGolchin, Gregory F Simmons and Sergei B Glavatskih “ Break-away
friction of PTFE materials in lubricated conditions” experimented that This study
investigates the tribological characteristics at the initiation of sliding (break-away
friction) of several polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based materials including virgin PTFE
(PP), PTFE filled with 25% black glass (PG), PTFE filled with 40% Bronze (PB), PTFE
filled with 25% Carbon (PC), andPTFE filled with 20% glass fiberand 5% Molybdenum
disulphide (PM), as well as standard white-metal Babbitt (BA) in lubricated sliding
contact with a steel counter-face. Experiments were carried out using a reciprocating
tribo-meter in the block on plate configuration with the specific goal of determining the
friction characteristics at break-away under varying conditions. Apparent contact
pressures of 1 to 8 MPa were applied with oil temperature levels of 25° to 85°C. Bronze-
and carbon-filled PTFE and virgin PTFE were found to provide generally lower break-
away friction and less variation in break-away friction over the course of testing than the
other tested materials. Break-away friction tests after an extended stop under loading
found bronze- and carbon-filled PTFE and virgin PTFE to be minimally affected by the
extended stop whereas Babbitt produced a significant increase in break-away friction in
the first cycle after stopping. Break-away friction for the four tested materials after an
extended stop returned to pre-stop values after 1 stroke. [7]
H. Unal, A. Mimaroglu, U. Kadıoglu, H. Ekiz (2006) “Sliding friction and wear
behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene and its composites under dry conditions”they
experimented that and they studied and explored the influence of test speed and load
values on the friction and wear behavior of purepolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), glass
fiber reinforced (GFR) and bronze and carbon (C) filled PTFE polymers. Friction and
wearexperiments were run under ambient conditions in a pin-on-disc arrangement. Tests
were carried out at sliding speed of 0.32, 0.64,0.96 and 1.28 m/s and under a nominal load
of 5, 10, 20 and 30 N. The results showed that, for pure PTFE and its compositesused in
this investigated, the friction coefficient decrease with the increase in load. The maximum
reductions in wear rate and frictioncoefficient were obtained by reinforced PTFE +17%
glass fibers. The wear rate for pure PTFE was in the order of 10 7 mm2/N, whilethe wear
rate values for PTFE composites were in the order of 10 8 and 10 9 mm2/N. Adding glass
5
fiber, bronze and carbon fillers toPTFE were found effective in reducing the wear rate of
the PTFE composite. In addition, for the range of load and speeds used inthis
investigation, the wear rate showed very little sensitivity to test speed and large sensitivity
to the applied load, particularly athigh load values. And they concluded that Wear studies
against AISI 440C stainless steel disccounter face under various loads and sliding
speeds,materials used in this study were ranked as followsfor their wear performance.
PTFE+ 17% GFR>PTFE+ 25% bronze>PTFE + 35% C>pure PTFE.PTFE + 17% GFR
exhibited best wear performance (K0 in the order of 10_8 mm2/N) and can be
consideredas a very good tribo-material between materials used in this study. The friction
coefficient of pure PTFE and its compositesdecreases when applied load increases. Pure
PTFE is characterized by high wear because ofits small mechanical properties. Therefore,
the reinforcementPTFE with glass fibersimproves the loadcarrying capability that lowers
the wear rate of thePTFE.For the specific range of load and speed explored inthis study,
the load has stronger effect on the wear behavior of PTFE and its composites than the
sliding velocity. [8]
Seong Su Kim, HakGu Lee, &Dai Gil Lee (2007)“Thetribological behavior of
polymer coated carbon compositesunder dry and water lubricating conditions” were
performed wear experiments on pin-on-disk on carbon epoxy composite specimens with
many small surface grooves with respect to epoxy (EP) and polyethylene (PE) surface
coating materials with and without self-lubricating powders (MoS2 and PTFE). From the
experiments they have showed that, the friction coefficient of the grooved specimen for
the case of PE-based coating decreased 5% compared to that of uncoated specimen
because of the low hardness and friction coefficient of the PE-based coating. The friction
coefficients of the PE + MoS2 and EP + MoS2 decreased 9% compared to those with PE +
PTFE and EP + PTFE. The PE + MoS2 coated specimen showed an excellent wear
resistance under water lubricating condition.In this work pin on disk wear experiments
were performedon carbon epoxy composite specimens with many small surface grooves
of 100 µm with respect to epoxy (EP) and polyethylene (PE) surface coating materials
with and without self-lubricating powders (MoS2and PTFE). From the experiments, the
following results were obtained The friction coefficient of the grooved specimen for the
case of PE-based coating decreased 5% compared to that of uncoated specimen because
of the low hardness and friction coefficient of the PE-based coating. The friction
coefficients of the PE + MoS2and EP + MoS2 decreased 9% compared to those with PE +
PTFE and EP + PTFE. The PE coated and PE + MoS2coated specimen reduced the wear
6
on the sliding surface due to the embedment of abrasive particles in the coating layer,
which prevented fibers from being deboned out of the ridges. The PE + MoS2 coated
specimen showed an excellent wear resistance under water lubricating condition, because
the mixture of harder MoS2lamellaand soft PE lamellae was less prone to blistering
compared to the specimen coated with soft film alone. [9]
Yunxia Wang and Fengyuan Yan (2006) “Tribological properties of transfer films
of PTFE-based composites” have carried out the wear test on PTFE-based composites
containing 15 vol. % MoS2, graphite, aluminum and bronze powder. Transfer films of
pure PTFE and these composites were prepared on the surface of AISI-1045 steel bar
using a pin on disc wear tester.Tribological properties of these transfer films were
investigated using another tribometer by sliding against GCr15 steel ball in a point-
contacting configuration. Morphology of the transfer films and worn surface of the steel
ball were observed and analyzed using SEM and optical microscopy. From this study they
have showed that, the wear life of the transfer film of PTFE is short because PTFE cannot
form durable transfer film on the steel counter face. PTFE is apt to form big flakes and
left the contacting region during the friction process. They concluded that The wear life of
the transfer film of PTFE is short because PTFE cannot form durable transfer film on the
steel counterface. PTFE is apt to form big flakes and left the contacting region during the
friction process. The transfer films containing different fillers have different
morphologies and structures and hold different load bearing capabilities. Transfer film of
the composite could carry out obvious back-transfer to the composite, which effectively
reduced wear of the composite. Some inorganic materials, for example, MoS2, graphite,
aluminum and bronze power as fillers could effectively prolong the wear life of transfer
film of PTFE-based composites. This was mainly achieved by strongly adhering transfer
film and smaller wear debris particles or fine fillers stably stay in the roughness valley.
Tribological properties of these transfer films are sensitive to load change. Generally,
increased load shortened wear life of transfer film. [10]
H. Unal a, U. Sen a, A. Mimarogluhas (2006) “An approach to friction and wear
properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composite” and explored the influence of test speed
and load values on the friction and wear behavior of pure Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
glass fiber reinforced (GFR) and bronze and carbon (C) filled PTFE polymers. Friction
and wear experiments were run under ambient conditions in a pin-on-disc arrangement.
Tests were carried out at sliding speed of 0.32 m/s, 0.64 m/s, 0.96 m/s and 1.28 m/s and
under a nominal load of 5 N, 10 N, 20 N and 30 N. From this study the have observed
7
that, PTFE + 17% GFR exhibited best wear performance and is a very good tribo-material
between materials used in this study. The friction coefficient of pure PTFE and its
composites decreases when applied load increases. Pure PTFE is characterized by high
wear because of its small mechanical properties. Therefore, the reinforcement PTFE with
glass fibers improves the load carrying capability that lowers the wear rate of the PTFE.
For the specific range of load and speed explored in this study, the load has stronger
effect on the wear behavior of PTFE and its composites than the sliding velocity. [11]
J.K. Lancaster (1982) “Accelerated wear testing as an aid to failure diagnosis and
materials selection” wasperformedthe needs and advantages of accelerated wear testing
are discussed, with particular reference to aerospace applications. Examples are given
from recent work on plastics-based dry-bearing liners to illustrate how accelerated wear
tests can provide information relevant to materials selection, identification of the main
parameters influencing wear and definition of the relationships between wear, material
composition and structure. Prediction of the service life of dry-bearing liners, however,
presents problems and full-scale component tests are usually required. [12]
8
3. BASIC FUNDAMENTALS
3.1 Engineering Materials

The knowledge of materials and their properties is a great significance for a design
engineers. Materials are divided into following four types.
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
4. Composites
3.1.1 Metals
Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many
metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. Some metals, such as
iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic. The most important properties of metals include
density, fracture toughness, strength and plastic deformation. The atomic bonding of
metals also affects their properties. [13]
i) Pure Metals
Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table.
Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil
and beverage cans.
ii) Metal Alloys
Metal Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by
changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless
steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually
contains an alloy of gold and nickel. Many metals and alloys have high densities and are
used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio. Some metal alloys, such
as those based on Aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications
for fuel economy. Many metal alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means
they can withstand impact and are durable. [13]
3.1.2 Ceramics
A ceramic is often broadly defined as any inorganic nonmetallic material. Examples of
such materials can be anything from NaCl (table salt) to clay (a complex silicate). Some
of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low
density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. Many
ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators. Some ceramics have special
9
properties: some ceramics are magnetic materials; some are piezoelectric materials; and a
few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperatures. Ceramics and glasses
have one major drawback that they are brittle in nature. [13]
3.1.3 Polymers
A polymer has a repeating structure, usually based on a carbon backbone. The repeating
structure results in large chainlike molecules having chemical bonding and synthesized by
the polymerization process. Polymers are useful because they are lightweight and
corrosion resistant, are easy to process at low temperatures, have good strength to weight
ratio and are generally inexpensive. Also they are poor conductors of electricity and heat,
which makes them good insulators. Some important characteristics of polymers include
their low molecular weight, softening and melting points, crystallinity, and structure. The
mechanical properties of polymers generally include low strength and high toughness.
Their strength can be improved by reinforced composite structures. [14]
Classification of polymers
According to their mechanical and thermal behavior, polymers are classified as
thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers and elastomers.
i) Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics are composed of long chains produced by joining together monomers,
typically behave in a plastic ductile manner and may or may not have branches. On
heating they become soft and melt to mold into shapes and are easily recycled.
Polyamide, polyethylene, PVC, PTFE, acrylic, nylon, PEEK etc. are the examples of
thermoplastics.
ii) Thermosetting Polymers
Thermosetting Polymers are composed of long chains (linear or branched) of molecules
that strongly cross linked to one another to form three dimensional network structures.
They are stronger but brittle than thermoplastics. On heating they do not melt but
decompose and hence recycling is difficult. Phenolic, urethanes, amines, polyesters
epoxies etc are the examples of thermosetting polymers.
iii) Elastomers
Elastomers are nothing but rubbers and have high elastic deformation (>200%). The
polymer chain consists of coil like molecules that can reversibly stretch by applying a
force. Natural rubbers, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, butadiene styrene, silicones etc. are
the examples of elastomers.
10
3.1.4 Composites
Composite materials (composites) are engineered materials made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and
which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.
Composites are widely used because overall properties of the composites are superior to
those of the individual components.
There are two constituent materials of composite; matrix and reinforcement. The
matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their
relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical
properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces material properties
unavailable from the individual constituent materials, while the wide variety of matrix
and strengthening materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose an
optimum combination.
A variety of molding methods can be used according to the end-item design
requirements and natures of the chosen matrix and reinforcement materials. Most
commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called as a resin
solution. There are many different polymers like polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic,
polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, PEEK, etc. are available. The reinforcement
materials are often in the form of fibers but also commonly ground minerals. The strength
of the product is greatly dependent on the percentage of fiber content.
A number of material-processing strategies have been used to improve the wear
performance of polymers. This has prompted many researchers to cast the polymers with
fibers/fillers. Considerable efforts are being made to extend the range of applications.
Various researchers have studied the tribological behavior of FRPCs. Studies have been
conducted with various shapes, sizes, types and compositions of fibers in a number of
matrices. In general these materials exhibit lower wear and friction when compared to
pure polymers. An understanding of the friction and wear mechanisms of FRPC’s would
promote the development of a new class of materials. [14]
Use of inorganic fillers dispersed in polymeric composites is increasing. Fillers
not only reduce the cost of the composites, but also meet performance requirements,
which could not have been achieved by using reinforcement and resin ingredients alone.
In order to obtain perfect friction and wear properties many researchers modified
polymers using different fillers like Al2O3, ZnO, CuO, Pb3O4, ZrO2, TiO2, CuS, MoS2,
11
Bronze, Brass, Glass fiber, Carbon, Rubber, Graphite, Oxide Particles, Carbide particles,
etc. and even other polymer materials also.[13]
Fiber reinforced polymers or FRPs include wood (comprising cellulose fibers in a
lignin and hemicelluloses matrix), carbon-fiber reinforced plastic or CFRP, and glass
reinforced plastic or GRP. If classified by matrix then there are thermoplastic composites,
short fiber thermoplastics, long fiber thermoplastics or long fiber reinforced
thermoplastics. There are numerous thermoset composites, but advanced systems usually
incorporate aramid fiber and carbon fiber in an epoxy resin matrix.
Composites can also use metal fibers reinforcing other metals, called as metal
matrix composites (MMC). Magnesium is often used in MMCs because it has similar
mechanical properties as epoxy. Ceramic matrix composites include bone (hydroxyapatite
reinforced with collagen fibers), Cermets (ceramic and metal) and concrete. Ceramic
matrix composites are built primarily for toughness, not for strength. Chobham armor is a
special composite used in military applications.
The thermoplastic composite materials can also be formulated with specific metal
powders resulting in materials with a density range from 2 g/cc to 11 g/cc. These
materials can be used in place of traditional materials such as aluminum, stainless steel,
brass, bronze, copper, lead, and even tungsten in weighing, balancing, vibration damping,
and radiation shielding applications.
Composite materials are popular in high-performance products that need to be
lightweight, yet strong enough to take harsh loading conditions such as aerospace
components (tails, wings, fuselages, propellers), boat, bicycle frames and racing car
bodies. Other uses include fishing rods and storage tanks. The new Boeing787 structure
including the wings is composed of over 50 percent composites. Carbon composite is a
key material in today's launch vehicles and space crafts. It is widely used in solar panel
substrates, antenna reflectors and yokes of space crafts.
PTFE, phenolic, nylon, acetalpolyimide, polysulfone, polyphenylenesulfide,
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, lubronetc and their composites can be used as
bearing materials.
3.2 PTFE and PTFE Composites

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin is a paraffinic thermoplastic polymer that has some
or all of the hydrogen replaced by fluoride. It is discovered in 1938 by a DuPont chemist,
Mr. Roy J. Plunkett at DuPont’s Jackson Laboratory in New Jersey. Upon examination,
12
he learned that PTFE provided a combination of friction, temperature, chemical,
mechanical and electrical resisting properties. PTFE is recorded the lowest coefficient of
static and dynamic friction as 0.02 - equivalent to wet ice on wet ice. PTFE revolutionized
the plastics industry and, in turn, gave birth to limitless applications of benefit to
mankind. PTFE is used extensively for a wide variety of structural applications as in
aerospace, automotive, earth moving, medical, electrical, electronics, computer and
chemical industries.[15]
PTFE has extended chain of linear repeating molecules of CF2–CF2. PTFE is a
crystalline polymer with a melting point of about 327ºC. PTFE has useful mechanical
properties from cryogenic temperature of -260ºC to higher temperature of 280ºC. Pure
PTFE has virtually universal chemical resistance, light and weather resistant, resistant
against hot water vapor, excellent sliding properties, anti-adhesive behavior, non-
combustible, good electric and dielectric properties, no absorption of water,
physiologically harmless so as to use in food industry applications. But it has some
adverse properties like cold flow behavior, relatively low wear resistance, low resistance
to high-energy radiation, poor adhesive behavior and PTFE cannot be injected.[13, 15]
PTFE is a high performance engineering plastics which is widely used in industry
due to its properties of self-lubrication, low friction coefficient, high temperature stability
and chemically resistant. In fact, PTFE exhibits poor wear and abrasion resistance. To
improve the wear resistance suitable fillers are added to PTFE. The most commonly used
are glass fiber, carbon, bronze and graphite, in the form of powder intimately mixed with
the PTFE, other fillers are molybdenum disulfide, metal powders, ceramics, metal oxides
and mixtures of two or more additives.[11]
Molecular structure of PTFE
PTFE is a completely fluorinated polymer manufactured by free radical polymerization of
tetrafluoroethylene with a linear molecular structure of repeating
–CF2–CF2– units.
Molecular structure Polytetrafluoroethylene( PTFE) is a crystalline polymer with a
melting point of about 621ºF (327ºC). PTFE has useful mechanical properties from
cryogenic temperatures (-260ºC) to 500ºF (280ºC).

Its coefficient of friction is lower than almost any other material. The chain
structure of PTFE has two interesting peculiarities. [15]
13
3.3 Filler Material
Typical Fillers
a) Glass fiber
PTFE is reinforced with glass fibers, the percentage varying between 5% and 40%. The
added glass fiber improves the wear properties to a minor degree, also the deformation
strength under load while leaving substantially unchanged the electrical and chemical
characteristics.
b) Carbon
Carbon is added to the PTFE in a percentage by weight between 10 and 35%, along with
small percentage of graphite. Also, the carbon tends to improve wear & deformation
strength .e, while leaving practically unchanged the chemical resistance, but substantially
modifying the electrical properties.
c) Bronze
Bronze, when used as filler, is added in percentages of weight between 40% and 60%.
Bronze filled PTFE has the best wear properties, remarkable deformation strengths and
good thermal conductivity, but poor electrical characteristics and chemical resistance.
d) Graphite
The percentage of graphite varies between 5% and 15%. Graphite lowers the coefficient
of friction & is, therefore, often added to other types of filled PTFE for improving this
property. It improves the deformation under load, strength &in a minor degree, wears
properties.
e) Molybdenum Disulphide
Molybdenum disulfide, minimize friction, furnishes high load performance, reduce power
input, prevent metal to metal contact, provide superior protection against wear, adhere
well to all types of surfaces, work themselves into surfaces for longer life. [15]
3.4 Manufacturing of PTFE Component

Processing of PTFE is more difficult than that of standard thermoplastics. At high
temperatures (340-380°C) PTFE will merely become highly viscous, which means that
injection-molding or regular extrusion is impossible. For this reason, semi-finished

products are manufactured by means of compression sintering or ram-extrusion. PTFE
can be turned, milled, drilled, pierced, broached, ground and polished.
14
Stages of PTFE Component Manufacturing
a) Resin in Granular Form
PTFE resins are supplied in granular form of uniform density particle and grade. This
ensures continuity for all material. This can be done by degradation of PTFE.
b) Extrusion, Molding and Sintering of PTFE
Traditionally, ram or paste extrusion, compression molding or isostatic molding processes
PTFE and filled PTFE’s. Pressing & Sintering is an extension of these processes and uses
powder metallurgy techniques to produce custom sintered PTFE and PTFE filled
components.
c) Extrusion
Extrusion is the process where a solid plastic (also called a resin), usually in the form of
beads or pellets, is continuously fed to a heated chamber and carried along by a feed
screw within. The feed screw is driven via drive/motor and tight speed and torque control
is critical to product quality. As it is conveyed it is compressed, melted, and forced out of
the chamber at a steady rate through a die. The immediate cooling of the melt results in
re-solidification of that plastic into a continually drawn piece whose cross section
matches the die pattern desired shape.
d) Compression Molding
Compression molding may be accomplished by either of two methods. The first of these
is hydraulic compression molding. In this method, PTFE granules are poured between
two metal tubes. A third tube with a slightly smaller outside diameter (O.D.) than the
largest tubes inside diameter (I.D.) and a slightly larger I.D. than the smallest tube’s O.D.
is inserted between the tubes. The assembly is placed in a hydraulic press, where pressure
is applied to the middle tube, thus compressing the PTFE.
The other type of compression molding is isostatic compression molding. Isostatic
molding is accomplished by compressing PTFE powder between a metal tube and a
rubber bladder. The rubber bladder is inflated with very high hydraulic pressure, causing
the PTFE powder to be compressed radially. Compression takes place between the I.D.
and the O.D. of the billet rather than from the ends (as with hydraulic compression
molding). Again, the billet must be sintered to achieve maximum properties.[16]

e) Compression-Sintering
PTFE powder is fed into a cylindrical tool and then condensed under high pressure. An
important requirement of this process is that the air contained inside the tool can almost
completely escape. The powder is then compressed on speed, pressure and time
15
controlled hydraulic presses. After the compression process, the pre-molded parts are
sintered in electrically heated, circulating-air ovens according to specified programs. For
optimum compound properties, compression and sintering parameters must be adapted to
the respective PTFE compound.
f) Finishing
The molding can now be converted to the finished product by almost any known machine
shop technique. PTFE is readily ground and polished to an extremely fine finish, like
duroplastics, thermoplastics, elastomers and metals.
3.5 Friction and Wear
3.5.1 Friction
Friction is resistance to motion, which occurs whenever one solid body slides over
another. The resistive force, which acts in opposite direction of motion, is known as
friction force. The friction force which is required to initiate sliding is known as static
friction force, while that required to maintain sliding is known as kinetic friction force.
Kinetic friction force is usually lower than static friction force.
The classic laws of friction are as follows:
• Friction force is proportional to load
• Coefficient of friction is independent of apparent contact area.
• Static coefficient is greater than the kinetic coefficient
• Coefficient of friction independent of sliding speed.
The first law, commonly referred as Coulomb’s law is correct except at high pressure.
It generally takes form
F = μW.
Where,
F = friction force, (N)
μ= coefficient of friction,
W = normal load. (N)
The second law is appears to be valid only for materials possessing a definite yield point
(metals), and it does not apply to elastic and viscous elastic materials.
The third law is not obeyed by any viscous elastic material.
The fourth law is not valid for any material, however viscous elastic properties are
dominant then this law is obeyed to some extent. [17]
16
3.5.2 Wear
Wear occurs as natural consequences when two surfaces with a relative motion interact
with each other. Wear is a mechanism of removal of material from its surface when it
moves to relative to other surface. The mechanism of wear is very complex and is a
progressive deterioration of the surfaces with loss of shape often accomplished by loss of
weight and creation of debris. It should be note that the real area of contact between two
solid surfaces compared with the apparent area of contact is very small, and limited to
points of contact between surface asperities. The load applied to the surfaces will be
transferred through these points of contact and the localised forces can be very large.
Factors governing the wear are material surface properties such as hardness, strength,
ductility, work hardening etc. and surface finish, lubrication, load, speed, corrosion,
temperature and properties of the opposing surface etc. [15]
Adhesive wear, abrasive wear, liquid erosion, cavitation erosion and fretting wear
are the types of material wear.
• Adhesive Wear
Adhesive wear is also known as scoring, galling, or seizing. It occurs when two solid
surfaces slide over one another under pressure. Surface projections, or asperities, are
plastically deformed and eventually welded together by the high local pressure. As sliding
continues, these bonds are broken, producing cavities on the surface, projections on
another surface, and frequently tiny, abrasive particles, all of which contribute to future
wear of surfaces. Therefore adhesive wear is produced by the formation and subsequent
shearing of welded junctions between two sliding surfaces. Surfaces which are smooth
and held apart by lubricating films, oxide films etc. reduce the tendency of adhesive wear.
Fig. 3.1 Schematic of adhesive wear process.[2]

17
• Abrasive Wear
Abrasive wear occurs when material is removed by contact with hard particles (either of
any surface or loose foreign particle existing between surfaces). The particles either may
be present at the surface of a second material (two-body wear) or may exist as loose
particles between two surfaces (three-body wear). Two body abrasive wear occurs when
one surface (usually harder than the second) cuts material away from the second, although
this mechanism very often changes to three body abrasion as the wear debris then acts as
an abrasive between the two surfaces. Abrasive wear is common in machineries like
scrubber blades, crushers, lapping machines and grinders to remove materials. In
dampers, gears, piston and cylinders, abrasive wear occurs.
Fig.3.2 Schematic of abrasive wear process.[2]
3.5.3 Liquid Erosion

The integrity of the material may be destroyed by the erosion caused by the high pressure
moving liquids may be containing solid particles. The solid particles present in liquid
causes the strain hardening of the metal surface leading to localised deformation, cracking
and loss of materials.
3.5.4 Cavitation Erosion

Cavitation is the formation and collapse, of cavities or bubbles that contain vapour or gas,
within a liquid. Normally, cavitation originates from changes in pressure in the liquid
brought about by turbulent flow or by vibration, but can also occur from changes in
temperature (boiling). Cavitation erosion occurs when bubbles or cavities collapse on or
very near the eroded surface. [15]
18
3.5.5 Fretting Wear
Fretting is a small amplitude oscillatory motion, usually tangential, between two solid
surfaces in contact. Fretting wear is the repeated cyclical rubbing between two surfaces,
over a period of time which will remove material from one or both surfaces in contact.
Fretting wear occurs when repeated loading and unloading causes cyclic stresses which
induce surface or subsurface break-up and loss of material. Vibration is a common cause
of fretting wear. It occurs typically in bearings, although most bearings have their
surfaces hardened to resist the problem. Another problem occurs when cracks in either
surface are created, known as fretting fatigue. It is the more serious of the two
phenomenons because it can lead to failure of the bearing. An associated problem occurs
when the small particles removed by wear are oxidized in air. The oxides are usually
harder than the underlying metal, so wear accelerates as the harder particles abrade the
metal surfaces further. Fretting corrosion acts in the same way, especially when water is
present. Unprotected bearings on large structures like bridges can suffer serious
degradation in behavior, especially when salt is used during winter to deice the highways
carried by the bridges.
3.6 Properties of PTFE Composite
3.6.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Unfilled PTFE

The specialty of unfilled PTFE is its combination of superior properties which is unique
among plastic compounds
• Exceptionally wide range of thermal applications from − 260°C to 300°C.
• Virtually universal chemical resistance
• Light- and weather-resistant
• Resistant against hot water vapor
• Excellent sliding properties
• Anti-adhesive behavior
• Non-combustible
• Good electric and dielectric properties
• No absorption of water
• Physiologically harmless
19
3.6.2 Thermal Properties
a) Thermal Resistance
The thermal resistance of PTFE has a range of -260°C to 300°C (i.e. stable in boiling
helium at –269°C). No other standard industrial compound can have this temperature
range. PTFE may be exposed to temperatures ranging from– 200°C to 260°C.
b) Thermal Expansion
When designing components made of PTFE, the relatively high degree of thermal
expansion must be taken into consideration.
c) Thermal conductivity
The coefficient of the thermal conductivity of PTFE does not vary with the temperature. It
is relatively high, so that PTFE can be considered to be a good insulating material. The
mixing of suitable fillers improves the thermal conductivity.
d) Specific heat
The specific heat, as well as the heat content (enthalpy) increases with the temperature.[32]
3.6.3 Tribological Properties of Bearing Materials

In general, the most important characteristics of bearing materials are
1. Score Resistance - A good bearing material should not damage the surface of journal
under operating conditions of boundary lubrication. The anti-wear characteristics of
bearing material are referred to as a score resistance.
2. Compressive strength - This is the ability of the bearing material to carry imposed
load without extrusion or disintegration, even if the load without extrusion or
disintegration, is variable either in magnitude or direction or both.
3. Fatigue Strength - Bearings are usually exposed to fluctuating load, therefore
bearing materials should have sufficient fatigue strength.
4. Deformability - The bearing material should have an ability to yield and adapt in
shape to that of the journal. This property is called conformability. When the journal
is deflected under load the contact takes place only at the edges. A confirmable
material adjusts its shape under these circumstances. The bearing material should also
be able to accommodate any foreign without scoring of journal. This property is
called embed ability.

5. Corrosion Resistance - Bearing material should resist corrosion due to the lubricant
and retain its shape.
20
6. Thermal Conductivity - Running bearings produce heat. This heat can make the
lubricant unstable and hence breakage of oils films may happened.. Hence, bearing
materials should dissipate heat with higher thermal conductivity.
7. Thermal Expansion - Coefficient of thermal expansion should be low for bearing
materials to prevent change in size and shape.
8. Cost and Availability - The cost of the bearing material should be small in
comparison to the total cost of the machine itself. [17]
3.7 Comparison of PTFE+Glass Fiber Material & PTFE + Glass Fiber+MoS2

Material
(1) PTFE + 15%Glass Fiber + 5%MoS2.
(2) PTFE + 15%Glass Fiber.
Property Unit PTFE + 15% GF PTFE + 15% GF

+ 5% MoS2
Density g/cm2 222-225 220-224
Shore Hardness D Sh.D 54-58 56-64
Tensile Strength (23oc) N/mm2 14-18 15-19
Elongation at Break (23oc) % 200-230 220-260
Tensile Modulus(23oc) N/mm2 750 1000
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion(20-100 0c) 1/K.10-5 10-2 10-0
0 -5
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion(150-260 c) 1/K.10 13-5 13-4
o
Thermal Conductivity (23 c) W/K.m 0-35 0-46
o
Deformation after 24h at 23 c – 15 % 12 12-5
Deformation after 24h at 260oc – 4 % 5 4-8
Compr. Strength at 1% deformation (23oc) N/mm2 6-9 8-2
PV-limit 3m/min N/mm2.min 25 23
Coefficient of friction – statical 0-15 0-18
-8 3
Wear K.10 cm .min/kg 8-1 7-1
.m.h
21
3.8 Area of Applications
With its unusual characteristics, PTFE is a special plastic compound suitable for
numerous areas of application:
• Sealing and sliding elements in machinery and automotive manufacturing
• Corrosion protection in chemical industry applications
• Insulating compound for electronics and electrical engineering
• Shrouding and coating of pistons, heating elements, rollers, diaphragms, etc.
• Medical implants as well as medical equipment and componentry
• Food industry
• Tubing/hoses for chemical, pharmaceutical and automotive applications.
Despite higher compound costs, PTFE parts may offer greater cost benefits than
conventional volume plastic compounds
PTFE + Glass Fiber + MoS2 material is preferred in Aircraft application in
• Flight Control
• Helicopter main motor
• Hinges & Linkages
The needs and advantages of accelerated wear testing are discussed, with particular
reference to aerospace applications. Examples are given from recent work on plastics-
based dry-bearing liners to illustrate how accelerated wear tests can provide information
relevant to materials selection, identification of the main parameters influencing wear and
definition of the relationships between wear, material composition and structure.
Prediction of the service life of dry-bearing liners, however, presents problems and full-
scale component tests are usually required. [12]
The operation of aircraft, missiles and satellites embraces almost every
conceivable aspect of tribology. A wide range of different types of components is
involved together with unequally wide range of materials andtribological processes. Wear
problems are many and various, but can broadly be divided in two main groups associated
with the diagnosis and rectification of failures and increasing the reliability of
components to reduce maintenance and, ultimately, to reduce total life costs. In the early
days of aviation, most of the problems encountered fell within the first of the above
groups. Component failures were relatively frequent and it was not too difficult to build
up a general background of practical experience to aid diagnosis. Tile present position,
however, is very different. As aircraft become increasingly sophisticated, improvementsin
materials and design are reducing the number of failures and it is no longer always
22
possible to acquire sufficient experience from service. The necessary background must
now be provided by the general fund of tribologicalknowledge, supplemented, where
necessary, by laboratorytesting. A further consequence of increasing Sophistication in
design and construction is that when failures do occur, the consequences can be very
expensive.
For example, one bearing failure in the seeking antenna mechanism of a
communications satellite can 'write off" an investment of many millions of pounds. There
is also a growing trend towards increasing the service life of aircraft in order to recover as
high a proportion as possible of the initial costs. This focuses attention on tile importance
of maintenance as a factor in the total 'costs-of-ownership' (production + operation +
maintenance); a recent estimate suggests that maintenance an account for up to one-third
of the total life costs of a modern, military aircraft .In both of the above groups of
problems, basic laboratory studies of wear processes have an important and, arguably,
even vital role to play. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe some of the
ways in which such basic studies have proved to be of value. Before doing so, however, it
will be useful to discuss briefly a few aspects of the general philosophy of wear testing.
Fig 3.3 Application ofDry Bearing Liners for Flight Control in Helicopter
23
Fig 3.4 Application of Dry Bearing Liners for Flight Control in Fixed Wing Aircraft
One of the most arduous uses of dry bearings for flight-control purposes occurs in
helicopters where thin layers of plastics composites containing PTFE are used to permit
variations in pitch and position of the rotorblades. The main consequence of wearin these
bearings is a gradual increase in 'backlash' which eventually develops to an unacceptable
level long before the total thickness of the bearing liners has been worn away. Wear is
therefore usually an inconvenience, albeit an expensive one, rather than a disaster.
However, exceptions do occur.
In devising any research program which involves measurements of wear, it is
critically important to define from the outset exactly what sort of information is being
sought because this largely determines the type of test equipment required. Consider as an
example, the various possible reasons which exist for testing aircraft flightcontrolbearings
used in applications. [12]
24
Fig 3.5 Dry Bearing Application in AircraftMain Motor
The materials involved are typically thin liners of plastics composites incorporating PTFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene) are used without conventional lubrication by oils or greases.
Wear is usuallythe major factor determining 'life-to replacement’. The ideal approach for
obtaining the realistic wear-lives of different competitive products is to devise equipment
which tests full-scale bearings operating in a spectrum of continuously varying loads,
speeds, temperaturesetc.which are characteristic of the typical flight conditions likely to
be encountered bya particular aircraft. The data obtained from such tests, however, will
be valid only for the conditions imposed andbecause these are complex, extrapolation or
interpolation to bearing performance in other areas or in other aircraftis extremely
difficult, or even impossible. A more versatile approach is to test bearings at various
combinations of constant values of load, speed, temperature etc from which it is then
more feasible to extrapolate the data to different bearing applications. This method,
however, is even more timeconsuming and expensive than the former. Neither method,
moreover, is able to cope with the problem of initial selection of materials, in which
bearings from amongst the dozens of different types commercially available are
sufficiently promising to be examined in detail. For the latter purposes, a further level of
25
simplification in equipment and procedure is required, indeterminations of wear life in
one, constant, arbitrarily-defined set of sliding conditions. Tests of this type frequently
form the basis of performance specifications.
Full scale bearings tests are also inappropriate during the early stages of any
development program on new materials, where it is important to be able to provide rapid
feed-back of performance data to guide further development. An even greater degree of
Simplification in wear testing is therefore needed and it is at this stage that apparatus of
the pin-on-disc type comes into the picture. The main merit of this sort of equipment is
the rapidity with which it is possible to explore the effects of a wide range of changes to
material composition and sliding conditions and ultimately to define a general pattern of
wear behavior from which performance trends can be predicted. It is important to
emphasize that these are only trends because wear data obtained from apparatus of the
pin-on-ring type canSeldom be extrapolated directly to predict the life of a bearing in
service. Even if most of the service requirements have been carefully simulated, e.g.
materials, speed, load and temperature, complicating effects still remain to the shape and
size of the sliding specimens. Failure to appreciate this has been responsible for much of
the criticism made about the limited practical value of simplified wear testing. [12]
26
4. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVES
4.1 Problem with Friction and Wear

A recent survey showed that the total annual saving that could be made through improved
tribological practice can be spilt in following portion
Total annul saving

Reduction in energy consumption from lower friction 5%
Reduction in manpower 2%
Saving in lubricant costs 2%
Saving in maintenance and replacement costs 45%
Saving in losses resulting from breakdown 22%
Saving in investment through greater availability and higher efficiency 4%
Saving in investment through increase life span of plant 20%
Wherever two surface slide, roll or hub against each other, one can be confronted with
problem generated by worn surface, problem of high frictional forces, frictional heat or
problem of squeak. Polymers offer a wide range of internally lubricated or wear resistant
resins that can help to solve these problems.
• Parts have longer lifetime due to reduced wear
Excessive wear often leads to premature failure of the part. Higher wear resistant
materials allow an increase of time before the need to change a critical part and reduce
maintenance costs.
• Moving system have higher efficiency due to less energy loss through friction
A low coefficient of friction between two sliding surface reduces the amount of energy
that is transformed into heat or noise instead of motion. The motion becomes smoother
and more efficient.
• Sliding surface can bear higher loads and run at higher velocities
By making the right choice of material, the load bearing capacity higher and sliding speed
can be increased, making the system more reliable and powerful.
• System cost can reduced by elimination any external lubricant
An efficient internal lubrication of the resin can replace the need for external lubricant
and guarantees the right lubrication over the lifetime of the part.
27
• Squeaking noise can be reduced below audible limits
The squeaking noise which did not allow the choice of the same resin for the two sliding
surface can now be eliminated by choosing a grade with allow coefficient of friction.
Mechanical properties of PTFE are low as compared to other materials, but its
properties remain at a useful level over a wide temperature range of 250 to 2950C.
Mechanical properties are often enhanced by adding filters. It has excellent thermal
stability it can withstand temperature up to 294.50C and electrical in solution properties
and a low coefficient of friction. PTFE is very dense and can’t be melt-processed. It must
compressed and sintered to form useful shapes.
When Teflon and carbon are formulated and properly blended together, they
become an extremely good material for as sea various convenient application. One of the
most common additives to assist in blocking ultra-violet light degradation is carbon black.
Generally, squeaking of materials that are black in color is UV protected. When left
unprotected and exposed to environmental conditions, materials change both in
appearance and in their molecular structure. These changes generally manifest themselves
in the form of a slight increase in density and a marked decrease in tensile strength values.
Thus adding GF and MoS2 to Teflon we can reduce the effect of the environment. It also
improved wear resistance under load and permanent deformation with better thermal and
electrical conductivity.
It can handle a very broad range of chemicals with the exception of molten alkali
metal and flu. This style is suitable for service at a temperature from the cryogenic range
up to 5000c.This sheet is particularly recommended for application in the industrial and
processes industries where high purity material are not required. It is more economical
than virgin PTFE and physical properties are not somewhat less than virgin PTFE. Milled
glass fibers have the least effect on chemical and electrical properties and add greatly to
the mechanical properties of unfilled PTFE.
4.2 Objectives
The purpose of this work is to study the friction and wear behavior of PTFE composites
reinforced with adding MoS2 filler material with glass fiber in PTFE with respect to
constantload and sliding velocity, under dry condition at normal temperature and pressure
when tested against EN304 stainless steel. It is expected that, this research will be useful
in promoting the applications of PTFE composites for constant load and constant speed
applications under dry condition.
28
Following are the objectives of the project work:
1. To find out the behavior of the fabricated material from wear & friction point of view
and the effect of constant sliding speed and load on it.
2. To suggest the best suitable self-lubricating PTFE composite material for the Aircraft
bearing applications from the tested PTFE composite materials for the existing
bearing used for aerospace.
3. To develop relationship between the coefficient of friction, frictional force, velocity
and loads.
4. To suggest the best suitable material for the Aircraft bearing applications from the
tested materials.
5. To suggest the best suitable surface texture pattern having minimum wear & friction
for Aircraft bearing application.
29
5. EXPERIMENTATION
To measure the coefficient of friction and wear of two composite materials. One material
is PTFE + 15% GF and other material is PTFE + 15% GF + 5% MoS2. Both materials are
tested with EN3O4 disc having surface texturing pattern on pin-on disc set-up.
5.1 Apparatus
Pin-on-disc test rig, weights, dial indicator, acetone cotton wastes, cloths etc.
5.2 Experimental Setup
Fig 5.1 Experimental Setup of Tribometer
5.3 Construction
The TR-20LE Pin on disc wear testing is advanced regarding the simplicity and
convenience of operation, ease of specimen clamping and accuracy of measurements,
bothof wear and frictional force along with lubrication and environmental facility.
30
Fig.5.2 Construction of Pin on Disc Apparatus.[2]
The machine is designed to apply loads up to 20 kg and is intended both for dry and lubricated
test conditions. It facilitates study of friction andwear characteristics in sliding contacts under
desired test conditions within machine specifications. Sliding occurs between the stationary pin
and a rotating disc. Normal load, rotational speed and wear track diameter can be varied to suit
the test conditions. Tangential frictional force and wear are monitored with electronic sensors
and recorded on PC. These parameters are available as a function of load and speed.
The machine consists of spindle assembly, loading lever assembly, sliding plate
assembly and environmental chamber, all mounted on base plate over structure made up of
welded steel tubes which absorbs entire force and load acting during testing. To minimize the
vibration during testing, it is fitted with four numbers of adjustable anti-vibration pads at base.
Some items like AC motor, variable frequency drive and all electrical items are fitted inside the
structure and sides of it are covered with panels.
The wear disc is mounted on the spindle top and is driven by an AC motor through a
timer belt, which provides high torque drive with low vibration. The loading lever with
specimen holder fixed at one end and at other end, it carries a wire rope for suspending dead
weights to apply normal load on specimen. The frictional force produced between specimen pin
and disc is directly measured by the load cell at other end. The specimen pin is placed inside a
hardened split jaw and clamped to specimen holder. To clamp different sizes of specimens,
individual jaws are provided for different sizes of pin specimens. The oil for test is supplied by
a lubrication unit fixed at base of machine.
31
The wear between specimen pin and disc is measured by LVDT and is sensed by a sensor
mounted on lever. The friction between specimen pin and rotating disc is measured by a
strain gauge type load cell mounted on a bracket. The spindle speed is measured by
proximity sensor through a rpm sensor disc. The machine operation is controlled by a
electronic controller which is connected to machine through a set of cables, control cable
and signal input cable. The signals passes from machine to controller and then controller
processed signals to connected PC. The signals from wear and frictional force sensor are
sent to instrumentation card, the output from which is sent to data acquisition card and the
output from it is sent to display on controller and to PC. [18]
5.4 Working Procedure

1. Connect the power input cable to 230 V, 50 Hz, and 15 Amps supply. Switch ON
controller. Allow 5 minutes for normalizing all electrical items.
2. Using dial indicator, clamp disc within 10 μm run out.
3. Thoroughly clean specimens, remove burs from the circumference using a 2000 grit
fine silicon carbide abrasive paper. Clean the wear disc thoroughly with petrol.
4. Insert specimen pin inside the hardened jaws and clamp to specimen holder. Set the
height of specimen pin above the wear disc using height adjustment block, ensuring
the loading arm always horizontal. Tighten clamping screws on jaws to clamp
specimen pin firmly. Swivel off the height adjustment block away from loading arm.
5. Set the required wear track diameter (18 mm to 32 mm) according to sliding speed by
moving the sliding plate over graduated scale on base plate. Tighten both the
clamping screws to ensure assembly is clamped firmly.
6. Wear display: Loosen LVDT lock screw, rotate thumbscrew to bring LVDT plunger
visually to mid position, the wear reading display on controller should be as near to
zero. Initialize wear display to ‘0’ by pressing ‘ZERO’ push button on controller.
7. Frictional force display: Move loading arm away from frictional force load cell and
set frictional force display ‘0’ by pressing relative ‘ZERO’ button on controller.
8. Place required weights on loading pan to apply constant normal load.
9. Setting disc speed: Set 10 minute time on controller, press test, start push button and
rotate. Set by rotating rpm knob on controller till required test speed is displayed.
Continually run for the remaining time to observe any fluctuation. Press STOP button.
10. Setting test duration on controller: Test duration is set either in time mode (set in hr,
min, sec) or counter mode (set in no. of cycles, max. is 100000 cycles). Mode
32
selection is by the toggle switch below timer display, the switch position indicates
selection as either time or counter. Test duration of 60 minutes is selected.
11. Setting of computer for testing and data acquisition:
• Connect the data acquisition cable from controller to PC.
• Open the software Winducom 2008 on PC.
• Click on mode run continuously icon on software screen to activate screen.
• Click on ACQUIRE tool bar at screen top to open acquiring screen.
• Enter a name on file name window.
• In the cell for Sample ID, enter the material of the specimen and its dimensions.
• Fill the remaining empty cells for speed, load, wear track and data sampling rate.
• In the Remark cell, enter dry test, duration of test, speed etc.
• Click START button in PC window.
• Press START push button on the controller front panel to commence the test and
send data to PC.
• Set the required rpm by rotating slowly the rpm knob in clockwise direction.
• Measured rpm is displayed on the SPEED window of the controller front panel. .
• Click zero button on PC screen and initialize all sensor values to zero.
• Click SAVE button on PC screen to save data
On controller the acquired test parameters like wear, frictional force, speed and
temperature are displayed, the same values are displayed on PC screen with graph.
Specifications of PIN and Disc Tribometer (TR-20LE)
• Overall Size 660 × 630 × 860 mm.(L × b × h)
• Pin Size 3,4,6,8, 10 and 12 mm diameter.
• Disc Size 165 mm diameter × 8 mm thick
• Wear Track Diameter (Mean) 15 mm to 100 mm.
• Loading Lever Length 394 mm.
• Sliding Speed Range 0.05 m/sec. to 10 m/sec.
• Disc Rotation Speed 20-2000 RPM with LC 1 rpm.
• Normal Load 5 N to 200 N.

• Friction Force 0 to 200 N, digital recorded output
• Wear Measurement Range ± 2 mm LC 0.1 µm digital recorded output.
• Power 1.5 kW, 230 V, 15A, 1 Phase, 50 Hz
33
5.5 Materials and Test Conditions
5.5.1 Variables in Wear Testing

The variables in Wear Testing are as follows.
a)Normal Load
In this experiment for the application of aerospace the load is constant as 12kg that is
117.75N is to taken for the experimentation.
b) Sliding Velocity
Table 5.1 Running parameters selected for experimental analysis.

Sr.No. Load(N) Velocity(m/s) Time(min)
1.0 12 0.12 60
c) Temperature
In this 3particular experimental work no such facilities were available for the test rig. So
the readings are taken at the room temperature.
d) Contact Area
Contact area between the pin and disc is28.27 mm². (Pin dia. is 6 mm.)
e) Sliding Time
Sliding time is kept 60 minutes for all mating surfaces.
f) Surface finish
Surface finish of the EN3O4 stainless steel disc is measured by surface tester and its
average value is Ra = 0.14 µm. While during experimentation wearing surface of the test
pins are polished with the help of 2000 grit fine silicon carbide abrasive paper so as too
obtained high surface finish.
f) Material
Counterface-1 is nothing but the pin material. It was changed according to the different
pins used as listed in table 5.2 and table 5.3
Table 5.2 Material composition of experimental samples of PTFE composites

Sample Matrix Filler Particles %weight Condition

A PTFE Glass Fiber 15 Filler
B PTFE Glass Fiber + MoS2 15+5 Filler
34
Twenty test pins of each material samples are prepared so as to take the test for each
normal load and sliding velocity.
Table 5.3 Material composition of EN3O4stainless steel disc.

Content C Si Mn P S Cr Ni
Percentage 0.08 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.03 18 10
g) Lubricant
No lubricant was used during the test conditions.
5.6 Measured Parameters

a) Friction Measurements
The lever transmits a signal through a load cell for determining frictional force. Load cell
is connected to digital panel, which displays the frictional force and also connected to PC
where it is recorded. The readings are recorded manually for every 5 minutes of interval.
b) Wear Measurement
Electronic LVDT wear measurement is used for permanently recording wear. The
readings are recorded manually for every 5 minutes of interval.
c) Test Time
Digital timer/controller for automatic shut off.
d) Cycle Counter
Panel mounted cycle counter gives the RPM of the rotating disc.
5.7 Calculation
The Speed of Rotation of Disc.
With the help of dimple track diameters & constant sliding velocity.
We know that,
Sliding velocity, V = 0.12 m/s
1) For First Dimple Track,
Minimum Diameter = 12 mm
Maximum Diameter = 24 mm
So, Mean Diameter = 18 mm
There for, mean radius, r = 9 mm
Now, We know that,
V = r*ɷ
35
Where,
V = Sliding velocity, (m/s)
r = mean radius of dimple track, (m)
ɷ = angular velocity of disc, (rad/s)
Now, ɷ = V/r
ɷ = 0.12/0.009
ɷ = 13.3334 rad/s
But, ɷ = 2*Π*N/60
Where,
N = rotation speed of disc (rpm)
Now, 13.3334=2*π*N/60
N = 127.3245 rpm
2) Similarly, for second dimple track,
N = 71.6197 rpm
3) Similarly, for third dimple track,
N = 49.8224 rpm
5.8 Pin Specimen Material

Table 5.4 Material composition of experimental samples of PTFE composites with
quantities
Specimen Material Quantity
PTFE+15%Glass Fiber 10
PTFE+15%Glass Fiber +5%MoS2 10
36
5.9
. Observations
Table No. 5.5 Observation table for plane surface of Material-A
Material: PTFE + 15% GF Condition: Dry Speed: 39rpm
Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6mm Plane Surface
Sr.No. Time(min) Wear(µ) Frictional Force(N) COF
1 0 0 56.8 0.482
2 5 0 57.6 0.489
3 10 0 58.1 0.493
4 15 0 59.4 0.504
5 20 0 61.9 0.525
6 25 0 58.9 0.5
7 30 0 59.0 0.501
8 35 1 58.3 0.495
9 40 2 58.4 0.496
10 45 2 58.5 0.496
11 50 3 60.4 0.513
12 55 3 60.5 0.513
13 60 3 60.1 0.51
Table No.5.6 Observation table for track-2 of Material-A

Material: PTFE+15% GF Condition: Dry Speed: 127rpm
Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.:6mm Size: 100 µ & 10%
1 0 0 40.9 0.347
2 5 0 48.4 0.411
3 10 1 49.6 0.421
4 15 2 48.1 0.408
5 20 2 48.1 0.408
6 25 3 48.3 0.41
7 30 3 48.1 0.408
8 35 3 47.9 0.406
9 40 3 47.6 0.404
10 45 3 48.1 0.408
11 50 2 48.3 0.41
12 55 3 47.9 0.406
13 60 3 48.3 0.41
37
Table No. 5.7 Observation table for track-3 of Material-A
Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6 mm Size: 200µ & 10%
1 0 0 25.5 0.2166
2 5 0 27.3 0.2319
3 10 0 28.8 0.2446
4 15 1 28.4 0.2412
5 20 1 28.9 0.2454
6 25 1 29.8 0.2531
7 30 1 30.6 0.259
8 35 2 32.4 0.275
9 40 1 34.6 0.293
10 45 1 36.5 0.31
11 50 2 36.5 0.31
12 55 2 40.5 0.344
13 60 2 42.5 0.361

Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6mm Size: 300µ & 10%
1 0 0 46.5 0.395
2 5 0 58.6 0.497
3 10 1 58.7 0.498
4 15 1 56.1 0.476
5 20 1 58.4 0.496
6 25 1 58.3 0.495
7 30 1 57.8 0.49
8 35 2 57.8 0.49
9 40 2 58.9 0.5
10 45 2 58.3 0.495
11 50 3 59.2 0.502
12 55 3 57.6 0.489
13 60 3 55.8 0.474
38
Material: PTFE+ 15% GF Condition: Dry Speed: 127rpm
Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6mm Size: 100µ& 20%
1 0 0 30 0.254
2 5 0 32.4 0.275
3 10 0 41.4 0.351
4 15 0 44.4 0.377
5 20 1 45 0.382
6 25 1 45.1 0.383
7 30 1 45.1 0.383
8 35 1 45.4 0.385
9 40 2 45.4 0.385
10 45 2 45.5 0.386
11 50 2 46.2 0.392
12 55 2 46.8 0.397
13 60 2 47 0.399

Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.:6mm Size: 200µ & 20%
1 0 0 29.6 0.251
2 5 0 34.4 0.292
3 10 1 39.8 0.338
4 15 1 45.5 0.386
5 20 2 47.1 0.400
6 25 3 48.8 0.414
7 30 4 49.3 0.418
8 35 5 49.8 0.423
9 40 5 50.2 0.426
10 45 5 50.6 0.429
11 50 5 51.1 0.434
12 55 6 50.3 0.427
13 60 6 50.4 0.428
39
Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6mm Size: 300µ & 20%
1 0 0 27.5 0.233
2 5 1 27.7 0.235
3 10 1 32.1 0.272
4 15 2 37.1 0.315
5 20 2 38.8 0.329
6 25 3 41.2 0.349
7 30 4 40.8 0.346
8 35 4 40.0 0.339
9 40 5 42.4 0.36
10 45 6 42.8 0.363
11 50 6 43.3 0.367
12 55 7 43.5 0.369
13 60 8 44.0 0.373

Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6 mm Size: 100µ & 30%
1 0 0 32.4 0.275
2 5 0 33.8 0.287
3 10 0 42.3 0.359
4 15 0 46.2 0.392
5 20 0 48 0.407
6 25 0 48.3 0.41
7 30 0 49.1 0.417
8 35 1 50 0.424
9 40 1 50.3 0.427
10 45 1 50.5 0.428
11 50 1 50.7 0.43
12 55 1 50.3 0.427
13 60 1 49.8 0.423
40
Material: PTFE+ 15% GF Condition: Dry Speed: 72 rpm
Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.:6mm Size: 200µ& 30%
1 0 0 38.9 0.33
2 5 0 43.6 0.37
3 10 0 46.8 0.397
4 15 0 48.8 0.414
5 20 0 49 0.416
6 25 1 49.1 0.417
7 30 1 48.8 0.414
8 35 1 48.9 0.415
9 40 2 48.9 0.415
10 45 1 48.9 0.415
11 50 2 48.2 0.409
12 55 2 47.9 0.406
13 60 2 48.0 0.407

Weight: 12kg Pin Dia.: 6mm Size: 300µ& 30%
1 0 0 33.4 0.283
2 5 0 51.2 0.434
3 10 0 52.1 0.442
4 15 0 53.3 0.452
5 20 1 54.7 0.464
6 25 1 55.1 0.468
7 30 1 55 0.467
8 35 1 55.2 0.468
9 40 2 55.4 0.47
10 45 2 54.9 0.466
11 50 2 54.8 0.465
12 55 3 54.4 0.462
13 60 3 53.8 0.457
41
Another random document with
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Walter Grossett had been heir-presumptive to his uncle, John
Muirhead of Bredisholm, the last of the male representatives of that
ancient family and of the Muirheads of that Ilk. Muirhead had helped
Grossett in his mining speculations, and had become so involved
that he was obliged to sell the reversion of the estate in order to live.
He wished the property kept in the family, so he sold it to Walter
Grossett’s nephew, the son of his youngest brother, James, a
prosperous merchant of Lisbon, who assumed the name of
Muirhead. James’s son John married a granddaughter of Lord
George Murray—Lady Jean Murray, daughter of the third Duke of
Atholl.[102] He is the ancestor of the family which, in the female line
but retaining the name of Muirhead, still possesses the property of
Bredisholm.
Grossett’s second brother, Alexander, was a captain in Price’s
regiment, and served on the staff at the battle of Culloden, where he
was killed under circumstances related in the text (p. 336). His wife
and children are on the list of recipients of gratuities from a Guildhall
Relief Fund collected for sufferers in the campaign of the ’Forty-five
(see Appendix, p. 429). The entry reads, ‘Captain Grossett’s widow
and 4 children, £150.’ It was the largest individual sum distributed.
Grossett’s narrative seems truthful and straightforward. Although
presented in the unusual form of a commercial invoice, it is
particularly interesting and useful in giving details of minor events of
the campaign not generally mentioned, or at least not detailed
elsewhere. He, however, would convey the impression that his
enterprises were always successful, which was not the case. For
instance, the Jacobites were successful in securing the passage of
the Firth of Forth, yet Grossett does not make the reader understand
this in his long account of the operation at pp. 353-358, and the
same applies to other passages. Yet the description does not differ
more from the Jacobite accounts than in modern times do the
descriptions of operations as narrated by opposing belligerent
generals.[103]
Two services he was employed on are worthy of special notice—
the release of the officers on parole (p. 364), and his participation in
the distribution of the Guildhall Relief Fund (p. 374). The former
service had been originally destined by Hawley for the company of
Edinburgh volunteers under the command of John Home (author of
Douglas), by whom it was indignantly refused.[104] The latter, which
is described in the Appendix, is particularly interesting at the present
time of war, when similar funds are being distributed for similar
purposes.
The manuscripts of the ‘Memorial,’ the ‘Narrative,’ and ‘The
Account of Money’ are in the Record Office. A remarkable
coincidence procured the Correspondence printed on pp. 379-399.
After the ‘Narrative’ was in type, my friend, Mr. Moir Bryce, President
of the Old Edinburgh Club, sent me a packet of letters, most of them
holograph, to look over and see if there was anything of interest in
them. To my surprise and gratification, I found they were the identical
original letters that Grossett quotes as authority for his transactions.
Mr. Bryce, who had purchased the letters from a dealer, knew
nothing of the history of their ownership. He subsequently
generously presented me with the collection. The Report of
Fawkener and Sharpe was lent to me by Miss Frances Grosett-
Collins, Bredisholm, Chew Magna, Somerset. Miss Grosett-Collins
also kindly lent me some family papers from which, along with
documents preserved in the Record Office and the British Museum,
these brief notes of her ancestor’s career have been compiled.
ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLES OF
PRESTON, FALKIRK, AND CULLODEN
This is a beautifully written manuscript of sixty-two folios, small
quarto, by Andrew Lumisden, private secretary to Prince Charles
when in Scotland. Certain documents bound up with the manuscript
give its history. It was originally written for the information of John
Home, author of the tragedy of Douglas, when engaged in writing his
history of the Rebellion. After Home’s death, it was presented by his
nephew, John Home, W.S., to Macvey Napier, Librarian of the Signet
Library. In 1840 Napier presented it to Mr. James Gibson Craig,
W.S., because, as he says in a letter, he ‘has a just taste and value
for such documents.’ On Mr. Gibson Craig’s death in 1886, it passed
into the collection of his partner Sir Thomas Dawson Brodie, Bart.
On his death, it came into my possession by purchase.
Andrew Lumisden was a grandson of Andrew Lumisden,
episcopal minister of Duddingston, who was ‘outed’ at the
Revolution. In 1727 the latter was consecrated bishop of Edinburgh,
and died six years later. The bishop’s third son, William, was
educated for the bar, but he ‘went out’ in 1715, and, refusing to take
the oaths to Government after that Rising, he was unable to follow
his profession, but practised in Edinburgh as a Writer or law agent.
He married Mary Bruce, a granddaughter of Robert Bruce, third of
Kennet. To them were born two children, (1) Isabella born in 1719,
who, in 1747, was married to the young artist Robert Strange, whom
she had induced to join Prince Charles’s Life Guards, and who
afterwards became the most famous British engraver of his time, and
was knighted by George iii.; and (2) Andrew, born in 1720, the
author of this ‘Account.’
Andrew followed his father’s profession of Writer, and when
Prince Charles came to Edinburgh in 1745 he was, on the
recommendation of his cousin Sir Alex. Dick of Prestonfield,
appointed private secretary to the Prince, and accompanied him
throughout the campaign. After Culloden he was attainted. He
concealed himself for some weeks in Edinburgh, escaped to London,
and thence to Rouen. Here at first he suffered great privation, but
succeeded in obtaining a French pension of 600 livres, which
relieved his immediate wants. In 1749 he went to Rome, and in the
following year he was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Old
Chevalier. On the death of James Edgar, in 1762, he succeeded him
as Jacobite Secretary of State. The Old Chevalier died in 1766, and
Lumisden was for a time continued in his office by Charles. The
great object of Charles’s policy was to be acknowledged by the Pope
as King of Great Britain, a title which Clement xiii. refused him in
spite of a powerful appeal by Cardinal Henry, Duke of York, to his
Holiness.[105] Charles, smarting under the indignity, became
intensely irritable, and gave himself up more and more to self-
indulgence. In December 1768 Lumisden, along with two other
Scottish officials, was summarily dismissed for refusing to
accompany his royal master to an oratorio when that master was
intoxicated.[106] Leaving Rome, he settled in Paris, where he moved
in the highest literary and artistic circles. In 1773 he was allowed to
return to Great Britain, and five years later he received a full pardon.
Lumisden, who was never married, continued to spend much of
his time in Paris, accounted ‘a man of the finest taste and learning,’
living the life of a dilettante, and paying frequent visits to London and
Edinburgh.
There is a pleasant anecdote told of him at this time, which
reflects the kindly feeling borne by King George iii. to irreconcilable
Jacobites. It is very similar to the well-known story of King George’s
message to Laurence Oliphant of Gask, told by Sir Walter Scott in
the Introduction to Redgauntlet. It must be remembered that to their
dying day both the laird of Gask and Andrew Lumisden never
referred to King George except as the Elector of Hanover. The story
of Lumisden is told in a family paper[107] by his great-niece Mrs.
Mure (née Louisa Strange), and may be given in that lady’s own
words.
A valuable library was about to be dispersed in Paris,
which contained a rare copy or edition of the Bible, and
George iii. commissioned his bookseller, Mr. Nichol, to
procure it for him at a certain limit as to price. Mr. Nichol,
intimate with Mr. Lumisden, whose literary character
qualified him to pronounce as to the authenticity and value
of this work, employed him to examine, and, on approval,
to make this purchase, which he did, obtaining it at a far
lower price than had been mentioned. The king, delighted
with his acquisition, asked Mr. Nichol how he had
managed to get it. Mr. Nichol replied he had ‘applied to a
friend of his much connected with literature, whom he
could trust,’ etc., etc. ‘Well, but who is your friend,’ said the
king, ‘I suppose he has a name?’ ‘A gentleman named
Lumisden, your Majesty,’ said Mr. Nichol. ‘Oh!’ replied the
king, ‘the Prince’s secretary.’ The king, with true courtesy,
never called Charles Edward aught but ‘the Prince.’ ‘Yes,
your Majesty,’ said Mr. Nichol shyly, ‘the same.’ ‘Well,
Nichol,’ said the king, ‘I am much obliged by the trouble
Mr. Lumisden has taken; pray, make him my compliments,
and tell him so; and I should like to send him some little
token of this. What shall it be?’ Nichol suggested ‘a book,
perhaps,’ and it is said the king laughed and said, ‘Oh,
yes! a book, a book! that would suit you!’ However, the
message was sent, and Mr. Lumisden’s reply was, that he
should be gratified by the possession of a copy of Captain
Cook’s Voyages, then just published, in which he took a
deep interest, and considered they owed their success to
the individual patronage given them by the king himself.
A very handsome copy of Anson’s and Cook’s
Voyages, in nine quarto volumes, was sent to Mr.
Lumisden by the king. They were left by Mr. Lumisden to
my father [Sir Thomas Strange], and he bequeathed them
to his son James, now Admiral Strange, in whose
possession they are. [Written in 1883.]
In 1797 Lumisden published a volume at London entitled
Remarks on the Antiquities of Rome and its Environs ... with
Engravings, his only literary legacy excepting this account of the
battles in Scotland. I have failed to discover at what period of his life
this manuscript was written.
Lumisden died in Edinburgh in 1801. His usual lodging had been
in the Luckenbooths, the very heart of the old town, but he had
recently changed his quarters to the then new Princes Street, and to
the very newest part of that street, the section west of Castle Street.
To the imagination it seems strangely incongruous, yet as a link
between the past and the present not entirely unfitting, that this aged
partisan of the House of Stuart, probably the last Scottish gentleman
who personally served that dynasty whose capital was the ancient
city, should meet his death in the newest part of that modern street
which is the glory of the Edinburgh that the Stuarts never knew.
ORIGINS OF THE ’FORTY-FIVE
PAPERS OF JOHN MURRAY OF
BROUGHTON
A COPY OF ORIGINAL PAPERS written by John Murray,
Esq., Secretary to the Young Pretender, containing a
History of the first Rise and Progress of the Late Rebellion
from the End of the year 1742 to 1744.
N.B.—The original is written by Mr. Murray’s own
hand and was found after the Battle of Culloden, and
seems to have been originally design’d as Memoirs,
etc.
Copy of a shattered Leaf belonging to the original Manuscript

During all this winter[108] my Lord T[ra]q[uai]r,[109]
as I observed before, was at London with Lord
Edgar to Murray
Semple[110] and Mr. Drummond,[111] and the gentlemen
in the Highlands immediately concerned in his Majesties affairs were
employed in cultivating his interest amongst their vassals and neighbours,
which was the more easily done as the most part of that country are
naturally Loyal and at the same time ... run so high against the
Government, that any scheme proposed ... was most acceptable. It seems
after his Lordship had been there sometime, he wrote a letter to his
Majestie, in answer to which I received one enclosed to me from Mr.
Edgar,[112] dated the 5th of July 1742, which was this.... It is a long time
since I had the pleasure of writting to you which has been occasioned by
my knowing you was informed of everything by Bahady, and that being the
case I did not care to ... venture all ... time when I shall ... to say to you as
I ha ... view of recommending them ... for Lord [Tra]q[uai]r to your care ...
of it with much satisfaction ... to assure you of my best respect and of the
longing I have to tell you by word of mouth how much I am yours. As Lord
T[ra]q[uai]r has been lately at London and knew there how things were
going it is useless for me to enter here ... matters and as the King has
particular directions to give you ... sent I shall add nothing ... but by his
Majesties Com ... kind compliments ... that the family a ... I am with all my
h....
After his Lordships return ... taken to inform the Highlands of the
favourable situation there seemed to ... from the information he had got
from Lord Semple and Drummond ...
The rest of this page torn away.
Copy of another shattered Leaf
Which message tho’ they began to languish a little, yet kept up their
spirits. As nothing is more common than for people to believe what they
wish and hope for, however specious the encouragement may be. Upon
Mr. Drummond parting with His Lordship at London, he assured him he
would write particularly whatever Resolutions the Cardinal[113] should
come to after his arrival, imagining, as he said, that the promises they had
gott in England from the King’s friends there would suffice to determine the
old man to act strenuously in his Majesty’s favours; upon which we waited
impatiently to hear from him. In the beginning of Winter Locheal came to
town with whom I had occasion often to converse on these subjects, and
always found him the man the most ready, and willing chearfully to enter
into any scheme that would conduce to His Majesty’s interest: and must
here declare that I really believe he is the most sincere honest man the
Country produces, without the least shew of self interest. After several
months had passed without my hearing from Rome, or any letters coming
from My L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r received one from Mr. Drummond about the
beginning of December and dated ... of ... which alarmed us very much, as
it gave us ground to believe that things were much nearer Action, than we
had any notion of, and indeed it seemed to us only fitt to be written a few
weeks before a descent; but to make the reader Judge, I shall here insert
a letter itself.
Copy Mr. Drummond’s letter to the Earl of T[ra]q[uai]r dated
the 1742.
The rest awanting.
Copy of another torn Leaf in Manuscripts
As there was nothing in this letter but a general assurance of the
French Design without either specyfying the number of the Troops, Arms,
Money, Ammunition or even the fixed time, My Lord T[ra]q[uai]r and the
Laird of Lochiel[114] considering how unprepared the Country was to join in
any such attack attempt, and that from the contents of the letter it was
impossible to give any positive directions to the Gentlemen of the
Highlands, together with the near prospect they had of a landing, which
must of necessity have proved abortive had it really happened. They
thought it absolutely necessary they should be presently informed of
everything, but the difficulty was how to accomplish it. There was no
opportunity to write, the time of an answer uncertain, and from the
indistinct letter already received they had no great reason to expect
anything in writing very satisfactory ... upon which I offered to go ... and
then learn distinctly ... the Resolutions of the ... fully informed ... but as this
was not to ... having the opinion of ... who were the most ... in his
Majesties Interest ... a letter wrote by ... which went to him by ... likewise
one to S[ir] J[ames] C[ampbell][115] their advice and opinion, and during
the intervall we had severall conversations all tending to acquaint us
particularly of what had been carried on for sometime before by Lord
Semple, Mr. Drummond and then received by me as one of these who had
been the first in the Country to form a Concert, binding themselves by oath
not to discover their schemes to any but one of themselves, or the
persons agreed upon to be received amongst them by the Consent of the
whole.
I had for a long time before been pretty well acquainted with who were
the principle people concerned in all the present transactions, without
knowing there had ever been any such formal Combination. I gave my
word of honour faithfully to keep these secrets, and then they told me the
rise of the Story what assurances they had given the French by the hands
of Drummond and Lord Semple after making terms with the King himself,
that nobody should be acquented with their procedure without their
consent. I was like wise informed
The rest of this Page not legible.
The weather at this time happening to be very stormy, the express did
not return for two weeks longer than we expected; but upon receiving his
Lordships answer which he approved of the proposal, I sett about making
ready to sett off, and accordingly took journey about the 10 or 12 of Jany.
1743, upon the pretence of talking with the Duke of Queensberry[116] then
at London concerning a process I had with the Earl of March,[117] to whom
his Grace had been Tutor-in-law.
On the Friday I left Edinburgh and went to Traquair and so through
Tweeddale to York, where I stop’d to talk to the D[uke] of P[erth] one of the
Concert, and acquaint him with my journey and received his commands.
The principal part of my transactions was to make myself fully acquainted
with the French Resolutions, to give them all encouragement possible,
and to write to his Majesty acquainting him that the Gentleman in the
Highlands being informed that my L[ord] M[arischal],[118] whom his
Majesty had honoured with the Command, was a man of a very high and
forbidding manner, and exceedingly positive in his way, they were afraid
least such procedure might create differences and heart burnings amongst
them; wherefore he prayed his Majesty would send over General Keith,
[119] who they understood was of a very mild and humane temper and in
whose abilitys they had great confidence. When I came to York his Grace
the D[uke] of P[erth] approved highly of my going over and gave me a
great many injunctions[120] how to write to the King, which is needless
here to put down as they all tended to prevent differences in case matters
came to be put in execution. I then went to London, where I only stayed
some few days, and sett out of on Munday about 12 o’clock to Dover
where I arrived the same night about 9 o’clock, and found a Packet ready
to sail. As the wind was then pretty fair, I was in hopes of getting next
morning pretty early to Calais, but it changed a little after we was at sea,
so were oblidged to make for Boulogne, this made me exceedingly uneasy
as I was instructed to go privately to Paris without the knowledge of any of
the people who were at Boulogne, and now in all probability we were to
land in broad daylight where I must infallibly have been known; but luckily
we were becalmed all that day, and did not arrive till about three in the
morning. I stayed there till about five, when I got a chaise and set out for
Paris, where I came on Friday morning and went to McDonald’s the
Banquier,[121] and enquired for Mr. Maxwell, which was the name
Drummond then went by. I immediately went to him this same day before
dinner, and found him greatly surprised at my Coming, but said it was very
lucky as it might be a mean to quicken the French in proceeding; when
they saw how forward and anxious the Country was to come to action.
Upon my arrival at London I heard of Cardinal Fleury’s death, which was a
very unlucky incident; for these two Gentlemen had it left in their power to
assert, that had not that happened, every thing would certainly have been
performed, and not then in my power to advance anything positively to the
contrary. I went with Mr. Drummond in the evening to Lord Semple who I
had never seen before: he received me very civily and enquired about the
situation of the Country which I told him was very favourable; but as the
letter Mr. Drummond had wrote, gave us to understand that the Cardinal
had determined to put things in execution sooner than we had any cause
to expect, never having had anything encouraging before, and that by that
letter, we was told of no particulars, it was judged necessary I should
come over to know how things were to be executed: and particularly, what
assurances of every kind we might depend upon; so as the Gentlemen of
the concert might be able upon my return to sett immediately about
preparing the Country for their reception. He then agreed with Mr.
Drummond that my coming over was well timed, but that he was afraid it
might require some time before the French could be brought into it, as in
all probability their schemes would be entirely altered by the Cardinal’s
death; that all his views consisted in keeping peace, but that there was a
party of younger people about court, who had gained a good deal upon
the King, which together with his own natural disposition and heat of youth
inclined him to war. At the same time he said it was lucky that he had
observed the Cardinal’s Decline, and had persuaded him to impart all the
affairs that concerned this Country to Mr. Amalot,[122] by which means
they would be but little stop as to the King or Ministery being acquainted
with whatever related to us, as Mr. Amalot was continued as Minister of
Forreign Affairs. A great deal more of this kind passed, and upon my not
being able to tell them minutly what every individual of the Concert had
done in the particular District alotted them, Mr. Drummond complained that
I had not been fully informed of all their Scheme. I in the meanwhile did
not reflect upon the Cause of his making such reflections against Lord
T[ra]q[uai]r, who was the person that informed me of their Concert; but it
has often occurred to me since, that they laid great stress on all the little
pieces of information they gott of the Gentlemen’s procedure in Scotland,
and everything they gott took care to make a mighty matter of it to the
King: and Mr. Drummond did not fail as he has often told me himself, to
write in the strongest terms to his Majesty, of their great success, which he
knew must always redound so far to his advantage, as he had taken care
to make the King believe he was the person who had sett all in motion,
and that it was upon his plan that they acted, and their success mostly
owing to following the Scheme he had laid down to them. I then told them
it would be necessary as the Cardinal was now dead that I saw Mr.
Amalot, and heard what Resolutions they had taken, to be able to inform
the King’s friends of what was to be expected. Lord Semple told me that
Mr. Amalot was then at Versailes, but would be in town on Sunday when
he would talk to him, and inform him of my being sent over, and gett him to
fix a time when I might have an audience, he accordingly was with him on
the Sunday and, as he told me the same evening, could not see him for ...
and when he did tell him, he took it very ill that he had been made wait so
long in his Out-chamber; that although his Master was not upon the
Throne and so did not keep his Ministers publickly at Court, yet he thought
using these he employed in his service in that shape was treating him ill
and not like a Prince as he really was. That Mr. Amalot made excuses
from his being so little in Paris all week, and consequently hurryed all the
while he was there; but fixed no time when to see me, so his Lordship
went by himself to Versailes that week, where he stayed a night or two
and returned to town. I went out some days after along with him and Mr.
Drumond to see Mr. Amalot who was first to talk to with the King and then
return me his Majesty’s answer, but was told from day to day, that he could
not have an opportunity of talking with the King. So was oblidged to return
to Paris without seeing him.
I wrote a pretty long letter to the King acquainting him with the reasons
of my coming over and hoping his Majesty would pardon my leaving the
Country without his Permission, but not to be too tedious by mentioning all
the different conversations I had with his Lordship and Mr. Drummond
during my stay which were all to the same purpose, together with the most
severe Reflections and Invectives against the Dutches of Buckingham[123]
and Lord Marshal with Coll Cecel,[124] Coll Brette[125] and Ch. Smith[126]
and all those who were of a contrary party from them, alledging it was
entirely owing to their having given in Ridiculous Schemes to the Cardinal
demanding vast numbers of men, money, cannon, etc., sufficient to
conquer the Country, which made the Old man have a mean opinion of the
power of the King’s party and put a stop to his realy putting in execution ...
required of him; and at the same time assuring me that these people were
most unjust to the Cardinal in alledging that he was not hearty and sincere
in the King’s interest, for that he had often professed that he would
willingly lose his own life in the cause, that there was nothing he had so
much at heart next to the Interest of his own Master, and that he had even
cryed[127] with concern in speaking of the misfortunes of the King’s family,
and notwithstanding he had a very mean opinion of the other party, yet the
Memorials they had given instruct him so much that it cost Lord Semple
the utmost[128] pains and trouble to perswade him of the contrary, but they
had after some time succeeded so effectually that he was determined to
send over a body of troops to England and designed Mr. Mailebois[129]
should return to Flanders for that purpose; but that the party at Court
which opposed him had influenced the King to make him march his Army
into Westphalia which occasioned the Neutrality for Hannover; that this
was so opposite to his Schemes, and he was sensible that a general war
must ensue, and France thereby brought into great difficulties, that
together with the King’s loose way of living, having at that time taken the
third sister for his mistress, had certainly broke his heart, for he had been
observed from that moment to decline, and dyed soon after.[130]
Having spent some days at Paris in hearing such like storys, I went
again to Versailes where we were still put off till the night I left it. When we
had an audience of Mr. Amalot I told him that the Gentlemen in the
Concert in Scotland,[131] having from time to time received assurances
from the late Cardinal of Troops, Arms and Money, had been continualy
expecting to hear that a final Resolution was taken but upon being
informed of the bad state of health the Cardinal was in,[132] they had done
me the honour to send me over instructed to represent the situation of
their affairs to the Ministry and to acquaint them they had wrought so
effectualy with the Country in general and their Vassals in particular that
they could raise near thirty thousand men and were able to make
themselves masters of the Country in six weeks or two months. Upon
which he interrupted me and said that they were satisfied the Scots were
able to do a great deal but that they must have assurances from England,
but at the same time he said he did not well understand the possibility of
engaging so many people without letting them into the secret. Upon which
Lord Semple explained the matter to him, I then mentioned to him the
number of men, arms, etc., we expected in Scotland together with the
place of their landing and method proposed for their acting he said if
things were gone into there would be no difficulty of arms, money, etc., but
seemed to be ignorant as to the place of landing or indeed the particulars
of the scheme and which confirmed me in this; some things that L[ord]
Semple mentioned to him he knew nothing about and he owned he had
not read the memorials but promised to do it and gave us to understand
that nothing could be undertaken without encouragement from the English
and assurances of the troops upon their landing having provisions of
victuals and carriages which we took pains to show him that from the
frequency of the touns upon the coast and the trade there continually
carried on they could not fail of, and then told me he had not gott time to
talk seriously and fully with the King, but that his Majesty desired him to
assure me he had the King my master’s interest very much at heart and
so soon as he could do it safely and with his Honour, he would; and told
us to believe it that he could easily loss 10,000 men, but that he would not
undertake it rashly as his being foiled in a thing of this kind would not be
consistant with the Honour of his Crown and desired we might think very
seriously of what we was about and take care not to bring ruin upon
ourselves and the Country by a rash attempt,[133] and so we parted and
so we came that same night to Paris.
Next day I again wrote to the King a few lines wherein I told him I
thought Mr. Amalot had done as much as he could at the present juncture
and that I thought the information I had gott was well worth my while of
coming over and sure enough it merited the journey, for by this I had it in
my power to assure our friends in Scotland there was no determinate
Resolution taken; and at the same time the manner in which Mr.
Drummond told me he had taken to engage the Highland Gentlemen
seemed to me very good and practicable. As I was then but little
acquainted with business imagined it might have the same effect upon
these in the Low Country and indeed was so much prevented with the
good character of L[ord] Semple and Mr. Drummond had amongst those
concerned in his Majesty’s affairs in Scotland that it never came into my
head to doubt of anything they advanced; in which opinion I partly
remained till my L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r’s return to Scotland in Octr. 1743 that
same year.[134]
From what Mr. Amelot had told us the next thing to be done was
endeavouring to form a Concert in England, by which they might be able
to give such encouragement to the French and such assurance of joining
upon their landing together with victuals and carriages as might then
oblidge the King to declare one way or other. To execute this Mr.
Drummond and I sett out from Paris the end of Febuary and gott to
London by the way of Dover in four days and a half. The method he
proposed was to bring my L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r to London and to work the
point by him as he was acquainted with all the principal Torries and
desired I would go to York and gett the D[uke] of P[erth] to send express
for him and that I would return with a Resolution to stay there for some
time to be an assistant to his L[ordship] and him; but this I refused to go
into as the reason I had given out for my journey would not suffice to
detain me any time, so rather chuse to go to Scotland myself and shew
my L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r the necessity there was for his coming up. In the
meanwhile I was employed in endeavouring to learn from Coll. Cicel and
Mr. Smith the objections the Dutches of Buckingham and her party had to
L[ord] Semple, and as I was pretty well acquainted with them both I easily
made myself master of all they had to say against him, which I then
thought quite frivolous from the favourable notion I had of L[ord] Semple.
As to the particular accusations laid against him I shall say nothing of
them here as I shall put down the Copy of a letter I had the Honour to
write to the King some litle time after my arrival in Scotland wherein I
mentioned them all.
I sett out from London[135] the 18th of March, came in by York, where I
saw the D[uke] of P[erth] who was much disappointed upon what I told
him, stayed 24 hours there and came to Edinburgh the 21st. I immediately
inquired for L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r and finding he was in Perthshire with his
brother-in-law L[ord] J[ohn] D[rummon]d I sent an Express to him, in the
meantime I mett with L[ochie]l and acquainted him of all that had passed
and particularly of the Scheme he proposed to raise money whereby to
pay his father-in-law’s pension; he was far from being pleased with the
French delays and not satisfied with the Cardinal’s sincerity and likewise
heartyly vexed there was no money for Sir J[ames] who then stood in
great need of it. However the only thing to be done was for L[ord]
T[ra]q[uai]r to go to London and endeavour to bring in the English which
would in a little time satisfie us whether the French really intended us their
assistance or not. On the 16th of the month L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r came to
toun, to whom I told all that had passed and his Lordship agreed to go to
London. Upon conversing with his Lordship[136] I told him that he ought to
push Mr. Drummond’s getting that money, for if he did not make his word
good in that trifle it would be a means to make folk doubt all the other
things he had advanced. His Lordship sett out from his own house on the
Sixth of Aprile and I sent the bond Mr. Drummond desired signed by
L[ochie]l and I to the D[uke] of Perth who signed it likewise and sent it to
L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r[137] at London, which is still in Mr. D[rummon]d’s
Custody, but no money raised during my being at London after my return
from Paris, Mr. C. Smith delivered me a packet from Rome, but as its
contents could not be obeyed till I came home, thought it more proper to
insert it here tho’ posterior to the Receit of it.
Copy of a letter from Mr. Edgar of ... mber the 22nd, 1742.
Sir,—Upon what Mr. Charles Smith has
told me from you on the subject of the
Edgar to
Bishops[138] upon what he says himself and Murray
as the opinion also of other friends the King
has thought seriously on the matter and is pleased to settle it
as you proposed, as you will see by the enclosed paper signed
by him under another name and a letter from me to Bishop
Ratrae;[139] yours covering it both are write in closs Cypher, but
as I am unwilling that the Cyphers we use together should be
put into any third hand whatsoever, I have wrote the enclosed
packet by the Cypher Coll. Urquhart[140] informed me he had
recovered from amongst the late Earl of Dundonald[141] papers
before his death. I really look upon this Cypher to be a safe
one and that there is no Copy of it but what you and I have, it
was originally sent to Mr. Robert Freebairn[142] and he gave to
the Earl of Dundonald and I am perswaded neither the one nor
t’other made a Copy of it which would not be an easie task nor
allowed any to be made by any other body, I remmember Coll.
Urquhart after he had recovered that Cypher asked me if he
should send it to me, or what he should do with it, and in return
I desired him to keep it by him and give to the King’s friends
who had a mind to write to his Majesty and wanted a Cypher to
do it by, by which means the new one I sent him (now used by
you and me) would be a Virgin One unseen and untouched by
anybody, I thought it was necessary to say thus much to you
on the Cypher in Question. The Packet I now send you is open,
therefore may if you please look into it yourself, but as I reckon
you wont care to be at the trouble to decypher it I wish you
would seal the packet and deliver it with ... of the Cypher into
Mr. Rattrae’s own hands. I shall only add on this subject that I
know I need not recommend to you to take care of your own
safety in this matter and that as few as possible and these only
of whom you are sure know anything that we have the least
dealing in it, for tho’ our Clergy be well meaning honest men,
yett many of them have not the gift of Secrecy and holding their
tongue, which is a mischief I am sure you will guard against. I
don’t know indeed what to say to you on certain affairs, I live in
good hopes they will still go well, when anything favourable is
certain you will hear of it much sooner from Bahady and L[ord]
Semple than you could from me; which is the reason I write so
seldome to you, I am unwilling to venture a letter in this critical
juncture unless when necessary as it happens in the present
case. I should be glad you informed me of what you heard or
know of Drumelzier’s[143] brother he has not write to me since
he mett with his brother and I have heard nothing about him
since he went home. Drumelzier, I fancy, may have told him the
substance of what you communicated to him of my letter to you
concerning him, which he may have taken very ill of me and
which has made him write no more to anybody in this place.
The family is well and the King charges me with many kind
compliments to you. Longing to have you in my Arms. I am well
all with my heart.—Sir, etc.
It was not long after his Lordship’s departure that I had an occasion to
send a letter to Rome when I wrote as below.[144]
Mr. Narsom’s letter to Mr. Edgar dated the Day of 1743.[145]
This is the first opportunity I had to write
since I left Paris otherwise you may beleive I
would not have failed to lett you hear from me Murray to
Edgar
long e’er now. I received yours of the 22nd of
Novr. from Mr. Smith at London but as Mr. Rattrae has not
been in town not finding any sure hand the two enclosed
papers are still in my Custody, but I am informed he intends
soon in this place, when I shall take care to deliver them with
the Cypher; I am very hopefull his Majesty’s making choise of
him will prove a means of uniting them together as they have
for some time ago addressed him as the eldest of the Colledge
to take inspection of the Diocess during the Vacancy; I return
you my most sincere acknowledgements for your good advice
as to my Behaviour with them which you may depend upon I’ll
strickly follow and by what I wrote you of Mr. Keith’s[146]
procedure you will be still more convinced of the Necessity I
am under to act cautiously with them. I understand my Lady
Clanronald lately received a letter from L[ord] J[ohn]
D[rummon]d with the contents of your last to me which was
immediately told Keith so that Mr. Rattrae’s Election was
known before my Arrival here. I am sorry L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r
should keep such correspondence but there are some people
continue long young and consequently ought to be looked
upon as Children.
Upon my return to London having the fortune to be entirely
trusted by Coll. Cicel and Mr. Smith, I made it my business to
inform myself as particularly as possible of their grounds of
Quarrel with L[ord] Semple, when I found they both agreed in
the following Accusations, 1mo. That he had been employed
by means of the Dutchess of Buccingham and Coll. Cicel to
transack some little affairs and from that time had assumed to
himself the Character of Minister for the King’s friends in
England. 2d. That by his Behaviour to Or[mon]d and L[ord]
Marshall he had entirely disobliged them whose friendship he
ought by any means to have Cultivate. 3tio. He had been
grossly deceived by the Cardinal who had made him believe
twenty things he had no intention of Performing. 4to. He was
so credulous in beleiving the Cardinal’s assertions as to write
from time to time in terms only fitt some weeks before an
invasion. 5to. He seemed to ack the part rather of a French
than Brittish minister. 6to. He seemed to turn his politicks into a
kind of Mechanicks and made a trade of them. 7to. He
contradicted himself not only in a different but even in the same
letter, by saying that the Cardinal was so well satisfied with the
offers made him and the information he had gott that he
desired no further and in the same letter advises Coll. Cicel still
to inform him further so that he might determine the Cardinal
more and more to act in his Majesty’s favours. 8to. He acted
imprudently by transmitting to Coll. Cicel the Commissions sent
him by the King to dispose of in so large a Packet that Mr.
Smith could not conceal them in the Ship and at the same time
wrote a long letter with a great many trifles of what had passed
betwixt him and the Cardinal in Closs Cypher who, he
insinuate, he entirely managed and all relating to the
Commissions in plain English. 9to. His coming over was not
only without the knowledge of but disagreeable to the King’s
friends in England, that my L[ord] Barramore[147] and he were
vastly uneasy about it and gave him all the Civil usage and fair
Words they could in Prudence so as to make him leave the
place least he should be taken up. 10to. He is not trusted by
the King’s friends in England. 11to. He was not even trusted by
the Cardinal notwithstanding he pretended he had so much to
say with him and given this instance that he, the Cardinal, sent
a proposal to the King’s friends by Mr. Bussie[148] at London of
landing a body of Swedes[149] in the Country which he seemed
greatly surprised at when told by L[ord] Barrimore and that he
should afterwards have greatly repented telling him, imagining
when he went over he would make a handle of this information
to show how he was trusted by the English. 12to. That Coll.
Cicel told him at parting that provided the Cardinal was
explicite he would inform him of everything that was necessary
but as he saw that was not like to be the case he never had
wrote him anything which was sufficient to show him he was
not trusted and that he and L[ord] Barrimore particularly
complained of L[ord] Semple’s intruding himself into the
management of their affairs, and Lastly that he was quite drunk
with his ministerial office and acted so high and mightily a part
as even to intermiddle betwixt the King and Dutchess of
Buckingham. These so far as I can remember are the sum of
their Accusations, which I could have reduced into the
compass of a few lines were it not I thought it my duty to write
in as plain and minute a manner as possible whatever I have
learnt having an Eye to nothing but truth and to give the King
all the information in my power so that if I have acted out of my
sphere I hope you will interceed for my forgiveness. I only beg
leave to say that from the little knowledge I have of L[ord]
Semple I take him to be a man of great honour and possessed
of much greater abilities than any of his Accusors.[150]
I parted with L[ord] T[ra]q[uai]r about a fortnight ago when
he sett out for London with a view to bring the English to
Concert matters so as to be able to act this summer. The
Gentlemen of the Concert are highly dissatisfied with their
behaviour they say they have been ready to act for some years
past, putt to a great expense in Cultivating a friendship and
intimacy with their Vassals, keeping a great many otherwise
useless fellows in their Grounds and often obliged to give very
advantagious [terms] to their tennants for fear of disobliging
them, whereas on the other hand they, the English, do nothing
but make a noise and complain of their Oppression.
The situation of things are such at present that had they
any Resolution att all they would almost without stroke of
sword putt an end to the cause but in place of that they draw a
cross one another and run into little political partys so that if
they are not brought to engage heartyly so as to be able to act
this summer we give up all hopes of ever bringing them to act
in Concert with us. Had the King’s friends in a body used
means to favour the Restoration they could not have done it to
better purpose than the present Government. There are now
16,000 men out of the Country, 6 Regiments more partly gone,
the rest going, only about twenty thousand in England[151] nine
parts of ten of which are as raw and undisciplined as those to
come against them, The Duke of Hannover[152] going over and
in short every soul—Whigg and Torry, Republican, etc.,—
disobliged and irritated to the last degree, so that we to be sure
are able to do more of ourselves at this juncture then we could
do with the assistance of 10000 men were these Troops
returned.
L[ochie]l with whom I have Occasion often to talk on this
subject gives it as his Opinion that the Highlanders have now
for so long time been in hopes of something being done and
now seeing so fair an Opportunity, will probably unless brought
into Action once this Summer or harvest give up all thought of
ever seeing a Restoration and he is afraid every one will do the
best they can by endeavouring to catch at part of his Country
before she sink entirely and I am really affraid it will be the
case with some of the least steady amongst them. He is
thoroughly convinced that with 20,000 Stand of arms his
Majesty or the Prince with a good General and some Officers
att our head, Scotland is well able to do the whole affair, and
indeed it is not only his, but the opinion of several others I talk
to in this place upon that subject, as in this case none would be
exempt from carrying arms and things are now quite changed
from what they were formerly when a simelar proposal[153] was
made. This I could not fail acquainting you with least L[ord]
T[ra]q[uai]r’s journey don’t take effect and this irrecoverable
opportunity lost by the further delay of the English, and indeed
any delay may prove of the worst consequence as the death of
either L[ord] L[ova]t or Sir J[ames] C[ampbell] who are both old
men will greatly weaken if not entirely ruin the Concert as there
are few to be found who can fill their places. L[ochie]l desires
me to mention the great use General Keith would be off. The
Highlanders having got the same notion of him they formerly
had of Lord Dundee. Drumelzier and his Brother have been all
this winter at Tangiers and propose to pass all the Watters

The Effect of Mos2 On Friction Wear Behavior of Ptfe Composites 1St Edition Ashutosh Mokate Siddhant Kale Praveen Mali

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The Effect of Mos2 On Friction Wear Behavior of Ptfe Composites 1St Edition Ashutosh Mokate Siddhant Kale Praveen Mali

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The Effect of MoS2 on Friction Wear

Behavior of PTFE Composites 1st

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Anchor Academic Publishing

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Bibliographical Information of the German National Library:

© Anchor Academic Publishing, Imprint der Diplomica Verlag GmbH

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 3

3. BASIC FUNDAMENTALS ........................................................................................ 9

3.1 Engineering Materials ............................................................................................ 9

3.1.1 Metals ............................................................................................................. 9

3.1.2 Ceramics ........................................................................................................ 9

3.1.3 Polymers ...................................................................................................... 10

3.1.4 Composites ................................................................................................... 11

3.2 PTFE and PTFE Composites ............................................................................... 12

3.3 Filler Material ...................................................................................................... 14

3.4 Manufacturing of PTFE Component ................................................................... 14

3.5 Friction and Wear ................................................................................................ 16

3.5.1 Friction ......................................................................................................... 16

3.5.2 Wear ............................................................................................................. 17

3.5.3 Liquid Erosion ............................................................................................. 18

3.5.4 Cavitation Erosion ....................................................................................... 18

3.5.5 Fretting Wear ............................................................................................... 19

3.6 Properties of PTFE Composite ............................................................................ 19

3.6.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Unfilled PTFE ................................... 19

3.6.2 Thermal Properties ....................................................................................... 20

3.6.3 Tribological Properties of Bearing Materials .............................................. 20

3.7 Comparison of PTFE+Glass Fiber Material & PTFE + Glass Fiber+MoS2

3.8 Area of Applications ............................................................................................ 22

4. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................... 27

4.1 Problem with Friction and Wear .......................................................................... 27

4.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 28

5.1 Apparatus ............................................................................................................. 30

5.2 Experimental Setup .............................................................................................. 30

5.3 Construction ......................................................................................................... 30

5.4 Working Procedure .............................................................................................. 32

5.5 Materials and Test Conditions ............................................................................. 34

5.5.1 Variables in Wear Testing ........................................................................... 34

5.6 Measured Parameters ........................................................................................... 35

5.7 Calculation ........................................................................................................... 35

5.8 Pin Specimen Material ......................................................................................... 36

5.9 Observations ........................................................................................................ 37

5.10 Calculations ......................................................................................................... 47

5.10.1 Sample calculations for Material (A) ........................................................... 47

5.10.2 Sample calculations for Material (B) ........................................................... 48

5.12 Graphs .................................................................................................................. 50

6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................ 55

6.2 Future Scope ........................................................................................................ 55

carried out at ambient conditions using a pin-on-disc Tribometer (TR-20LE).The

Dr. G.J.Vikhe, K.B.Kale&J.L.Shindein(2008) “An Investigation of tribological

as compared toPTFE+60%Bronze + MoS2 but, properties of PTFE + 60%Bronze + MoS2

3.1 Engineering Materials

3.2 PTFE and PTFE Composites

cryogenic temperatures (-260ºC) to 500ºF (280ºC).

3.4 Manufacturing of PTFE Component