Indonesia Electrified Vehicle Study

Case : Bandung City and Surrounding Areas

I N COOPERATION WI TH
MINISTRY OF I NDUSTRY – REPUBLIC OF I NDONESIA
P R ES ENT E R : D R . A G U S P U R WA D I * )
* ) NAT I ONA L C E N T ER F O R S U S TA I N A B L E T R A NS P ORTAT I ON T ECH NOLOGY &
S C H OOL O F E L EC T R I C A L E N G I NER I N G & I N F OR MAT I C S – I T B )

PRESENTED on INDONESIA – JAPAN AUTOMOTIVE SEMINAR

JAKARTA , 29 JANUARY , 2019
1 Backgrounds

2 Electrified Vehicle Study

3 Testing Environments

4 Results

5 Conclusions

2
 Background

Indonesia’s Automotive Sector Overview1)

1,250,000
1,216,615
2016 2017 2018
- 4th most populous country in the world
Number of Vehicles [Unit]

1,200,000 1,177,797
- 2nd largest in ASEAN, with annual
1,150,000
capacity of around 2.2 million units per
1,100,000
1,100,000 1,079,534 year
1,062,716
- the automotive sector as one of
1,050,000
country’s five priority industries
1,000,000

950,000
Sales Production

- Production growth = The rising economy will be followed

- Sales growth = 4.9 %
- 2018 forecasted sales 7.2 % by increased mobility of people and
= 1,100,000 units - 59 % from Installed goods thereby increasing energy
Capacity, need to
expand production
demand for transportation
volume

3
 Background

Energy Security Issue 2,3,4)

Table 1. Indonesia Energy Balance – 20162)
The 2nd largest
rank Energy
Consumption

The Largest
consumers of
fuel

Import
Table 2. Fuel Consumption in Transportation Category4) [Thousand BOE] Dependency3)
= 44 %

The use of fuel Fuel availability is vulnerable

is dominated to global conditions
by Land (price, stock, season, conflict)
Transportation

Land Transportation [Million BOE]

4
 Background

Environmental issue 4)

- In 2016, fuel usage on transportation

sector contribute 24.71% (127,881
Ggrams CO2e) GHG emission from
national total GHG emission (517,508
Ggrams CO2e),
- 2nd rank after Energy Production
Industry sector .

Increased GHG emission will have

implications to global
Fig. 1 Contribution of Each Sector in Green House Gasses (GHG) warming, climate change and
Emissions due to Energy consumption in 20164) public health

5
 Background

State-of-The-Arts & Lesson Learned 5,6,7,8,9,10)

Connectivity, Autonomous, Shared

and Electrified Vehicle are the key
of future mobility

6
 Background

State-of-The-Arts & Lesson Learned 5,6,7,8,9,10)

Subsidies $3120
million

Infrastructure $2300
million

R&D $1170 million  In China, the government put large investment on NEV industry:
Tax Tax reduction, research & development, infrastructure building, and
reduction supplying subsidies.
$588
million  Up to 2016, the total investment reached about $7.2 billion.

 In 2017, China had the largest electric car stock: 40% of the global
total.

7
 Electrified Vehicle Study

Purpose and Staging

Step: 2
Step:1
Research Purpose Staging Plan for
Research on 2 Main Aspects
Implementation
✓ To establish a Technical Characteristic
A
comprehensive Study
staging For gathering technical data from real
implementation world driving condition of Electrified Electrified Vehicle
plan of Electrified
Vehicle in Indonesia such as fuel Program
consumption, CO2 emission, Charging Implementation Plan
Vehicle Program condition , etc.
in Indonesia for in Indonesia
- Staging plan
reference to all - Infrastructure development
related B User Convenience Study
- policy & Regulation
For understanding user responds and
stakeholders. - Socialization , etc
convenience related to Electrified
Vehicle usage

8
 Electrified Vehicle Study

Activities
▪ Units and Infrastructure
Step 1 ICE PHEV
Preparation
Research ✓ Units and Charging Preparation
✓ University MoA
Preparation ✓ Research Methodology HEV
(Methodology)
Charging Station

Data Test Collection

▪ Research Activity
▪ University researcher will conduct actual testing
Step 2 in the fields and collecting the data i.e : Data Data Data
✓ Fuel consumption
Research ✓ Charging condition
✓ Charging infra needs
✓ User experience, convenience, etc.

▪ Data Analysis Test Results

➢ Analysis of data collected for LCEV
Step 3 implementation plan staging riset in
Indonesia Analysis
Results ✓ Infrastructure/SPLU or household Electrfied Vehicle Implementation
Analysis charging
✓ Fuel consumption effects
Staging
✓ CO2 Emission In Indonesia

9
 Electrified Vehicle Study

Schedule
Apr May Aug ~ Oct ~
Jun ~ Jul 2019
W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 Sep Dec
World Bank
GIAC Forum
A Research &Study
Kick-off with
Milestone Kemenperin (MOI) EV (Electrified Vehicle)
Center
- Research Results
Dissemination

Units and Phase I Researh w/ univ. @

Charging preparation Jakarta, Bandung, Jogjakarta

A. Technical
Characteristics Phase II Research
& w/ univ. @
Solo, Surabaya,Bali
B. User
Convenience
Study
Bali Smart City

10
 Electrified Vehicle Study

Ministry of Industry Kick-off

11
 Electrified Vehicle Study

Testing Car Specifications

Parameter Unit ICE HEV PHEV
Engine Capacity [cc] 1798 1798 1798
Electric Motor Traction [kW] - 53 53
Electric Generator/Motor [kW] - - 22.5
Battery Storage
Capacity [kWh] - 1.31 8.80
Voltage [Volt] - 201.6 351.5
Type - NiMH Li-Ion
External Charging Station
Input Voltage [VAC] - - 175 - 264
Frequency [Hz] - - 50/60
Output Current [A] - - Max. 32
Protection - - Ground Fault and Surge
Enclosure - - NEMA 3R (Rain-Proof)

12
 Testing Environments

Indonesia Electricity11)

Realization 2017 Target-2025 (RUPTL 2018-2027)

Household Customers
Household Customer Classification

13
 Testing Environments

Indonesia Electricity Emission Factor12)

Electricity Emission Factor

= 733 g.CO2/kWH

14
 Testing Environments

Bandung City in Numbers 13)

Altitude : 666 – 892 m asl Total Motorcycle : 1.328.723 No. Of Traffic Light : 117
Total Populations : 2.497.938 Daily Car in Road : 16 % Av. Speed : 14,3 km/hour
Total Area : 167,3 km2 Daily Mot.cycle in Road : 50% Av. Stop time: 27% x travel time
Total Car : 482.775 Road length : 1168 km

Solo

15
 Testing Environments

Bandung City in Numbers

CO2 Emission :
Rainfall : 39 – 442 [mm/hour] Weekday : 1800 kg/day
Rain day : 6 – 27/month Weekend : 2500 kg/day
[measured in Pasteur Toll
Gate and Pasupati Bridge]
30,5oC
Temperatureavg= 23,8oC
18,8oC Around 1 Million people
/day from surrounding
82% Border of Bandung City
Basin
Relative Humidityavg = 77% are work/bussiness at
71%
Bandung City

Wind Speed : max. 19 Knot

16
 Testing Environments

Set-up : Random Daily Urban-Trip

No Predefined Conditions ICE HEV PHEV
100 % SOC at first travel in every
1 Usable Electrical Energy - -
day
Vehicle Acces.
2 AC Always ON, set at 22oC
Utilization
Engine Start-up/
3 Travel duration > 15 minute, Initial Engine Temp. > 50oC
Warm-up
4 Ambient Temperature 19oC – 31oC
5 Route Type up-hill/down-hill, resident to office area, city area, day and night
6 Driving Style Normal
7 Driving Distance Range : 1) 20-30 km, 2) 40-100 km, Occasionally out-of-town
8 Number Of Passenger 2/3 persons
9 Gross Weight 1292 kg. 1395 kg. 1545 kg

17
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

Map
ICE
Bandung city

ITB HEV

8 km
10 km
PHEV

18
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

ICE : Driving Distance Profiles

19
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

ICE : Fuel Economy Profiles

20
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

HEV : Driving Distance Profiles

21
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

HEV : Fuel Economy Profiles

22
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

PHEV : Driving Distance

23
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

PHEV : Fuel Economy

24
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip
Summary
Parameter Unit ITB-1-Corolla ITB-4-Corolla ITB-2-HEV ITB-5-HEV ITB-3-PHEV ITB-6-PHEV
Data Collecting Date [Year 14 Jul. -25 18 Apr.-25 21 Apr.-25
21 Apr.−16 Sept. 21 Apr.-25 Sept. 14 Jul. -25 Sept.
2018] Sept. Sept. Sept.
Measurement Period [Days] 101 of 119 61 of 74 99 of 128 63 of 74 83 of 131 51 of 74
Total Driving Distance [km] 6.142,2 3.927,3 5.293,2 4.762,4 5.051,8 3.987,7
HV Driving Distance [km] - - - - 2.734,8 2.059,2
EV Driving Distance [km] - - - - 2.317,0 1.928,5
EV Driving Ratio [%] - - - - 45,9 48,4
Total Electric Power Consumpt.
[kWh] - - - - 247,1 206,4
During EV Driving
Average EV Driving Efficiency [km/kWh] - - - - 9,4 9,3
Total Regenerative Energy [kWh] - - - - 211,7 196,5
Total Fuel Consumption [L] 563,1 363,8 241,6 211,7 122,0 93,6
Average Fuel Economy [km/L] 10,9 10,8 21,9 22,5 41,4 42,6
Total AC Electric Power
[kWh] - - - - 36,4 32,3
Consumption During EV Driving
AC. Elect. Consump. Ratio [%] - - - - 14,8 15,7
Average Charging Frequency [times/day] - - - - 0,8 1,1
Total CO2 Emission (calculation) [gr] 1.322.543 854.374 567.531 497.092 467.740 371.080

25
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

Comparison : Annual Fuel Consumption and Reduction

Asumptions
Annual Mileage : 12.000 km
Fuel Economy : Validation Test Results
EV Cover Ratio of PHEV : Validation Test Results

26
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

Comparison : Annual CO2 Emission and Reduction

Asumptions
Annual Mileage : 12.000 km
Fuel Economy : Validation Test Results
EV Cover Ratio of PHEV : Validation Test Results
Electricity Emission Factor : 733 grCO2/kWh

27
 Results : Random Daily Urban-Trip

Engine Temperature
ICE – Engine Temperature PHEV – Engine Temperature

Trip 01 : Urban Trip 01 : Highway Trip 01 :Downhill

Trip 02 : Traffic jam Trip 02 : Uphill to Drajat Pass Trip 02 : Drajat Pass

Trip 03 : Downhill
Results of IR Thermal Scanner : Temperature is measured at home to garage Trip
Garut after 04 :from
back Nightoffice
trip toat
Bdg.
05.00 PM

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Conclusions
• The results of the fuel economy test , for daily random travel patterns of ICE, HVE and PHEV vehicles in
the city of Bandung and its surroundings, are shown in the following Table:
Parameters Units ICE HEV PHEV
Distance Range [km] 60,8 – 64,4 53,5 – 75,6 60,9 – 78,2
Fuel Economy Range [km/L] 10,8 – 10,9 21,9 – 22,5 41,4 – 42,6

• The percentage of annual reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of HEV and PHEV vehicles
compared to ICE vehicles, assuming the travel of each vehicle of 12,000 km / year with a daily random
pattern, is shown in the following Table:
Parameters Units HEV PHEV
Fuel Consumption Reduction [%] 50,2 -52,0 73,6 – 74,7
CO2 Emission Reduction [%] 50,2 – 52,0 66,0 – 66,2

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References
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