The Cloud Computing Journey 1st

Edition Divit Gupta

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-cloud-computing-journey-1st-edition-divit-gupta/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Digitalization of Higher Education using Cloud

Computing: Implications, Risk, and Challenges 1st
Edition S. L. Gupta

https://ebookmeta.com/product/digitalization-of-higher-education-
using-cloud-computing-implications-risk-and-challenges-1st-
edition-s-l-gupta/

Cloud Computing Cloud Computing for Secure and Smart

Applications 2021 Mohammad R. Khosravi

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-cloud-computing-
for-secure-and-smart-applications-2021-mohammad-r-khosravi/

Cloud Computing Basics 1st Edition Anders Lisdorf

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-basics-1st-edition-
anders-lisdorf/

Cloud Computing 2nd Edition Kris Jamsa

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-2nd-edition-kris-
jamsa-2/
Cloud Computing For Beginners 8th Edition -

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-for-beginners-8th-
edition/

Cloud Computing 2nd Edition Kris Jamsa

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-2nd-edition-kris-
jamsa/

Cloud Computing Basics T. B. Rehman

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-basics-t-b-rehman/

Handbook of Cloud Computing 1st Edition Anand Nayyar

https://ebookmeta.com/product/handbook-of-cloud-computing-1st-
edition-anand-nayyar/

Cloud Computing Law 2nd Edition Christopher Millard

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cloud-computing-law-2nd-edition-
christopher-millard/
The Cloud Computing Journey
Copyright © 2023 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without
the prior written permission of the publisher, except
in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical
articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this
book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in
this book is sold without warranty, either express or
implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or
its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any
damages caused or alleged to have been caused
directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide
trademark information about all of the companies
and products mentioned in this book by the
appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt
Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this
information.
Group Product Manager: Niranjan Naikwadi
Publishing Product Manager: Surbhi Suman
Book Project Manager: Arul Viveaun S
Senior Editor: Aamir Ahmed and Nathanya Dias
Technical Editor: K Bimala Singha
Copy Editor: Safis Editing
Proofreader: Safis Editing
Indexer: Hemangini Bari
Production Designer: Aparna Bhagat
DevRel Marketing Coordinators: Namita Velgekar
and Nivedita Pandey
First published: December 2023
Production reference: 1071223
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Grosvenor House
11 St Paul’s Square
Birmingham
B3 1RB, UK
ISBN 978-1-80512-228-9
www.packtpub.com
To my mother, Shashi Gupta, and the memory of
my father, Pritipal Gupta, for their sacrifices and
for exemplifying the power of determination. To
my sons, Yash and Darsh, who made me
understand true love.
 – Divit Gupta

Foreword
It is both an honor and a pleasure to contribute a
foreword to this remarkable technical book penned
by my esteemed colleague, Divit. Having had the
privilege of working alongside Divit during our tenure
at Oracle and being a guest on his insightful podcast
show, I can attest to the depth of his expertise, the
breadth of his vision, and the unwavering passion he
brings to the IT industry.
Divit’s unique ability to seamlessly integrate his
profound knowledge of the IT landscape with a keen
understanding of optimizing narratives for search
reflects his commitment to delivering excellence. This
book stands as a testament to his insatiable thirst for
data, experimentation, and the relentless pursuit of
knowledge – an endeavor that has undoubtedly
enriched the technological discourse.
Throughout our shared experiences, I have
witnessed Divit’s exceptional leadership qualities
firsthand. He not only possesses impressive technical
acumen but also embodies the attributes of a
visionary leader. Divit’s capacity to absorb diverse
ideas, coupled with his decisiveness in making bold
and strategic choices, sets him apart. In the complex
realm of Oracle, he serves as a results-oriented
architect, leading by example and demonstrating an
unparalleled dedication to overcoming challenges.
As you delve into the pages of this book, guided by
Divit’s expertise, I encourage you to absorb the
wealth of knowledge and insights he imparts. It is a
journey led by a seasoned professional who not only
understands the intricate nuances of our dynamic
industry but is also committed to sharing that
understanding for the benefit of all. May this book be
a beacon of enlightenment and inspiration for
technologists, architects, and enthusiasts alike.
Rohit Rahi
Vice president of Customer Success Services, Oracle
America

Contributors

About the author

Divit Gupta, a seasoned IT professional with 20
years of industry expertise, excels in driving strategic
architecture initiatives and providing leadership in
multi-pillar sales cycles. With a global impact, he
spearheads technical partnerships, defines team
vision, and champions new strategic endeavors.
As the host of popular podcasts such as Tech Talk
with Divit, Live Labs with Divit, and Cloud Bites with
Divit, he showcases technological initiatives and
leadership. In 2022–2023, he served as Oracle TV’s
correspondent for CloudWorld. A recognized expert,
Divit presented on Oracle database technology at
Oracle CloudWorld FY 2023.
His passion for knowledge sharing extends to
international conference talks, technical blogs, and
multiple books on emerging technologies. Divit has
been featured in several prominent newspapers and
technology magazines worldwide. Holding over 40
certifications from Microsoft, Oracle, AWS, and
Databricks, he remains at the forefront of
technology.
 I want to thank my friends and family who have
been close to me and supported me.

About the reviewers

Anushree Srivastava is a customer engineer at
Google USA. She is a data and analytics architect
with 15+ years of experience in designing and
implementing data-driven solutions for a wide range
of industries, including digital advertising,
transportation management, banking, life sciences,
insurance, and healthcare.
She has a proven track record of success in data
platform modernization, data integration, and cloud
analytics. She has expertise in Google Cloud
Platform, Informatica PowerCenter, Oracle, Teradata,
Salesforce.com, SAP HANA, BusinessObjects, and
OBIEE.
As well as the aforementioned, she is skilled in data
analysis, data modeling, and ETL development. She
is also experienced in managing and delivering
complex data projects on time and within budget.
Anushree is passionate about using data to solve
real-world problems and improve business outcomes.
She has strong interpersonal and communication
skills, with the ability to work effectively with both
technical and non-technical audiences.
Venkata Ravi Kumar Yenugula is an
Extraordinary Ability (EB1-A) Einstein Visa
recipient from the United States, an Oracle Certified
Master, a co-author, and a technical reviewer. He is
TOGAF-certified, has published 100+ technical
articles, and is an Oracle Open/cloud speaker (x3).
He is an IEEE Senior Member with 26+ years of
multinational leadership experience in the United
States, Seychelles, and India in Banking, Financial
Services, and Insurance (BFSI) verticals.
Venkata has co-authored four books – Oracle
Database Upgrade and Migration Methods; Oracle
High Availability, Disaster Recovery, and Cloud
Services; Oracle GoldenGate with MicroServices; and
Oracle Global Data Services for Mission-Critical
Systems
He was the technical reviewer of four books – Oracle
19c AutoUpgrade Best Practices, Oracle Autonomous
Database in Enterprise Architecture, End-to-End
Observability with Grafana, and Maximum Availability
Architecture (MAA) with Oracle GoldenGate
MicroServices in HUB Architecture.
He is an Oracle Certified Professional (OCP) in
Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g, 11g, 12c, and 19c, and he is also
an Oracle Certified Expert (OCE) in Oracle
GoldenGate, RAC, Performance Tuning, Oracle Cloud
Infrastructure, Terraform, and Oracle Engineered
Systems (Exadata, ZDLRA, and ODA), as well as
being Oracle Security- and Maximum Availability
Architecture (MAA)-certified.
He has published over 100 Oracle technology
articles, including on Oracle Technology Network
(OTN), in ORAWORLD Magazine, on UKOUG, in
OTech Magazine, and on Redgate. He has spoken
three times at Oracle Open World (OOW) in Las
Vegas/San Francisco, US.
Oracle Corporation has published his profile on their
OCM list and in their Spotlight on Success stories.
Table of Contents

Preface
Part 1: Fundamentals and
Components of the Cloud

Fundamentals of Cloud Architecture

Technical requirements
The history of cloud computing
Cloud computing today
Understanding cloud architecture
The benefits of cloud architecture
Cloud architecture best practices
The future of cloud architecture
Summary

Components of a Cloud
Infrastructure
Technical requirements
Essential cloud infrastructure
components
Physical data centers
Virtualization and hypervisors
Networking
Storage
Security
Management and orchestration
Monitoring and analytics
Disaster recovery and backup
Compliance and governance
Overview of virtualization and
containerization
Virtualization in cloud computing
Containerization in cloud computing
Benefits and use cases of virtualization
and containerization
Understanding the difference between
virtualization and containerization
Summary
Part 2: Compute, Storage, and
Networking

Compute
Technical requirements
Introduction to compute and storage in
cloud computing
Virtual machines (VMs)
Containers
Serverless computing
Summary

Storage
Technical requirements
Introduction to storage in cloud
computing
Exploring storage options in cloud
computing
Block storage
File storage
Object storage
Google Cloud Storage
Azure Blob Storage
Integration with Azure services
Considerations and cost optimization
strategies for compute and storage
Summary

Networking
Technical requirements
Introduction to networks in cloud
computing
Exploring network options in cloud
computing
VPCs
VPN
Subnetting and IP addressing
Load balancing
CDNs
Considerations and cost optimization
strategies for networks
Network security
Performance optimization
Cost optimization
Summary
Part 3: Security, Compliance, and
Databases

Security and Compliance 1 – Cloud

Perspective
Technical requirements
Introduction to security in cloud
computing
Understanding cloud security risks
Data breaches
Insider threats
Data loss and recovery
Insecure APIs
DoS attacks
Shared technology vulnerabilities
Cloud security tools and technologies
IAM
Encryption and data protection
Firewalls and network security
IDS/IPS
Summary

Security and Compliance 2 – Cloud

Perspective
Technical requirements
Compliance and legal considerations
AWS Artifact
Azure Compliance Manager
IR and cloud forensics
Tools and services for IR and cloud
forensics
Managing cloud security at scale
Evolving threat landscape
Cloud security best practices
Summary
8
Database Services - Part 1
Technical requirements
Overview of database services in the
cloud
Types of databases – relational and
NoSQL
Setting up OCI
Data warehousing services in the cloud
Setting up Amazon Redshift
Setting up Google BigQuery
Databases beyond the traditional realm
Document database
In-memory database
Graph database
Columnar database
Key-value store
Time-series database
Converged database
Wide-column store
Summary

9
Database Services – Part 2
Data modeling and schema design
Conceptual data model
Physical data model
Normalization
Denormalization
Benefits of data modeling and schema
design
Database provisioning and configuration
Database provisioning
Database configuration
Benefits of effective provisioning and
configuration
Example of database provisioning in the
cloud – e-commerce platform
Example of database provisioning in the
cloud – healthcare patient management
Example of database provisioning in the
cloud – e-learning platform
Database security best practices
Access control
Popular tools and methods for access
control
Encryption
Auditing and monitoring
Least-privilege principle
Secure configuration
Regular backups
Data masking and redaction
Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
Database high-availability and
scalability features
High availability
Scalability
Database performance optimization
Summary
Part 4: Monitoring, Backup, and
Restore

10

Monitoring and Management

Technical requirements
Real-time monitoring and alerts
Proactive alerting
Cloud provider tools
Alibaba Cloud CloudMonitor (Alibaba
Cloud)
Best practices
Automated scaling and resource
management
Updates and patching
Summary

11
Backup and Restore Mechanisms
Data backup strategies
Full backups
Incremental backups
Differential backups
Synthetic full backups
Mirror backups
Continuous data protection
Snapshot backups
Cloud-native backup solutions
Retention policies
Regulatory compliance
Business continuity
DR planning
Summary

12

Backup and Restore Procedures

Technical requirements
Backup and restore procedures
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
AWS CLI command
AWS Backup integration
Microsoft Azure
Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
Summary

Index

Other Books You May Enjoy

Preface
This book provides an overview of cloud technology,
covering everything from the basics to the more
advanced concepts and allowing you to design and
build cloud systems that can stand the test of time
through practical examples and information on the
latest trends.
This book helps to solve the problem of a lack of
expertise in cloud computing by providing a
comprehensive guide to cloud architecture and best
practices for using different vendors and tools. It also
covers security and compliance considerations and
provides guidance on how to design and build
scalable and resilient cloud systems. This can help
businesses avoid costly mistakes, ensure their cloud
systems are secure and compliant, and build cloud
systems that can adapt and grow with their business.
By the end of this book, you will have an
understanding of how to leverage different vendors
and tools to build robust and secure cloud systems.
This knowledge can help businesses and
professionals leverage the power of cloud computing
to achieve their goals more efficiently and effectively.
Who this book is for
The book is targeted at anyone who is interested in
understanding cloud technology, including business
leaders and IT professionals who want to learn about
the benefits, challenges, and best practices of cloud
computing. It will be useful for those who are just
starting to explore cloud technology, as well as those
who are already using cloud technology but want to
deepen their understanding and optimize their
usage.
Overall, the book is ideal for anyone looking to build
and manage robust and secure cloud systems
efficiently and effectively.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Fundamentals of Cloud Architecture,
discusses the history, present state, and future of
cloud computing architecture. This chapter delves
into the origins of cloud computing, tracing its roots
from time-sharing to the commercialization of
services.
We will then explore the pervasive influence of cloud
computing today, discussing its models, benefits,
challenges, and real-world implementations.
Understanding cloud architecture becomes the focal
point as we unravel the components, deployment
models, and key concepts such as virtualization and
load balancing. Finally, we will turn our attention to
the future, exploring emerging trends such as edge
computing, serverless computing, and quantum
computing, while contemplating the challenges and
opportunities that lie ahead.
Chapter 2, Components of a Cloud Infrastructure,
begins by exploring the foundation of a cloud
infrastructure, which includes physical data centers,
networking, and storage systems. It discusses the
importance of server virtualization and hypervisors in
enabling the efficient utilization of computing
resources. The chapter then delves into the concept
of virtual networks and their role in facilitating
communication between different components of the
cloud infrastructure. It also explores storage
technologies such as block, file, and object storage.
Additionally, the chapter discusses the importance of
load balancers, firewalls, and security mechanisms in
ensuring the integrity and protection of the cloud
infrastructure.
Chapter 3, Compute, provides a comprehensive
exploration of the essential components and
concepts related to compute and storage in cloud
computing. The chapter delves into the various
compute options available in cloud computing. It
covers the concept of Virtual Machines (VMs),
which allow users to create and run multiple
instances of operating systems on a single physical
server. The advantages of VMs, such as resource
isolation and scalability, are discussed in detail.
Additionally, this chapter explores the concept of
serverless computing, where users can run their
applications without needing to manage the
underlying infrastructure.
Chapter 4, Storage, provides a comprehensive
exploration of the essential components and
concepts related to storage in cloud services. This
chapter introduces you to the fundamental role of
storage solutions in cloud computing. It covers a
range of cloud storage types, including object
storage, file storage, block storage, and hybrid
storage, discussing their unique characteristics and
use cases. This chapter also discusses essential
considerations for selecting and managing cloud
storage, such as security measures, performance
factors, data transfer and migration strategies, data
durability, availability, and scalability.
Chapter 5, Networking, presents a comprehensive
exploration of networking’s vital role in cloud
environments. The introduction lays the groundwork
by explaining the significance of networking in
facilitating seamless communication and data
transfer among cloud resources. This chapter covers
various networking types, including Virtual Private
Cloud (VPC), subnetting, load balancing, Content
Delivery Networks (CDNs), and Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs), providing insights into their
functionalities and benefits.
Chapter 6, Security and Compliance 1 – Cloud
Perspective, delves into the best practices for cloud
security, offering you a comprehensive toolkit to
strengthen their defenses. Encryption, a fundamental
pillar of data protection, will be explored in depth,
and we will examine its role in safeguarding sensitive
information from unauthorized access. Additionally,
you will discover the significance of identity and
access management (IAM), secure API usage,
network security, and secure coding practices for
cloud-native applications.
Chapter 7, Security and Compliance 2 – Cloud
Perspective, is the second part of the previous
chapter. In this chapter, you will explore critical
aspects of security in cloud computing, gaining
insights into compliance and legal considerations,
cloud security best practices, incident response,
cloud forensics, managing cloud security at scale,
and the evolving threat landscape.
Chapter 8, Database Services – Part 1, is dedicated
to exploring the various database offerings available
in the cloud. You will learn about managed database
services provided by major cloud providers, such as
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure,
and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). This chapter
will delve into different types of databases, including
relational databases, NoSQL databases, and data
warehousing services.
Chapter 9, Database Services – Part 2, is dedicated
to exploring the various database offerings available
in the cloud. You will learn about managed database
services provided by major cloud providers, such as
AWS, Microsoft Azure, and GCP. The chapter will
delve into different types of databases, including
relational databases, NoSQL databases, and data
warehousing services.
Chapter 10, Monitoring and Management, delves into
the critical aspects of overseeing and maintaining
database systems in the cloud. This chapter provides
a comprehensive understanding of the tools,
practices, and techniques required to monitor
databases in real time, track resource utilization, and
respond to potential issues promptly.
Chapter 11, Backup and Restore Mechanisms, serves
as a practical guide, providing a step-by-step walk-
through of essential procedures for data backup and
restoration within cloud environments. We’ll unravel
the complexities, providing you with the skills to
navigate and implement these critical operations
seamlessly.
Chapter 12, Backup and Restore Procedures, delves
into the critical aspects of data protection and
recovery in cloud computing. In this chapter, you can
expect a thorough exploration of various backup and
restoration strategies, techniques, and best practices
tailored to the cloud environment.

To get the most out of this book

Before delving into this book on cloud computing, it’s
beneficial for you to have a foundational
understanding of basic computing concepts,
networking principles, and general IT infrastructure.
Familiarity with operating systems, particularly in a
server environment, is advantageous. Additionally, a
grasp of fundamental security concepts and practices
will enhance your comprehension of the book’s
discussions on cloud security. While the book strives
to explain concepts comprehensively, a basic
awareness of traditional IT operations will aid in
drawing parallels and understanding the
transformative nature of cloud technology. Whether
you’re an IT professional seeking to expand your
expertise or a newcomer curious about cloud
computing, having a solid grasp of these pre-
requisite concepts will ensure a more enriching
learning experience.
Software/hardware Operating system
covered in the book requirements

AWS Services A web browser (Chrome,

Firefox, or Edge) and an
operating system
(Windows, macOS, or
Linux)

GCP, Google Cloud A web browser (Chrome,

Services Firefox, or Edge) and an
 operating system
(Windows, macOS, or
Linux)

Microsoft Azure Services A web browser (Chrome,

Firefox, or Edge) and an
operating system
(Windows, macOS, or
Linux)
Access to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, AWS, Microsoft
Azure, and Google Cloud Platform is recommended
but not necessary.

Conventions used
There are a number of text conventions used
throughout this book.
Code in text: Indicates code words in text, database
table names, folder names, filenames, file
extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input,
and Twitter handles. Here is an example: "Replace
REGION with the desired location for your bucket (e.g.,
us-central1) and replace YOUR_BUCKET_NAME with a
globally unique name for your bucket."
Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or
words that you see onscreen. For instance, words in
menus or dialog boxes appear in bold. Here is an
example: "In the AWS Management Console,
navigate to the Security, Identity & Compliance
section."
TIPS OR IMPORTANT NOTES
Appear like this.

Get in touch
Feedback from our readers is always welcome.
General feedback: If you have questions about any
aspect of this book, email us at
customercare@packtpub.com and mention the book
title in the subject of your message.
Errata: Although we have taken every care to
ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do
happen. If you have found a mistake in this book, we
would be grateful if you would report this to us.
Please visit www.packtpub.com/support/errata and
fill in the form.
Piracy: If you come across any illegal copies of our
works in any form on the internet, we would be
grateful if you would provide us with the location
address or website name. Please contact us at
copyright@packt.com with a link to the material.
If you are interested in becoming an author: If
there is a topic that you have expertise in and you
are interested in either writing or contributing to a
book, please visit authors.packtpub.com.

Share Your Thoughts

Once you’ve read The Cloud Computing Journey,
we’d love to hear your thoughts! Please click here to
go straight to the Amazon review page for this book
and share your feedback.
Your review is important to us and the tech
community and will help us make sure we’re
delivering excellent quality content.

Download a free PDF copy of this

book
Thanks for purchasing this book!
Do you like to read on the go but are unable to carry
your print books everywhere? Is your eBook
purchase not compatible with the device of your
choice?
Don’t worry, now with every Packt book you get a
DRM-free PDF version of that book at no cost.
Read anywhere, any place, on any device. Search,
copy, and paste code from your favorite technical
books directly into your application.
The perks don’t stop there, you can get exclusive
access to discounts, newsletters, and great free
content in your inbox daily
Follow these simple steps to get the benefits:
1. Scan the QR code or visit the link below

https://packt.link/free-ebook/9781805122289

2. Submit your proof of purchase

3. That’s it! We’ll send your free PDF and other benefits to your
email directly
Part 1: Fundamentals and
Components of the Cloud
In this part, we will discuss the history, present state,
understanding, and future of cloud computing
architecture. We will then explore the foundation of a
cloud infrastructure, which includes physical data
centers, networking, and storage systems.
Additionally, this part discusses the importance of
load balancers, firewalls, and security mechanisms in
ensuring the integrity and protection of the cloud
infrastructure.
This part has the following chapters:
Chapter 1, Fundamentals of Cloud Architecture

Chapter 2, Components of a Cloud Infrastructure

1

Fundamentals of Cloud Architecture

In this chapter, we will embark on a comprehensive
journey through the history, present state,
understanding, and future of cloud computing
architecture. We will delve into the origins of cloud
computing, tracing its roots from time-sharing to the
commercialization of services.
We will then explore the pervasive influence of cloud
computing today, discussing its models, benefits,
challenges, and real-world implementations.
Understanding cloud architecture will become the
focal point as we unravel the components,
deployment models, and key concepts such as
virtualization and load balancing. Finally, we will turn
our attention to the future, exploring emerging
trends such as edge computing, serverless
computing, and quantum computing, while
contemplating the challenges and opportunities that
lie ahead. By embracing this comprehensive view,
you will gain valuable insights into the transformative
power and potential implications of cloud computing
architecture.
In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
The history of cloud computing

Cloud computing today

Understanding cloud architecture

The future of cloud architecture

The end goal of this chapter is to provide you with a

comprehensive grasp of the essential elements,
principles, and technologies that underpin cloud
architecture. By exploring topics such as
virtualization, containerization, compute resources,
storage types, and networking, you will gain insights
into the fundamental building blocks of cloud
infrastructure. You will explore the history, current
state, and future trends of cloud computing, and
gain insights into the evolution of this technology
and its potential impact on businesses and
individuals. This chapter aims to equip you with the
knowledge and insights necessary to make informed
decisions about designing, implementing, and
managing cloud-based solutions. Ultimately, the goal
is to empower you with the foundational
understanding needed to leverage cloud technologies
effectively and harness the benefits of scalability,
flexibility, and cost-efficiency that the cloud offers.
Technical requirements
To fully engage with the content in this chapter on
cloud computing architecture, you should have a
basic understanding of computer systems,
networking concepts, and information technology.
Additionally, the following technical requirements are
recommended:
Internet access: You should have a reliable internet connection
to access online resources, references, and examples related to
cloud computing.

A computing device: A desktop computer, laptop, tablet, or

smartphone with a modern web browser is necessary to read this
chapter’s content and access any online materials.

A web browser: The latest version of a modern web browser

such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, or Safari
is recommended. This ensures compatibility and optimal viewing
experience of web-based resources and interactive content.

Familiarity with cloud services: Some familiarity with cloud

services and their basic functionalities will enhance your
understanding of this chapter. This includes knowledge of cloud
computing models such as Infrastructure-as-a-Service
(IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-
Service (SaaS).
The history of cloud computing
Cloud computing has a rich history that has evolved
over several decades. The concept of cloud
computing dates back to the 1960s when computer
scientists at MIT and Dartmouth College proposed
the idea of a “utility computing” system that would
allow users to access computing resources on
demand.
In the 1970s, IBM introduced virtualization
technology, which allowed multiple operating
systems to run on a single mainframe computer. This
technology enabled companies to consolidate their IT
resources and reduce costs.
In the 1990s, the development of the World Wide
Web and the rise of e-commerce led to the creation
of web-based applications and services. This led to
the development of early cloud computing platforms
such as Salesforce, which provided customer
relationship management (CRM) services over
the internet.
In 2002, Amazon launched its web services division,
offering cloud-based infrastructure services such as
storage and computing power. This was followed by
the launch of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
(EC2) in 2006, which allowed users to rent
computing capacity on demand.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 13. To justify then, is the office of God to man. Our office and duty
to God is not to pass our time sinfully or unfruitfully: for this were to
serve the devil, and not God. For that faith which bringeth not forth
repentance, but either evil works, or no good works, is not a right,
pure and living faith, but a dead and devilish one, as Paul and St.
James call it. For even the devils believe, That Christ was born of a
virgin: that he wrought all kind of miracles, declaring himself very
God: that for our sakes he suffered a most painful death, to redeem
us from death everlasting: that he rose again the third day: that he
ascended into heaven, and sitteth at the right-hand of the Father,
and at the end of the world shall come again to judge both the quick
and the dead. These articles of our faith the devils believe, and so
they believe all that is written in the Old and New Testament. And yet
for all this faith, they be but devils. They remain still in their
damnable estate, lacking the very true Christian faith.

14. The right and true Christian faith, is not only to believe that
holy scripture, and the articles of our faith are true; but also, to have
a sure trust and confidence, to be saved from everlasting damnation
by Christ; whereof doth follow a loving heart to obey his
commandments.

15. And this true Christian faith, neither any devil hath, nor yet
any man, who, in his receiving the sacraments, in coming to church,
and in all other outward appearances, seemeth to be a Christian,
and yet in his life sheweth the contrary. For how can a man have this
true faith, sure trust and confidence in God, that by the merits of
Christ his sins are forgiven, and ♦be reconciled to the favour of God,
when he denieth Christ in his works? Surely no ungodly man can
have this faith, and trust in God!

♦ “he” replaced with “be”

 16. If we do truly believe, that whereas we were condemned to
hell and death everlasting, God hath given his own son to take our
nature upon him, and to suffer death for our offences, to justify us,
and to restore us to life everlasting: if we truly believe, that he hath
made us his dear children, brethren unto his only son, and inheritors
with him of his eternal kingdom of heaven; these great and merciful
benefits of God will move us to render ourselves unto God wholly,
with all our hearts, might, and power, to serve him in all good works,
to seek in all things his glory; evermore dreading to offend in word,
thought, or deed, such a merciful God and loving Redeemer. They
will also move us, to be ever ready for his sake to give ourselves to
our neighbours, and as much as lieth in us, to study with all our
endeavour, to do good to every man. These are the fruits of true
faith, to do good, as much as lieth in us, to every man; and above all
things, and in all things, to advance the glory of God: to whom be
praise and honour, world without end!

Of true Christian faith.

1. HE first coming unto God is through faith, whereby we are

T justified before God; but lest any man should be deceived, for
want of a right understanding thereof, it is diligently to be
noted, that faith is taken in scripture two ways: there is one faith,
which the scripture calleth a dead faith. And this, by St. James, is
compared to the faith of devils, who believe and tremble, and yet do
nothing well: and such a faith as this have wicked Christians, who
profess they know God, but in works deny him.

2. This faith is, a persuasion that there is a God, and a belief of

all the truths contained in his word. So that it consisteth only in
believing that the word of God is true. And this is not properly called
faith. But as he that readeth Cæsar’s commentary, tho’ he believeth
it to be true, yet he is not properly said, to believe in Cæsar, even so
he that believeth all the bible to be true, and yet liveth ungodly, is not
properly said to believe in God. For inasmuch as faith without works
is dead, it is not faith, as a dead man is not a man.
 3. Another faith there is in scripture, which is not idle or unfruitful,
but (as St. Paul declares) working by love. And as that is called a
dead faith, so this may be called a quick or living faith. This is not
only a belief of the articles of our faith; but also a true trust and
confidence of the mercy of God through our Lord Jesus Christ, and a
stedfast hope of all good things at God’s hand: ¹ a confidence, that
tho’ we should fall from him by sin, yet if we return to him by true
repentance, he will forgive our offences for his Son’s sake; and make
us inheritors of his everlasting kingdom: that in the mean time he will
be our protector and defender, and not withdraw his mercy finally
from us, if we commit ourselves wholly unto him, hang only upon
him, and call upon him, ready to obey and serve him. This is the
true, living Christian faith; which is not in the mouth, and outward
profession only, but it liveth and stirreth inwardly in the heart: and
this faith is not without hope and trust in God, nor without the love of
God, and of our neighbour nor without the fear of God, nor without
the desire to hear God’s word, and to follow the same, in avoiding
evil, and gladly doing all good works.

¹ It is the doctrine of the church of England, to which every

minister of our church hath subscribed, in subscribing the
35th article, That, “without, or before this, can no good
work be done.”

4. Of this faith, three things are specially to be noted; first, that it

is fruitful in bringing forth good works; secondly, that without it can no
good works be done: thirdly, what good works this faith doth bring
forth.
 5. For the first, as light cannot be hid, but will shew itself at one
place or other; so true faith cannot be hid, but will break out, and
shew itself by good works. And as the living body of a man ever
exerciseth such things as belong to a living body, for nourishment
and preservation of the same; even so the soul that hath a living
faith, will be always doing some good work, which shall declare that
it is living. Therefore, if any man fancy he is set at liberty from doing
good works, it is a manifest token he hath no true faith; yea he
knoweth not what true faith meaneth. For true Christian faith is not
only a belief of all the things of God which are contained in holy
scripture; but also an earnest trust and confidence in God that he is
careful over us, as the father is over the child whom he loveth, and
that he will be merciful to us for his son’s sake. And this true faith,
when we consider what God hath done for us, is also moved thro’
continual assistance of the Spirit of God, to serve and please him, to
keep his favour, to fear his displeasure, to continue his obedient
children; shewing thankfulness by observing his commandments;
considering how clearly, without our deservings, we have freely
received his mercy and pardon.

6. Therefore, if it do not appear in our conversation, the faith we

pretend to have is but feigned: because true faith is manifestly
shewn by good living, and not by words only: as St. Augustin saith,
Good living cannot be separated from true faith, which worketh by
love: and St. Chrysostom, Faith is full of good works; and as soon as
a man believeth, he shall be adorned with them. How plentiful it is in
good works, St. Paul teacheth at large in the 11th chapter to the
Hebrews; evidently declaring, that true faith is no unfruitful thing, but
a thing of perfect virtue, of wonderful operation and strength,
bringing forth all good motions and good works.
 7. Every man therefore must diligently examine himself, whether
he hath this faith in his heart or not. He that feeleth his heart set to
seek God’s honour and leadeth not his life after his own desire, but
setteth his mind to serve God, and for his sake to love all his
neighbours, whether they be friends or adversaries, doing good to
every man, (as opportunity serveth) and willingly hurting no man;
such a man may well rejoice in God, perceiving by his life, that he
hath a living faith. But he that doth not live according to God’s words,
deceiveth himself if he think he believeth in him.

8. Let us then by our works declare our faith to be the living

Christian faith: and by such virtues as ought to spring out of faith. Let
us add to, or in our faith, virtue; in our virtue, knowledge; in our
knowledge, temperance; in our temperance, patience; in our
patience, godliness; in our godliness, brotherly-kindness; and in
brotherly-kindness, charity. So shall we both certify our conscience,
that we are in the right faith, and also confirm other men. If you feel
and perceive such a faith in you, rejoice in it, and be diligent to
maintain it. Let it be daily encreasing more and more by good works;
so shall you be sure that you shall please God, and when his will is,
receive the end of your faith, even the salvation of your souls.

9. The second thing that was noted of true faith was, that without
it can no good works be done: for as the branch cannot bear the fruit
itself, saith Christ, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except
ye abide in me. I am the vine; ye are the branches: he that abideth in
me and I in him, he bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can
do nothing. And St. Paul proveth that Enoch had faith, because he
pleased God: for without faith, saith he, it is impossible to please
him.
 10. Faith giveth life to the soul: and they are as much dead to
God who want faith, as they are to the world, whose bodies want
souls. Without faith all we do is but dead before God, be it ever so
glorious before man. Even as a picture is but a dead representation
of the thing itself; so are the works of those who have not faith before
God. They are but shadows of good and living things, and not good
and living things indeed: For without faith no work is good before
God. We must set no good works before faith. “Let no man, saith St.
Augustin, reckon upon his good works before his faith; for where
faith was not, good works were not. There is one work in which are
all good works, that is, faith which worketh by love. If thou hast this,
thou hast the ground of all good works: without this, thou hast only
the shadows of them.”

11. To the same purpose, saith St. Chrysostom, “Many who have
not the true faith, yet flourish in works of mercy; but the chief work is
lacking, to believe in him whom God hath sent. So soon as a man
hath faith, he shall flourish in good works. For faith is full of good
works, and nothing is good without faith. They that shine in good
works without faith, are like dead men who have goodly and precious
tombs. Faith cannot be but naked without good works, for then it is
no true faith; and when it is joined to works, yet it is above the works.
For as men first have life, and after are nourished; so must our faith
in Christ go before, and after be nourished with good works. And life
may be without nourishment, but nourishment can’t be without life. A
man must needs be nourished by good works, but first he must have
faith. He that doth good works, yet without faith, he hath no life. I can
shew a man that by faith without works lived and came to heaven:
but without faith never man had life. The thief that was hanged when
Christ suffered, did believe only; and the most merciful God justified
him. Faith by itself saved him; but works by themselves never
justified any man.”
 12. The third thing to be noted of true faith is, what good works it
doth bring forth. And this Christ himself hath plainly declared, If thou
wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. So that we are taught
by Christ’s own mouth, that the works of the commandments of God
are the true works of faith, the very way that doth lead to everlasting
life.

13. Wherefore as ye have any regard for everlasting life, apply

yourselves above all things to read and hear God’s word; mark
diligently what his commandments are, and with all your endeavour
follow the same. First, you must have an assured faith in God, and
give yourselves wholly unto him; love him in prosperity and adversity,
and dread to offend him evermore. Then for his sake, love all men,
friends and foes, because they are his creatures and image, and
redeemed by Christ as ye are. Cast in your mind how you may do
good unto all men, unto your power, and hurt none. Obey all your
superiors and governors; serve your masters faithfully and diligently;
disobey not your fathers and mothers, but honour, help, and please
them to your power. Oppress not, kill not, beat not, neither slander
nor hate any man: but love all men, speak well of all men, help and
succour every man as you may, yea, even your enemies that hate
you, that speak evil of you, and hurt you. Take no man’s goods, nor
covet your neighbour’s goods; but be content with your own, and
bestow them charitably, as need requireth. Flee all idolatry,
witchcraft, perjury; commit no manner of adultery, fornication, or
other unchastity in will or deed. And labouring continually in thus
keeping the commandments, which, wrought in faith, God hath
ordained to be the path-way unto heaven, you shall not fail to come
to that everlasting life, where you shall live in glory with God for ever.
 An Abridgment of the

PILGRIM’s PROGRESS
From this W o r l d

To that which is to come.

A S I walked through the wilderness of this world, I laid me down

to sleep, and as I slept, I dreamed; and behold, I saw a man
cloathed with rags, standing with his face from his house, a book in
his hand, and a great burthen upon his back. I looked and saw him
open the book and read therein; and as he read he wept and
trembled: And not being able longer to contain, he broke out, saying,
What shall I do to be saved?

In this plight he went home, and refrained himself as long as he

could, that his wife and children might not perceive his distress. But
his trouble so increased that he soon burst out, “O my dear wife, and
you the children of my bowels, I am undone by reason of this
burthen which lieth so hard upon me. Moreover, I am certainly
informed, that this our city will shortly be destroyed with fire from
heaven; in which overthrow we shall all miserably perish, except
some way of escape be found.” At this they were sore amazed; not
that they believed what he said, but because they thought him
distempered in his head. However, hoping sleep might settle him
again, they in all haste got him to bed.
 But the night was as grievous to him as the day. Instead of
sleeping, he spent it in sighs and tears. And in the morning, when
they asked him “how he did” he told them, “worse and worse.” They
then thought to drive away his distemper by harsh and surly carriage
to him. Sometimes they would deride, sometimes chide, and
sometimes quite neglect him. Wherefore he began to retire more to
his chamber, to pray for them, and to bemoan his own misery. He
would also walk solitary in the fields, sometimes reading, and
sometimes praying. And thus for some days he spent his time.

Now I saw, upon a time when he was walking in the fields, that he
was, as he was wont, reading his book; and as he read, he burst out
as before, saying, What must I do to be saved?

I saw also, that he looked this way and that way as if he would
run; yet he stood still, because (as I perceived) he could not tell
which way to go. I looked then and saw a man, called Evangelist,
coming to him, who asked, “Wherefore dost thou cry?”

He answered, “Sir I perceive by the book in my hand, that I am

condemned to die, and after that to come to judgment. And I find I
am not willing to do the first, nor able to do the second.”

Then said Evangelist, “why not willing to die?” The man

answered, because I fear that this burden which is on my back will
sink me lower than the grave. And, Sir, if I am not fit to go to prison, I
am not fit to go to judgment.”

“But said Evangelist, if this be thy condition, why standest thou

still?” He answered, “because I know not whither to go.” Then said
Evangelist, pointing over a wide field, “do you see yonder little gate?
Go up directly to it and knock; and it shall be told thee what thou
shalt do.”

So I saw in my dream, that the man began to run. He had not run
far, before his wife and children perceiving it, began to cry after him
to return: But he stopped his ears and ran on, crying, Life, life!
eternal life, without once looking behind him.
 The neighbours also came out, and as he ran some mocked,
others threatened, and some called to him to return. And of these,
two resolved to fetch him back by force; the name of the one was
Obstinate, of the other ♦ Pliable. He was now got a good distance
from them; however, in a little time they overtook him. Then said the
man, “Neighbours, wherefore are you come?” They said, “To
persuade you to go back with us.” But he said, “That cannot be; you
dwell in the city of Destruction, the place also where I was born. And
if you die there, you will sink into a place that burns with fire and
brimstone. Be content, good neighbours, and go along with me.”

♦ “Pliablel” replaced with “Pliable”

What, said Obstinate, and leave our friends and all our comforts
behind us?

Yes, said Christian, (that was his name) for all these are not
worthy to be compared with the least part of what I seek; and if you
will go with me, there is enough and to spare.

Obstinate. What are the things you seek, since you leave all the
world to find them?

Christian. I seek an inheritance, incorruptible, undefiled, and that

fadeth not away?

Obstinate. Tush, away with your cant. Will you go back with us or
no?

Christian. No, not I. I have put my hand to the plough.

Obstinate. Come then, neighbour, let us go home without him.

There is a company of these crazy coxcombs, that when they get a
fancy by the end, are wiser in their own eyes than seven men that
can render a reason.
 Pliable. Don’t revile. Who knows but what he says is true? I have
almost a mind to go with him.

Obstinate. What more fools still? Come back, come back. Who
knows whither a madman may lead you?

Christian. Nay, but come with me, to the glory which shall be
revealed. And if you believe not me, read here in this book, the truth
of which is confirmed by the blood of him that made it.

Pliable. Neighbour Obstinate, I think I will go with this good man,

and cast in my lot with him.

Obstinate. Then get you gone. I will e’en go home. I will be no

companion for such whimsical fellows.

Now I saw in my dream, that when Obstinate was gone back,

Christian and Pliable went on talking together.

Pliable. Come neighbour, since we are alone, tell me farther what

the things are to which we are going.

Christian. I can better conceive than speak them. There is a

kingdom that cannot be moved, a house eternal in the heavens,
where we shall shine as the firmament, and as the stars for ever and
ever.

Pliable. And what company shall we have there?

Christian. There will be an innumerable company of angels, ten

thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of saints, of holy men,
out of every kindred and people, and nation. There we shall see
those who were cut in pieces, burnt with fire, eaten with beasts, for
the love they bore to the Lord of the place; having now overcome
sin, and death, and pain, and put on immortality as a garment.

Pliable. Glad am I to hear of these things. Come on let us mend

our pace.
 Now I saw in my dream, that they drew nigh to a slough that was
in the midst of the plain, (it was called Despond) and being heedless,
they both suddenly fell in. “Ah, neighbour, said Pliable, where are we
now?” Truly, said Christian, I do not know. At this Pliable was much
offended, and said, “Is this the happiness you talked of all this while?
If we have such ill speed at setting out, what may we not expect
before our journey’s end? If I get out hence with my life, you shall
have the brave country alone for me.” And with that he gave a
desperate struggle or two and got out of the mire on the side next his
own house. So away he went, and Christian saw him no more.

Wherefore Christian was left in the slough alone; but still he

struggled toward that side which was farthest from his own house,
yet could not get out, because of his burthen. But I beheld a man
come to him, whose name was Help, and asked, “What he did
there.”

Christian. Sir, I was directed to go by this way to yonder gate; and

as I went, I fell in here.

Then said he, “Give me thy hand.” So he gave him his hand, and
he drew him out, and set him on firm ground.

But Christian had not gone far, before one met him, who was
crossing over the plain. The gentleman’s name was Worldly
Wiseman. Having some knowledge of Christian by report, (for his
leaving the city of Destruction was noised far and near) he began
thus:

World. How now good fellow, whither away?

Christian. Sir, I am going to yonder little gate.

World. Wilt thou hearken to me, if I give thee counsel?

Christian. Yea, if it be good, I will.

 World. I counsel thee then, get rid of that burthen with all speed,
else thou wilt never be settled in thy mind.

Christian. That is what I seek; but get it off myself I cannot: nor is
there any man in our country can take it off.

World. Who bid you go this way to be rid of it?

Christian. One that appeared to me, a great and honourable

person. His name I think, is Evangelist.

World. Beshrew him for his counsel. There is not a more

dangerous or troublesome way in the world than this. Hear me; I am
older than thou. Thou art like to meet in the way thou now goest,
weariness, painfulness, nakedness, hunger, peril, sword; death itself,
and what not?

Christian. Sir, this burden is worse than all these. I care not what I
meet with, so I get rid of this.

World. How camest thou by it at first?

Christian. By reading this book.

World. I thought so. So it has fared with other weak men; who,
meddling with things too high for them, suddenly fall into distraction,
and run desperate ventures to obtain they know not what.

Christian. I know what I would obtain. It is ease from my burthen.

World. Hadst thou but patience to hear, I could direct thee to

obtain that, without running into any of these dangers.

Christian. Pray, Sir, open this secret to me.

World. Why, in yonder village there lives a gentleman, whose

name is Legality, a very judicious man, and of good credit and
fashion: he has helped abundance of men off with such burthens as
thine are.
 Christian. Sir, which is my way to his house?

World. You must go by yonder high hill, and the first house you
come at is his.

So Christian turned out of his way. But when he was got hard by
the hill, it hung so much over the way, that he was afraid to venture
on, lest it should fall upon his head. Wherefore he stood still, and
knew not what to do. Likewise his burthen seemed heavier than
before. There came also flashes of fire out of the hill, that made him
afraid he should be burnt: insomuch that he now quaked for fear, and
was sorry he came out of his way. And with that he saw Evangelist
coming to meet him, at the sight of whom he blushed for shame: so
he came up to him, and with a severe countenance said.

Evangelist. What dost thou here? To which he knew not what to

answer, but stood speechless before him.

Evangelist. Art thou not the man whom I found crying without the
walls of the city of Destruction?

Christian. Yes, Sir, I am.

Evangelist. Did I not direct thee to the little gate? How is it that
thou art so quickly turned aside?

Christian. I met a gentleman who told me, I might find one in

yonder village that could take off my burthen.

Then said Evangelist, stand still a little that I may tell thee the
words of the Lord. So he stood trembling. Then Evangelist said, See
that ye refuse not him that speaketh: for if they escaped not who
refused him that spoke on earth, much more shall not we escape, if
we turn away from him that speaketh from heaven: for the just shall
live by faith; but if he draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in
him.
 Then Christian fell down at his feet as dead. But Evangelist
caught him by the right-hand, and said, All manner of sins and
blasphemies shall be forgiven unto men: be not faithless but
believing. At this his spirit a little revived, and he stood up trembling
before Evangelist.

Then Evangelist said, Give more earnest heed unto the things
that I shall tell thee of. There are three things in the counsel of the
man that met thee, which thou must utterly abhor.

1. His turning thee out of the way.

2. His labouring to make the cross odious to thee.

3. His setting thy feet in the way that leadeth to death.

First, Thou must abhor his turning thee out of the way; for this is
to reject the counsel of God, seeing the Lord saith, Strive to enter in
at the strait gate, the gate to which I sent thee.

Secondly, Abhor his labouring to make the cross odious to thee;

for thou art to prefer it before the treasures of Egypt. Besides the
Lord hath said, If any man come after me, and hate not his father
and mother, and wife and children, and brethren and sisters, yea,
and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. The doctrine
therefore which teacheth to hate or shun the cross, thou must utterly
abhor.

Thou must, lastly, abhor his setting thy feet in the way that
leadeth to death. For he to whom thou wast sent, legality by name, is
the son of the bondwoman: and this is mount Sinai, which gendereth
unto bondage, and unto death eternal. He cannot free any man of
his burthen: nor is it possible he should; for by the works of the law
shall no flesh living be justified.
 After this Evangelist called aloud to the heavens for the
confirmation of what he had said. And there came words and fire out
of the mountain. The words were these, As many as are of the works
of the law are under the curse: for it is written, Cursed is every one
that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the
law to do them.

Now Christian looked for nothing but death, and cried out with a
bitter cry: nevertheless, turning to Evangelist, he said, “Sir, Is there
any hope? May my sin be forgiven? May I yet go back, and enter in
at that gate? Shall I not be sent away with shame?”

Then Evangelist said, “Thy sin is great; yet it may be forgiven; the
man at the gate will let thee in: but take heed thou turn not aside
again, lest if his wrath be kindled, yea, but a little, thou perish from
the way.”

So he went on with haste; neither spoke he to any by the way. He

went as one treading on forbidden ground; and could not think
himself safe, till he got into the way, out of which he had turned
before. He then went on with all his might till he came to the gate;
over which was written, Knock, and it shall be opened unto you. He
knocked therefore more than once or twice. At last there came a
grave person to the gate, named Goodwill, who asked, “Who was
there?”

Christian. Here is a poor burthened sinner. I come from the city of

destruction, and am going to Mount Zion; and I understand I am to
go thro’ this gate, if you are willing to let me in.

I am willing with all my heart, said he, and with that he opened
the gate.
 When Christian was stepping in, the other pulled him suddenly.
Then said Christian, What means that? He replied, a little way off is
a strong castle, of which Beelzebub is the captain; from whence he
continually shoots at those who come to this gate, if haply they may
die before they can enter in. Then said Christian, “I rejoice and
tremble.”

Goodwill. But who directed you hither?

Christian. One named Evangelist, who said, that you would tell
me what I must do.

Goodwill. An open door is set before thee, and no man can shut
it. But how is it thou art come alone?

Christian. One of my neighbours came with me a little way; but

then he was discouraged, and went back; and I also soon after
turned aside, to go in the way of death. So that, had not Evangelist
met me again, I had never come hither. And O! what a favour is this
to me, that I am suffered to enter here!

Goodwill. We make no objections against any. Whatever they

have done before they came, if they knock, the gate is opened to
them. Him that cometh, we in no wise cast out.

But come with me, and I will teach thee concerning the road.
Dost thou see this narrow way? That is the way thou must go. It was
cast up by the patriarchs, prophets, Christ and his apostles.

Christian. But are there no ways that turn out of this?

Goodwill. Yes, many; but they are crooked and wide. The right
way only is strait and narrow. Go on therein, till thou comest to the
house of the interpreter, and he will shew thee excellent things.

So Christian went on till he came to the house; where he

knocked, and asked for the master of the house. To whom, when he
came, he spoke thus.
 Sir, I am a man that am come from the city of Destruction, and
am going to mount Zion. And I was informed by him at the gate, that
if I called here, you would shew me excellent things.

Then said the Interpreter, “Come in, and I will shew thee that
which will be profitable to thee.” So he took him by the hand, and led
him into a large parlour that was full of dust. After a while he called
for a man to sweep; which he had no sooner begun to do, than the
dust so abundantly flew about, that Christian was almost choaked.
Then the Interpreter said to a damsel, “Bring hither water, and
sprinkle the room.” After which it was easily swept and cleansed.

This parlour, said the Interpreter to Christian, is the heart of a

natural man. The dust is his original sin, and inward corruptions, of
every kind. He that first began to sweep is the law; she that sprinkled
it, is the gospel. Now whereas thou sawest, that by his sweeping, the
dust was only raised, and the room not cleansed at all; this is to
shew thee, that the law, instead of cleansing the heart from sin, doth
revive and increase it in the soul. For, by the law is only the
knowledge of sin; but not deliverance from it.

Again, Thou sawest the damsel sprinkle the room; after which it
was cleansed with pleasure: this is to shew thee, that when the
gospel comes into the heart, sin is easily subdued; and the soul
made clean thro’ faith, and fit for the king of glory to inhabit.

He then led me into a place, where was a fire burning against a

wall, and one continually casting water upon it, yet could he not
quench it, but the flame rose higher than before.

This fire, said he, is the work of grace that is wrought in a

believing heart. He that casts water upon it is the devil. Yet can he
not quench it, for the reason thou shalt now see. So he carried him
to the other side of the wall, where was a man with a vessel of oil in
his hand, out of which he continually cast into the fire, Then said
Christian, What means this?
 The Interpreter answered, This is Christ, who continually, with the
oil of his grace, maintains the work already begun in the heart, so
that the devil cannot quench it. And he stands behind the wall, to
shew it is hard for the tempted to see how this work is maintained in
his soul.

He then took him by the hand, and led him into a pleasant place,
where was a stately palace: on the top of which were certain persons
walking, who were cloathed all in gold. At the door below stood a
great company of men, desirous to go in, but yet afraid. For in the
door-way stood many armed men, to keep it, and drive all back. At
last a man of a stout countenance came up, drew his sword, put a
helmet on his head, and rushed into the midst of the armed men,
who fell upon him with all their force. But after receiving and giving
many wounds, he cut his way through them all, and went in. Then
was heard a pleasant voice from within saying,

Come in, soldier of Christ, come in:

Eternal glory thou shalt win!

I verily think, said Christian, I know the meaning of this; now then
let me go hence.

Stay, said the Interpreter, till I have shewed thee a little more.
Then he took him by the hand again, and led him into a dark room,
where sat a man in an iron cage; his eyes were fixed on the ground,
his hands folded together, and he sighed as if he would break his
heart.

Then said Christian, “What art thou?” He replied, I am a man of

despair: I am so fast in prison that I cannot get forth.

Christian. But how camest thou there?