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“ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Guide for
Parents and Carers is an outstanding resource designed to help
parents/carers understand the complexities of a diagnosis of ARFID,
its consequences and treatment. This accessible guide combines
clinical cases and up-to-date research. Bryant-Waugh’s depth of
experience working with children and families with ARFID brilliantly
captures how to make sense of the everyday challenges that a
diagnosis of ARFID brings to children and their families. This ‘go-to’
resource fills a much needed gap in providing parents/carers with
strategies in supporting their child with ARFID.”
Debra K. Katzman, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick
Children and University of Toronto

“This is a brilliantly written, clear, practical and engaging book by the

world-expert in the field. It uniquely combines research and clinical
wisdom, illustrated by multiple varied examples, to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the problem and how to address it.
The 5-step approach is exceptionally valuable with sequential
guidance about how to enable positive change. It is essential
reading for any parent or practitioner wanting to help children
overcome these difficulties and is a fantastic resource that has the
potential to transform lives.”
Roz Shafran, Professor of Translational Psychology UCL Great
Ormond Street Institute of Child Health

“This is a long overdue guide for parents. Dr Bryant-Waugh has been

a leading clinical and research expert in feeding difficulties for many
years, and it is pleasing to see this wealth of experience and advice
into one volume. I have no doubt it will be extremely helpful for
families and children with ARFID. The suggested approaches are
positive, non-blaming and focused on hope, for this is key as many
children will manage and improve, but a whole family and inspiration
of confidence are needed. This book provides both.”
Dr Lee Hudson, Consultant Paediatrician Great Ormond Street
Hospital
ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake
Disorder

ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Guide for

Parents and Carers is an accessible summary of a relatively recent
diagnostic term. People with ARFID may show little interest in
eating, eat only a very limited range of foods or may be terrified
something might happen to them if they eat, such as choking or
being sick. Because it has been poorly recognised and poorly
understood it can be difficult to access appropriate help and difficult
to know how best to manage at home.
This book covers common questions encountered by parents or
carers whose child has been given a diagnosis of ARFID or who have
concerns about their child. Written in simple, accessible language
and illustrated with examples throughout, this book answers
common questions using the most up-to-date clinical knowledge and
research.
Primarily written for parents and carers of young people, ARFID
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder includes a wealth of
practical tips and suggested strategies to equip parents and carers
with the means to take positive steps towards dealing with the
problems ARFID presents. It will also be relevant for family
members, partners or carers of older individuals, as well as
professionals seeking a useful text, which captures the full range of
ARFID presentations and sets out positive management advice.

Rachel Bryant-Waugh is a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with

over 30 years of experience, specialising in the study and treatment
of feeding and eating disorders in children and young people. She is
an internationally renowned expert with a high level of clinical and
research activity in this field.
ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food
Intake Disorder

A Guide for Parents and Carers

Rachel Bryant-Waugh
First published 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 Rachel Bryant-Waugh
The right of Rachel Bryant-Waugh to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-08608-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-08610-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-02335-4 (ebk)
For Alexander, Will, Annelies and Joe,
who have always helped me to keep
things in perspective when it comes to
parenting, children’s eating, and family
mealtimes.
Contents

List of illustrations
Acknowledgements
Preface
Glossary
Introduction

1 What is ARFID?
2 Who can develop ARFID?
3 Why does someone develop ARFID?
4 What are the consequences of having ARFID?
5 What can I do?
6 What is the best treatment for ARFID?
7 What about the future?
8 Closing words

References
Index
Illustrations

Figures
0.1 The six core C factors
1.1 What ARFID is
1.2 What ARFID is not
3.1 Model for understanding the development of difficulties
3.2 Possible causes of low interest in food or eating
5.1 The 5-step model towards change

Tables
1.1 Points of possible similarity and difference between ARFID and
anorexia nervosa
5.1 Applying the 5-step model to ARFID
5.2 Key areas of risk in relation to ARFID in children and young
people
6.1 Clinical expertise informed practice: addressing the main
driver(s) of avoidance/restriction
Acknowledgements

With heartfelt thanks to all the families I have had the privilege to
work with over the years and from whom I have learned so much.
My foremost aim has long been to ensure that your stories and
experiences are captured through research and writing, and used to
continually shape my own clinical practice for the benefit of other
families in similar situations. For all the times I have not got things
right, or have misunderstood, I apologise.
Many thanks to my trusty ‘critical friends’ for help with reading the
manuscript through and making suggestions for clarifications and
changes to make the text more readable and easier to follow.
Preface

Above all else, this book is intended to be useful; to be read, dipped

into, returned to, or used to open a conversation, as fits the reader’s
preferences, circumstances or requirements. It aims to provide an
update on the current state of knowledge about ARFID in clear
language, free of jargon and bias. It covers questions frequently
asked by parents or carers whose child has been given a diagnosis
of ARFID as well as by those who have concerns that their child may
be showing signs of this disorder. In order to illustrate situations in a
meaningful way, examples of the wide range of different types of
difficulty encountered by those affected by avoidant and restrictive
eating behaviours are woven through the text.
Throughout the book, the personal and possessive pronouns
‘they’, ‘them’, ‘their’ are used in relation to ‘child’, rather than
‘he/she’, ‘him/her’, ‘his/hers’, to include all children whatever their
sex or gender. The term ‘child’ is used here to refer to infants,
children, and young people up to the age of 18 years. When ‘your
child’ is referred to, this could therefore include teenage offspring.
The intention is to be as inclusive as possible; after all ARFID occurs
across this age range and into adulthood. The term ‘parents’ is
sometimes used alone and sometimes in conjunction with ‘carers’.
When used alone it usually refers to anyone in a primary parenting
role, whether they are a biological parent, or other primary care-
giver. Finally, the words ‘we’ and ‘our’ are predominantly used to
refer to people in general, rather than to clinicians, scientists, or any
other single group. The author is a mental health practitioner and
academic, but also a parent, daughter, partner, and friend. A
distinction between ‘us’ (clinicians, scientists) and ‘you’/‘them’
(parents/carers) seems artificial and unnecessary. It also goes
against the collaborative style of working, recommended in this
book, which is based on sharing knowledge and integrating
perspectives.
A number of themes run throughout the text, which have been
used to provide structure and aid understanding. These include the
concept of ARFID being an ‘umbrella’ diagnosis; that is, the
important fact that ARFID in one person does not necessarily look
identical to ARFID in another. Not only does it not necessarily take
the same form, it may have arisen from a completely different set of
circumstances. The need to explore the specific contributing and
maintaining factors for each individual is emphasised; only then can
attempts to address difficulties be appropriately targeted and
managed. This requirement to tailor approaches to support any one
child and family means that not everything in this book will resonate
with any one reader. The breadth of ARFID presentations requires a
wide ranging discussion; as a consequence it is likely that not
everything will be relevant to everyone.
Another thread running through the book is reference to one or
more of what are referred to here as six core ‘C factors’. These six ‘C
factors’ are: characteristics; correlates; causes; consequences; care;
and course. They are put forward as aspects of ARFID that are
central to our understanding of its development and its features, as
well as to the strategies recommended to try to address difficulties
and facilitate change. At present, further research is needed across
all six of these areas, in order to improve knowledge and
management of ARFID.
This book is therefore intended as a reliable, go-to source of
straightforward practical advice and suggestions, aimed at increasing
knowledge through giving an up-to-date account of the state of the
field in plain, everyday language. It represents a synthesis and
summary of clinical expertise and research evidence to date. It has
been written primarily for parents and carers of children and young
people with ARFID. It could, however, also be relevant for family
members, partners, or carers of older individuals, as ARFID occurs in
people of all ages. Hopefully, the book will also prove to be relevant
to professionals as an easy-to-read text which captures the full
range of ARFID presentations and sets out positive management
advice.

Rachel Bryant-Waugh
January 2019
Glossary

aetiology a term that is often used in medical texts to mean the

causes of a condition or disease
anaemia a medical condition with low red blood cell count; iron
deficiency anaemia is often caused by insufficient iron
in the diet and characterised by tiredness, weakness,
and lack of energy
anorexia nervosa a formal diagnostic term for an eating disorder
characterised by extreme restriction of food intake
driven by concerns about weight and/or shape;
individuals with anorexia nervosa are typically low in
weight and will avoid gaining weight
anti-histamine a type of medication developed principally to manage
allergic conditions, through dampening the body’s
response to histamine which causes the reaction
anti-psychotic a type of medication developed principally to manage
psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar
disorder, but since used to treat a number of other
non-psychotic disorders
Asperger’s syndrome a term previously used to denote a type of autism
spectrum disorder, typically characterised by high levels
of motor activity and specific interests as well as
difficulties in interaction, but with less speech delay
and difficulty than other types of autism
attention deficit a formal diagnostic term for a condition that is
hyperactivity disorder characterised by difficulties with attention, often with
(ADHD) impulsivity and high levels of activity
autism spectrum disorder a formal diagnostic term for a range of conditions that
(ASD) affect a person’s interactions with others,
communication, interests, and behaviour; ASD
previously included Asperger’s syndrome
avidity a descriptive term sometimes used in relation to food
which captures enthusiasm to eat; this in turn may rest
 on the presence of a range of factors, including
hunger, liking of the food in question, and readiness to
eat
behavioural feeding a term sometimes used to differentiate feeding and
problems eating difficulties that stem from emotional,
psychological or behavioural factors, rather than
feeding and eating difficulties with a primary medical
cause
binge eating disorder a formal diagnostic term for an eating disorder
characterised by episodes of eating accompanied by a
sense of loss of control and distress; unlike bulimia
nervosa this is not followed by behaviour intended to
counteract the effects of eating, such as vomiting or
misusing laxatives so that many individuals with this
form of eating disorder are at a high weight
biopsychosocial model a model put forward to understand health as an
interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
bulimia nervosa a formal diagnostic term for an eating disorder
characterised by episodes of eating accompanied by a
sense of loss of control, followed by behaviour
intended to counteract the effects of eating, such as
vomiting or misusing laxatives
calories units of energy stored in food and needed to maintain
weight and growth
caseness a term used to denote whether a person’s symptoms
meet diagnostic criteria for a particular condition or
disorder
cognitive behavioural a well-established form of psychological treatment
therapy where a focus is placed on understanding and working
to change thoughts, beliefs, and behaviours that are
causing difficulty for the individual and are related to
distress or impairment to daily functioning
correlates factors that tend to co-occur and where one thing has
a relationship with or influences another
course the term often used to describe the path an illness or
condition takes over time
cyproheptadine a type of medicine in the class of anti-histamines,
originally developed primarily for use in the treatment
of allergies to limit the body’s allergic response;
cyproheptadine has since been shown to be helpful in
some patients with a range of other conditions
differential a term given to denote the process a clinician will go
diagnosis/diagnoses through, usually when assessing a patient to arrive at
a diagnosis, which involves giving consideration to
other possible diagnoses that may share some of the
reported symptoms
DSM-IV the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders; the diagnostic and
classification system of the American Psychiatric
Association; this version has been replaced by DSM-5
DSM-5 the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders; the diagnostic and classification
system of the American Psychiatric Association; this is
the current manual
dysphagia a formal term used to describe swallowing difficulties
that result from a range of medical conditions and oral-
motor problems
eating disorder not a formal diagnostic term in DSM-IV, now no longer in
otherwise specified use, to describe individuals who had clinically
(EDNOS) significant forms of eating disturbance but who did not
meet full diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa or
bulimia nervosa; EDNOS, one of the eating disorders,
included a varied group of difficulties, including binge
eating disorder and likely to have included some
individuals with ARFID
enteral feeding often used as another name for tube feeding;
technically enteral feeding includes any type of feeding
that goes through the intestine, either via the mouth
and throat, or via a tube (nasogastric or gastrostomy);
it can be distinguished from parenteral feeding, which
is when a person is fed via another route, such as
through a drip into the blood stream
epipen a pre-loaded syringe type of device that can be used
by an individual in the case of an extreme allergic
reaction to inject an appropriate dose of medication to
dampen the response
evidence-based practice a term used to describe clinical practice, to include
specific procedures, interventions and treatments, that
are based on available evidence that they are safe and
effective
extreme picky eating a descriptive term used to describe eating behaviour
characterised by the individual only accepting a very
 narrow range of foods, to an extent that is more
extreme than the sort of picky eating that might
normally be seen; unlike ‘normal’ picky eating, extreme
picky eating tends to persist and can be associated
with impairment to health and daily functioning
faltering growth a term used to describe children with very low weight,
or who are failing to maintain an expected rate of
growth and/or weight, previously often referred to as
‘failure to thrive’
feeding disorder of infancy a formal diagnostic term applicable to children whose
or early childhood feeding difficulties started before the age of six years,
characterised by an inability to take in enough food to
maintain weight and grow normally; this diagnosis has
been replaced and extended with the introduction of
ARFID
food avoidance emotional a descriptive term used to describe an eating difficulty
disorder (FAED) characterised by low interest in eating, often in the
context of generalised emotional distress; individuals
with FAED tend to struggle to eat an adequate amount,
resulting in loss of weight
food neophobia a descriptive term used to describe an extreme fear
(phobia) of new (neo) foods which typically leads to
extreme caution, avoidance or refusal in relation to
trying any foods outside the individual’s usual range of
foods eaten
food phobia a general term used to describe a general fear of food
that is extreme which may lead to avoidance of eating
or restriction of food intake
functional dysphagia a descriptive term previously used to describe a
condition characterised by the individual experiencing
difficulties swallowing, despite there being no medical
evidence for this; it may be related to a fear of choking
or a sense of having a lump in the throat
gastrostomy tube a feeding tube that has been inserted through the
stomach wall and allows feed to go directly into the
stomach; such a tube may be used when the individual
is unable to eat enough by mouth or has difficulty
swallowing
ICD-11 The International Classification of Diseases – Eleventh
edition (ICD-11) is an updated version of the
classification system developed by the World Health
Organization and used throughout the world; it
 provides descriptions and diagnostic criteria for a wide
range of medical conditions as well as mental and
behavioural disorders
infantile anorexia a descriptive term used to describe infants and young
children who appear to have low appetite; such
children often struggle to gain weight and may become
malnourished
jejunum the middle part of the small intestine where most of
the nutrients from food are absorbed
macronutrients essential constituents of the diet, made up of a
number of types of food needed in relatively large
amounts and necessary to maintain good health and
functioning; carbohydrates, proteins, fruit, and
vegetables are examples of essential micronutrients
micronutrients essential constituents of the diet, usually only needed
in small amounts, but necessary to maintain good
health and functioning; vitamins and minerals are
examples of essential micronutrients
modifiable risk factors factors that raise an individual’s likelihood of
developing a specific condition or disease that can in
theory be altered; these typically include factors such
diet, exercise, certain lifestyle choices such as smoking,
alcohol use, and other behaviours known to have
adverse consequences for health
nasogastric tube a flexible type of feeding tube that is inserted up
through the nose and then goes down the oesophagus
into the stomach; this may be used in individuals who
are acutely malnourished and unable to take enough
food orally
non-modifiable risk factors factors that raise an individual’s likelihood of
developing a specific condition or disease that cannot
be altered; these typically include factors such as age,
sex, ethnicity, genetic make-up, family history
obsessive compulsive a condition, classified as a psychiatric or mental
disorder (OCD) disorder, characterised by obsessions (often in the form
of intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and compulsions
(usually in the form of repeated behaviours) that
interfere with a person’s day-to-day functioning and
are associated with distress
olanzapine a type of medicine in the class of anti-psychotics,
originally developed primarily for use in the treatment
 of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; it has since been
used in a wider range of mental disorders with some
evidence of positive effect in certain groups of patients
orthorexia a descriptive term rather than a formal diagnosis, used
to describe a condition characterised by the individual
going to extreme lengths to avoid foods that they
consider to be unhealthy; in its extreme form, such
individuals can exclude a wide range of foods so that
they become severely nutritionally compromised
patient-centred care a term used to describe an approach to health care
design and delivery that takes account of patients’
views, wishes, and preferences; decision making about
care involves the input of the patient, who should be
provided with appropriate information to enable
informed choices to be made
PEG (Percutaneous a type of medical procedure where a feeding tube is
Endoscopic Gastrostomy) passed through the stomach wall directly into the
stomach; ‘percutaneous’ means through the skin,
‘endoscopic’ means that an endoscope, or flexible tube,
is used to complete the procedure rather than surgery;
and ‘gastrostomy’ means tube into the stomach. as
with a PEG, this is a similar type of medical procedure
but in a PEG-J the tube goes into the jejunum rather
than the stomach; sometimes this is done with an
extension to a PEG and sometimes the tube is placed
directly in the jejunum
PEG-J (Percutaneous a condition, classified as a psychiatric or mental
Endoscopic Gastro- disorder, that involves the person eating non-food
Jejunostomy, or items, such as dirt, chalk, or cloth
Percutaneous Endoscopic
Transgastric Jejunostomy)
pica
randomised controlled trial a type of research study, generally considered to be of
(RCT) high quality, that corrects for factors that might be
influencing the findings; RCT studies are often used to
test different types of treatment
rickets a medical condition that typically results from
longstanding inadequate intake of specific nutrients in
the diet, including vitamin D or calcium; it is
characterised by weak bones and skeletal deformities
rumination disorder a condition, classified as a psychiatric or mental
disorder, that involves the person bringing previously
 eaten food back up into the mouth through
regurgitation; the food is typically re-chewed and may
be re-swallowed or spat out; this can have the function
of helping to regulate emotions
scurvy a medical disease caused by insufficient vitamin C in
the diet, typically accompanied by tiredness, feeling
weak and aches and pains, particularly in the legs
selective eating disorder a term previously used to describe individuals
accepting only a limited range of foods, usually on the
basis of their sensory properties, including texture,
taste, and appearance
sensory diet an individualised programme, usually drawn up by an
occupational therapist, that can help a person manage
everyday sensory input and remain more focussed and
calm
sensory food aversion a term used by some to describe the avoidance of
certain foods on the basis of their sensory properties;
such foods typically evoke disgust in the individual
concerned
stunting a medical term with various formal definitions, often
used to describe a chronic form of malnutrition which
results in slowed growth in childhood, so that children
end up much smaller than their peers; stunting can
also occur for non-nutritional reasons in some
individuals
tube weaning the process of reducing dependency on tube feeds
through increasing oral food and fluid intake; amounts
of feed are generally reduced as the individual accepts
more by mouth, until tube feeding is no longer needed
wasting a medical term with various formal definitions, used to
describe an acute form of malnutrition in people who
have typically lost a lot of weight and have lost muscle
tissue and fat; in children this may include very
underweight children who have been unable to gain
weight
Introduction

This is a book about ARFID – perhaps not a name to trip off the
tongue and indeed one that many people have never even heard of.
This is perhaps not entirely surprising given that ARFID, or
‘avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder’, was first introduced as a
term as recently as 2013. Before then, although ARFID did not exist
as a formal diagnosis or formally recognised condition, the eating
difficulties it covers certainly did. These were known by a large
range of different names which included ‘feeding disorder’, ‘selective
eating disorder’, ‘food neophobia’, ‘functional dysphagia’, ‘infantile
anorexia’, ‘sensory food aversion’, ‘extreme picky eating’, ‘food
avoidance emotional disorder’, ‘food phobia’, ‘behavioural feeding
problems’, and many more. All these different names meant slightly
different things to different people, which in turn meant that
developments in treatment did not really progress as well as they
might have otherwise. It was a bit like being in a room full of people
trying to talk about a common topic, but all speaking different
languages. In such a situation, there may be a shared understanding
of a few words, but communication between individuals can only
take place in a very simple way. We know that the best research,
which is so needed to underpin positive changes in health care,
relies on collaboration and being able to replicate the results of
treatment trials. If there is poor agreement, or if there are variations
in understanding about what you are talking about in the first place,
you can see the problem!
If you are a parent, you may have started reading this book
because your child, or a child in your wider family, has eating habits
that are causing you concern. They may be struggling to eat a
sufficient amount or an adequate range of foods and you want to
find out more. You may be a teacher, a child-care worker, or a family
friend with worries about a child you know, or you may be a health-
care professional seeing children and their families in a clinic setting.
Whoever you are, you may have searched on the Internet for more
information about eating difficulties and in doing so, come across
ARFID. Alternatively, you may have heard about ARFID from
colleagues, friends or relatives. One thing may well have struck you
– there seems to be a fair amount of confusion and difference of
opinion about what it is and how it can best be managed. Again,
perhaps this is not entirely surprising given its recent introduction
and the preceding muddle of terms, but confusion and differences of
opinion can be far from helpful if you need reliable, up-to-date
information and advice. That is where this book about ARFID comes
in. Its content is based in part on the questions, concerns, insights,
challenges, and successes of many families who have first-hand
experience of ARFID. My work over many years has brought me
together with these families and one of my responsibilities to them
has been to ensure that their stories and experiences are shared.
The text is also informed by experience derived from clinical practice
and research to date, which has focussed on ARFID and restrictive
eating difficulties. The aim of the book is to provide information to
help with uncertainty, to foster hope and understanding, and to
relieve some of the worry and distress that may accompany having a
child with ARFID.
The text is structured around common questions, asked by many
parents. What is ARFID exactly? Who can develop it, and why? What
happens to someone who has ARFID? Can it be treated and will it
ever go away? Is it dangerous? What are the immediate and longer-
term implications for health? What can I do? What about the future?
Is someone with ARFID likely to develop all sorts of other problems?
One of the themes running through the book is the importance of
what are referred to here as the core ‘C factors’. These are illustrated
in Figure 0.1 below. They include important aspects of ARFID,
namely, Characteristics (discussed in Chapter 1 – What is ARFID?);
Correlates, or things that tend to go with having ARFID (discussed in
Chapter 2 – Who can develop ARFID?); Causes (discussed in
Chapter 3 – Why does someone develop ARFID?); Consequences
(discussed in Chapter 4 – What are the consequences of having
ARFID?); Care (discussed in Chapter 5 – What can I do?, and in
Chapter 6 – What is the best treatment for ARFID?); and Course
(discussed in Chapter 7 – What about the future?). The ‘C factors’
certainly all need further exploration if we are to improve our
knowledge of ARFID, and in particular if we are to be able to know
how best to match different treatment approaches to different
individuals.

Figure 0.1 The six core C factors

Most professionals delivering health-care related interventions are

expected to engage in ‘evidence-based practice’. In essence this
means that any decisions about how best to manage or treat a
condition should be based on the best available evidence at the
time. This requires clinicians to be informed about current
knowledge and research developments in their field of practice and
to use this knowledge in an appropriate and relevant manner in their
interactions with the people they see in clinical settings. There are a
number of different definitions of evidence-based practice, but one
that seems particularly helpful, and has been widely adopted, is the
one first set out by David Sackett and his colleagues back in the
1990s. This proposes that there are three important components to
consider equally in the delivery of evidence-based care (Sackett et
al. 1996; Sackett et al. 2000):
 best available evidence from systematic research (that is,
research that is clinically relevant and has been carried out
using sound methods)
knowledge derived from clinical expertise (that is, the
experience of the clinician, their skills and the training and
education they have received)
patient values (that is, the person’s own personal preferences,
unique concerns, expectations and values)

The outcome of careful and equal consideration of these three

components needs to be integrated to arrive at a plan for the best
way forward for any one individual. We will return to this model of
evidence-based practice in more detail in Chapter 6, when we
discuss care. However, for now perhaps you might agree that this
approach seems highly relevant when we are thinking about
evidence-based care for ARFID. Systematic research is still relatively
limited as the field is new, although a number of promising studies
are underway and the results should helpfully inform practice. On
the other hand, there is considerable clinical expertise in relation to
types of eating difficulty that previously might have been called
different names, but are now included in the definition of ARFID.
Most important of all, ‘patient values’ is key; so many parents
describe concerns about their child’s eating that are real and
pressing, but do not appear to have been heard by those they have
approached for help. It is extremely important to attend to this
aspect of the triad of a comprehensive evidence-based practice
approach, as without doing so, care may be compromised.
This book, ARFID: A Guide for Parents and Carers, is therefore set
against a changing background. It does not set out to be the last
word on the subject; far from it, it is to be hoped that over the
coming years it will be possible to take significant steps forward, so
that together we can all provide effective support and input at the
earliest opportunity. Before we proceed through the questions
outlined above, and a consideration of our core C factors, it seems
sensible to start at the beginning.
 Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, or ARFID, made its first
appearance as we have seen, in 2013. It was included as one of the
Feeding and Eating Disorders in the diagnostic manual of the
American Psychiatric Association, called the DSM-5, which was
published that year (American Psychiatric Association 2013). ‘DSM’
stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, here pertaining to
clinical presentations that are designated ‘mental disorders’. The
number ‘5’ denotes that this is the fifth edition of the American
Psychiatric Association’s manual. The reason there have been a
number of editions is because diagnostic categories are not fixed.
They generally represent what is regarded as the best way to
capture and represent recognisable patterns of mental distress and
behavioural difficulties that people seek help for, or present in clinical
settings. Given that the first edition was published back in 1952,
shortly after the end of World War II, with over half a century of
research in the intervening period, it is perhaps not surprising that
the original classification system has undergone a number of
updates and revisions.
So how did ARFID make its way into DSM-5? The quick answer is
on the basis of clinical and research evidence available at the time.
However, to understand this better, we need to take a step back to
the situation at the time the lengthy revision process started. The
research agenda that formed part of the preparations for DSM-5 was
drawn up between 1999 and 2002. At this time, DSM-IV (the fourth
edition of the diagnostic manual, which was first published in 1994)
was in general use to define and diagnose mental disorders. In DSM-
IV, the section on ‘Eating Disorders’ included three main diagnostic
categories: ‘anorexia nervosa’, ‘bulimia nervosa’, and a third catch-all
category called ‘eating disorder not otherwise specified’ (commonly
referred to as EDNOS). DSM-IV also included a separate section on
‘Feeding Disorders’, which formed part of a chapter called ‘Disorders
Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence’. As
with the eating disorders section, this feeding disorders section also
included three diagnostic categories: ‘pica’, ‘rumination disorder’, and
‘feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood’ (see Glossary for brief
descriptions). The definition of the latter specified that the feeding
problem had to have been present before the individual reached the
age of 6 years, and feeding difficulties had to be accompanied by
low weight. If you are familiar with ARFID, it won’t be hard to spot
the problem with this situation. What diagnosis would be appropriate
for a teenager with avoidant or restrictive eating that is clearly
distinguishable from anorexia nervosa? What term would you use for
an eight-year-old who develops serious problems with food intake
following a gagging or choking incident? What about someone who
has always been very selective about what they will eat and has
worryingly poor nutrition, but isn’t underweight? Here was an
unfortunate example of a relatively poor fit between available
diagnostic categories and the real difficulties that people
experienced. This mismatch between real life problems and available
diagnostic categories was recognised as being a particular issue for
the types of eating difficulty that many children were being seen for,
but it was also recognised as a problem for some adults who
similarly ‘didn’t fit’. Many of these individuals’ difficulties could not be
accounted for by an underlying medical condition and were primarily
driven by emotional or behavioural difficulties. They were usually
associated with distress and significant impairment to health,
development, and everyday functioning. Such individuals, who we
now describe as having ARFID, were variously given diagnoses of
‘EDNOS’, ‘feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood’, a question
mark, or worse still, dismissed as not having a real problem. Such a
situation was clearly extremely unhelpful and unsatisfactory in terms
of people being able to access appropriate care.
Fortunately, following five years of research conferences (between
2003 and 2008) as well as five years of scrutiny of all available
relevant research and clinical evidence (between 2007 and 2012), it
was possible to arrive at some conclusions. The proposal was put
forward that ARFID should replace ‘feeding disorder of infancy or
early childhood’, and that its reach should be extended to
encompass significant impairment related to avoidant and restrictive
food intake in individuals of any age. It was suggested that ARFID
should be understood as not solely a children’s problem, but one
that can also occur in adolescents and adults. Furthermore, it was
proposed that ARFID is not necessarily characterised by low weight;
some people with ARFID may indeed have very low weight, and
children with the condition may have growth delay, but not all will,
with many being normal weight or having higher than normal
weight. The proposals for the definition of ARFID were then
discussed and debated by a number of other committees, both
internal and external to the American Psychiatric Association and the
process of diagnostic revision. The proposals were eventually
accepted on the strength of the evidence supporting the case for
ARFID. The condition, with its proposed definition, therefore
replaced and extended the old feeding disorder diagnosis which has
now disappeared as a category in the current classification scheme.
You may well wonder if all of this matters if you are not American
or seen by American health-care professionals. The answer is yes,
because alongside the American Psychiatric Association’s
classification system is a much bigger and more comprehensive
system of classifying all diseases and health problems, including
those relating to both physical and mental health. This is the
International Classification of Diseases, or ICD, which is the
international standard of the World Health Organization. The 10th
edition of the ICD system, originally endorsed in 1990 and used
around the world since 1994, was also in need of an update. Very
early on in the revision timelines, both the World Health
Organization and the American Psychiatric Association made an
agreement to co-ordinate effort as much as possible. After all, both
were mining the same body of evidence to inform change. The reach
of the ICD system is truly global as almost all countries in the world
are member states of the World Health Organization. The ICD is
used as an international standard for defining and reporting diseases
and health conditions, allowing countries around the world to
compare and share health information using a common language.
ICD-11 (the 11th edition of the ICD system, World Health
Organization 2018) was released to member states in June 2018,
pending endorsement in 2019, with health reporting using the
revised system due to commence in 2022. The ICD section on
‘Feeding and Eating Disorders’ is broadly consistent with the revised
DSM diagnoses and definitions, including the addition of ARFID. It
has therefore been comprehensively accepted that ARFID occurs
around the world, in people of all ages and from a range of different
cultures. At this stage it seems very likely that it will become a
globally relevant term.
In conclusion therefore, ARFID is a formally recognised, evidence-
informed term. It is not a ‘made-up’ problem, nor something that
does not warrant our attention and ongoing attempts to understand
and manage better. It is certainly the case that there is a long way
to go in relation to early and reliable identification of ARFID, and it
undoubtedly remains relatively poorly understood. This can mean
that people struggle to access the right care and that family
members are left battling their own mounting concern over their
child or loved one. The way ARFID is defined and understood may
well change as knowledge increases. In the future, its name may
even be changed if there is incontrovertible evidence pointing in a
particular direction. For now though, those three cornerstones of
evidence-based practice – research evidence; clinical expertise;
patient values – should also be the three cornerstones of approaches
to generating new evidence. All are equally important.
We are ready now, having considered where ARFID has come
from, to begin to work through our questions.
Chapter 1

What is ARFID?

What is ARFID exactly? What are its key features? Is it always the
same, irrespective of who has it? In this chapter we will discuss the
characteristics of ARFID, in which we will consider the distinctive
nature and essential features of ARFID. It will cover the definition
and diagnostic criteria for ARFID in some detail, as well as give
examples of how different aspects of ARFID are manifested in
everyday life. As this book is primarily intended for parents and
carers of children under the age of 18 years, individuals in this age
range will be used in the examples. However, do remember that this
diagnosis can in theory be given to a person of any age, so that
some of the content of the examples might apply to adults with
ARFID as well. It is helpful to be fully informed about what ARFID is
and what it is not, both in terms of your own understanding of the
nature and extent of your child’s difficulties, but also so that you can
clearly describe specific areas of difficulty and why these are causing
you concern.
If you read the chapter right through, the idea is that should you
need to, you will be able to calmly explain that no, ARFID is not the
same as normal picky or faddy eating. So many parents and carers
describe professionals batting away their concerns with ‘advice’, such
as ‘No need to worry, he’ll grow out of it’, or ‘Maybe if you were a bit
firmer at mealtimes, it would help’, or ‘You just need to make sure
she eats more fruit/vegetables/protein/dairy / [or some food you
know your child is less likely to eat than to fly to the moon and
back]’. Friends and relatives may also not be the pillars of support
you hope they will be. On describing the difficulties they are facing
to those close to them, many parents report being told things like
‘Oh yes, mine is just the same, I can’t get her to eat courgettes at
all…’, or ‘Let me have him for the weekend, we’ll soon sort this out’,
or ‘You’ve always been too soft with them’. Mostly, such suggestions
and comments are not intended to be deliberately hurtful or
unhelpful, and are for the most part likely to be borne out of a
simple lack of knowledge and understanding about ARFID. Being
well-informed yourself is the first step in standing your ground,
helping others to understand, and doing your best as a parent to
ensure your child’s needs are met.
Let’s start with the formal definition of ARFID. As already
mentioned, the American Psychiatric Association was the first to put
forward diagnostic criteria for ARFID in DSM-5 (APA 2013). In this
system, there are four main requirements that have to be met
before it would be appropriate for a clinician to give a formal
diagnosis. The first is the most detailed and we will look at this
carefully. The other three requirements that need to be met are
known as ‘exclusion criteria’. This means that they cover things that
need to be ruled out, that is, things that are clearly not present. If
one or more of these three exclusion criteria is identified, then the
person would not be given an ARFID diagnosis.
The first requirement lies in the name ARFID, which as we have
seen stands for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. There
should therefore clearly be a disturbance of feeding or eating,
characterised by avoidance or restriction of food intake. This
disturbance may be driven by one or more of a number of different
factors. In DSM-5, three examples are given, based on well-
described and well-documented clinical presentations. The first
example is that the avoidance or restriction may stem from a lack of
interest; the second example is that it may stem from sensory-based
avoidance; and the third example is that it may stem from concern
about possible aversive consequences of eating. We will take a
closer look at each of these factors, which may be driving the
avoidance or restriction of food intake, in turn.
 Lack of interest may be present either in relation to eating or in
relation to food in general. Some people find it difficult to make time
to eat or to remember to eat, either because they are fully engaged
in doing more interesting things, or because they simply do not
seem to have a very good sense of hunger and appetite. We will
look at some of the possible reasons behind this apparent lack of
interest in later chapters when we consider correlates (Chapter 2:
Who can develop ARFID?) and causes (Chapter 3: Why does
someone develop ARFID?). Sometimes low interest seems related to
the individual experiencing eating as a chore, or simply not deriving
pleasure or satisfaction from food. This can be hard for many of us
to understand; mostly, we are very aware when we are hungry and
most of us do experience some pleasure and satisfaction in eating,
particularly our favourite foods. Solly’s eating difficulties are an
example of low interest in food and eating being a main driver for
his restricted intake. He would take a very long time over his meals,
often ‘pouching’ food in his cheeks, which is a behaviour often seen
in children who are not particularly motivated to eat.
Solly is a six-year-old boy who lives with his parents and younger brother.
He is a slight child who looks tired and underweight. His parents describe
him as a polite boy who is quite quiet at home and at school. Solly likes to
draw and colour, and can spend long periods amusing himself playing with
his cars. At school, he is said to be well-behaved and does not cause his
teacher any trouble. She has noticed that he is rather shy and reticent,
rarely putting up his hand and happy to be on his own in the playground.
Solly’s feeding had been difficult from the start. He vomited a great deal
from the start and became very unwell. It took a while before his difficulty
was diagnosed as pyloric stenosis (a condition in which food or, as here,
fluid is prevented from passing normally through the stomach into the small
intestine). This was successfully treated by surgery but unfortunately Solly
then came down with a nasty chest infection and again struggled to feed. A
nasogastric tube was inserted and he stayed in hospital for a while with his
mother, who was understandably very worried about him. Over time, she
was able to encourage him to take milk and soft foods by mouth and
eventually the nasogastric tube was removed. When they attended the
clinic with Solly now six years of age, his mother described it as always
having been hard work trying to get him to take enough. She felt that he
had never been that interested in eating.
 Solly struggles with his health on and off, particularly in the winter, being
prone to catching minor coughs and colds. When unwell with these, his
eating tends to deteriorate and his weight gain overall is only just tracking
the lower centiles on his weight chart. He has no other significant medical
conditions of note.
Solly’s parents describe trying to get him to eat enough as requiring a lot
of effort. He will often put off coming to the table, asking to be allowed to
finish playing, or to complete a colouring picture. When at the table he is a
very slow eater, often chewing a mouthful for a very long time and
sometimes holding food in his cheeks. His mother said that she often has to
remind him to swallow so that he will move on to the next mouthful. They
are worried that as he grows older he won’t eat enough to keep himself
healthy. The family doctor has told them that there is nothing physically
wrong with Solly, he just doesn’t seem interested in eating.

The second example of what might be driving the avoidance or

restriction of food intake is that it may be linked to the sensory
characteristics of food and the individual’s particular response to
these. Our senses include touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. In
relation to the sensory properties of food, as well as its taste and
smell, these include its texture, temperature, appearance, colour,
and the noise it makes when we eat it. People with ARFID may only
eat foods of a particular texture, for example only smooth foods, or
only crunchy foods. They might find certain textures extremely off-
putting, to the extent that they experience disgust, and will avoid
these. Mixed texture foods may be refused outright as the tongue
and mouth are required to manage a number of different textures
simultaneously. Yoghurt or orange juice with bits in, or a sandwich
with chicken, mayonnaise and lettuce, are examples of mixed
texture foods. Foods that have touched other foods may be rejected
as texture has been affected. A roast potato that has had some
gravy on one corner or a fish finger with a small amount of baked
bean sauce on one end may be completely refused. There can be a
high ability to detect even very slight changes in texture, leading to
refusal; a chip is too crispy, a piece of toast is too floppy. Some
people will only eat foods at a specific temperature; only straight out
the fridge, or only foods at room temperature, never having eaten
anything warm or hot. Others will refuse anything that does not look
right to them; a black mark on a crisp, a broken biscuit, or an
unevenly shaped piece of breakfast cereal. Many have a strong
preference for preferred foods to be cut or presented in a certain
way. If it does not look right it will not be eaten. Colour preferences
may also be present, with the most common ARFID diet being the
so-called ‘beige diet’. This may include things like biscuits, bread,
crisps, potatoes – usually high carbohydrate foods, but all a bland
colour. It can be difficult to ascertain if this truly avoidance on the
basis of colour, as foods of other colours such as red and green
generally have stronger flavours. Beige foods generally tend to be
less challenging in terms of palatability. However, it is certainly the
case that if you present a true ‘beige-eater’ with a food of a different
colour, this will usually be refused on sight. Some people will
describe rejecting food because of the noise it makes when they bite
or chew it, or when others eat these foods, preferring to stick to
softer foods that do not cause distress in this way. Sensitivity to
smell and taste is often extreme; many people with ARFID can be
thought of as ‘super-sensers’ or ‘super-tasters’. They can detect the
tiniest variations in taste which makes trying to sneak something
into their preferred meals perilous (see further Chapter 5: What can
I do?). They may avoid certain environments, like the school dining
hall or even family mealtimes because they can’t manage the smell
of food and some will carefully smell everything before they put it
near their mouth. Kai’s story is not untypical.
Kai is eight years old. He is an only child who lives with his mother and
grandparents. Kai’s father is not present in his life; his parents were not in a
relationship when his mother became pregnant and she now has no contact
with his father. Kai is described as a stubborn child who knows what he
likes and prefers to be in charge. He is a much loved child and is
particularly attached to his grandfather, who dotes on him. Kai’s mother
finds his behaviour difficult to manage at times as he is so strong willed. Kai
is quite a big child for his age and there is no concern about his weight or
growth.
Kai is very sensitive to smell and will often comment on the smell of
something. This can be anything and anywhere and is not restricted to
food. Kai’s mother said that at times this can be embarrassing, giving
examples of Kai making loud comments about not liking how somebody
 smelt on the bus, and complaining about the smell of another child’s house
when invited to play. He wasn’t invited again. His mother and grandparents
have tried to make a positive thing of this by telling Kai that he is like a
police sniffer dog. Kai would like to be a policeman when he is older and so
is not offended by this. He thinks his ‘sniffing powers’ might come in handy.
Kai’s mother and grandmother describe increasing difficulty with making
sure he is eating properly. Kai puts everything to his nose to smell it before
eating it. He will often put something to one side saying it does not smell
right. He tends to like bland foods and eats a lot of carbohydrates. Kai’s
mother said she has had to stop cooking certain things for herself and her
parents because Kai complains so much about the smell. The family is
unable to go out to eat in all but one pizza restaurant as Kai will complain
about the smell of cooking or other people’s food.
This has also been a problem at school. Initially, when Kai started in the
Reception class, he took in a packed lunch and was allowed to sit away
from the dining hall to eat it. He is now eight years old and his teachers feel
he should be integrating more with his peers. They have noted that his
social interactions are already quite limited. This, combined with a very
limited diet, is causing his mother a great deal of concern.

The third example of what might be driving the avoidance or

restriction of food intake seen in ARFID, is that it may be related to a
concern about unpleasant or feared consequences of eating, for
example, thinking ‘if I eat this, something bad is going to happen’.
The something bad could be related to a fear of vomiting or choking,
worry that it will lead to nausea, discomfort or abdominal pain, or
simply a worry that I won’t like it. In your quest to find out more
about ARFID, you may have come across the terms ‘neophobia’ or
‘food neophobia’. This simply means a fear (phobia) of new (neo)
foods. When you talk to some people about why they won’t try
things outside their comfort zone, some will be able to state clearly
what the reason is. However, many will struggle to come up with
anything specific and will usually end up concluding that the
possibility that they won’t like it is sufficient to put them off
completely. Food neophobia can in this way be considered an
example of avoidance driven by concern about aversive
consequences. Other examples of avoidance of food intake
stemming from fear or concern, can be found in those people who
may have been frightened by an aversive experience (for example, a
choking incident, such as in Emmie’s case below), or those who have
had a medical condition associated with discomfort, such as in Jake’s
case (also below).
Emmie, aged nine, had been excited to go to the cinema with her mother
and best friend Layla. The girls had asked to see a film their classmates had
been talking about. However, the day before the planned trip, one child had
said that the film had a very scary part and Emmie had been worried about
this. Emmie usually felt braver after talking with her father in particular,
when she voiced any worries and fears. On this occasion he was away on
business, and so she came down to talk to her mother when she struggled
to get off to sleep. She never really liked it when her father was away and
although she felt somewhat reassured by her mother, she continued to
worry that the film would be very scary.
On the day, Emmie seemed happy to see Layla and they settled into their
seats, each with a bag of sweets. All seemed to be fine, until at one point in
the film there was an unexpected bang, which caused Emmie to inhale and
a sweet to go down the wrong way. She started to retch and panic and her
mother rushed her to the door of the cinema with an upset Layla in tow.
Emmie coughed up the sweet as they reached the door and started crying
loudly. This made Layla cry as well and Emmie’s mother to become
somewhat cross about the fuss. Emmie was clearly terrified and refused to
go into the cinema saying that she had nearly died. After trying for a while,
Emmie’s mother gave up and took both girls home.
Over the subsequent weeks Emmie displayed significant and mounting
anxiety. In particular she was initially very on edge at mealtimes, paying
attention to every sound and jumping up if she thought she heard anything
untoward. Her parents became increasingly frustrated with her, having done
their best to try to reassure her to no avail. They became even more
concerned when Emmie started to reject all chewy or solid foods; she felt
that she wouldn’t be able to swallow these quickly and easily in case there
was a noise. By the time they came to the clinic, Emmie was avoiding a
large number of foods that she had previously quite happily eaten. Her diet
had become very limited and her weight had dropped. She looked
miserable and unhappy and her parents felt at a loss to know how to get
her back to her old self.
Jake was 11 years old and had recently started secondary school. He was
an active, friendly boy who had done well and been popular at his local
primary school. He had found the much larger secondary school somewhat
daunting, but by the start of his second term there, was beginning to feel
more settled. Unfortunately, towards the end of January there was a small
outbreak of mumps in the school and Jake was the youngest of the pupils
 to come down with it. Mumps is a notifiable disease and the school and
local health care providers took the necessary action. Although Jake had
had his vaccinations, it was explained to his parents that sometimes the
second dose can fail, and a small number of people develop mumps despite
being fully vaccinated. Jake had really been quite poorly with it and had
experienced a lot of pain and discomfort when eating. He had missed quite
a bit of school and when he returned, again felt quite overwhelmed by the
size and unfamiliarity of the environment. He became much more subdued
and developed increasing caution around what he would eat. He was clear
that he felt some things might be too difficult to chew or hurt his throat and
he didn’t want to risk this as everything had been so horrible when he had
mumps. When he attended clinic, Jake was restricted to eating well-cooked
pasta and smooth soups. When these weren’t available on the school lunch
menu, he wasn’t eating anything.

A brief word is perhaps in order here, about what is sometimes

referred to as ‘brand specificity’. This is when the person will only eat
one particular brand of something: for example, they might only
accept one brand of boxed oven fries and refuse other types of
chips. They might restrict themselves to one flavour of one brand of
yoghurt only, or in the case of a child with ARFID, they might
become stuck on one brand of a particular baby food jar that they
have never moved on from despite this no longer being at all age-
appropriate. Many parents of children with ARFID will be familiar
with this particular variant of brand loyalty, and even more familiar
with the sense of dread should the manufacturer change the
packaging. Even small changes in wording or appearance of the
label or lid can result in refusal. Why is this? Is this driven by
sensory preferences or it is driven by fear-based avoidance? It
seems most likely that in many cases it is a combination of the two,
and related to branded, mass-produced, packaged food being
consistent and therefore predictable. The food of the preferred
brand is likely to have become established as an acceptable taste
and texture for the child with ARFID, but if the lid is now purple
instead of green, or there is a different picture or different words on
the packaging, they may sense a real risk that the content will be
completely different. For most children with ARFID, that risk will
simply not be worth taking and so the food will be refused. We will
return to this issue of risk taking in later chapters (Chapter 5: What
can I do? and Chapter 6: What is the best treatment for ARFID?)
when we talk about care; what you can do to help with this and
what treatments seem to work best.
You may have noticed that many of these aspects of eating
behaviour, and the three common drivers of food choices discussed
above (lack of interest; sensory characteristics of food; fear or
concern about aversive consequences of eating), exist on a
continuum. In other words, they may be present in all of us to a
greater or lesser extent. It is not uncommon for our interest in food
and eating to vary depending on our mood or level of pre-occupation
with something. Sometimes our appetite does fluctuate for
emotional reasons as well as due to the length of time since we last
ate or topped up our energy levels. When very excited about
something, some people find it harder to eat (whereas with others it
can have the opposite effect). For example, if someone is engrossed
in a book or in playing a computer game, a mealtime may come and
go. Such fluctuations in interest in eating are normal. Most of us
have likes and dislikes in terms of the taste, texture or smell of
foods. We may all regard some foods as difficult to eat, or
disgusting, for one reason or another, and might be inclined to avoid
them. Again, this is perfectly normal. And which of us hasn’t
approached food cautiously after a bout of vomiting, anxious to
avoid a repeat of having to run to the bathroom? We can almost all
recognise these three examples of drivers of the avoidance or
restriction of food intake in ARFID, so how do we distinguish what is
within the normal range and what is not? This is where the next part
of the first requirement for a diagnosis of ARFID comes in.
Having established that there is avoidance or restriction of food
intake (which may be the result of one or more of the contributing
factors discussed above), the definition of ARFID additionally sets
out that in turn, the limited intake must lead to one or more of four
areas of impairment or interference with health, development or
day-to-day functioning. This is important as one of the distinctions
between normal variants of low interest in food, sensory preferences
and concern around eating, and those present in ARFID, is that the
latter have a significant negative impact. Let’s look briefly at the
areas highlighted in the formal definition of ARFID here, which we
will revisit in more detail in the chapter on consequences (Chapter 4:
What are the consequences of having ARFID?).
As mentioned, four areas of impact are listed, at least one of
which must be present if a formal diagnosis is to be given. Firstly,
there may be a failure to meet the individual’s nutritional needs. This
means that the person with ARFID has such a restricted diet that
they are missing key nutrients in their diet. If they have only been
able to eat a limited range of foods for a while, they may develop
significant nutritional deficiencies. That is, their body is not getting
the vitamins and minerals (the micronutrients) or the full range of
different types of food (the macronutrients, e.g. fat, carbohydrates,
protein) that the human body requires. Inadequate nutrition
associated with nutritional deficiencies is particularly concerning in
children who are in a period of continuing development.
The second area of possible impact of the limited diet is that there
may be a failure to meet the individual’s energy (or calorie) needs.
Here, the person with ARFID may struggle to manage sufficient
amounts of food, or have a preference for foods which do not
contain enough calories to sustain their needs. In children this can
lead to failure to gain weight as expected, weight loss, and/or a
slowing of their growth in terms of height. These are clear markers
that intake is insufficient. Again we will discuss the impact of failure
to meet energy needs in more detail later, when we consider
consequences (in Chapter 4: What are the consequences of having
ARFID?).
The third area of possible impact of the limited intake seen in
ARFID, and listed in the definition, is that the person may be
dependent on nutritional supplements taken by mouth, or dependent
on tube feeding. Growing children should not, as a rule of thumb, be
losing weight. They should also not be left with significant nutritional
deficiencies that are likely to have an adverse effect on their health
and development. When children do become very underweight or
very nutritionally compromised, understandably, concern tends to
rise. If there is a persistent difficulty in encouraging them to increase
the amount or range of foods that they are eating, it may be
suggested that prescribed nutritional supplements are used. These
are usually given in two different ways: orally (via the mouth) or if
that is not possible, via a tube into the stomach, or more rarely into
part of the intestine called the jejunum. If a tube is used to facilitate
dietary intake, this is known as ‘enteral feeding’. When concerns
arise, time frames in children are often much shorter than for adults;
that is, they can get into difficulties with their weight and nutrition
more quickly, as their fat and nutrient stores are generally
proportionately smaller. Children also need adequate nutrition to
ensure healthy development. For this reason, a number of children
with longstanding avoidance and restriction behaviours may have
their food intake supplemented with prescribed fortified drinks or
powders or may be receiving some or the majority of their intake via
a tube. If they are receiving supplements in this way, their weight,
growth, and nutrition may be fine, but this does not mean they do
not have a real difficulty with eating, which needs attention.
These three areas of impact discussed so far, considered together,
mean that someone with ARFID could be underweight, but they
could be in the appropriate weight range, or even above this,
depending on their intake. If someone is limited to a very restricted
but relatively high calorie diet, they may be nutritionally
compromised but not necessarily underweight. In other words, just
because a child is growing normally and their weight is not a
concern, this does not necessarily mean that they do not have
ARFID.
The fourth and final area of impact that may be related to the
avoidant or restrictive intake, and included in the formal definition of
ARFID, is impairment to ‘psychosocial functioning’. This means that
the individual’s day-to-day functioning becomes compromised in
terms of their mental well-being and/or the ability to participate in
normal social interactions. In other words, they may experience
distress or difficulty in managing their emotional experience, and
their relationships may be adversely affected. In children,
impairment to psychological functioning can extend to interference
with family functioning. This can arise as a direct consequence of the
avoidance and restriction of food intake, as ARFID can have a
negative impact on other members of the family as well. Again, we
will look at this in more detail in our discussion of consequences
(Chapter 4: What are the consequences of ARFID?).
At this point, we can summarise what ARFID is, in the form of
Figure 1.1. Information relating to each circle is specified in the first
requirement of the formal definition of ARFID, and needs to be
obtained as part of the process of deciding if a diagnosis is
appropriate. This first requirement essentially states that ARFID is
characterised by avoidance or restriction of food intake, due to a
range of possible underlying reasons (lack of interest; sensory-
based; fear or concern about aversive consequences), which leads to
at least one of the following four things: weight loss (or slowed
weight gain or drop off in rate of growth in children); nutritional
deficiency; dependence on supplements or tube feeds; interference
with day-to-day functioning. In reality, the majority of children with
ARFID will have one or more of these, with energy needs and/or
nutritional needs typically not met.

Figure 1.1 What ARFID is

We now need to turn our attention to the conditions that might

mean we are not talking about ARFID: the exclusion criteria. In the
formal definition of ARFID, the first of the three exclusion criteria
states that the avoidance or restriction should not be due to lack of
available food, or due to a practice that is considered culturally
normal. For example, if a child has a very restricted diet because the
family only has a very narrow range of things to eat in the home, we
would not necessarily describe the child as having a feeding or
eating difficulty. Similarly, if someone is avoiding foods as part of a
religious observance, or other common practice in their community,
this would not be considered a feeding or eating disorder. The
second of the three exclusion considerations is that the avoidance or
restriction of food intake does not stem primarily from concerns
about weight or shape, such as is the case in anorexia nervosa or
bulimia nervosa. If the main driver for limited intake is the desire to
be thinner or to lose weight, then considering a diagnosis of
anorexia or bulimia nervosa might be more appropriate. By
definition, individuals with ARFID do not restrict their intake for
these reasons. As we have seen, there are a range of other reasons
behind the avoidance.
The third and final exclusion consideration is that the avoidance or
restriction of food intake should not be better explained by another
active medical condition that would make it difficult for anyone to
eat. This might include, for example, a number of neurological
problems which affect the ability to chew and swallow, or a
gastrointestinal condition associated with severe food intolerances
and malabsorption. In the presence of such conditions it may
however still be possible for someone to develop ARFID; if their
eating difficulties are over and above those that might be usually be
expected under the circumstances and all the diagnostic criteria are
met, then an additional diagnosis of ARFID may prove appropriate.
It is often the case that children who have had a very difficult start
in terms of their medical history, which has resulted in them needing
assistance with their feeding, may be left with persistent eating
difficulties long after there is any physical reason for this. Thus it is
possible to develop ARFID in the context of other medical conditions,
but these should not the main reason for the eating disturbance at
the time ARFID may be being considered. Solly, who we have
already met, is an example of this. He had a significant history of
medical problems and related feeding difficulties earlier in life, but
these persisted long after his physical health improved.
 This final exclusion criterion also includes the requirement that the
avoidance or restriction of food intake should not be better explained
by another mental disorder. Perhaps the most straightforward
examples are when someone has a significant, severe depression, or
where the person is experiencing distressing delusional beliefs. We
know that depression is often associated with appetite loss which
can affect eating behaviour and cause weight loss. However, unlike
in ARFID, appetite tends to pick up again with improvements in
mood, with eating also returning to normal. Someone with a
delusional belief, for example, that they are an animal, may only eat
foods they think that animal should eat. Again, this change in eating
behaviour is probably better explained by their impaired relationship
with reality. As this improves, eating difficulties are likely to settle. A
distinction is usually made between such examples of eating
disturbance consistent with an acute episode of another mental
disorder and ARFID. However, as with the consideration relating to
medical conditions, it is possible that someone might develop ARFID
in the context of another mental disorder. As long as all the
diagnostic criteria for ARFID are met, and the eating difficulty is over
and above what might be expected taking everything into account
and requires treatment in its own right, then an additional diagnosis
of ARFID may be warranted.
We can now add the exclusion considerations to our diagram, as
in Figure 1.2. Taken together the circles represent what ARFID is –
with one or more of the ring of four areas of impact required to be
present – and the squares are the considerations or exclusion criteria
that might mean this diagnosis is not appropriate.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 P. 130, l. 28: James.—Mss. A 8, 15 à 17: Jaques. Fº 121 vº.
P. 130, l. 28: Audelée.—Mss. A 8, 9, 15 à 17, 23 à 33: Andelée.
Fº 121 vº.
P. 130, l. 29: Wettevale.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Westevalle. Fº 135 vº.
P. 130, l. 29: Bietremieus de Brues.—Mss. A 15 à 17, 23 à 33:
Berthelemi de Brunes. Fº 135 vº.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Bertholomieu de
Brunis. Fº 195 vº.
P. 130, l. 31: nommer.—Les mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18, 19 ajoutent:
singulierement. Fº 134.
P. 130, l. 32: Oulphars.—Mss. A 11 à 14: Oulfas. Fº 128 vº.
P. 131, l. 14: gras.—Mss. A 15 à 17: cras. Fº 135 vº.—Mss. A 8, 9,
11 à 14: grans. Fº 122.
P. 131, l. 27: voiage.—Les mss. A 15 à 17 ajoutent: Et pour certain
vous et nous tous en vauldrons mieulx, car nous y trouverons or,
argent, vivres et tous autres biens à grant plenté. Fº 135 vº.—Ms. B
6: car il n’i a rien, fontainne ne rivière où jou n’ay esté voller de mes
oisieaulx; et congnois tous les pasages par où on puelt entrer ne
yssir en Normendie. Fº 295.

§ 255. P. 131, l. 28: Li rois d’Engleterre.—Ms. d’Amiens: Li roys de

Franche estoit bien enfourmés de l’arivée le roy englès et dou grant
appareil qu’il avoit fait, mès il ne savoit de quel part il vorroit ariver.
Si avoit garnis tous ses pors de mer et partout envoiiéz gens
d’armes. Et avoit envoiiet son connestable le comte de Ghines et le
comte cambrelent de Tamkarville, qui nouvellement estoit revenu
d’Agillon, à grant fuisson de gens d’armes, en Normendie, qui se
tenoient en le bonne ville de Kem. Et avoit envoiiet l’un de ses
marescaux, monseigneur Robert Bertran, en Constentin, à grant
fuisson de gens d’armez, car il supposoit que messires Godeffroys
de Halcourt poroit bien amenner les Englès celle part. Et avoit
envoiiet à Harflues monseigneur Godemar dou Fay à grant fuisson
de gens d’armes, et li avoit recargiet toutte celle marche mouvant de
Harfluez tant c’à Kalais. Tant singla li roys englèz qu’il ariva à
l’entrée d’aoust en l’ille que on claimme Grenesie, à l’encontre de
Normendie, et se tient celle terre françoise; si le trouva plaine et
grasse durement, et y sejourna sept jours, et l’ardi et essilla tout. Là
eut consseil li roys que il se trairoit en Normendie, et premiers ou
boin pays de Constentin. Si ordonnèrent leurs vaissiaux et leur navie
et rentrèrent ens, et tournèrent lez voilles deviers le Hoge Saint Vast,
assés priès de Saint Sauveur le Visconte, où li marescaux de
Franche estoit à bien deux mil combatans. Tant singla la navie au
roy englès qu’il arivèrent en le Hoge Saint Vast le jour de le
Madelainne, l’an mil trois cens quarante six.
Quant messires Robers Bertrans, marescaux de Franche, entendi
que li roys englèz avoit ars et essilliéz l’ille de Grenesie et pris le fort
castiel qui y estoit, et volloit ariver en Normendie, si manda par
touttez les garnisons gens d’armes et compaignons pour deffendre
et garder le pays, si comme ordonné et coummandé de par le roy li
estoit. Et fist sen asamblée à Saint Salveur, qui solloit estre au
dessus dit monseigneur Godefroy de Halcourt, mès li roys de
Franche li avoit tolut et toutte se terre ossi; et se mist as camps et
dist que il veeroit au roy englèz le passaige. Si avoit li dis marescaux
de Franche adonc avoecq lui pluisseurs chevaliers et escuiers de
Normendie, dou Maine, dou Perce, de le comté d’Allenchon. Si se
ordonnèrent li Franchois bien et hardiement par le fait de leur
souverain, seloncq le marinne, et missent tout devant chiaux qui
archiers et arbalestriers estoient. Quant li roys englès et se navie
durent ariver, il trouvèrent cel encontre. Là fist li roys englès le
prinche de Gallez, son fil, chevalier, et le recoumanda à deux des
milleurs chevalierz de son host, le seigneur de Stanfort, qui revenus
estoit nouvellement de Gascoingne et dou comte Derbi, et
monseigneur Renart de Gobehem. Et puis coummanda li roys à
ordonner les archers seloncq le marine et de prendre terre. Dont
s’aroutèrent vaissiel, chacuns qui mieux mieux. Là estoient li
Franchois qui bien s’aquittoient d’iaux veer et deffendre le passaige;
et y eut dur hustin et fort malement, et dura li trais moult longement.
Fº 89.
 —Ms. de Rome: En ce jour estoit amirauls de la mer et institués
de par le roi et son consel, li contes de Warvich, et connestables, li
sires de Biaucamp, et marescauls, mesires Thomas de Hollandes, et
mestres cambrelens d’Engleterre, li contes de Honstidonne. Et avoit
li rois d’Engleterre en celle flote et route quatre mille hommes
d’armes et douse mille archiers. Adonc furent les nefs tournées au
conmandement et ordenance dou roi, au lés deviers Normendie; et
tantos il orent si plain vent que à droit souhet il euissent assés
perdu, et prissent terre en l’ille de Coustentin, en la Hoge Saint Vast.
Dont messires Godefrois de Harcourt estoit si resjois de ce que il
veoit que il enteroient en Normendie, que de joie il ne s’en pooit
ravoir, et disoit bien: «Nous enterons ou plus cras pais dou monde,
ou plus plentiveus, et si en ferons nostre volenté, car ce sont simples
gens qui ne scèvent que c’est de gerre.» Fº 110.
P. 132, l. 9 et p. 133, l. 1: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

§ 256. P. 133, l. 7: Quant la navie.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant li

vaissiaux le roy englès deut approchier terre, il, de grande vollenté,
se mist à deus piés le bort de se nef et s’esquella tous armés et sailli
à terre. Ad ce qu’il sailli, li ungs de ses piés li glicha, et chei trop
durement en dens sus le sablon, tant que li sans li volla hors dou
viaire. Adonc le prissent li chevalier qui dallés lui estoient, et li
dissent: «Sire, sire, rentrés en vostre nef; vous n’avés que faire de
traire avant pour combattre. Nous ferons bien ceste journée sans
vous. Che que vous estez cheus et si dur blechiés, nous esbahist
grandement, et le tenons à mauvais signe.» Adonc respondi li roys
et dist à ses chevaliers qui ces parollez li avoient dittez: «Signeur,
signeur, il n’est miez enssi, mais est ungs très bons signez, car la
terre me desire et connoist que je sui ses sirez naturelx. Pour ce a
elle pris de mon sanc. Alons avant, ou nom de Dieu et de saint
Jorge, et requerons nos ennemis.» De le responsce dou roy furent
chil qui dallés lui estoient, tout sollet, et dissent entr’iaux que il se
confortoit grandement de soy meysmez. Touttesfois il se tinrent là
tant que il fust estanciés, et entroes se combattoient li autre. Là eut
bataille dure et forte, et dura moult longement. Et prendoient li
Englèz terre à grant meschief; car li Franchois leur estoient au
devant, qui lez traioient et berssoient, et en navrèrent de
coumencement pluisseurs, ainschois que il pewissent ariver.
Touttesfois, li archier d’Engleterre moutepliièrent si, et tant
ouniement traioient, que il efforcièrent les Normans qui là estoient, et
les reculèrent. Et prissent terre premierement li princes de Gallez et
se bataille, et puis messires Godeffroit de Halcourt et li comtez de
Sufforch, qui estoit marescaux de l’ost. Là furent li Franchois reculet,
et ne peurent tenir plache, et mis à desconfiture. Et y fu messires
Robers Bertrans durement navrés, et uns siens fils, uns juenez et
mout appers chevaliers, mors, et pluisseurs autrez. Et vous di que
se li Englès ewissent eu lors chevaux, qui encorres estoient en lors
vaissiaux, jà homs ne s’en fuist partis, que il n’ewissent esté ou mors
ou pris. A grant dur et à grant meschief se sauva li marescaux de
France.
Apriès celle desconfiture, ariva li roys englès et tout sen host
paisieulement en le Hoge Saint Vast, et se tinrent là sus les camps
quatre jours en descargant leur navie, et en ordonnant leurs
besoingnes et en regardant quel part il se trairoient. Si fu enssi
conssilliet que il partiraient leur host en trois pars; et yroit li une des
parties par mer pour ardoir et essillier le pays seloncq le marinne, là
où il avoit plenté de cras pays et plentiveus et grant fuisson de
bonnes villez, et prenderoient touttez lez naves et les vaissiaux qu’il
trouveroient sus les frontierrez de le marine. Et li roys et li prinches,
ses filz, yroient à tout une grosse bataille par terre, gastant et
essillant le pays, et li doy marescal, li comtez de Sufforch et
messires Godeffrois de Harcourt, à cinq cens hommez à cheval et
deux mil archiers, reprenderoient l’autre léz de le terre, et
chevaucheroient un autre chemin, et revenroient touttez les nuis en
l’ost le roy englès, leur seigneur. Chil qui s’en allèrent par mer, che
furent: messires Richart de Stamfort, messires Renaux de Gobehen,
li sirez de Ros, li sire de le Ware, messires Loeis de Biaucamp,
messires Jehans Camdos, messires Edouwart de Clifort, li sirez de
Willebi et messires Thoumas de Felleton et pluisseurs aultrez.
Chil chevalier et leurs gens, qui s’en aloient par mer seloncq le
marinne, prendoient touttes les naves, petittez et grandes, qu’il
trouvoient, et les enmenoient avoecq yaux. Archiers et gens de piet
aloient de piet seloncq le marinne d’encoste yaux, et reuboient et
ardoient villettez, enssi qu’il lez trouvoient. Et tant allèrent et chil de
terre et chil de mer que il vinrent à un bon port de mer et à une moult
forte ville que on claimme Blarefleu, et le concquissent, car li
bourgois se rendirent à yaux pour doubtance de mort; mès pour ce
ne demoura mies que toutte la ville ne fust reubée, et pris or et
argent et chiers jeuiaux, car il en trouvèrent si grant plenté que
garchon n’avoient cure de draps fourréz de vair, ne de couvretoirs,
ne de telz coses. Et fissent tous les hommes de le ville yssir hors, et
monter en naves et aller avoecq yaux, pour ce qu’il ne volloient mies
que ces gens se pewissent rassambler, quant il seroient oultre
passet, pour yaux grever. Fº 89.
—Ms. de Rome: Qant li rois Edouwars d’Engleterre, qui pour lors
estoit en la flour de sa jonèce, ot pris terre en la Hoge Saint Vast, en
l’ille de Coustentin, et que tout[e] la navie fu aroutée, et toutes gens
issoient de lors vassiaus et saloient sus le sabelon, car la mer estoit
retraite, li rois, qui estoit de grant volenté, mist son piet sur le bort de
sa nef et salli oultre sus la terre; et à ce que il fist son sault, li piés li
gliça et chei si roit sus le sabelon que li sans li vola hors dou nés à
grant randon. Donc dissent li chevalier qui dalés li estoient: «Sire,
retraiiés vous en vostre navie. Vechi un povre et petit
signe.»—«Pourquoi? respondi li rois, mais est li signes très bons,
car la terre me desire.» De ceste response se contentèrent et
resjoirent moult grandement tout chil qui l’oirent. Et issirent, petit à
petit, les Englois hors de la navie, et se logièrent là environ au
mieuls que il porent. Et qant toutes les nefs furent descargies, le rois
d’Engleterre eut consel que on les garniroit de gens d’armes et
d’archiers, et poursievroient tous jours la marine; et puis orent consel
conment il chevauceroient. Il ordonnèrent lors gens en trois batailles,
de quoi li une cemineroit d’un lés, costiant la marine, et la bataille de
l’avant garde chevauceroit sus le pais à destre, et li rois en milieu de
ces batailles; et devoit, toutes les nuis, la bataille des marescaus
retraire ou logeis dou roi. Si conmencièrent à cevauchier et à aler
ces batailles, ensi que ordonné estoient. Chil qui s’en aloient par
mer, selonch la marine, prendoient toutes les naves petites et
grandes que il trouvoient, et les enmenoient avoecques euls.
Archiers et honmes de piet aloient costiant la mer, et prendoient et
enportoient devant euls tout che que il trouvoient. Et tant alèrent et
chil de mer et chil de terre, que il vinrent à un bon port de mer et une
forte ville que on clainme Barflues, et entrèrent dedens; car li
bourgois se rendirent pour le doubtance de mort, mais li chastiaus
n’eut garde, car il est trop fors. Et pour ce ne demora pas que la ville
ne fust courue et roubée de tout ce de bon que il i trouvèrent; et i
trouvèrent or et argent à grant plenté, et [de] lor butin et pillage, il
cargoient lors vassiaus; et fissent entrer en lors vassiaus tous les
honmes aidables de la ville, et les enmenèrent avoecques euls, afin
que ils ne se requellaissent et mesissent ensamble et les
poursievissent. Fº 110 vº.
P. 133, l. 10 et 11: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

P. 133, l. 27: sus leur navie.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14: sur le rivage.

Fº 135.
P. 133, l. 28: quatre cens.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18 à 22: trois
cens. Fº 135.
P. 133, l. 31: serrant.—Ms. A 8: suiant. Fº 122 vº.—Mss. A 15 à
17: suivant. Fº 136 vº.
P. 134, l. 13: Barflues.—Mss. A 7, 15 à 17: Barfleu. Fº 129 vº.—
Mss. A 11 à 14: Barefleu. Fº 129 vº.—Ms. A 8: Harfleus. Fº 122 vº.—
Mss. A 1 à 6, 18 à 33: Harefleu, Harfleu. Fº 135.
P. 134, l. 15: reubée.—Ms. B 6: car elle n’estoit point framée. Sy
fut toute pillie et arse et destruite, et l’avoir mis ès nefs. Et en
estoient les gouverneurs le conte de Hostidonne et messire Jehan
de Beaucamp. Fº 296.

§ 257. P. 134, l. 24: Apriès ce que.—Ms. d’Amiens: Apriès ce que

la grosse ville de Barefleu fu prise et robée, il allèrent et
s’espandirent aval le pays seloncq le marinne, et faisoient touttes
leurs vollenté[s], car il ne trouvoient nul homme qui leur veast. Et
allèrent tant qu’il vinrent à une bonne ville et riche et grant port de
mer que on claimme Chierebourch, et le prissent et le robèrent en tel
mannierre qu’il avoient fait Barefleu. Et puisedi en tel mannierre il
fissent de Montebourc, d’Avaloingne et touttes autrez bonnes villez
qu’il trouvèrent là en celle marce; et gaegnièrent si grant tresor qu’il
n’avoient cure de draps ne de jeuiaux, tant fuissent bon, fors d’or et
d’argent seullement. Apriès, il vinrent à une moult grosse ville et bien
fremée et fort castiel que on claimme Quarentin, là où il i avoit grant
fuison de saudoiiers et de gens d’armes de par le roy de Franche.
Adonc descendirent li seigneur et les gens d’armes de leurs naves,
et vinrent devant le ville de Quarentin et l’assaillirent fortement et
vistement. Quant li bourgois virent chou, il eurent grant paour de
perdre corps et avoir; si se rendirent sauf leurs corps, leurs femmes
et leurs enfans, maugret lez gens d’armes et lez saudoiiers qui
avoecq yaux estoient, et missent leur avoir à vollenté, car il savoient
bien qu’il estoit perdu davantaige. Quant li saudoiier virent che, il se
traissent par deviers le castiel qui estoit mout fors, et chil seigneur
d’Engleterre ne veurent mies laissier le castiel enssi. Si se traissent
en le ville, puis fissent asaillir au dit castiel deux jours si fortement,
que chil qui dedens estoient et qui nul secours ne veoient, le
rendirent, sauf leurs corps et leur avoir; si s’en partirent et en allèrent
autre part. Et li Englèz fissent leur vollentés de celle bonne ville et
dou fort castiel, et regardèrent qu’il ne le pooient tenir. Si l’ardirent et
abatirent, et fissent les bourgois de Quarentin entrer ens ès naves,
et allèrent avoecq yaux, enssi qu’il avoient fait les autres. Or
parlerons ottant bien de le chevaucie le roy englès que nous advons
parlet de ceste. Fº 89 vº.
—Ms. de Rome: Apriès que la ville de Barflues fu prise et robée
sans ardoir, il s’espardirent parmi le pais, selonch la marine, et i
fissent grant partie de lors volentés, car il ne trouvoient honme qui
lor deveast; et ceminèrent tant que il vinrent jusques à une bonne
ville, grose et rice, et port de mer, qui se nonme Chierebourch. Si en
ardirent et reubèrent une partie, mais dedens le castiel il ne peurent
entrer, car il le trouvèrent trop fort et bien pourveu de bonnes gens
d’armes et arbalestriers, qui s’i estoient bouté pour le garder, de la
conté d’Evrues, qui pour lors estoit hiretages au roi de Navare. Si
passèrent oultre les Englois et vinrent à Montbourch, et de là à
Valongne. Si le prisent et robèrent toute, et puis l’ardirent et
parellement grant fuisson de villes et de hamiaus en celle contrée, et
conquissent si fier et si grant avoir, que mervelles seroit à penser. Et
puis vinrent à une aultre bonne ville, seans sus mer, que on dist
Qarentin, et i a bon chastiel et tout au roi de Navare, et de la conté
d’Evrues. Qant il parfurent venu jusques à là, il trouvèrent la ville
close et assés bien fremée et pourveue de gens d’armes et de
saudoiiers: si se ordonnèrent les Englois pour le asallir, et i livrèrent
de venue très grant assaut. Qant li bourgois de Quarentin veirent ce,
il orent grant paour de perdre corps et avoir. Si se rendirent, salve
lors corps, lors fenmes et lors enfans, vosissent ou non les gens
d’armes et les saudoiiers qui dedens estoient, liquel se retraissent
ou chastiel, et là dedens s’encloirent. Les Englois entrèrent en la
ville de Quarentin et s’i rafresquirent, et ne vorrent pas laissier le
chastiel derrière, mais le alèrent tantos asallir de grant volenté, et
furent deux jours par devant. Qant li compagnon qui ou chastiel
estoient, veirent que point les Englois ne passeroient oultre, et
mettoient lor entente à euls prendre de force, et ne venoient secours
ne delivrance de nulle part, si doubtèrent à tout perdre et tretièrent
as Englois, et le rendirent, salve lors corps et lors biens. Qant li
signeur se veirent au desus de Quarentin, de la ville et dou castiel, il
regardèrent que il ne le poroient tenir. Si le ardirent et
desemparèrent tout, et fissent les honmes aidables et de deffense
de Qarentin entrer en lor navie, ensi que ceuls de Barflues, et les
enmenèrent avoecques euls, par quoi il ne se aunassent sus le pais
et lor portaissent damage. Et ensi avoient il pris les honmes de
Chierebourc, de Montebourc et des aultres villes voisines. Et fu tous
li pais pilliés, courus et robés, selonc la marine, et avoient cargiet lor
navie de si grant avoir de draps, de pennes, de lainnes, de fillés et
de vassielle que mervelles estoit à penser. Or parlerons nous
otretant bien de la cevauchie le roi d’Engleterre, que nous avons
parlé de ceste. Fº 111.
P. 134, l. 30: Chierebourc.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14: Chierbourc.
Fº 135.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Chierbourch. Fº 197.—Mss. A 15 à 19:
Chierebourc. Fº 136 vº.—Mss. A 23 à 33: Chierebourg. Fº 155.—
Mss. A 8, 9: Cherebourc. Fº 122 vº.—Ms. A 7: Chierebourch.
Fº 129 vº.
P. 135, l. 3: Montebourch et Valoigne.—Mss. A 7, 8, 9, 15 à 17:
Montebourch ou Montebourc Davalongne. Fº 129 vº.—Mss. A 18,
19: Montebourch Davaloigne. Fº 138 vº.—Mss. A 20 à 22:
Montbourch Davalonne. Fº 197.—Mss. A 23 à 29: Montebourg
Danalongne. Fº 155.—Mss. A 30 à 33: Montebourg de Valongnes.
Fº 182.—Les mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, ne font pas mention de
Valognes.
P. 135, l. 8: grosse ville.—Ms. B 6: qui est au roy de Navare.
Fº 297.
P. 135, l. 9: Quarentin.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14: Karentin. Fº 135.—
Mss. A 7, 8, 9: Qarentain. Fº 129 vº.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Carentain.
Fº 136 vº.—Mss A 18, 19: Carentan. Fº 138 vº.—Mss. A 20 à 33:
Carenten. Fº 197.
P. 135, l. 16 à 18: avoir... et misent.—Mss. A 1 à 7, 11 à 14, 18,
19, 23 à 33: avoir, leurs femmes et leurs enffans. Malgré les gens
d’armes et les souldoiers qui avec eulx estoient, ilz mistrent...
Fº 135. Voir aussi Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

§ 258. P. 136, l. 8: Quant li rois.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant li roys

Edouars eut envoiiés ses gens seloncq le marinne, enssi comme
vous avés oy, il se parti de Hoges Saint Vast en Coustentin et fist
monseigneur Godeffroy de Harcourt, marescal de l’host, gouvreneur
et conduiseur, pour tant qu’il savoit toutez les entrées et yssues dou
pays, liquelx prist cinq cens armures de fer et deux mil archiers, et
se parti dou roy et de son ost, et alla bien six ou sept lieuwez loing
enssus de l’host, ardant et essillant le pays. Si trouvèrent le pays
cras et plentiveux de touttes coses, les grainges plainnes de bleds,
les maisons plainnes de touttes rikèches, riches bourgois, kars,
karettes et chevaux, pourchiaux, moutons et les plus biaux bues del
monde que on nourist ens ou pays; si les prendoient et amenoient
en l’ost le roy, quel part qu’il se logast le nuit, mès il ne delivroient
mies as gens le roy l’or et l’argent qu’il trouvoient, ainschois le
retenoient pour yaux. Enssi cheuvauchoit li dis messires Godeffrois,
comme marescaux, chacun jour d’encoste le grant host le roy, au
destre costet, et revenoit au soir o toutte se compaignie, là où il
savoit que ly roys se devoit logier, et telx fois estoit qu’il demouroit
deux jours, quant il trouvoient cras pays et assés à gaegnier. Si prist
li roys son chemin et son charoy deviers Saint Leu en Coustentin.
Mais ainschois qu’il y parvenist, il se loga sus une rivierre trois jours,
atendans ses gens qui avoient fait le chevauchie seloncq le marinne,
enssi comme vous avés oy. Quant il furent revenut et il eurent tout
leur avoir mis à voiture, li comtes de Warvich, li comtez de Sufforch,
li sires de Stanfort, messires Renaux de Gobehen, messires
Thummas de Hollandez, messire Jehans Camdos et pluisseur autre
reprissent le chemin à senestre, à tout cinq cens armures de fer et
deux mil archiers, et ardoient et couroient le pays, enssi que
messires Ghodeffroit de Halcourt faisoit d’autre costé; et tous les
soirs revenoient en l’ost le roy, voir[e]s se il ne trouvoient leur prouffit
à faire trop grandement. Fos 89 vº et 90.
—Ms. de Rome: Qant li rois d’Engleterre ot envoiiet ses gens
costiant la marine, par le consel de mesire Godefroi de Harcourt, et
chil se furent mis au cemin, assés tos apriès il se departi de la Hoge
Saint Vast, là où il avoit pris terre, et fist monsigneur Godefroi de
Harcourt conduiseur de toute son hoost, pour tant que il savoit les
entrées et les issues de la duccé de Normendie. Liquels messires
Godefrois, conme uns des marescaus, se departi dou roi, à cinq
cens armeures de fier et deus mille archiers, et chevauça bien siis
ou sept lieues en sus de l’hoost le roi, ardant et essillant le pais. Se
le trouvèrent cras, et plentiveuse la contrée de toutes coses, les
gragnes plainnes de bleds, les hostels raemplis de toutez ricoises,
buefs et vaces les plus cras et mieuls nouris dou monde, brebis,
moutons et pors aussi. Tant trouvoient à fouragier que il n’en
savoient que faire. Si prendoient les Englois de tous ces biens à lor
volenté et le demorant laissoient, et s’esmervilloient des grans
recoises et des biens que ils trouvoient près; et de ce bestail il en
avoient assés tant que il voloient, et en envoioient encores grant
fuisson en l’oost le roi, dont il estoient servi. Ensi cevauçoit messires
Godefrois de Harcourt, casqun jour, dou costé le grant hoost le roi,
au destre costé, et revenoient le soir et toute sa compagnie, là où il
sçavoit que li rois devoit logier; et tèle fois estoit que il demoroit deux
jours, qant il trouvoit bien à fourer. Et prist li rois son charoi et son
cemin deviers Saint Lo le Coustentin, mais ançois que il parvenist
jusques à là, il se loga trois jours sus une rivière, atendans ses gens
qui avoient fait la cevauchie sus la marine, ensi que vous avés oy.
Qant il furent revenu, et il orent tout lor avoir mis à voiture, li contes
de Sufforc, li contes de Warvich, messires Renauls de Gobehen et
messires Thomas de Hollande reprissent le cemin à senestre,
ardans et assillans le pais, ensi que messires Godefrois de Harcourt
faisoit à destre. Et li rois chevauçoit entre ces deus èles; et tous les
soirs se trouvoient ensamble, et ceminoient à si grant loisir que il
n’aloient le jour que deus ou trois lieues dou plus. Fº 111 vº.
P. 136, l. 19: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

P. 137, l. 4: Saint Leu.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14: Saint Lou.

Fº 135 vº.—Mss. A 23 à 33: Saint Lo. Fº 155 vº.

§ 259. P. 137, l. 15: Ensi par les Englès.—Ms. d’Amiens: Ensi par
les Englès estoit ars et essilliés, robéz et pilliéz li bons pays et li cras
de Normendie. Ces nouvelles vinrent au roy de France qui se tenoit
à Paris, coumment li roys englès estoit en Constentin et gastoit tout
devant lui. Dont dist li roys que jammais ne retourroient li Englèz, si
aroient estet combatu, et les destourbiers et anois qu’il faisoient à
ses gens, rendus. Si fist li roys lettrez escripre à grant fuison, et
envoya premierement deviers ses bons amis de l’Empire, pour ce
qu’il li estoient plus lontain, au gentil et noble roy de Behaingne, et
ossi à monseigneur Charlon de Behaingne, son fil, qui s’appelloit
roys d’Allemaingne, et l’estoit par l’ayde et pourkas dou roy Carlon,
son père, dou roy de Franche, et avoit jà encargiet lez armes de
l’Empire. Si les pria li roys de Franche si acertes que oncques peult,
que il venissent o tout leur effort, car il volloit aller contre les Englès
qui li ardoient son pays. Chil dessus dit seigneur ne se veurent mies
excuzer, ains fissent leur amas de gens d’armes allemans,
behaignons et luzenboursins, et s’en vinrent deviers le roy
efforchiement. Ossi escripsi li roys au duc de Lorainne, qui le vint
servir à plus de quatre cens lanchez. Et y vint li comtez de Saumes
en Saumois, li comtez de Salebrugez, li comtez Loeys de Flandres, li
comtez Guillaumme de Namur, chacuns à moult belle routte.
Encorrez escripsi li roys et manda especialment monseigneur Jehan
de Haynnau, qui nouvellement s’estoit aloiiés à lui par le pourkas
dou comte Loeys de Blois, son fil, et dou seigneur de Faignoelles. Si
vint li dis chevaliers, messires Jehans de Haynnau, servir le roy
moult estoffeement et à grant fuisson de bonne bachelerie de
Haynnau et d’ailleurs. Dont li roys eult grant joie de sa venue, et le
retint pour son corps et de son plus privet et especial consseil. Li
roys de Franche manda tout partout gens d’armes là où il lez pooit
avoir, et fist une des grandez et des grossez assambléez de grans
seigneurs et de chevaliers, qui oncques ewist estet en Franche, ne à
Tournay, ne ailleurs. Et pour ce que il mandoit ensi tout partout gens
et en lontains pays, il ne furent mies sitos venu ne assamblé;
ainchoys eut li roys englèz mout mal menet le pays de Constentin,
de Normendie et de Pikardie, enssi comme vous oréz recorder chi
enssuiwant. Fº 90.
—Ms. de Rome: Ensi, en ce temps dont je parole, que on compta
en l’an de grasce mil trois cens et quarante siis, fu gastés et essilliés
li bons pais et li cras de Normendie, de quoi les plaintes grandes et
dolereuses en vinrent au roi Phelippe de Valois, qui se tenoit ens ou
palais à Paris. Et li fu dit: «Sire, li rois d’Engleterre est arivés en
Coustentin à poissance de gens d’armes et d’archiers, et vient tout
essillant et ardant le pais, et sera temprement à Can, et tout ce
cemin li fait faire messires Godefrois de Harcourt. Il faut que vous i
pourveés.»—«Par m’ame et par mon corps, respondi li rois,
voirement i sera pourveu.» Lors furent mis clers en oevre pour
lettres escrire à pooir, et sergans d’armes et messagiers envoiiés
partout [deviers] signeurs et tenavles de la couronne de France. Li
bons rois de Boesme ne fu pas oubliiés à mander, ne mesires Carles
ses fils, qui jà s’escripsoit rois d’Alemagne, quoi que Lois de Baivière
fust encores en vie. Mais par la promotion de l’Eglise et auquns
eslisseurs de l’empire de Ronme, on avait esleu Carle de Boesme à
estre rois d’Alemagne et emperères de Ronme; car li Baiviers estoit
jà tous viels, et aussi il n’avoit pas fait à la plaisance des Ronmains,
ensi que il est escript et contenu ichi desus en l’istore. Si furent
mandé li dus de Lorrainne, li contes de Salebruce, li contes de
Namur, li contes de Savoie et messires Lois de Savoie, son frère, le
conte de Genève et tous les hauls barons, dont li rois devoit ou
pensoit à estre servis. Et aussi [fu escript] as honmes des chités,
des bonnes villes, des prevostés, bailliages, chastelleries et mairies
dou roiaulme de France, que tout honme fuissent prest. Et lor
estoient jour asignet, là où casquns se deveroit traire et faire sa
moustre, car il voloit aler combatre les Englois, liquel estoient entré
en son roiaume. Tout chil qui mandé et escript furent, se pourveirent
et s’estofèrent de tout ce que à euls apertenoit, et ne fu pas sitos
fait. Avant eurent les Englois cevauchiet, ars et essilliet moult dou
roiaulme de France.
Si furent ordonné de par le roi et son consel, sitos que les
nouvelles furent venues que li rois d’Engleterre estoit arivés en
Coustentin, mesires Raouls, contes d’Eu et de Ghines et
connestables de France, et li contes de Tanqarville, cambrelenc de
France, à cevauchier quoitousement en Normendie, et li traire en la
bonne ville de Can, et là asambler sa poissance de gens d’armes et
faire frontière contre les Englois. Et lor fu dit et conmandé, tant que il
amoient lor honneur, que il se pourveissent, tellement que les
Englois ne peuissent passer la rivière d’Ourne qui court à Can et
s’en va ferir en la mer. Chil signeur obeirent et dissent que il en
feroient lor pooir et lor devoir, et se departirent en grant arroi de
Paris et s’en vinrent à Roem, et là sejournèrent quatre jours, en
atendant gens d’armes qui venoient de tous lés, et puis s’en
departirent; car il entendirent que li rois d’Engleterre estoit venus
jusques à Saint Lo le Coustentin. Et cevauchièrent oultre et vinrent à
Can, et là s’arestèrent et fissent lors pourveances telles que elles
apertiennent à faire à gens d’armes qui se voellent acquiter et
combatre lors ennemis. Encores fu escrips et mandés dou roi
Phelippe messires Jehans de Hainnau, qui s’estoit tournés François,
ensi que vous savés. Si vint servir le roi moult estofeement et bien
accompagniés de chevaliers et d’esquiers de Hainnau et de Braibant
et de Hasbain, et se contenta grandement li rois Phelippes de sa
venue. Si venoient et aplouvoient gens d’armes, de toutes pars, pour
servir le roi de France et le roiaulme, les auquns qu’il i estoient tenu
par honmage, et les aultres pour gaegnier lors saudées et deniers.
Si ne porent pas sitos chil des lontainnes marces venir que fissent li
proçain, et les Englois ceminoient tout dis avant. Fº 112.
Voir aussi Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

P. 138, l. 13: duch de Loeraingne.—Ms. B 6: et à l’evesque de

Mès. Fº 299.

§ 260. P. 139, l. 4: Vous avez.—Ms. d’Amiens: Vous avés chy

dessus bien oy recorder des Englès coumment il cevauchoient en
troix batailles, li marescal à destre et à senestre, et li rois et li
prinches de Galles, ses filz, en le moiienne. Et vous di que li roys
cevauçoit à petittez journées: toudis estoient il logiés, où que ce
fuist, entre tierce et midi. Et trouvoient le pays si plentiveux et si
garny de tous vivres, qu’il ne leur couvenoit faire nullez
pourveanchez, fors que de vins; si en trouvoient il asséz par raison.
Si n’estoit point de merveille, se cil dou pays estoient effraet et
esbahit, car, avant ce, il n’avoient oncquez veu hommes d’armes, et
ne savoient que c’estoit de guerre ne de bataille; si fuioient devant
les Englèz, ensi que brebis devant les leus, ne en yaux n’avoit nulle
deffensce.
Li roys Edouwars et li princes de Gallez, sez filz, avoient en leur
routte bien quinze cens hommes d’armes, six mil archiers et dix mil
sergans à piet, sans ceux qui s’en alloient avoecq lez marescaux. Si
chevaucha, comme je vous di, en tel mannière li roys, ardans et
essillans le pays et sans brisier sen ordonnance, et ne tourna point
en le chité de Coustanses; ains s’en alla par deviers le grosse ville,
riche et marchande durement, que on claimme Saint Leu en
Coustentin, qui estoit plus rice et valloit trois tans que la chité de
Coustances. En celle ville de Saint Leu le Constentin avoit très grant
draperie et très grant aport de marchandise et grant fuisson de
richez bourgois; et trouvast on bien en le dite ville huit mil hommes,
mannans que bourgois, rices que gens de mestier. Quant li roys
englès fu venu assés prièz, il se loga dehors, car il ne veut mies
logier en le ville pour le doutance dou feu, mais li grosse ville fu
tantost conquise à peu de fait et courue et robée partout. Il n’est
homs vivans qui poroit pensser, aviser ne croire, se on lui disoit le
grant avoir qui là fu gaegniés et robés, ne le grant fuison dez draps
qui là furent trouvet. Qui en volsist acheter, on en ewist grant
marchiet. Chacuns en pooit prendre là où il volloit, mès nulz riens n’y
acomptoit, ains tendoient plus à querre l’or et l’argent, dont il
trouvoient asséz. Et si ardamment y entendirent que la ville demoura
à ardoir, mès grant partie des ricez bourgois furent pris et envoiiés
en Engleterre pour ranchonner; et grant planté dou commun peuple
furent de premiers tués à l’entrée en le ville, qui se missent à
deffensce. Fº 90.
—Ms. de Rome: Vous avés ichi desus bien oï recorder
l’ordenance des Englois et conment il chevauçoient en trois batailles,
li marescal à destre et à senestre en deus èles, et li rois et li princes
de Galles, ses fils, en la moiienne. Et vous di que li rois cevauçoit à
petites journées, et aussi faisoient toutes ses batailles. Et estoient
logiet toutdis entre tierce et midi, car il trouvoient tant à fourer et si
plentiveus pais et raempli de tous biens, les plus cras buefs dou
monde, vaces, pors et oilles et tant que il n’en savoient que faire; et
estoient tout esmervilliet des biens que il trouvoient. Il prendoient
desquels que il voloient, et le demorant laissoient aler. Et ne
brisoient point les Englois lor ordenance, et ne tournèrent point
adonc viers Coustanses, mais prissent le cemin de Saint Lo le
Coustentin, une grose ville, qui pour lors estoit durement rice et
pourveue de draperie. Et bien i avoit neuf ou dis mille bourgois, gens
de tous mestiers, mais la grignour partie s’estofoient tout de la
draperie. Qant li rois d’Engleterre fu venus assés priés, il se loga
dehors et envoia ses marescaus et ses gens d’armes et archiers
devant, pour escarmucier et veoir quel cose chil de la ville voloient
dire et faire, tant que au deffendre lor vile. Il furent tantos conquis et
desconfi et caciet en fuites, et entrèrent les Englois dedens, et en
fissent toutes lor volentés. Et orent li pluisseur pité des honmes,
fenmes et enfans qui ploroient et crioient à haus cris, et les laissoient
passer et widier la ville legierement; mais ils widoient les maisons
des riches biens que il i trouvoient, et ne faisoient compte que d’or et
d’argent. Et n’avoit si petit varlet en la compagnie, qui ne fust tous
ensonniiés d’entendre au grant pourfit que il veoient. Fº 112.
P. 140, l. 4 et 5: huit mil ou neuf mil.—Mss. A 7, 23 à 33: huit vingt
ou neuf vingt. Fº 131.—Mss. A 20 à 22: huit mille. Fº 198 vº.—Ms. B
6: dix à douze mille. Fº 300.
P. 140, l. 6 et 7: dehors.—Ms. B 6: au dehors de la ville, en une
abeie. Fº 300.
P. 140, l. 9: conquise.—Ms. B 6: car les gens qui estoient en la
ville n’estoient point de deffense, car c’estoient simple gens
laboureulx et marchans et ouveriers qui faisoient leur draperie, et
pour le temps de lors ne savoient que c’estoit de guerre; car
oncques n’avoient porté espée, fors ung baston de blanc bos pour
les chiens, allant de ville à aultre. Fº 300.

§ 261. P. 140, l. 16: Quant li rois.—Ms. d’Amiens: Qant li roys

englès eut fait ses vollentés de le bonne ville de Saint Leu en
Constentin, il se parti de là pour venir par deviers le plus grosse ville,
le plus grande, le plus riche et le mieux garnie de toutte Normendie,
horsmis Roem, que on claimme Kem, plainne de très grant rikèce,
de draperie et de touttes marcandises, de riches bourgoix, de noblez
dammes, de bellez eglises et de deux richez abbeies. Et avoit
entendu li roys englès que là se tenoient en garnison, de par le roy
de France, li comtez d’Eu et de Ghinnez, connestablez de Franche,
et il comtez de Tamkarville et grant fuison de bonne chevalerie de
Normendie et d’ailleurs, que li roys y avoit envoiiés pour garder le
ditte ville et le passaige contre les Englès. Si se traist li roys celle
part, et fist revenir ses bataillez enssamble. Tant alla li roys qu’il vint
asséz priès de Kem: si se loga à deux lieues prièz. Li connestable et
li autre seigneur de Franche et dou pays, qui là estoient avoecq lui,
fissent la ville gettier mout noblement toutte le nuit; et au matin, il
coummandèrent que tout fuissent armet un et autre, chevalier et
escuier et bourgois ossi, pour deffendre le ville. Qant il furent tout
armet, il yssirent hors de le ville et se rengièrent par devant le porte
par où li Englès devoient venir, et fissent grant samblant de bien
deffendre et de leurs vies mettre en aventure. Fº 90.
—Ms. de Rome: Qant li rois d’Engleterre et ses gens orent fait lors
volentés de la ville de Saint Lo le Coustentin, il s’en departirent et
prissent lor cemin pour venir deviers une plus grose ville trois fois
que Saint Lo ne soit, qui se nonme Cen en Normendie. Et est priès
aussi grose, et aussi rice estoit pour lors, que la chité de Roem,
plainne de draperie et de toutes marceandises, rices bourgois et
bourgoises et de bon estat, aournée de belles eglises et par especial
de deus nobles abbeies durement belles et riches, seans l’une à l’un
des cors de la ville et l’autre à l’autre. Et est appellée li une de Saint
Estievène, et l’autre de la Trenité, le une de monnes, celle de Saint
Estievène, et en celle de la Trenité dames, et doient estre siis vins
dames à plainne prouvende. D’autre part, à l’un des cors de la ville,
sciet li chastiaus, qui est uns des biaus castiaus et des fors de
Normendie. Et en estoit pour lors chapitainne, uns bons chevaliers,
preus, sages et hardis, qui se nonmoit messires Robers de Wargni,
et avoit avoecques lui dedens le chastiel en garnison bien trois cens
Geneuois. Dedens la ville estoient logiet li connestables de France, li
contes de Tanqarville et plus de deus cens chevaliers, tout au large
et à leur aise; et estoient là venu et envoiiet pour garder et deffendre
Kem et faire frontière contre les Englois.
Li rois d’Engleterre estoit tous enfourmés de mesire Godefroi de
Harcourt que la ville de Kem estoit durement rice et grosse, et bien
pourveue de bonnes gens d’armes. Si chevauça celle part et tout
sagement, et remist ses batailles ensamble, et se loga celle nuit sus
les camps à deus petites lieues priès de Kem. Et tout dis le costioit
et sievoit sa navie, laquelle vint jusques à deus lieues priès de Kem,
sus la rivière de Iton qui se rentre en la mer, et sus un havene que
on nonme Austrehem, et la rivière Ourne, et court à Kem; et estoit
de la ditte navie conduisières et paterons li contes de Honstidonne.
Li connestables de France et li aultre signeur, qui là estoient, fissent
celle nuit grant gait, car il sentoient les Englois moult priès de euls.
Qant ce vint au matin, li connestables de France et li contes de
Tanqarville oirent messe. Et aussi fissent tout li signeur qui là
estoient, où grant fuisson de chevalerie avoit, et avoient consilliet le
soir que de issir hors et de combatre les Englois. Si sonnèrent les
tronpètes dou connestable moult matin, et s’armèrent toutes
manières de gens de armes, et les bourgois meismement de la ville.
Et widèrent hors de la ville et se traissent sus les camps, et se
missent tout en ordenance de bataille. Et moustrèrent tout par
samblant et par parole que il avoient grant volenté de combatre les
Englois, dont li connestables de France estoit moult resjois.
Fº 112 vº.
P. 140, l. 17: Saint Leu.—Mss. A 1 à 6: Saint Loup. Fº 136 vº.
P. 140, l. 20: Kem.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à 19, 23 à 33: Caen.
Fº 136 vº.—Ms. A 7: Kan. Fº 131.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Kent. Fº 199.
P. 141, l. 2: Robers.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Thomas. Fº 138 vº.
P. 141, l. 2: Wargni.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Warny. Fº 199.—Mss. A 23
à 29: Blargny. Fº 157.
P. 141, l. 7: envoiiés.—Ms. B 6: dont il estoient bien vingt mille
hommes. Fº 299.
P. 141, l. 15: Kem.—Ms. B 6: Et à deux lieues de Kem a ung
chastiel que on apelle Austrehen sur ceste meisme rivière de Ourne,
où toutes les grosses nefs arivent. Fº 301.
P. 141, l. 16: Austrehem.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14: Hautrehen.
Fº 137.—Mss. A 7, 18, 19, 23 à 33: Austrehen. Fº 131.—Mss. A 8, 9,
15 à 17: Austrehem. Fº 124.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Haustrehem. Fº 199.
P. 141, l. 21: assamblé.—Ms. B 6: plus de deux cens. Fº 302.
P. 141, l. 25: bourgois.—Ms. B 6: car le communalté de Kem
avoient fait leut moustre; sy s’estoient bien trouvé quarante mille
hommes deffensablez. Fº 302.

§ 262. P. 142, l. 17: En ce jour.—Ms. d’Amiens: A celui jour, li

Englès furent moult matin esmeus d’aller celle part. Li roys ossi yssi
hors et fist ses gens aller par conroy, car bien penssoit qu’il aroit à
faire; si se traist tout bellement celle part, ses batailles rengies, et fist
ses marescaux chevauchier devant à toutte sa bannierre jusques as
fourbours de le ville, et assés priès de là où chil signeur estoient
rengiet, et li bourgois de Kem moult richement et par samblant en
bon couvenant. Si tost que cez gens bourgois de Kem virent lez
bannierrez dou roy englèz et de ses marescaux approchier et tant de
si bellez gens d’armes que oncques n’avoient veut, il eurent si grant
paour que tout chil del monde ne les ewissent retenut que il ne
rentraissent en leur ville, volsissent connestablez et marescaux ou
non. Adonc pewist on veir gens fremir et abaubir, et celle bataille
enssi rengie desconfire à pau de fait, car chacuns se penna de
rentrer en le ville à sauveté. Grant fuisson de chevaliers se missent
à l’aler deviers le castiel: chil furent à sauveté.
Li connestablez, li cambrelens de Tamkarville et pluisseur autre
chevalier et escuier avoecq yaux se missent en le porte de le ville, et
montèrent as fenestrez des deffenscez, et veoient ces archiers qui
tuoient gens sans merchy et sans deffensce; si furent en grant
esmay que ce ne fesissent il d’iaux, s’il lez tenoient. Enssi qu’il
regardoient aval en grant doubte ces gens tuer, il perchurent un
gentil chevalier englès qui n’avoit que un oeil, que on clammoit
messire Thoumas de Hollande, et cinq ou six bons chevaliers
avoecq lui, qu’il avoient autrefoix compaigniet et veu l’un l’autre en
Grenade, en Prusse, oultre mer et en pluisseurs lieux, ensi que bon
chevalier se treuvent; si les appiellèrent et leur dissent en priant:
«Ha! seigneur chevalier, venés amont et nous gharandissiéz de ces
gens sans pité qui nous ochiront, se il nous tiennent, enssi que les
aultrez.» Quant li gentilx chevaliers messires Thumas les vit et il lez
eut ravissés, il fu moult liés: ossi furent li autre compaignon. Si
montèrent en le porte jusquez à yaux, et li connestablez de Franche,
li cambrelens de Tamkarville et tout li autre qui là estoient afuis, se
rendirent prissonnier; et le dit messire Thummas de Hollande et si
compaignon les rechurent vollentiers et se pennèrent d’iaux à sauver
et de garder leurs vies; et puis missent bonnez gardes dalléz yaux,
par quoy nulx ne lez osast faire mal ne villonnie.
Puis s’en allèrent chil chevalier englès par le ville de Kem pour
destourber à leur pooir le grant mortalité que on y faisoit, et
gardèrent puisseurs belles bourghoises et dammes d’encloistre de
violer: dont il fissent grant aumousne et courtoisie et droite
gentillèche. Et fu trouvés et robés si grans tresors, que on ne le
poroit croire ne pensser. Au recorder le persequcion, le occision, le
violensce et le grant pestilensce qui adonc fu en le bonne ville de
Kem, c’est une pité et grans orreurs à pensser coumment crestiien
puevent avoir plaisanche ne conssienche de enssi li ungs l’autre
destruire. A deus corron[s] de celle bonne ville de Kem avoit deus
moult grandes et mout riches abbeies, l’une de noirs monnes et
l’autre de noires dammes qui sont touttes gentilz femmez. Et doient
estre et elles [sont] six vingt par compte et par droit nombre, et
quarante converses à demie prouvende, dont une grant partie furent
viollées. Et furent ces deus abbeies priès que touttes arsses avoecq
grant partie de le ville, dont ce fu pitéz et dammaigez. Et moult en
despleut au roy, mès amender ne le peut, car ses gens s’espardirent
si en tous lieux pour le convoitise de gaegnier, que on ne les pooit
ravoir. Et sachiés que très grans tresors y fu gaegniés, qui oncques
ne vint à clareté, et tant que varlet et garchon estoient tout riche; et
ne faissoient compte de blancq paiement fors que de florins: il
donnaissent plain ung boisciel de paiement pour cinq ou pour six
florins.
Quant li roys englès eut acompli ses volentéz de le bonne ville de
Kem, et que ses gens l’eurent toutte courue et robée, et concquis
ens si grant avoir que on ne le poroit numbrer, si regarda li roys et
ses conssaux que il avoient tant d’avoir qu’il n’en savoient que faire,
et n’en quidoient mies tant en un royaumme qu’il en avoient jà
trouvet depuis qu’il arivèrent en l’ille de Grenesie en venant jusquez
à là. Et avoient pris par droit compte en le ville de Kem cent et sept
chevaliers et plus de quatre cens riches bourgois; et en avoient
encorrez grant fuison pour prisonniers pris ens ès bonnes villes, que
concquis avoient en avant. Et si estoit ossi toutte leur navie en le
Hoge Saint Vast. Dont il regardèrent as pluisseurs coses, à sauver
leur avoir concquis et leurs prisonniers, et à garder leur navie. Si
ordonna li roys d’Engleterre que tous leurs avoirs fust menés et
chariiés à leur navie, et ossi tous leurs prisonniers menet, ainschois
que il chevauchaissent plus avant. Tout enssi comme il fu ordonnet,