2 Solar Drying - Amla

ISSN : 0975-3710
E-ISSN : 0975-9107
DOI : 10.9735/0975-3710
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International Journal of
Agriculture Sciences
Volume 9, Issue 7
Bioinfo Publications
www.bioinfopublication.org
Peer-Reviewed Open Access Indexed International Journal

ISSN : 0975-3710
EISSN : 0975-9107
DOI : 10.9735/0975-3710
NAAS Score : 4.20
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Volume: 9 Issue: 7, 2017
Editor in Chief
Dr Constantinos A Georgiou
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
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ISSN : 0975-3710 . EISSN : 0975-9107 . DOI : 10.9735/0975-3710
Table of Contents
1. CO-INTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY: AN APPLICATION TO GARLIC MARKETS IN CENTRAL
INDIA
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3823-3826
P.K. AWASTHI, APOORWA TOMAR, N.K. RAGHUWANSHI, NAMITA NAGRE
12 Feb 2017 . Pages : 3823-3826 . Article Id : BIA0003481
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38233826.888
2. EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN BY DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA PACKAGE AS A

COMPACT DISC (CD) ON VEGETABLE CULTIVATION
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3827-3830
SANTOSH RANI, S.K. VARMA
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38273830.889
3. NANO FERTILIZERS IS A NEW WAY TO INCREASE NUTRIENTS USE EFFICIENCY IN CROP

PRODUCTION
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3831-3833
DHARAM SINGH MEENA, CHIRAG GAUTAM, OM PRAKASH PATIDAR, HARI MOHAN MEENA, G.
PRAKASHA, VISHWAJITH
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38313833.890
4. EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) STRAW IN TOTAL MIXED

RATION ON IN VITRO STUDIES IN CATTLE
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3834-3835
P.A. CHAUHAN, D.C. PATEL, C. SINGH, S. PARNERKAR, V.N. PARMAR, M.D. MAKWANA, N.R.
PATEL, O.B. JOSHI, S.N. PATEL
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38343835.891
5. CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH COEFFICIENTS ANALYSIS FOR VARIOUS YIELD

ATTRIBUTES OF BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3836-3839
NEHA YADAV, SURENDER KUMAR DHANKHAR, ANIKET VILAS CHANDANSHIVE, VIKASH
KUMAR
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38363839.892
6. CORRELATION BETWEEN MILK CONSTITUENTS AND SOMATIC CELL COUNTS IN

HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN CROSSBRED CATTLE
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3840-3842
SOURABH YOGI, SAROJ KUMAR CHOURSIA, SAMBHUTI SHANKAR SAHU, SUDHEER JAISWAL
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38403842.893
7. GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR YIELD PARAMETERS AND SPOT BLOTCH RESISTANCE IN F2

POPULATION OF DURUM WHEAT (Triticum turgidum var durum)
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3843-3845
C.K. CHETHANA, V. RUDRANAIK
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38433845.894
8. EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus hybridus
Hort.) GENOTYPES UNDER SUB HUMID CONDITION OF RAJASTHAN
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3846-3848
DHARA SINGH, ASHUTOSH MISHRA, JITENDRA SINGH, BALRAM MEENA
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38463848.895
9. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS ON YIELD PARAMETERS OF

WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) CULTIVATION VAR. KIRAN
Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3849-3852
R.K. MADHURI, G.K. MUKUNDA, D. JEEVITHA, V.M. NAVEEN KUMAR, V. BHAVYA
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38493852.896
10. DEHYDRATION OF AMLA SEGMENTS IN A SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER

Int J Agr Sci 9.7 (2017):3853-3858
U. PRIYANKA, A. CAROLIN RATHINAKUMARI, SENTHIL KUMAR, TIWARI
DPI :-> 16.10077.IJAS.2017.V9I7.38533858.897
ISSN : 0975-3710 . EISSN : 0975-9107 . DOI : 10.9735/0975-3710
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences wishes to acknowledge and honour the

following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue.
Their help and contribution in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly
appreciated.
Reviewers Acknowledgements
Ranvir Singh
Dubey Manish Kumar
Nayak Nibedita
Dr Jatin Kumar Sahoo
Dr. S. A. Desai
ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, 2017, pp.-3823-3826.
Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217
Research Article
CO-INTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY: AN APPLICATION TO GARLIC MARKETS IN CENTRAL INDIA
AWASTHI P.K., TOMAR APOORWA*, RAGHUWANSHI N.K. AND NAGRE NAMITA

Department of Agricultural Economics, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Adhartal, Jabalpur, 482004, Madhya Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-apoorwatomar931@gmail.com
Received: December 29, 2016; Revised: January 23, 2017; Accepted: January 24, 2017; Published: February 12, 2017
Abstract- Madhya Pradesh being the leading garlic producing state of India contributes about one-fourth of the total Indian production. The aim of this paper is to
assess the extent and integration among garlic markets and to study price movement of garlic in Madhya Pradesh. For study purpose time series secondary data
related to monthly average wholesale prices and arrivals of garlic were collected from major markets in Madhya for the period 2001-02 to 2013-14. The econometrics
tools viz. Moving average, ADF based unit root test, Johansen’s co-integration test, Granger causality test etc. were used to analysed the collected data.
Negative relationship was observed between price and arrival for garlic in the markets of central India. The prices of garlic were non-stationary and observed higher in
the months from November to January across the selected markets. The price series showed the consequences of unit root and were stationary at first difference. Long
run equilibrium relationship and co-integration between selected markets were observed. Most of the selected markets showed unidirectional influence on garlic prices
of each other and function as a satellite market and assimilate information.
Keywords- ADF based unit root test, Johansen’s co-integration test, Granger causality test
Citation: Awasthi P.K., et al., (2017) Co-integration and Causality: An Application to Garlic Markets in Central India. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN:
0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3823-3826.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Awasthi P.K., et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Introduction iii) Period of Study: Year 2001-02 to 2013-14

Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of garlic and has a largish share of the iv) Analysis of Data:
national produce. About 30 percent area of garlic production of India is under M.P.
Madhya Pradesh has more than 60 thousand hectare under garlic cultivation with Following econometric techniques were used to analysed the collected data.
a total production of 270 thousand MT and productivity level of 4.50 tonnes per a) For behavior of arrivals and prices: Seasonality analysis
hectare during the year 2013-14. The variation in the output of garlic lead to wide b) For stationarity: ADF unit root test
fluctuations in their prices exposing the growers to more risk, Moreover due to c) For Integration: Johansen’s multiple co-integration test[2]
their perishable nature garlic crop require immediate marketing to ensure quality d) For direction of causation: Granger causality test between selected
produce to the consumer and remunerative prices to the growers. [1]The lack of markets.
market intelligence about the potential markets and the pattern of arrivals and
prices further add to the woes of the garlic growers. Therefore, the need for proper Results and Discussions
marketing intelligence system has been felt and raised from time to time by many Seasonal Indices of garlic arrivals and Prices
scholars. The ongoing process of privatization and globalization has further Garlic is seasonal spice crop and their production and consequently their supply in
compounded the difficulties of marketing high value crops of reasonable prices. the market is subject to natural vagaries. The supply of such commodity on one
The availability of market intelligence on aspects like the potential markets, the hand and the demand for them on the other, at a particular time and market will
quantum of market arrivals and prevailing prices in different regional and national determine the wholesale price. The change in determinates of supply and demand
markets during different months of a year shall go a long way in mitigating many of over a period of time will affect the price which will lead to seasonality effect in
these problems and help the farmers to decide on future production plan on their price series that is generally more during off-seasons. The analysis of such
farms and its marketing schedule. Against this backdrop the present study was seasonal and other components of time series on wholesale prices and arrivals of
undertaken to gain insights into the behaviour of garlic of the prices of garlic and garlic is very important from producer’s consumers and policy makers stand point.
the extent of spatial price integration between the garlic markets in Madhya There are four components of price fluctuation viz., seasonal secular trend,
Pradesh. cyclical and irregular variations. The irregular variations have no defined pattern,
hence is of no policy importance.
Materials and Methods The seasonal indices computed for garlic arrivals in different markets of Madhya
Research Design Pradesh inferred that higher indices of markets arrivals were noticed immediately
i) The study area: The study is confined to Madhya Pradesh. The weekly after harvest in different months i.e. February to May. The lower value of indices of
time series data on arrivals and prices of garlic were collected from five arrivals during the period of October to January indicated lean period in garlic for
major garlic markets of Madhya Pradesh based on highest arrivals. different markets of Madhya Pradesh as shown in [Table-1]
ii) Selected markets: Indore, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Ratlam and Ujjain.

ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, 2017
|| Bioinfo Publications || 3823
Co-integration and Causality: An Application to Garlic Markets in Central India
In respect of price indices of garlic shown in [Table-1] lower price values were crop. However, higher price variability is because of the imperfection in the
observed during the months of February to May in different markets of the state. markets and marketing systems of garlic.
These months are the post-harvest months of garlic crop, where the crop comes in
the markets in large quantity. The highest value of price indices were observed Validity test
during lean period and lowest arrivals months from October to January in different ADF Test:
markets. Co-integration is a statistical property of time series variables or when the error
To sum up, seasonal fluctuations were observed both in markets arrivals as well term in the regression modeling is stationary. If there exists a stationary linear
as prices of garlic across the selected markets. It can further be observed that combination of non-stationary random variables, the variables combined are said
seasonality in price was higher as compared to market arrivals in all the selected to be co-integrated. So co-integration means there is some linear combination of
markets. Low seasonality in markets arrivals in all the selected markets in the set of variables that is stationary [3].
because of the standardization of production and protection technologies of garlic
Table-1 Seasonal indices of monthly arrival and prices of garlic in different markets of Madhya Pradesh
(In percent)
Month/ Indore Mandsaur Neemuch Ratlam Ujjain M.P.
markets
AR PR AR PR AR PR AR PR AR PR AR PR
January 71 122 54 118 62 107 56 126 37 111 56 125
February 180 87 188 77 96 79 153 86 68 81 153 82
March 255 72 192 69 125 69 182 68 192 70 182 66
April 113 71 117 73 185 65 143 72 194 68 143 68
May 74 78 64 81 102 73 81 76 113 83 81 74
June 68 84 59 79 96 82 72 74 91 85 72 86
July 61 89 80 99 68 100 72 95 60 95 72 101
August 47 95 83 105 77 112 50 104 65 107 50 106
September 81 113 125 116 108 119 120 115 134 107 120 114
October 81 118 62 117 93 123 75 117 75 114 75 120
November 85 132 111 133 108 131 107 12 99 122 107 120
December 83 140 67 133 81 140 88 144 70 157 88 138
AR= Arrivals PR= Prices
Augmented Dickey fuller test procedure was done to check whether the price was a bidirectional influence on prices of Mandsaur and Indore markets.
series of garlic were stationary or not. From [Table-2] it could be inferred that
Augmented Dickey Fuller test value are above the critical 1 percent level given by Table-3 Johansen’s co-integration test results for Garlic market of Madhya
Mackinnon statistical table at levels implying that the series are non-stationary Pradesh
indicating the existing of unit root. After taking the first difference, all the series Unrestricted Co integration Rank Test (Trace)
become stationary which means that the calculated values for all the markets are Hypothesized No. Eigen Trace 0.05 Critical
Prob.**
of CE(s) Value Statistic Value
less than the critical value (1%) and free from the consequence of unit root. The None * 0.261159 98.36422 69.81889 0.0001
result of Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test for garlic showed that the At most 1 * 0.143442 52.66067 47.85613 0.0165
level data were non-stationary but their first differences were stationary. Hence, all At most 2 0.079579 29.28091 29.79707 0.0572
markets price series were integrated of the order 1 i.e. I(1). At most 3 * 0.066376 16.75938 15.49471 0.0321
At most 4 * 0.041425 6.388429 3.841466 0.0115
Johansen’s co-integration Trace test indicates 2 cointegration(s) at the 0.05% level
* denotes rejection of the hypothesis at the 0.05% level
Based on the Johansen’s co-integration procedure the integration between the
**MacKinnon-Haug-Michelis(1999) p-value
markets was analyzed using E-views Software. The trace test results presented in
[Table-3] for garlic price showed that trace statistics value was greater than the It means the prices of Mandsaur market also influenced Indore market and prices
critical value at 5 percent level. Hence, we obtained at least four co-integrating of Indore market also influenced Mandsaur market. There was a unidirectional
equations at 5 percent level of significance. This indicated that the model variables influenced on prices of Neemuch and Indore, Indore and Ratlam, Ratlam and
had a long run equilibrium /co movement among the Indore, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Ujjain, Mandsaur and Neemuch, Ujjain and Mandsaur, Indore and Ujjain,
Ratlam and Ujjain markets price series during the periods under study. The Neemuch and Ratlam, Ratlam and Ujjain Markets.
existence of co-integration is necessary for long-term market efficiency [4].
Relationship between markets Arrivals and Prices
Table-2 The Augmented Dickey Fuller based unit root test The phenomenon of inverse relationship between market arrivals and prices is
Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Critical
Market
Level 1st difference value (1%)
well known, nevertheless, factors such as the availability of cold storages facilities,
Indore -0.093910(0.0046) -0.906324(0.0000) -3.473672 enhanced opportunities for export value addition through agro-processing,
Mandsaur -0.149297(0.0035) -1.408047(0.0000) -3.473672 availability of new poly-house technologies etc. not only weaken this inverse
Neemuch -0.125998(0.0013) -0.971564(0.0000) -3.473672 relationship but may even turn it positive. The degree of relationship between
Ratlam -0.126392(0.0013) -1.052391(0.0000) -3.473672 market arrivals and prices of garlic crop was studied for different years from 2002
Ujjain -0.147910(0.0031) -1.238776(0.0000) -3.473672
** Significant at 1% level
to 2014 by computing correlation coefficient. The relationship was also studied for
different months over different years. This was necessitated due to the seasonality
Pairwise Granger Causality Tests for prices of Garlic markets of MP in garlic production. The negative relationship may be more pronounced during
Granger Causality test was employed to know the direction between the markets. the peak season and it may be positive for other months moreover, given the
Theoretically a variable if the current value is conditional on the past data. The scope for varying the cropping pattern, the relationship between markets arrivals
results of pairwise Granger Causality test as shown in [Table-4]. Inferred that there and prices in different months may be more fruitful in that it encourage farmers to

Awasthi P.K., Tomar Apoorwa, Raghuwanshi N.K. and Nagre Namita
adjust their cropping pattern and sell at a time when prices was reasonably high. non-significant for two years. The month wise correlation coefficient between
The results of correlation analysis, given in [Table-5] reveal that the negative arrivals and prices for garlic crop were positive in a few cases albeit non-
relationship between market arrivals and prices was not universally true for all significant in most of the cases. A positive and significant correlation coefficient in
years. For example in Indore market, a statistically negative relationship was (January, February March, April, June) may be attributed to the fact that the Indore
noticed for more of the years while positive statistical significance was evidenced market receives off-season supplies of garlic from surrounding districts and states.
only for four years and correlation coefficient were positive though statistically
Table-4 Pair wise Ganger Causality tests for price of Garlic Markets
Null Hypothesis F- statistic Prob. Direction Relationship
MANDSAUR does not Granger Cause INDORE 3.10118* 0.0479 Bidirectional Man ↔Ind
INDORE does not Granger Cause MANDSAUR 16.106** 5.E-07
NEEMUCH does not Granger Cause INDORE 0.49754 0.6090 Unidirectional Ind→ Nee
INDORE does not Granger Cause NEEMUCH 5.62574** 0.0044
RATLAM does not Granger Cause INDORE 0.80317 0.4498 Unidirectional Ind→ Rat
INDORE does not Granger Cause RATLAM 19.1666** 4.E-08
UJJAIN does not Granger Cause INDORE 2.27878 0.1060 Unidirectional Ind→Ujj
INDORE does not Granger Cause UJJAIN 6.77892** 0.0015
NEEMUCH does not Granger Cause MANDSAUR 17.3258** 2.E-07 Unidirectional Nee →Man
MANDSAUR does not Granger Cause NEEMUCH 0.83613 0.4354
RATLAM does not Granger Cause MANDSAUR 9.30353** 0.0002 Unidirectional Rat→ Man
MANDSAUR does not Granger Cause RATLAM 1.89397 0.1541
UJJAIN does not Granger Cause MANDSAUR 13.2992** 5.E-06 Unidirectional Ujj→ Man
MANDSAUR does not Granger Cause UJJAIN 1.52403 0.2212
RATLAM does not Granger Cause NEEMUCH 1.52993 0.2199 Unidirectional Nee → Rat
NEEMUCH does not Granger Cause RATLAM 9.09159** 0.0002
UJJAIN does not Granger Cause NEEMUCH 2.08989 0.1273 Unidirectional Nee→ujj
NEEMUCH does not Granger Cause UJJAIN 2.90682* 0.0578
UJJAIN does not Granger Cause RATLAM 10.2327** 7.E-05 Unidirectional Ujj→ Rat
RATLAM does not Granger Cause UJJAIN 0.533198 0.5889
Table-5 Relationship between arrivals and wholesale prices in selected markets of Madhya Pradesh (2002-14)
Year Indore Mandsaur Neemuch Ratlam Ujjain MP
2002 -0.235 0.743*** 0.643** -0.297 -0.149 0.864***
2003 -0.008 0.02 -0.28 0.102 -0.044 0.048
2004 -0.271 0.247 0.53* 0.214 0.001 0.158
2005 -0.431 -0.616** -0.516* -0.658** -0.654** -0.619**
2006 -0.55 -0.674** 0.367 -0.687** -0.563* -0.709***
2007 -0.302 -0.287 0.048 -0.622** -0.594** -0.39
2008 0.824*** 0.657** -0.237 0.115 0.3 -0.454
2009 -0.503* 0.575* -0.013 -0.137 0.454 0.12
2010 -0.601** 0.612** -0.431 -0.741*** -0.654** 0.253
2011 -0.229 -0.324 -0.472 0.143 -0.321 -0.102
2012 0.041 -0.187 -0.342 -0.21 -0.325 -0.198
2013 -0.008 -0.39 -0.653** -0.438 -0.348 -0.647**
2014 0.124 -0.513* -0.118 -0.096 0.086 -0.557*
Table-6 Relationship between monthly arrivals and wholesale prices in selected markets of Madhya Pradesh (2002-14)
Months Indore Mandsaur Neemuch Ratlam Ujjain MP
January 0.427* 0.119 -0.137 -0.095 -0.325* -0.005
February 0.643* 0.400* 0.255 -0.064 -0.038 0.496*
March 3.106* 0.074 0.198 -0.116 -0.001 0.301*
April 0.291* -0.224 0.431* -0.017 -0.004 -0.017
May -0.067 -0.229 0.132 -0.217 -0.259 -0.025
June 0.006 0.235 0.018 -0.105 -0.372* 0.030
July 0.234 0.087 0.163 -0.051 -0.142 0.031
August -0.169 0.042 0.012 -0.281 -0.015 -0.065
September -0.128 0.105 -0.029 -0.102 -0.093 0.195
October -0.084 0.318* -0.049 -0.201 -0.055 0.221
November -0.069 0.829*** 0.021 -0.148 -0.054 0.284
December -0.211 0.292* -0.200 -0.268 -0.140 -0.039
***Significant at 1% level,**Significant at 5% level*,Significant at 10% level.
Policy Implications across the markets. Hence, there is a need to have a constant watch on
The policy implications based on the findings of the present study are as follows- prices and arrivals of the crop so that the farmers can know the
1) Seasonal indices of arrivals and prices indicated that the prices were low variations occurring in the arrivals and prices during certain period in the
during high arrivals and vice versa. Hence, the producers may be market and bring the produce at the right time to avoid the price crash in
advised to plan their production as well as sale of the crop output. garlic. The regulated market should take necessary steps to see that the
Further the inadequacy of storage facilities is another serious bottleneck. dissemination of market information regarding the arrivals and prices
Hence, there is urgent need to popularize ‘Grameen Bhandar Yojna’ to reaches the farmers of the remotest places.
bring stabilization in the prices of agricultural commodities. 2) It has observed from the study that there is strong association among
Fluctuations in market arrivals and prices were found to be uneven

Co-integration and Causality: An Application to Garlic Markets in Central India
the markets, thereby influencing the prices from one market to another [4] Sekhar C.S. (2004) Economic and Political weekly, 39 (43), 4729-4736.
market. This help to transfer the price signals from one market to
another and thereby help in stabilization of prices and create a healthy
competitive environment. This would also a long way help to protect the
interest of producer–sellers.
3) With the help of regression, wholesale prices were forecasted which
showed an increasing trend, with due consideration to seasonality in this
regard farmers may be advised to plan the production process and
decide when to sell the produce so that they would get a higher price for
their produce. In this regard, APMCs should provide the basic
infrastructural facilities to the farmers.
4) Market infrastructural facilities like warehousing transportation,
processing etc. should be established to help the growers in storage of
their produce in the glut season and then take advantages of off-
seasons prices in order to eliminate the seasonality in market arrivals of
garlic and this also minimize the price volatility.
Conclusion
The study leads to concludes that garlic is a good foreign earner crops as large
quantities of garlic are exported every year from the state of Madhya Pradesh.
The state is leader in the production of garlic in the country. The variability in the
market arrivals was more pronounced in the Indore than the remaining four
markets. The price variability was however; more marketed in the Neemuch
market with value of coefficient of variation in most of the months staying above 50
percent, the study has confirmed the negative relationship between market
arrivals and prices over the years in all the selected markets. However, across
different months, there have been several instances of positive relationship
between arrivals and prices which could be attributed to the off-season supplies of
garlic which fetch higher prices. In Indore market, statistically significant negative
relationship is evidence for most of the years, but positive and non-significant
relation were also observed in few years. A similar pattern has been observed in
other selected markets, with a fewer cases of statistical significance. The prices
more contrary to arrivals and seasonal nature of garlic creates glut in the market
which leads to sharp fall in prices during the post harvest season and lowering
farmers income.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Dr. V.S. Tomar,.Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, JNKVV,
Jabalpur. Dr. D. Khare, Director Instruction and Dr. Om Gupta, Dean, College of
Agriculture, Jabalpur for their valuable suggestions. We are also immensely
grateful to reviewers of this paper for their comments on an earlier version of this
manuscript.
Author’s Contribution
All authors contributed equally to the preparation of manuscript. Namita Nagre
collected the required data while Apoorwa Tomar analyzed the data using suitable
econometrics tools and techniques. Dr. P.K. Awasthi interpretated the results and
wrote the manuscript and Dr. N.K. Raghuwanshi gave intellectual insight and
technical advice. All authors discussed the results and findings of the manuscript
at all stages.
Abbreviations
M.P.- Madhya Pradesh, AR- Arrivals, PR- Prices, ADF- Augmented Dickey Fuller,
p-value- probability-value, APMC- Agricultural Produce Market Committee
Conflict of Interest: None declared
References
[1] Kumar V., Sharma H.R. and Singh K. (2005) Agricultural Economics
Research Review, (18), 271-290.
[2] Reddy BS, Dikshit AK and Manohar NS.( 2012) Journal of Economics and
Sustainable Development, 3(7).
[3] Zhijie Xiao and Peter CB. Phillips (1998) Econometrics Journal, (1), 27–43.

Research Article
EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN BY DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA PACKAGE AS A COMPACT DISC (CD) ON
VEGETABLE CULTIVATION
RANI SANTOSH*AND VARMA S.K.

Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-makhanmajoka@gmail.com
Received: January 10, 2017; Revised: January 23, 2017; Accepted: January 24, 2017; Published: February 12, 2017
Abstract- The present study was conducted in Haryana state in 2014.15. Fifty rural women each from Bhimnagar, Pali, Milkpur and Bawanikhera villages of Hisar and
Bhiwani districts, respectively were selected purposively thus comprising of total sample of 200 respondents. To find out the need of the rural women, a questioner was
developed and critical messages and sub-messages were prepared. Rankings were assigned on the basis of weighted mean scores. Messages having top three ranks
were finally selected for media preparation after consultation with Vegetable Science and Extension Education and Communication Management Department experts.
Finally selected messages were tomato, okra and cucurbits crops cultivation practices for which media was developed. Standard procedure for development of media
was followed.
Audio quality and visual quality of CD of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices were perceived to be high. Presentation of various messages
related to vegetables cultivation practices had been well organized and presented well in the CD. Results revealed that the quality of content coverage and its relevance
and appropriateness to the subject was quite high. The clarity of text and size of text is appropriate and it was clearly visible
Keywords- Media package, CD, Rural Women, Vegetables Cultivation, Effectiveness, Empowerment.
Citation: Rani Santosh and Varma S.K., (2017) Empowerment of Rural Women by Development of Media Package as a Compact Disc (CD) on Vegetable Cultivation.
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3827-3830.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Rani Santosh and Varma S.K., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Introduction the messages of video/CD programme very well [7]. The reason behind was that
The importance of vegetable production is enormous starting from its great role in the messages were clearly understood by them.
human diet to earning foreign exchange reserve for the country. Vegetables make Therefore, tapping and utilization of media for transferring the newly generated
up a major portion of the diet of humans in many parts of the world and play a technologies regarding vegetable cultivation among the Indian farm women is
significant role in human nutrition, especially as sources of phyto-nutriceuticals: crucial and significant. This is mainly due to the fact that the vast majority of our
vitamins (A, B1, B6, B9, C, and E), minerals, dietary fiber and phyto-chemicals [1]. farm women belong to remote and rural areas where facilities could not be
Vegetable alone contribute 10.61% of the total value of output from agriculture arranged for sustainable individual or group approaches of technology transfer as
and are increase trends over the years [2]. it could be highly expensive and difficult in managing information infrastructure,
In vegetable cultivation, women were involved in manure carrying & dispersing, therefore responsibilities and intervention of media in rural transformation is
seedling, planting and weeding[3]. In general, women farmers participate in all the becoming more imperative and challenging. So, there is an urgent need to
activities of vegetable production. The findings of the present study are in develop the media on improved vegetable cultivation messages to strengthen the
conformity with that of [4].Majority of labour intensive activities related to vegetable technical knows how therefore, the present study was planned to develop the
cultivation were performed by women except ploughing, plant protection measures relevant media on vegetable production so that rural women can be sensitized for
and marketing. Land preparation, hoeing, weeding, harvesting and post harvesting self reliance with the following specific objectives:-
were done by women and hired labour [5]. 1. To assess the existing practices of vegetables cultivation
CD-Rom with its unique quality of audio-visual recording, ease in handling and 2. To develop, standardize and effectiveness of media on need based
instant feedback serves as an effective tool in rural extension work, it can be used messages of vegetables cultivation practices.
effectively to assure two way interactions in a variety of context. CD-Rom
possesses several advantages over other media. Finally, the activities are also Materials and Methods
participation during the CD-Rom playback session every one that is involved in the This study was conducted in many phases in Hisar and Bhiwani districts
process has the opportunity to make individuals contributors. Video compact disc purposively from South-Western zone of Haryana in 2014-15. One block from
was effective for educating the farm women because the message was simple, each district viz., Hansi block from Hisar district and Bawanikhera block from
familiar, understandable and real [6].Developed interactive CD was good and Bhiwani district were selected randomly. From the selected blocks two villages
could be used by field functionaries, extension workers and all those agencies/ from each block, i.e., Pali and Bhimnagar villages from Hansi block, Milkpur and
organizations working in rural area for transfer of scientific information to rural Bawanikhera village from Bawanikhera block were selected randomly. Fifty rural
women and also reported that respondents have perceived and comprehended women who involved in vegetable cultivation practices from each village were

Empowerment of Rural Women by Development of Media Package as a Compact Disc (CD) on Vegetable Cultivation
selected purposively, thus comprising a sample of 200 women. To find out the Hindi so as to facilitate learning by the rural women.
need of the rural women, a questioner was developed and critical messages and
sub-messages were prepared. Rankings were assigned on the basis of weighted c) Outline
mean scores. Messages having top three ranks were finally selected for media After research and treatment decision, a rough outline of details of the CD was
preparation after consultation with Vegetable Science and Extension Education worked out i.e., three vegetables cultivation practices messages, viz., scientific
and Communication Management Department experts. cultivation of tomato, okra and cucurbits crops were included based on need of the
Media package in the form of compact disc for rural women was prepared on rural women and expert’s consensus.
selected messages in Hindi entitled “Sabgi Utpadananhetu Takniki Jankari”.
Standard procedures for preparation of media were adopted. Involvement of rural d) Sequencing
women clientele in message designing and media production is of paramount Once the outline was prepared, the sequencing of the subject matter was done to
importance in media production so that the message actually communicates. make the CD coherent, informative and also interesting.
Media package involve designing, testing and refining the message professionally
before their widespread use. If we want our clients or target audience to pay e) Special effects
attention, understand, accept and act upon the communication messages, it is To convey the idea effectively, special effects like computerized write-up, fade in
imperative that we understand the target audience and make relevant messages, and fade out, long shot, medium shot, close-up and extreme close-up shots were
professionally test and modifying them. Media effectiveness can be enhanced only decided upon and written in the script.
when the messages are in tune with the need and interest of target audience. To
keep in mind this perspective media package on vegetable cultivation practices f) Story board
was developed in the form of a Compact Disc (CD). To increase its After writing, to help the camera man and special effects, story boards, where in
understandability related photographs and effective illustrations were also each shot indicated by drawing, were prepared.
included. Following steps were used for preparation of Compact Disc (CD):
 Planning g) Review
 Scripting After complete writing of the CD script, it was reviewed by the experts and
 Recording projectionist of the department of Extension Education and Communication
 Editing and mixing Management, COHS, CCS HAU, Hisar, to make improvement.
 Time estimation
 Review and fine tuning 3. Recording
Involvement of both the parties, i.e., Vegetable Science experts and rural women Recording is the stage where all visual and oral elements described in the script
was ensured for all the stages of media production so as to meet the requirement are collected. Before starting the recording, survey was done to select the venue
of target group. A detail of each step is explained in results and discussion. The for taking shots as well as permission of concerned personnel. Time was taken
effectiveness of the prepared media package was assessed by showing them to from the rural women of Bhimnagar, Pali, Milkpur and Bawanikhera villages of
30 judges comprising of Horticulture and Vegetable experts, Home Scientists and Hisar and Bhiwani districts, respectively. Recording for the CD was done in
field functionaries. Assessment of effectiveness of CD was done on selected department of Vegetable Science Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar, Sabji Mandi,
parameters [8], i.e., Audio literacy, visual literacy, presentation of message, multimedia lab, EECM, CCS HAU, Hisar, with the help of projectionist,
content importance and suitability, text and the overall performance of the CD. All cameraman and Vegetable Science department experts. The visual portions
components had subcomponents which were scored on a three-point rating scale concerning scientific cultivation practices of tomato, okra and cucurbits crop as per
as high, moderate and low having scores of 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Weighted convenience and availability of shots.
mean scores of all the components were calculated.
4. Editing and mixing
Results and Discussion CD editing is a highly creative process; it is not a mechanical process of just
Based on the need of rural women Compact Disc (CD) for rural women was joining the different scenes. Sequence of the visual scenes was arranged as per
developed in Hindi entitled “Sabgi Utpadananhetu Takniki Jankari”. Various steps the script. Editing and mixing, to make the CD educative as well as interesting was
involved in preparation of CD on vegetables cultivation practices are – done at the computerized editing and mixing in Extension Education and
Communication Management Department, COHS, CCS HAU, Hisar. Commentary
1. Planning as per script was dubbed by Ms. Sarika expert from Doordarshan, Hisar so as to
If a CD i.e. its images and sound are to fulfill the required communication purpose, match with the visual scenes. Light background music was also dubbed to give
it needs to be organized properly to convey the meaning. Therefore, it was pleasant hearing to the audience.
planned to prepare CD for rural women with an objective to give them necessary
critical information on vegetables cultivation practices. 5. Time estimation
Preparation of instructional CD is incomplete without estimation of time. It is
2. Scripting equally important as the previous steps. The prepared CD is of 30 minutes
While preparing a script various stages were involved. These were: duration giving approximately 10 minutes to each message. Names,
acknowledgements were highlighted in the beginning of the script visual.
a) Research
Keeping the objectives of CD in mind, information regarding the subject i.e. 6. Review and fine tuning
vegetables cultivation practices messages were collected with the help of Based on the results from the testing process, the CD was fine tuned by
concerned literature, departments experts Vegetable Science from CCS HAU, incorporating the feedback.
Hisar. The messages were prepared according to the need of the rural women.
Effectiveness of Compact Disc (CD)
b) Treatment Audio quality of various messages related to vegetables cultivation
Treatment of the subject is an important part of effective communication process practices CD perceived by judges
and for this very purpose, besides straight narration with visuals, shots of actual The audio quality of CD was assessed through 10 criteria given in [Table-1]. It is
working and activities were taken. The language of the script was purposively in clear from the table that audio quality in terms of voice quality, pitch of voice,

Rani Santosh and Varma S.K.
interest orientation, language, comprehension, accuracy, sequence, understand thereby that desired message on vegetables cultivation practices had been well
ability, obstruction, music, was found to be high by most of the judges. None of the organized and presented well in the CD.
judge evaluated low on any aspect of audio quality. Overall mean score was
highest and varied from 2.66 to 2.67. Effectiveness of CD in terms of audio quality, Table-2 Visual quality of various messages related to vegetables cultivation
video quality, presentation of message, content importance and suitability and text practices CD perceived by judges N=30
was rated as high also reported by [9]. Attributes of visual quality Weighted Mean Score
Messages
M1 M2 M3
Table-1 Audio quality of various messages related to vegetables cultivation Clarity of pictures 2.80 2.80 2.80
practices CD perceived by judges N=30 Size of illustration 2.76 2.76 2.74
Attributes of audio quality Weighted Mean Score Perception 2.70 2.70 2.72
Messages Interest orientation 2.75 2.74 2.73
M1 M2 M3 Attention catching 2.70 2.70 2.69
Voice quality 2.66 2.66 2.66 Self explanatory 2.65 2.65 2.65
Pitch of voice 2.43 2.43 2.43 Sequence 2.77 2.77 2.75
Interest orientation 2.63 2.63 2.63 General set up 2.78 2.77 2.77
Language 2.70 2.70 2.68 Colour 2.80 2.80 2.80
Comprehension 2.65 2.65 2.67 Tuning with commentary 2.77 2.77 2.77
Accuracy 2.75 2.78 2.74 Impressiveness 2.70 2.71 2.70
Sequence 2.80 2.80 2.81 Overall mean score 2.74 2.74 2.73
Understandability 2.78 2.78 2.78 Maximum mean score is 3.00
Obstructions ( back ground) 2.60 2.60 2.60
Low: 1 – 1.66 Medium: 1.67 – 2.32 High: 2.33 – 3.00
Music commentary 2.70 2.70 2.68
Overall mean score 2.67 2.67 2.66
Maximum mean score is 3.00
Table-3 Presentation of various messages related to vegetables cultivation
Low: 1 – 1.66 Medium: 1.67 – 2.32 High: 2.33 – 3.00 practices CD perceived by judges N=30
Attributes of presentation Weighted Mean Score
Messages
M1 M2 M3
Speed of presentation 2.72 2.71 2.71
Simplicity 2.71 2.71 2.70
Style of presentation 2.73 2.74 2.73
Explaining idea 2.68 2.65 2.65
Message treatment 2.65 2.66 2.66
Low: 1 – 1.66 Medium: 1.67 – 2.32 High: 2.33 – 3.00
Content of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices CD

Fig-1 Audio quality of various messages related to vegetables cultivation perceived by judges
practices CD perceived by judges [Table-4] reveals that content importance of CD was perceived high by most of the
judges in terms of all the five attributes i.e., informativeness, technical terms,
Visual quality of various messages related to vegetables cultivation coverage, relevancy and usefulness for all the three messages. The overall mean
practices CD perceived by judges score of all the messages were also perceived to be high ranging from 2.72 to
[Table-2] illustrates the visual quality testing in terms of eleven parameters as 2.76 indicating that the quality of content coverage and its relevance and
evaluated by the judges. It is evident from the Table that visual quality in terms of appropriateness to the subject was quite high. Developed media package was
clarity of pictures, size of illustration, perception, interest orientation, attention effective to serve the purpose for which it was designed and was recommended
catching, self explanation, sequence, general set up, colour, tuning with for further multiplication and use for dissemination of information/ practices were
commentary, and impressiveness was found to be high in the opinion of most of also reported by [12].
the judges. Overall mean score for visual quality for various messages related to
vegetables cultivation practices CD was found in range of 2.73 to 2.74. Similar Table-4 Content of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices
results were reported by [10] conducted a study of development and effectiveness CD perceived by judges N=30
of video cassette on women operated farm machinery for cotton cultivation and Attributes of content Weighted Mean Score
Messages
reported that the quality parameters of video film prepared have been perceived M1 M2 M3
quite high by a large majority of respondents. Similar findings were reported by Informativeness 2.80 2.78 2.75
[11] indicated the interactive CD-ROM was found to be effective for all the Technical terms 2.75 2.75 2.70
selected parameters. The quality parameters of CD prepared on fruits and Coverage 2.70 2.70 2.68
vegetables preservation were prepared quite high by a large majority of the Relevancy 2.75 2.75 2.72
Usefulness 2.80 2.80 2.78
respondents. Overall mean score 2.76 2.75 2.72
Presentation of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices Low: 1 – 1.66 Medium: 1.67 – 2.32 High: 2.33 – 3.00
CD perceived by judges
It is clear from the [Table-3] that most of the judges evaluated the CD high in Text of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices CD
terms of speed of presentation, simplicity, style of presentation, explaining ideas perceived by judges
and message treatment for all the messages. None of the judge perceived any of The data presented in [Table-5] highlight that text given in CD was perceived to be
the parameters low in CD. The overall mean score showed that M1 (tomato), M2 high by most of the judges in terms of both the attributes clarity of text and size of
(okra) and M3 (cucurbits cultivation practices) were perceived to be high for text for all the three messages. The overall mean score of all the messages were
presentation (2.69) as against a maximum weighted mean score of 3.00 indicating also perceived to be high 2.74 indicating that the clarity of text and size of text is

Empowerment of Rural Women by Development of Media Package as a Compact Disc (CD) on Vegetable Cultivation
appropriate and it was clearly visible. It was also indicated that video met the local output from agriculture and allied activities. Central Statistics Office,
requirements than broadcast on television [13]. Similar findings were reported by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation government of India.
[14-18]. www.mospi.gov.in
[3] Adhikari R. (2005) Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthrology, 3, 86-
105.
[4] Devkota D. (2006) Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, 7, 98-102.
[5] Fartyal S. & Rathore S. (2013) Tropical Agricultural Research, 24, 238-248.
[6] Singh A.R. & Anuradha (2011) Use of video compact disc (VCD) in
knowledge dissemination. Abstract published in International Conference
on Innovative Approach for Agricultural Knowledge Management,
November 9-12, 2011. pp. 305-306.
[7] Chaudhary M. (2012) Video programme on nutrition education for rural
women. M.Sc. Thesis, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner,
Fig-2 Content of various messages related to vegetables cultivation Rajasthan.
practices CD perceived by judges [8] Sethi N. (1993) Media support for rural women on scientific indigenous dry
land technologies. Ph.D. Thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
Table-5 Text of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices CD Hisar, Haryana.
perceived by judges N=30 [9] Jain V. (2005) Development and standardization of media package on
Attributes of text Weighted Mean Score animal husbandry practices for rural women of Haryana. Ph.D. Thesis, CCS
Messages Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana.
M1 M2 M3 [10] Sharma S. (2003) Development and effectiveness of media on women
Clarity of text 2.75 2.75 2.75 operated farm machinery for cotton cultivation. Ph.D. Thesis, CCS Haryana
Size of text 2.73 2.73 2.73 Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana.
[11] Yadav M. (2013) Media Standardization for fruits and vegetables
Low: 1 – 1.66 Medium: 1.67 – 2.32 High: 2.33 – 3.00 processing and preservation. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Extension
Education and Communication management, CCS Haryana Agricultural
Conclusion University, Hisar, Haryana.
On the basis of this study it may be concluded that development of compact disc [12] Sidhu K. (2012) International Journal of Education Science, 4, 67-70.
(CD) on vegetables cultivation practices prepared for rural women which were [13] Sethi N. (1993) Media support for rural women on scientific indigenous dry
found to be effective in all the parameters regarding effectiveness when it was land technologies. Ph.D. Thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
assessed through judges. Hisar, Haryana.8
[14] Asrani S. (2006) Development and testing of interactive media on bee
Abbreviations: keeping. M.Sc. Thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
CD- Compact Disc Haryana.
ROM-Read Only Memory [15] Jadal M. M. (2011) Indian Stream Research Journal, 1, August.
M- Message [16] Raj M. & Gupta A.K. (2012) Effectiveness of electronic classroom for
N- Number of Respondents teaching general science at secondary school level. www.mierjs.in.
i.e.,-That is [17] Chaudhary M. (2012) Video programme on nutrition education for rural
EECM- Extension Education and Communication Management, women. M.Sc. Thesis, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner,
CCS HAU- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Rajasthan.
[18] Agarwal J. (2012) Awareness programme for adolescent girls of Bikaner
Acknowledgement district about home science education. M.Sc. Thesis, S. K. Rajasthan
I am obliged and sincerely thankful to Dr Sushma Kausik, Professor & Head, Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan
Department of Extension Education & Communication Management, College of
Home Science, CCS HAU, Hisar for her valuable suggestions and timely help
during the course of this study.
Author Contributions Form

S. No. Particulars Percent contribution
Author 1 Author 2
1. Conception/design of the work 50 50
2. Acquisition of the data 70 30
3. Data analysis and interpretation 60 40
4. Drafting of manuscript 60 40
5. Critical revision of the article 60 40
6. Drafting of references 50 50
7. Final approval of the version to be 50 50
published
References
[1] Wargovich M. J. (2000) Hort Science, 35, pp. 573-575.
[2] Central Statistics Office (CSO) (2013) State-wise estimates of value of

Review Article
NANO FERTILIZERS IS A NEW WAY TO INCREASE NUTRIENTS USE EFFICIENCY IN CROP PRODUCTION
MEENA DHARAM SINGH1*, GAUTAM CHIRAG2, PATIDAR OM PRAKASH3, MEENA HARI MOHAN4, PRAKASHA G.5 AND VISHWAJITH6
1,5,6Departmentof Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065
2Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065
4Department of Soil Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065
3ICAR-Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-dsagrians@gmail.com
Abstract- Nano fertilizers are the important tools in agriculture to improve crop growth, yield and quality parameters with increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce
wastage of fertilizers and cost of cultivation. Nano-fertilizers are very effective for precise nutrient management in precision agriculture with matching the crop growth
stage for nutrient and may provide nutrient throughout the crop growth period. Nano-fertilizers increase crop growth up to optimum concentrations further increase in
concentration may inhibit the crop growth due to the toxicity of nutrient. Nano-fertilizers provide more surface area for different metabolic reactions in the plant which
increase rate of photosynthesis and produce more dry matter and yield of the crop. It is also prevent plant from different bi otic and abiotic stress.
Keywords- Nano ZnO, Nano hydroxyl apatite, Nano iron, crop plants.
Citation: Meena Dharam Singh, et al., (2017) Nano-Fertilizers is a New Way to Increase Nutrients Use Efficiency in Crop Production. International Journal of Agriculture
Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3831-3833.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Meena Dharam Singh, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Academic Editor / Reviewer: Ranvir Singh, Dubey Manish Kumar
In present agriculture fertilizer contributes to the tune of 50% of the agricultural
Introduction production but increasing use higher doses of fertilizers does not guarantee to
World agricultural cropping systems intensively using large amount of fertilizers, improved crop yield but it leads several problems like degradation of soil and
pesticides, herbicides to achieve more production per unit area but using more pollution of surface and underground water resources. Solution: Increase the
doses than optimum of these chemicals and fertilizers leads to several problems fertilizer nutrient use efficiency and reduce doses. According to [5], reported that
like environment pollution (soil, water, air pollution), low input use efficiency, fertilizer alone contributed 50% in crop production. High transportation cost of
decrease quality of food material, develop resistance in different weeds, diseases, fertilizers due to require in large quantity. Solution: Decrease the application rate
insects, less income from the production, soil degradation, deficiency of micro of fertilizers. More wastes of fertilizers material by using over doses in crop
nutrient in soil, toxicity to different beneficial living organism present above and production. Solution: Value-addition to traditional fertilizers and reduce doses per
below the soil surface etc. Despite these problems there is also challenge to feed unit area. Multi nutrient deficiency in the soils. Solution: combine application of
the growing population of the world [1, 2]. Therefore in the future, there is need to macro and micronutrient sources.
produce nutritive agricultural produce rich in protein and other essential nutrient
required to the human and animal consumption that is why emphasis should be Nanotechnology applications in agriculture
laid on production of high quality food with the required level of nutrients and Now a days nanotechnology providing different nano devices and nano material
proteins [1, 3]. For solving these problems in crop production nano-fertilizers, which having a unique role in agriculture such as nano biosensors to detect
pesticides and herbicides may effective tools in agriculture for better pest and moisture content and nutrient status in the soil and also applicable for site specific
nutrient management because these nano-materials having more penetration water and nutrient management, Nano-fertilizers for efficient nutrient
capacity, surface area and use efficiency which avoid residues in environment. management, Nano-herbicides for selective weed control in crop field, Nano-
Size below 100 nm nano-particles can use as fertilizer for efficient nutrient nutrient particles to increase seed vigor, Nano-pesticides for efficient pest
management which are more ecofriendly and reduce environment pollution. management. alginate/ chitosan nano-particles can be use as herbicide carrier
Hence, these agricultural useable nano-particle develop with the help of material specially for herbicide such as paraquat [6]. Nano herbicides are effective
nanotechnology can be exploited in the value chain of entire agriculture production in weed management [7]. Hence, nanotechnology have greater role in crop
system [4]. production with environmental safety, ecological sustainability and economic
stability. The nano-particles produced with the help of nanotechnology can be
Challenges & Solutions of present agricultural practices exploited in the value chain of entire agriculture production system [8].
Present agriculture is generally chemically intensive where using more doses of
chemicals for insect, disease, weeds and nutrient management to get maximum What is nano fertilizer?
production per unit area without caring about natural resources and ecosystems.

Nano-Fertilizers is a New Way to Increase Nutrients Use Efficiency in Crop Production
Nano-fertilizers “Nano fertilizers are synthesized or modified form of traditional the more availability of nano nutrient to the plant it prevent from disease, nutrient
fertilizers, fertilizers bulk materials or extracted from different vegetative or deficiency and other biotic and abiotic stress which indicate that nano fertilizers
reproductive parts of the plant by different chemical, physical, mechanical or enhance overall health of the plant. ZnO nano-particles also helpful to plant under
biological methods with the help of nanotechnology used to improve soil fertility, stress conditions [17]. Aqueous solutions of Ag+ and Au+ drastically reduced the
productivity and quality of agricultural produces. Nanoparticles can made from body weight of P. ricini larvae [18].
fully bulk materials [9].
At nano scale physical and chemical properties are differ than bulk material. Advantages of nano fertilizers over traditional fertilizers
Similarly reported [10]. Rock phosphate if use as nano form it may increase Nano fertilizers are advantageous over conventional fertilizers as they increase
availability of phosphorus to the plant because direct application of rock soil fertility yield and quality parameters of the crop, they are nontoxic and less
phosphate nano particles on the crop may prevent fixation in the soil similarly harmful to environment and humans, they minimize cost and maximize profit.
there is no silicic acid, iron and calcium for fixation of the phosphorus hence it Nano particles increase nutrients use efficiency and minimizing the costs of
increase phosphorus availability to the crop plants[11]. environment protection [19]. Improvement in the nutritional content of crops and
the quality of the taste. Optimum use of iron and increase protein content in the
Important properties of nano fertilizers which facilitate higher nutrient use grain of the wheat [20]. Enhance plants growth by resisting diseases and
efficiency improving stability of the plants by anti-bending and deeper rooting of crops.[8]
The nano-fertilizers have higher surface area it is mainly due to very less size of also suggested that balanced fertilization to the crop plant may be achieved
particles which provide more site to facilitate different metabolic process in the through nanotechnology.
plant system result production of more photosynthets. Due to higher surface area
and very less size they have high reactivity with other compound. They have high Effects of nano-fertilizers on seeds germination & growth parameters of the
solubility in different solvent such as water. Particles size of nano-fertilizers is less plant.
than 100 nm which facilitates more penetration of nano particles in to the plant Several researches reported that nano fertilizers significantly influenced the seed
from applied surface such as soil or leaves. germination and seedling growth which revealed the effect of nano fertilizers on
Nano fertilizer have large surface area and particle size less than the pore size of seed and seed vigor. Nano fertilizers can easily penetrate into the seed and
root and leaves of the plant which can increase penetration into the plant from increase availability of nutrient to the growing seedling which result healthy and
applied surface and improve uptake and nutrient use efficiency of the nano- more shoot length and root length but if concentration is more than the optimum it
fertilizer. Reduction of particle size results in increased specific surface area and may show inhibitory effects on the germination and seedling growth of the plant.
number of particles per unit area of a fertilizer that provide more opportunity to The toxicity of ZnO nano-aprticles on the root growth of garlic (Allium sativum L.)
contact of nano-fertilizers which leads to more penetration and uptake of the [21]. Nano particles have both positive and negative effects on the plant [22].
nutrient [12]. Nano ZnO recorded higher peanut seeds germination percent and root growth
Fertilizers encapsulated in nano-particles will increase availability and uptake of compare to bulk zinc sulphate [23]. Similarly positive effective of nano-scale SiO2
nutrient to the crop plants[13]. Zeolite based nano-fertilizers are capable to and TiO2 on germination was reported in soya bean [16]. Reported higher seed
release nutrient slowly to the crop plant which increase availability of nutrient to germination, shoot length, root length under nano fertilizers treatment over control
the crop though out the growth period which prevent loss of nutrient from or without nano fertilizer treated seeds. Nano fertilizers increase availability of
denitrification, volatilization, leaching and fixation in the soil especially NO 3-N and nutrient to the growing plant which increase chlorophyll formation, photosynthesis
NH4-N. Particle size below 100 nm nano-particles can use as fertilizer for efficient rate, dry matter production and result improve overall growth of the plant [24-27].
nutrient management which are more eco-friendly and reduce environment Reported similar result that nano-TiO2 treated seed produced plant recorded more
pollution [4].Main reason for high interest in fertilizers is mainly their penetration dry weight, higher photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll-a formation compared to the
capacity, size and very higher surface area which is usually differ from the same control [28]. Which indicate that nano fertilizers significantly improve seed
material found in bulk form. This is partially due to the fact that nano particles germination and overall growth of the plant.
show a very high surface: volume ratio. Thus, the reactive surface area is
proportionally over-represented in nano particles compared to larger particles. Yield & Yield Parameters
Particle surface area increases with decreasing particle size and the surface free Nano fertilizers enhance the seed germination, vigor, growth parameters (plant
energy of the particle is a function of its size. Similar result obtained[12]. height, leaf area, leaf area index number of leaves per plant) dry matter
production, chlorophyll production, rate of the photosynthesis which result more
Achievements of nano-fertilizers production and translocation of photosynthets to different parts of the plant.[5]
Nano fertilizers providing greater role in crop production and several research reported similar result that nano-TiO2 treated seed produced plant recorded more
study revealed that nano fertilizers enhanced growth, yield and quality parameters dry weight, higher photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll-a formation compared to the
of the crop which result better yield and quality food product for human and animal control. This improve translocation of photosynthets from source (leaves) to sink
consumption. This translates into an improvement to three major areas of (economic part of the plant it may be grain, tuber, bulb, stem, fibre and leaves.)
production. which result in more yield and quality parameters from nano-fetilizers treated
Yields: Several research studies revealed that application of nano-fertilizers plants compare to without nano fertilizers treated plants or traditional fertilizers
significantly increase crop yield over control or without application of nano-fertilzer treated plants. [29-31] reported similar result and nano hydroxyl appetite (nHA)
it is mainly because of increasing growth of plant parts and metabolic process application produced 5.9 g soybean seeds per plant, compared to 4.9 g per plant
such as photosynthesis leads to higher photosynthets accumulation and under regular P treatment, and merely 1.1 and 0.6 g soybean per plant
translocation to the economic parts of the plant. Foliar application of nano particles respectively for the controls without P application [29]. This is the first report on
as fertilizer significantly increase in yield of the crop[14]. Nutritional Value: Nano synthesis and application of nHA as nano P fertilizer for increasing soybean
fertilizers provide more surface area and more availability of nutrient to the crop yields.The estimated yield increase by nano-K fertilizer at 20 kg K2O/ha over MOP
plant which help to increase these quality parameters of the plant (such as protein, at the same level is around 8 % and no significant difference between 20 kg
oil content, sugar content) by enhancing the rate of reaction or synthesis process K2O/ha and 30 Kg K2O/ha in the form of nano-K [31]. Accordingly, improvement of
in the plant system. Application of zinc and iron on the plant increase total grain yield with the application of nano-K fertilizer is highly correlated with the
carbohydrate, starch, IAA, chlorophyll and protein content in the grain [15]. Nano- increase in seeds/panicles. [20, 32] also reported higher value of yield parameters
Fe2O3 increase photosynthesis and growth of the peanut plant [16]. under nano fertilizers treated plants compare to bulk nutrient sources. Iron content
Health: Some nutrient also responsible disease resistance to the plant and due to was more in the plant under nano iron treated plant than control [22].

Meena Dharam Singh, Gautam Chirag, Patidar Om Prakash, Meena Hari Mohan, Prakasha G. and Vishwajith
Need to Study [16] Liu X.M., Zhang F.D., Zhang S.Q., He X.S., Fang R., Feng Z. and Wang Y.
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and soil beneficial microorganism, fate of nano fertilizers in soil and plant have to [19] Naderi M. R. and Abedi A. (2012) J. Nanotech., 11(1), 18-26.
be studied, need to optimizes concentration and doses of nano fertilizers for [20] Farajzadeh Memari Tabrizi E., Yarnia M., Khorshidi M. B. and Ahmadzadeh
different crop and site specific management of nano fertilizers in precision V. (2009) J. Food Agr. Env., 7(2), 611-615.
agriculture these are several issues need to standardise to achieve better result [21] Talgar S., Jianxiu G. U., Changshan X. U., Zhikun Y., Qing Z., Yuxue L.
from nano-fertiliers in crop production. and Yichun L. (2011) Nanotoxicology, 1–8.
[22] Nadi E., Aynehband A. and Mojaddam M., (2013) Int. J. Biosci., 3, 267-272.
Conclusion [23] Prasad T.N.V.K.V., Sudhakar P., Sreenivasulu Y., Latha P., Munaswamy
Application of different nano-fertilizers have greater role in enhancing crop V., Raja Reddy K., Sreeprasad T.S., Sajanlal P.R. and Pradeep T. (2012) J.
production this will reduce the cost of fertilizer for crop production and also of plant nutrition., 35, 905-927.
minimize the pollution hazard. The application of nano-fertilizers in agriculture [24] Hediat M.H. and Salama (2012) International Research Journal of
should have a greater concern to society. Fertilizer nutrient use efficiency in crop Biotechnology, 3, 190-197.
production can be enhanced with effective use of nano-fertilizers. Nano fertilizers [25] Kannan N., Rangaraj S., Gopalu K., Rathinam Y. and Venkatachalam R.
improve crop growth and yield up to optimum applied doses and concentration but (2012) Curr. Nanosci., 8, 902-908.
they also have inhibitory effect on crop plant if concentration is more than the [26] Mahajan P., Shailesh, K., Dhoke R. K. and Anand K. (2013) Nanotechnol.,
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[27] Suriyaprabha R., Karunakaran G., Yuvakkumar R., Rajendran V. and
Kannan N. (2012) J. Current Nanosci., 8, 902-908.
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Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065 and ICAR -Indian Agricultural Research 83-91.
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V. and Kottegoda N., (2013) Annals of SriLanka Department of Agric., 15,
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Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human
participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
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Research Article
EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) STRAW IN TOTAL MIXED RATION ON IN VITRO
STUDIES IN CATTLE
CHAUHAN P. A.1, PATEL D. C.1, SINGH C.1, PARNERKAR S.1, PARMAR V.N.1, MAKWANA M.D.2*, PATEL N. R.2, JOSHI O.B.1 AND
PATEL S.N.1
1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110
2Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, 385506
*Corresponding Author: Email-akashmakwana2803@gmail.com
Received: November 26, 2016; Revised: January 21, 2017; Accepted: January 24, 2017; Published: February 12, 2017
Abstract- The study was conducted the effect of incorporation of gram (Cicer arietinum) straw in total mixed ration on in-vitro studies on cattle. The two treatments
were T1 (control): concentrate mixture (45%) + wheat straw (55%) and T 2 (Treatment): concentrate mixture (45%) + gram straw (80% replacement of wheat straw). The
energy and protein requirements of cattle were met as per ICAR (1998) standards. The concentrate to roughage ratio was kept at 45:55. The TMR without gram straw
was designated as G0 (control), gram straw was incorporated in TMR as replacement of wheat straw @ 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20 % and were designated as G1, G2, G3,
G4, and G5, respectively, for in vitro studies. The statistical analysis of data revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in in vitro dry matter digestibility IVDMD in G0, G3,
G4, and G5 treatment group as compared to G1 and G2 groups. The statistical analysis of data revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in in-vitro organic matter
digestibility(IVOMD) in G0, G3, G4 and G5 treatment group as compared to G1 and G2 groups.
Keywords- Gram straw, in vitro, Cattle.
Citation: Chauhan P. A., et al., (2017) Effect of Incorporation of Gram (Cicer arietinum L.) Straw in Total Mixed Ration on In-Vitro Studies in Cattle. International Journal
of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3834-3835.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Chauhan P. A, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
Introduction Materials and Methods

Livestock production account for 40% of the world’s gross agriculture production The present study was conducted Animal Nutrition Research Station Farm,
[1]. India has 304.4 million total bovine populations out of which 199.1 million are College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
cattle and 105.3 million are buffaloes. Beside this there remains large amount of during July to August 2016. In-vitro studies were conducted to arrive at the
population which include growing calves. Cattle rearing in India are primarily optimum level of incorporation of gram straw with various levels sore placement of
dependent upon herbage from natural range lands and crop residues. The wheat straw in total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR was prepared by mixing
alternative resource is by improving the natural range lands through introduction of concentrate mixture, wheat straw and gram straw. The concentrate and roughage
pastures and legumes [2]. Gram (Cicer arietinum), known as chickpea, is the ratio was kept at 45:55. The TMR without gram straw was designated as
pulse crop in India with 75 % of the world acreage and production. India is the G0(control), gram straw was incorporated in TMR as replacement of wheat straw
largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. Emphasis has been given @100, 80, 60, 40 and 20% and were designated as G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5,
to gram straw in the study as gram (Cicer arietinum) is one of the most important respectively, for in-vitro studies. The ingredient used for TMR formulation is given
pulse crop of India and nearly 8.95 million tonnes of gram straw is produced [Table-1.1].
annually in the country. Large amounts of straw remain after gram threshing. [3,4].
Gram straw could appear to be a valuable edible bio mass due to its high nutritive Table-1.1 Ingredient composition of total mixed ration (%) with replacement of
value and feeding qualities and can serve as potential feed resource during the wheat straw by gram straw.
lean period of May-July when even grasses and vegetation are highly scarce. Ingredients G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
Feeding of crop residues particularly leguminous straws for livestock as a major 0 100 80 60 40 20
roughage source has been observed during harvest season as they are most % Replacement of wheat straw by gram straw
abundantly available. Gram straw generally contains more protein, greater energy Wheat straw 55 0 11 22 33 34
Gram straw 0 55 44 33 22 11
and lower cell wall contents than cereal straws [5]. Straw is one of the main by- Concentrate 45 45 45 45 45 45
products from cereal and legume crops. Gram straw is higher in nutritive value
than cereal straws (44-46% TDN and 4.5-6.5% CP) [6]. Gram straw has relatively Four cattle (150-200 kg B.W.) of similar age and uniform conformations were
high metabolisable energy content (7.7 MJ/Kg DM) and can be used as a selected and fed [7] standard stomeet their nutrient needs as donor of rumen
ruminant feed. In view of the available information, attempt has been made to inoculums for in-vitro study. Rumen liquor was collected at 2h post feeding
study the effect of feeding gram straw based TMR on the performance of cattle. through stomach tube against negative pressure created by auction pump. For in-
vitro studies, 10 ml of SRL along with 40ml of fresh McDougall buffer was added

Effect of Incorporation of Gram (Cicer arietinum L.) Straw in Total Mixed Ration on In-Vitro Studies in Cattle
to the syringes containing substrate. The syringes containing substrate along with compared to G1 and G2 groups. The average values of IVOMD at 24 h incubation
rumen liquor and buffer were incubated at 39±10C for 48h in at win shakers water for G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 treatment groups were observed as 65.84, 69.08,
bath. After 24 and 48h of incubation, the content of each syringe was filtered 69.14, 66.52, 65.24 and 65.82%, respectively. The statistical analysis of data
through pre-weighed Gooch crucible, dried and weighed. Simultaneously, the revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in IVOMD in G 0, G3, G4 and G5 treatment
blank was also incubated without TMR sample. The in-vitro total gas production group as compared to G1 and G2 groups. The study revealed that optimum level of
(IVTGP), in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in-vitro organic matter incorporation of gram straw with wheat straw in TMR for feeding of cattle was G1
digestibility (IVOMD) were estimated. (100% gram straw) and G2 groups (80% gram straw).
Result and Discussions Acknowledgement:

The TMR was prepared by mixing concentrate mixture, wheat straw and gram The authors wish to express their grateful to Animal Nutrition research station
straw. In present study wheat straw was replaced by gram straw at different level Department, Veterinary college of Anand (AAU), Head, professors and staff
as 55:0 (100% wheat straw), 0:55 (100% gram straw), 11:44 (80% gram straw), member for technical support. Thanks are also extended for workers for Animal
22:33 (60% gram straw), 33:22 (40% gram straw) and 44:11 (20% gram straw) care and help.
under TMR T1 (control), T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. The TMR without gram
straw was designated as G0 (control), gram straw was incorporated in TMR as Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human
replacement of Wheat straw @ 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20% and were designated as participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5, respectively, for determination of optimum level of
replacement of wheat straw and incorporation of gram straw based on in vitro Abbreviations: IVDMD- in vitro dry matter digestibility, IVOMD- in vitro organic
digestibility of DM, OM and in vitro total gas production (TGP) profile. matter digestibility, TGP- Total Gas production TMR- Total mixed Ration, DM- Dry
matter, OM- Organic matter, CP- Crude protein, EE- Ether extract, NFE- Nitrogen
In-vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD): free extract
The data on IVDMD of TMR without gram straw- G0 (control), and for various
treatments G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 from in-vitro study at 24 h incubation period are Conflict of Interest: None declared
presented in [Table 1.1] and same data are also depicted. The average values of
in vitro dry matter digestibility at 24 h incubation for G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 References
treatment groups were observed as 66.47, 69.36, 69.21, 66.50, 66.30 and [1] Castanon-Cervantes O., Lugo C., Aguilar M., Gonzalez-Moran G. & Fanjul-
62.41%, respectively. The statistical analysis of data revealed significant (P<0.05) Moles M.L. (1995) Comp. Biochem. Phys. A., 110, 139-146.
decrease in IVDMD in G0, G3, G4, and G5 treatment group as compared to G1 and [2] MoFA (2000) Statistics, Research and Information Directorate. Ministry of
G2 groups. Same results in in-vitro studies of legume straw [8, 9]. food and agriculture, New Delhi.
[3] Pailan G. H., Verma N. C., Sharma D. K. and Gupta J. N. (2002) Indian
In-vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (IVOMD): Journal of Animal Nutrition, 19(3), 199-203.
The average values of IVOMD at 24h incubation for various levels of gram straw [4] Singhal V. (2003) Indian agriculture, Indian Economic Data Research
replacement in TMR with wheat straw are presented in [Table 1.2] and the same Centre, H-71, Panchavati, Vikashpur, New Delhi.
data are presented graphically. The average values of IVOMD at 24 h incubation [5] Ramachandra K. S., Anandan S. and Angadi U. B. (2006) Current status on
for G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 treatment groups were observed as 65.84, 69.08, data information on feed resources in different agro-climatic zones in
69.14, 66.52, 65.24 and 65.82%, respectively. The statistical analysis of data relation to nutrient requirement and availability. In proceeding of XII Animal
revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in IVOMD in G 0, G3, G4 and G5 treatment Nutrition Conference. January 7-9. 2006, AAU, Anand. India. 1-7.
group as compared to G1 and G2 groups. [6] Kafilzadeh F and Maleki E. (2012) Journal of Animal Physiology and
Animal Nutrition, 96(1), 111.
In-vitro Total Gas Production (IVTGP): [7] Lardy G. and Anderson V. (2009) Alternative feeds for ruminants. General
The average values for in vitro total gas production at 24 h incubation for G 0, G1, concepts and recommendations for using alternative feeds. North Dakota
G2, G3, G4, and G5 treatment groups were observed as 99.0, 97.5, 97.0, 96.75, State University Fargo, 24.
96.75 and 97.25 ml/500 mg TMR, respectively [Table-1.2]. No significant [8] ICAR (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Livestock and Poultry. Indian
differences (P<0.05) in gas production were observed among the experimental Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi.
groups. [9] Konka R. K. and Dhulipalla S. K. (2013) Indo- American Journal Agricultural
and Veterinary Science, 1(2), 89-90.
Table-1.2 The average pH, IVDMD%, IVOMD% and TGP (ml) during in vitro study [10] Dutta T. K., Rao S. B. N., Sahoo P. K. and Singh N. (2007) Animal Nutrition
(24 h incubation) and Feed Technology, 7, 161-168.
Group TGP IVDMD IVOMD
G0 99.0±0.41 66.47±0.53a 65.84±0.61a
G1 97.5±0.65 69.36±0.36b 69.08±0.47b
G2 97.5±0.65 69.21±0.59b 69.14±0.48b
G3 96.75±1.11 66.50±0.25a 65.52±0.33a
G4 96.75±0.63 66.30±0.26a 65.24±0.80 a
G5 97.25±0.75 66.41±0.20a 65.82±0.17 a
P value 0.311 0.000 0.000
abMeans with different superscripts in a column for a parameter differ
significantly (P<0.05)
Conclusion
The average values of in vitro dry matter digestibility at 24 h incubation for G0, G1,
G2, G3, G4, and G5 treatment groups were observed as 66.47, 69.36, 69.21, 66.50,
66.30 and 62.41%, respectively. The statistical analysis of data revealed
significant (P<0.05) decrease in IVDMD in G0, G3, G4, and G5 treatment group as

Research Article
CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH COEFFICIENTS ANALYSIS FOR VARIOUS YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF
BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)
YADAV NEHA*, DHANKHAR SURENDER KUMAR, CHANDANSHIVE ANIKET VILAS AND KUMAR VIKASH
Department of Vegetable Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-nehayadav67.ny@gmail.com
Abstract- A field experiment including forty genotypes was conducted at Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar during autumn winter season 2015-16. The observations were recorded on qualitative and qualitative traits. The genotypic path coefficient revealed that highest
positive direct effect (0.866**) on fruit yield followed by number of flower per cluster (0.355**) and fruit yield per plant (0.610*), whereas length of peduncle showed
significant and negative association with number of branches per plant (-0.186*). Simultaneously, significant positive genotypic correlation was observed for number of
branches per plant (0.610**), number of fruits per plant (0.565**), number of flowers per cluster (0.394**) and plant height (0.213*) with fruit yield per plant. Path
analysis showed that number of branches and fruits per plant had high direct effect and number of flowers per cluster had indirect effect via., number of branches per
plant with fruit yield per plant, indicating that these traits should be given importance for selection in present material.
Keywords- Character association, Correlation, Path analysis, Solanum melongena L.
Citation: Yadav Neha, et al., (2017) Character Association and Path Coefficients Analysis for Various Yields Attributes of Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.). International
Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3836-3839.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Yadav Neha, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
Introduction practices were adopted to obtain good phenotypic expression of the characters.
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most extensively grown vegetable all Observations were recorded on number of branches per plant, plant height, length
over the world including India. To increase its productivity the efforts being made of peduncle, number of fruits per plant, number of flowers per cluster, fruit length,
to develop superior varieties. Knowledge in respect of the nature and magnitude fruit diameter, days to 50% flowering, leaf length, fruit weight, yield per plant, leaf
of associations of yield with various component characters is a pre-requisite to width, fruit length to width ratio from ten randomly selected competitive plants in
bring improvement in the desired direction. Correlation and path coefficient each genotype of a replication. The experiment was laid out in randomized block
analysis are helpful tools to ascertain the real components of yield, which is a design with three replication having 40 genotypes, respectively. The knowledge of
complex character. Any crop improvement is intended to improve the yield correlation between yield and its contributing characters are basic and foremost
considering all other related components, which directly or indirectly contribute for endeavor to find out guidelines for plant selection. The existing relationships
its improvement. Hence, to illustrate the association between these variables between traits are generally determined by the genotypic and phenotypic
coefficient of correlation is generally adopted, which is of prime importance to correlations. The phenotypic correlation measures the degree of association of
select the suitable genotypes for improving the yield. two variables and is determined by genetic and environmental factors. On the
Correlation coefficient analysis measures the mutual relationship between various other hand, the genotypic correlation that represents the genetic portion of
plant characters and determines the component characters, on which selection phenotypic correlation is of inheritable nature and therefore, it is used to orient
can be based for genetic improvement in yield, whereas, path analysis partitioned breeding programs [3].
the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects of a set of dependent
variables on independent variable, thereby assists in the isolation of genotype. Results and Discussion
The all above cited parameters are pre-requisite to plan effective and successful The number of branches per plant showed significant and positive correlation
breeding strategy. The aim of the present study was to assess the association [Table-1] with number of fruits per plant (0.866**), number of flower per cluster
between yield and yield contributing characters with their direct and indirect effects (0.355**) and fruit yield per plant (0.610*). Similar trends in results were also
on fruit yield and related traits of brinjal. obtained by [21,1] for number of branches per plant in brinjal. Plant height [Table-
1] exhibited significant and positive correlation with number of branches per plant
Materials and Methods (0.234*). Similar results were found by [24,1, 23]. The length of peduncle [Table-1]
The present study was conducted at Research Farm of the Department of showed significant and negative association with number of branches per plant (-
Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during autumn- 0.186*) and non-significant and positive association with plant height (0.161) at
winter of 2015-16. The experimental material comprised forty genotypes. The genotypic level, respectively. The present results are similar to the findings of
genotypes have been selected from the material and maintained by department [6,4,12]. The number of fruits per plant [Table-1] showed significant and positive
based on morphological characters. Recommended agronomic and cultural correlation with number of branches per plant (0.866**). It also showed non-

Character Association and Path Coefficients Analysis for Various Yields Attributes of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
significant and negative association with length of peduncle (-0.014) but significant present findings, [10, 11] also showed positive correlation with number of flowers
and positive correlation with plant height (0.205*). Similar results were reported by per cluster. Fruit length [Table-1] showed significant and positive relation with
[17,1,10] for number of fruits per plant. length of peduncle (0.184*) and non-significant and positive correlation with
The number of flowers per cluster [Table-1] showed highly significant and positive number of flowers per cluster (0.103) and number of fruits per plant (0.005) at
correlation with number of branches per plant (0.355**) and number of fruits per genotypic level and significant and negative association with number of branches
plant (0.447**) at genotypic level. On the other hand, the trait demonstrated per plant (-0.196*) and non significant and negative correlation with plant height (-
significant and negative correlation with length of peduncle (-0.214*) also showed 0.046). The earlier reports of [18] also reported positive correlation with yield per
non-significant and negative association with plant height (-0.008). Similar to the plant. Similarly, [1,13,15,22] support the present findings.
Table-1 Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal) correlation coefficients among different yield and yield contributing characters of brinjal
Genotypic correlation
NBBP PH LP NFPP NFPC FL FD D50%F LL FW YPP LW FL/WR
coefficient
NBBP 1.00 0.169 -0.099 0.545** 0.170 -0.136 -0.061 -0.059 -0.011 -0.168 0.441** -0.153 -0.097
PH 0.234* 1.00 0.122 0.177 0.018 -0.025 0.090 0.039 -0.092 -0.073 0.197* -0.122 -0.034
LP -0.186* 0.161 1.00 -0.056 -0.135 0.175 -0.226* 0.149 0.232* 0.043 -0.215* 0.171 -0.103
NFPP 0.866** 0.205* -0.114 1.00 0.331** 0.025 -0.128 -0.037 0.071 -0.146 0.514** -0.024 -0.139
NFPC 0.355** -0.008 -0.214* 0.447** 1.00 0.081 0.032 0.078 -0.175 -0.089 0.315** -0.072 0.206*
FL -0.196* -0.046 0.184* 0.005 0.103 1.00 -0.116 0.236** -0.024 0.048 -0.087 0.205* 0.207*
FD 0.028 0.119 -0.286** -0.143 0.082 -0.130 1.00 -0.396** -0.135 0.148 -0.074 -0.366** 0.056
D50%F -0.071 0.072 0.259** -0.005 0.021 0.366** -0.525** 1.00 0.058 -0.073 -0.038 0.228* 0.152
LL 0.151 -0.074 0.349** 0.126 -0.377** -0.018 -0.238** 0.155 1.00 0.248** -0.145 0.070 -0.102
FW -0.238** -0.069 0.055 -0.162 -0.122 0.061 0.161 -0.088 0.387** 1.00 0.312** -0.163 -0.022
YPP 0.610** 0.213* -0.264** 0.565** 0.394** -0.095 -0.085 -0.049 -0.247** -0.319** 1.00 0.017 -0.096
LW -0.245** -0.135 0.171 -0.028 -0.089 0.217* -0.430** 0.325** 0.089 -0.167 0.019 1.00 -0.392**
FL/WR -0.130 -0.047 -0.132 -0.146 0.277** 0.232* 0.068 0.191* -0.204* -0.022 -0.098 -0.411** 1.00
*, **P ≤ 0.05 and 0.01, respectively
NBBP- number of branches per plant, PH- plant height, LP- length of peduncle, NFPP- number of fruits per plant, NFPC- number of flowers per cluster, FL- fruit length, FD- fruit diameter,
D50%F- days to 50% flowering, LL- leaf length, FW- fruit weight, YPP- yield per plant, LW- leaf width, FL/WR- fruit length to width ratio
Fruit diameter [Table-1] exhibited significant and negative correlation (-0.286*) diameter (-0.085) and fruit length (-0.095) at genotypic level. Close results were
with length of peduncle and non-significant and positive association with plant found by various workers [1,13,14,17,21], respectively. Leaf width [Table-1]
height (0.119), number of flowers per cluster (0.082) and number of branches per showed highly significant and positive relationship with days to 50% flowering
plant (0.028) and non-significant and negative correlation with number of fruits per (0.325**) and positive association with fruits length (0.217*) at genotypic level. On
plant (-0.143) and fruit length (-0.130), respectively. Earlier, [2,13] reported that the other hand, the trait demonstrated non-significant and positive association with
fruit diameter had positive correlation with yield per plant. Similarly, this study length of peduncle (0.171), leaf length (0.089) and yield per plant (0.019) at
confirms the findings of [22]. Days to 50% flowering showed highly significant and genotypic level. It also showed highly significant and negative genotypic
positive relationship with fruit length (0.366**) and length of peduncle (0.259**) correlation with number of branches per plant (-0.245**) and fruit diameter (-
and non-significant and positive correlation with plant height (0.072) and number 0.430**). It showed non-significant and negative correlation with plant height (-
of flowers per cluster (0.021) at genotypic level [Table-1]. It also showed 0.135), number of fruits per plant (-0.028), number of flowers per cluster (-0.089)
significant and negative correlation with fruit diameter (-0.525**) and non- and fruit weight (-0.167) at genotypic level. Similar results for leaf width were
significant and negative correlation with number of branches per plant (-0.071) obtained by [14,22].
and number of fruits per plant (-0.005) at genotypic level. [8,25] also showed Fruit length to width ratio showed highly significant and positive correlation with
similar result but the findings of [21] were contradictory to the present findings. number of flowers per cluster (0.277**) and highly positive association with fruit
Leaf length [Table-1] showed highly significant and positive correlation with length length (0.232*) and days to 50% flowering (0.191*) at genotypic level [Table-1].
of peduncle (0.349**) and highly significant and negative correlation with number On the other hand, fruit diameter (0.068) showed positive correlation with fruit
of flowers per cluster (-0.377**) and fruit diameter (-0.238**). On the other hand, it length to width ratio. The fruit length to width ratio showed highly significant and
showed non-significant and positive association with days to 50% flowering negative correlation with leaf width (-0.411**) at genotypic level. It also showed
(0.155), number of fruits per plant (0.126) and number of branches per plant non-significant and negative correlation with number of branches per plant (-
(0.151). Similar results exhibiting positive correlation for leaf length were explained 0.130), plant height (-0.047), length of peduncle (-0.132), number of fruits per
by [15,18,22]. Fruit weight showed highly significant and positive correlation with plant (-0.146), fruit weight (-0.022) and yield per plant (-0.098) at genotypic level.
leaf length (0.387**) and non-significant and positive association with fruit length Results of present investigation were in quite agreement with the reports of [1],
(0.061), length of peduncle (0.055) and fruit diameter (0.161) at genotypic level [15] and [22].
[Table-1]. The character reflected significant and negative association with
number of branches per plant (-0.238**) and non-significant and negative Path coefficient analysis
association with plant height (-0.069), number of fruits per plant (-0.162), number The number of branches per plant [Table-2] had positive direct effect (0.930) on
of flowers per cluster (-0.122) and days to 50% flowering (-0.088) at genotypic yield per plant and positive indirect effect via plant height (0.029), number of
level. Similar trends in findings were also obtained by [1,13,17,18]. flowers per cluster (0.025), length of peduncle (0.016) and days to 50% flowering
Yield per plant showed highly significant and positive relationship with number of (0.011) and negative indirect effect via number of fruits per plant (-0.235), fruit
branches per plant (0.610**), number of fruits per plant (0.565**) and number of length (-0.010), fruit diameter (-0.007), leaf length (-0.058), fruit weight (-0.024),
flowers per cluster (0.394**) and significantly positive association with plant height leaf width (-0.065) and fruit length to width ratio (-0.003). Similar trend of findings
(0.213*) indicates that the traits are governed by same pleiotropic effect of gene was also obtained by [1,16, 21]. Plant height [Table-2] showed positive direct
and simultaneous improvement would be effective at genotypic level [Table-1]. It effect (0.125) on yield per plant and indirect positive effect via number of branches
also showed highly significant and negative genotypic correlation with fruit weight per plant (0.218) and leaf length (0.028). It also showed negative indirect effect
(-0.319**), length of peduncle (-0.264**) and leaf length (-0.247**). It showed non- through number of fruits per plant (-0.056), length of peduncle (-0.014), number of
significant and negative correlation with days to 50% flowering (-0.049), fruit flowers per cluster (-0.001), fruit length (-0.002), fruit diameter (-0.031), days to

Yadav Neha, Dhankhar Surender Kumar, Chandanshive Aniket Vilas and Kumar Vikash
50% flowering (-0.011), fruit weight (-0.007), leaf width (-0.036) and fruit length to similar results for length of peduncle. The number of fruits per plant [Table-2]
width ratio (-0.001) on yield per plant. [1,7] also obtained similar result with this showed negative direct effect (-0.272) on yield per plant and positive indirect effect
trait. via number of branches per plant (0.806), plant height (0.026), length of peduncle
Length of peduncle [Table-2] showed negative direct effect (-0.086) on yield per (0.010), number of flowers per cluster (0.032), fruit length (0.000), fruit diameter
plant and positive indirect effect via plant height (0.020), number of fruits per plant (0.038) and days to 50% flowering (0.001). It also showed negative indirect effect
(0.031), fruit length (0.009), fruit diameter (0.075), fruit weight (0.005) and leaf via leaf length (-0.048), fruit weight (-0.016), leaf width (-0.007) and fruit length to
width (0.045). It also showed negative indirect effect through number of branches width ratio (-0.004). [18] also reported negative direct effect on this trait. On the
per plant (-0.173), number of flowers per cluster (-0.015), days to 50% flowering (- other hand, similar results were reported by [1,16,17,19].
0.039), leaf length (-0.133) and fruit length to width ratio (-0.004). [1] reported
Table-2 Direct (diagonal) and indirect genotypic path coefficient values of different characters on yield of brinjal
Genotypic
Path Coefficient NBPP PH LP NFPP NFPC FL FD D50%F LL FW LW FL/WR correlation with
yield
NBPP 0.930 0.029 0.016 -0.235 0.025 -0.010 -0.007 0.011 -0.058 -0.024 -0.065 -0.003 0.610**
PH 0.218 0.125 -0.014 -0.056 -0.001 -0.002 -0.031 -0.011 0.028 -0.007 -0.036 -0.001 0.213**
LP -0.173 0.020 -0.086 0.031 -0.015 0.009 0.075 -0.039 -0.133 0.005 0.045 -0.004 -0.264**
NFPP 0.806 0.026 0.010 0.272 0.032 0.000 0.038 0.001 -0.048 -0.016 -0.007 -0.004 0.565**
NFPC 0.331 -0.001 0.018 -0.122 0.071 0.005 -0.022 -0.003 0.144 -0.012 -0.024 0.007 0.394**
FL -0.183 -0.006 -0.016 -0.001 0.007 0.049 0.034 -0.056 0.007 0.006 0.057 0.006 -0.095**
FD 0.026 0.015 0.025 0.039 0.006 -0.006 -0.264 0.080 0.091 0.016 -0.113 0.002 -0.085**
D50%F -0.066 0.009 -0.022 0.001 0.001 0.018 0.138 -0.152 -0.059 -0.009 0.086 0.005 -0.049**
LL 0.141 -0.009 -0.030 -0.034 -0.027 -0.001 0.063 -0.024 -0.382 0.038 0.024 -0.005 -0.247**
FW -0.221 -0.009 -0.005 0.044 -0.009 0.003 -0.042 0.013 -0.148 0.099 -0.044 -0.001 -0.319**
LW -0.228 -0.017 -0.015 0.008 -0.006 0.011 0.113 -0.049 -0.034 -0.017 0.264 -0.011 0.019**
FL/WR -0.120 -0.006 0.011 0.040 0.020 0.011 -0.018 -0.029 0.078 -0.002 -0.109 0.026 -0.098**
Residual are 0.4186
NBBP- number of branches per plant, PH- plant height, LP- length of peduncle, NFPP- number of fruits per plant, NFPC- number of flowers per cluster, FL- fruit length, FD- fruit diameter,
D50%F- days to 50% flowering, LL- leaf length, FW- fruit weight, LW- leaf width, FL/WR- fruit length to width ratio cluster (-0.015), days to 50% flowering (-0.039), leaf length (-0.133) and fruit
length to width ratio (-0.004)
The number of flowers per cluster [Table-2] showed positive direct effect (0.071) results also follow the trend of [1,11,13, 15]. Fruit weight [Table-2] showed positive
on yield per plant and positive indirect effect via number of branches per plant direct effect (0.099) on yield per plant and positive indirect effect via number of
(0.331), length of peduncle (0.018), fruit length (0.005), leaf length (0.144) and fruits per plant (0.044), fruit length (0.003) and days to 50% flowering (0.013). It
fruit length to width ratio (0.007). It also showed negative indirect effect through also showed negative indirect effect through number of branches per plant (-
plant height (-0.001), number of fruits per plant (-0.122), fruit diameter (-0.022), 0.221), plant height (-0.009), length of peduncle (-0.005), number of flowers per
days to 50% flowering (-0.003), fruit weight (-0.012) and leaf width (-0.024). The cluster (-0.009), fruit diameter (-0.042), leaf length (-0.148), leaf width (-0.044) and
negative direct effect with this trait was mentioned earlier by [10,18] conforming fruit length to width ratio (-0.001). [11] reported similar observations. Similar
the present results. Fruit length [Table-2] showed positive direct effect (0.049) on results were reported by [1,13,17,14,21].
yield per plant and positive indirect effect via number of flowers per cluster (0.007), Leaf width [Table-2] showed positive direct effect (0.264) on yield per plant and
fruit diameter (0.034), leaf length (0.007), fruit weight (0.006), leaf width (0.057) positive indirect effect via number of fruits per plant (0.008), fruit length (0.011)
and fruit length to width ratio (0.006). It also showed negative indirect effect and fruit diameter (0.113). It also showed negative indirect effect via number of
through number of branches per plant (-0.183), plant height (-0.006), length of branches per plant (-0.228), plant height (-0.017), length of peduncle (-0.015),
peduncle (-0.016), number of fruits per plant (-0.001) and days to 50% flowering (- number of flowers per cluster (-0.006), days to 50% flowering (-0.049), leaf length
0.056). Similar to present study, [1,11,13,15,22] reported the positive direct and (-0.034), fruit weight (-0.017) and fruit length to width ratio (-0.011). [18, 22] also
indirect effects. reported similar results. Fruit length to width ratio [Table-2] showed positive direct
Fruit diameter showed negative direct effect (-0.264) on yield per plant and effect (0.026) on yield per plant and positive indirect effect via number of length of
positive indirect effect via number of branches per plant (0.026), plant height peduncle (0.011), number of fruits per plant (0.040), number of flowers per cluster
(0.015), length of peduncle (0.025), number of fruits per plant (0.039), number of (0.020), fruit length (0.011) and leaf length (0.078). It also showed negative
flowers per cluster (0.006), days to 50% flowering (0.080), leaf length (0.091), fruit indirect effect via number of branches per plant (-0.120), plant height (-0.006), fruit
weight (0.016) and fruit length to width ratio (0.002) [Table-2]. It also showed diameter (-0.018), days to 50% flowering (-0.029), fruit weight (-0.002) and leaf
negative indirect effect through fruit length (-0.006) and leaf width (-0.113). The width (-0.109). On the other hand, positive indirect effect was also found by [1, 15,
results of present study admit the finding of [13,22,12]. Days to 50% flowering 11, 22] for the trait fruit length to width ratio.
[Table-2] showed negative direct effect (-0.152) on yield per plant and positive
indirect effect via plant height (0.009), number of fruits per plant (0.001), number Conclusion
of flowers per cluster (0.001), fruit length (0.018), fruit diameter (0.138), leaf width It can be concluded that the nature and magnitude of various yield and associated
(0.086) and fruit length to width ratio (0.005). It also showed negative indirect yield related characters is a pre-requisite to improve in the desired direction. The
effect via number of branches per plant (-0.066), length of peduncle (-0.022), leaf studied yield and related characters showed significantly positive association with
length (-0.059) and fruit weight (-0.009). The results are in agreement with the yield, which conclude that the these associations will be easily considered in
results of [7,9,21,16]. brinjal breeding selection programmes for improvement of genotypes, which can
Leaf length [Table-2] showed negative direct effect (-0.382) on yield per plant and be economically used for further assortment of superior segregants in further
positive indirect effect via number of branches per plant (0.141), fruit diameter breeding programme of the brinjal.
(0.063), fruit weight (0.038) and leaf width (0.024). It also showed negative indirect
effect through plant height (-0.009), length of peduncle (-0.030), number of fruits Acknowledgement/Funding: The authors are grateful to the Department of
per plant (-0.034), number of flowers per cluster (-0.027), fruit length (-0.001), Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for providing
days to 50% flowering (-0.024) and fruit length to width ratio (-0.005). These necessary facilities to carried out the experiment.
Character Association and Path Coefficients Analysis for Various Yields Attributes of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
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Research Article
CORRELATION BETWEEN MILK CONSTITUENTS AND SOMATIC CELL COUNTS IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN
CROSSBRED CATTLE
YOGI SOURABH1, CHOURSIA SAROJ KUMAR1, SAHU SAMBHUTI SHANKAR1*AND JAISWAL SUDHEER2
1Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
2ICAR-Division of Poultry Science, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-shambhutisahu1987@gmail.com
Abstract- The present study was carried out in the herd of Holstein Friesian crossbred cows maintained at a private dairy Farm located at Anjora, District Durg (C. G.).
Milk samples from Holstein Friesian crossbred cows were analysed to find out relationship between major milk constituents and somatic cell counts (SCC). The least
square means obtained for fat %, solid not fat(SNF) %, total solids(TS)%, protein% and lactose%, test day milk yield and fat corrected milk (FCM) yield were
4.33±0.02, 8.29±0.01, 12.62±0.03, 2.99±0.05, 4.51±0.09, 10.50±0.09kg/day and 10.90±0.10kg/day, respectively. Overall mean for SCC found to as 1.42±0.02
(x10⁵cell/ml). In the present study negative and significant correlation (P<0.01) were observed between test day milk yields with fat and total solids. The correlation
between test day milk with SNF, protein and lactose were found to be negative and non significant. Highly and significant correlation (P<0.01)was observed between fat
and TS (0.918), fat and SNF (0.178) fat and protein (0.342) and fat and lactose (0.162). Positive and significant (P<0.01) correlation was observed among protein and
lactose percentage. Correlations are very significant in direct or indirect selection where alteration in one trait are induced through selection on other trait between
which there is genetic correlation. Values of genetic correlations between productions have huge importance in selection of cows, asthey provide possibility for
selection of heads on more traits at the same time.
Keywords- H.F., Milk Constituents, Somatic Cell Counts, Correlation.
Citation: Yogi Sourabh, et al., (2017) Correlation Between Milk Constituents and Somatic Cell Counts in Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cattle. International Journal of
Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3840-3842.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Yogi Sourabh, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
Academic Editor / Reviewer: Nayak Nibedita, Dr Jatin kumar Sahoo
Introduction The present study was carried out in the herd of Holstein Friesian crossbred cows
Milk is a good source of nutrients and hence important for growth, repairs and maintained at a private dairy Farm located at distance of 10 km from College of
provides energy. The composition of cow’s milk is also of the greatest importance Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anjora, District Durg (C. G.). The
for the dairy industry. A knowledge of milk composition also aids to evaluate climate is light tropical, sub-humid with a seasonal variation in temperature and
adulteration and the quality of the milk for consumers and milk processing rain fall. Total 432 samples of milk sample collected from 42 animals over a period
industries. Dairy production in the tropics and subtropics can be enhanced through of 08 month (January 2014 to August 2014) were collected and analysed to study
importation of breeds having superior genetic potential from other countries that the effects of season, stage of lactation and parity on milk constituents. Lactating
can either be used in purebred breeding or in crossbreeding with local breeds [5]. animals, which was used for testing milk components were in 1 st to 4th order of
The use of Holstein Friesians has resulted in dramatic rise in milk production over lactation and different stages of lactation. The information about the parity of cows
the last few decades. Cattle in the tropics have, on an average, lesser milk yield and date of calving were obtained from the records available in the farm. Each
and shorter lactation length compared to dairy cattle in temperate countries; the season had 144 samples collected and analyzed. Laboratory analysis was taken
difference is caused by both genetic and non-genetic factors [8]. Milk yield and fat by Milk tester (milk analysing device, model LM2), instrument used for
percent are important traits to breeders and farmer. Relationship between milk determination of Fat, SNF, Protein, Lactose and freezing point of milk. For
constituents plays an important role in determining several other economic determination of Somatic Cell Counts (x10⁵ cells / ml), milk samples were kept in
characteristics in farm animals. It is an important attribute as it forms the basis for sterile plastic container under an ice-cooled box and transported to the laboratory
assessing future milk yield, milk composition and also in making economic and and analyzed on the same day. SCC in milk samples were done as per method
market decisions in farm animals. This is indirect method of improvement of breed described by [10].
performance by estimating correlation between milk constituents. Positive
relationships between milk constituents help in genetic improvement strategies by Statistical Analysis
selection of animal. Individual mean comparisons were made for the significant effect. Coefficient of
correlation among different milk constituents and with test day milk yield was
Materials and Methods estimated by the formula as described by [13].
Source of Data

Correlation Between Milk Constituents and Somatic Cell Counts in Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cattle
Results highly valuable in breeding plan to improve these parameters. Correlation

The overall mean for fat percentage, SNF percentage, total solid percentage, between TS with protein, lactose, SNF and were positive and highly significant.
protein percentage, lactose percentage, test day milk yield(kg) and 4% milk fat(kg) These present observations are within the range of those reported by [1,9] in
and somatic cell count (×105/ml) were 4.33±0.02, 8.29±0.01, 12.62±0.03, different breeds of cows. Correlation between SNF with protein and lactose were
2.99±0.05, 4.51±0.09, 10.50 ±0.09 Kg, 10.91±0.10 Kg and 1.42± 0.02 x 105 cell/ found to be positive and highly significant (P<0.01). This finding is in agreement
ml. Milk composition (fat, CP, SNF and TS) is an important characteristic in dairy with [1]. There exists a positive and significant (P<0.01) correlation between
cattle. In this study, most of the milk composition measures are positively protein and lactose. Negative but no significant correlation was reported in
correlated except the negative correlation between milk yield with fat, SNF, between Somatic Cell Counts and milk yield in present study. Similarly, non-
protein, lactose and TS. Highly significant (P<0.01) correlation was observed significant correlation was reported by [15]. This suggests that selection for protein
between fat and TS (0.918), fat and SNF (0.178) fat and protein (0.342) and fat content will simultaneously improve the lactose content in milk. The study of
and lactose (0.162). Correlation between TS with protein, lactose, SNF and were correlations between test day milk yield and different milk constituent show need
found to be 0.499, 0.304 and, 0.554, respectively and were positive and highly of giving weightage not only to the yield of milk but also to other milk constituents
significant. Correlation between SNF with protein (0.520) and lactose (0.414) were like fat, SNF and total solids. Since milk fat is a more desirable trait both in respect
found to be positive and highly significant (P<0.01) and 0.520 and 0.414 of marketing and manufacture of dairy products. Hence it is essential to
respectively. There exists a positive and significant (P<0.01) correlation between incorporate fat yield in the selection procedure of any breeding plan. It is also
protein and lactose. Negative but non-significant correlation was reported in suggested that selection should be done on the basis of both fat and milk yield to
between Somatic Cell Counts and milk yield in present study. take care of milk yield and its constituents. In present study, it was already evident
that fat percentage had positive and significant correlation with total solids and
Table-1 Overall Means of different milk constituent (%), Test day milk, FCM yield protein.
(in Kg) and Somatic Cell counts (x10 ⁵ cell/ ml).
Dependent Variable Mean Std. Error Std. Deviation Acknowledgement : Author are thankful to College of Veterinary Science and
Fat 4.33 0.02 0.638 Animal Husbandry Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh and ICAR-Division of Poultry
SNF 8.29 0.01 0.304
Science, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar
Protein 2.99 0.05 0.111
Lactose 4.51 0.01 0.203 Pradesh, India
TS 12.62 0.03 0.754
Milk Yield 10.50 0.09 4.182 Conflict of Interest Statement- None
FCM 10.91 0.10 4.108
Somatic Cell Counts 1.42 0.02 0.420 Author Contributions
Study conception, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data: Sourabh
Table-2 Correlation between different milk constituents and test day milk yield. Yogi, Research design and interpretation of data: S. K. Chourasia, data collection:
Milk Total
Yield
Fat SNF Protein Lactose
Solids
Sourabh Yogi, Drafting of manuscript: Sourabh Yogi, S. S. Sahu, and Sudheer
Milk Yield 1 -0.292** -0.033 NS -0.081 NS -0.081 NS -0.261** Jaiswal and Critical revision: S. K. Chourasia.
Fat 1 0.178** 0.342** 0.162** 0.918**
SNF 1 0.520** 0.414** 0.554** Abbreviations-
Protein 1 0.367** 0.499** solid not fat- SNF, total solids- TS, fat corrected milk- FCM, somatic cell counts-
Lactose 1 0.304**
Total Solids 1
SCC, Percentage-%, Kilogram-Kg
Somatic -0.003
- - - - - Conflict of Interest: None declared
Cell Counts NS
** Significant at P<0.01 NS = Not significant,

References
Discussion [1] Babu Rao T. (1976) Comparative studies on fat, solid not fat, protein, total
The overall mean for different milk constituents are presented in [Table-1]. Similar solids contents of two crossbred groups and Ongole cows. M. V. Sc. Thesis
mean value fat percent and total solid percent were reported by [7] fat percentage, submitted to Andhra Pradesh Agric. Univ. in Faculty of Vety. Sci.
total solid percentage and lactose percentage are lower than the value reported [2] Kaswan S., Mukherjee J., Prasad S. and Dang A.K. (2011) Indian Vet. J.,
by[14]. Protein percent in milk of HF crossbred is close agreement with findings of 88, 92-93.
[3,11,16]. The result of lactose percent and test day milk yield(kg) is close [3] Kaushik S. N. (1980) First Annual Symposium of the Indian Society of
agreement with findings of [9]. The result of SCC for present study is within the Animal Genetics and Breeding on Genetics and Livestock Development.
range of those reported by [2,12,15]. (Abstr.).
Interrelationship between test day milk yield with major milk constituents and [4] Lal D. and Narayanan K. M. (1991) Indian J. Anim. Sci., 61, 91-93
amongst the constituents has been worked out in the present study and is [5] McDowell R.E. (1985)| J. Dairy Sci., 68, 2418-2435.
presented in [Table-2]. In the present study negative and significant (P<0.01) [6] Ozrenk E. and Inci S. S. (2008) Pak. J. Nutrition, 7, 161-164.
correlation were observed between test day milk yields with fat percentage and [7] Puranik D.B., Nagabhushana V and Appannavar M.M. (2000) J. Anim.
total solid percentage. The correlation between test day milk with SNF, protein and Prod. Mgmt., 16, 18-19.
lactose percentage were found to be negative and non-significant. [4] reported [8] Rege J.E.O. (1998) Proceeding of the 6th World Congress on Genetics
negative correlation between milk yield and major milk constituents. These Applied to Livestock Production. Armidale, NSW, Australia, 25, 193-200.
findings indicate that selection for high milk yield may result in to reduction in [9] Sarsiha M.P., Chourasia, S.K., Singh, M. and Jain R.K. (2004) Indian Vet.
percentages of fat, total solids and other milk constituents. Highly significant Med. Jour., 28, 13-15.
(P<0.01) correlation was observed between fat and TS, fat percentage and SNF [10] Schalm O. W., Carrol E. J. and Jain N. C. (1971) Bovine Mastitis, Lea and
percentage, fat and protein percentage and fat and lactose percentage. This is Febigar, Philadelphia, USA
supported by findings of [1,4,6]. These correlations suggest that as the fat [11] Shrivastava D.P., Kaushik S.N. and Kaul G.L. (1978) Indian Vet. J., 55,622.
increased, there were tendency for, total solids, SNF, protein and lactose to [12] Singh M. and Ludri R.S. (2001a)Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.,14, 1775-1780.
increase. Thus selection for fat will automatically bring improvement in TS, SNF, [13] Snedecor G. W. and Cochran W. G. (1994) Statistical methods. 8thedn.,
protein and lactose contents of milk in Sahiwal cows. This information will be Lowa state college.

Yogi Sourabh, Choursia Saroj Kumar, Sahu Sambhuti Shankar and Jaiswal Sudheer
[14] Sudhakar K., Panneerselvam S., Thiruvenkadan A. K., Abraham J. and

Vinodkumar G. (2013) Int. J. Food, Agri. Vet. Sci., 3, 229-233.
[15] Syridion D., Layek S., Behera K., Mohanty T. K., Kumaresan A.,
Manimaran A., Dang A. K. and Shiv Prasad (2012) Milchwissenschaft, 67,
362-365.
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Research Article
GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR YIELD PARAMETERS AND SPOT BLOTCH RESISTANCE IN F2 POPULATION OF
DURUM WHEAT (Triticum turgidum var durum)
CHETHANA C.K.* AND RUDRANAIK V.

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad, 580 005, Karnataka
*Corresponding Author: Email-ckcnanda608@gmail.com
Received: November 26, 2016; Revised: January 24, 2017; Accepted: January 25, 2017; Published: February 12, 2017
Abstract- The experiment was conducted to study the extent of genetic variability for grain yield, its component traits and spot blotch in F2 population of the cross
Bijaga yellowx NIDW-295. High phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for all the characters except for
days to fifty percent flowering, spike length and number of spikelet’s per spike. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for all the characters except days to
fifty percent flowering, awn length, spike length, number of spikelet’s per spike, thousand grain weight and seed yield per plant. These results suggested that better
scope for selecting superior transgressive segregants in this population. For spot blotch incidence, high genetic coefficients of variation along with high heritability and
genetic advance were recorded indicating the greater effectiveness of selection and improvement can be expected for spot blotch resistance. Present investigation
suggests that selection in F2 population of Bijaga yellowx NIDW-295 will be effective in selecting superior plants for yield parameters and spot blotch resistance in
evolving high yielding disease resistant genotype in wheat.
Keywords- Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), Genetic variability, Wheat, Spot blotch.
.
Citation: Chethana C. K. and Rudranaik V. (2017) Genetic Variability for Yield Parameters and Spot Blotch Resistance in F2 Population of Durum Wheat (Triticum
turgidum var durum). International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3843-3845.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Chethana C. K. and Rudranaik V. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Academic Editor / Reviewer: Dr. S. A. Desai
Introduction and needs to be improved significantly in warmer and humid regions of South
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world’s major cereal crops and staple Asia. The genetic variability study in segregating population of wheat is also
food of many regions grown under both irrigated and rain-fed conditions. India is reported by several researchers on yield and its attributing traits. Although, studies
the world’s second largest wheat producer, behind China and ahead of USA. It is on genetics of spot blotch resistance are limited and there is little effort has been
a remarkable achievement but India continues to face formidable problem of ever made to study the genetic variability for spot blotch resistance in segregating
increasing population and future wheat demand will be 110 mt to feed 1.5 billion populations of durum wheat. Hence, the present investigation was conducted to
people of India by 2020 [1]. The wheat production and productivity is affected by study the extent of variability, heritability and possible amount of genetic gain
various fungal, bacterial, viral diseases etc. Among these, Spot blotch caused by expected to occur during the selection for yield parameters and spot blotch
fungi Bipolaris sorokiniana, also known as leaf blight is a devastating disease of resistance in the F2 population of cross Bijaga yellow x NIDW 295. Genetic studies
wheat particularly in warm and humid regions such as NEPZ of India, South East presented in this study will enable breeder to make predictions about the possible
Asia, Latin America, the tarai of Nepal, China and Africa [2]. Due to continuous progress that can be achieved by making the selection more effective for genetic
rise in temperature during the wheat growing season and high humidity coupled improvement of spot blotch disease resistance.
with winter rains, spot blotch is getting favourable conditions to develop
aggressively and causes damage to wheat crop at larger scale by causing Materials and Methods
significant yield loss up to 18-50 per cent loss in favourable conditions [3]. The The experimental material for the present study comprised of the F 2 population of
spot blotch disease is gaining much importance in Karnataka state of India cross involving spot blotch susceptible (Bijaga yellow) and resistant (NIDW-295)
because of the occurrence of severe outbreak every year [4] where majority of genotypes. The present study was conducted in the experimental area of
area under tetraploid wheat cultivation characterized by dry and irrigated weather Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Arabhavi, University of Agricultural Sciences,
conditions favours spot blotch disease incidence in our area. Generally, tetraploid Dharwad considered as hotspot for spot blotch screening located between 15 o 26’
wheat is endowed with natural resistance rusts but is highly susceptible to spot N latitude and 75o 07’ E longitude. The F2 seeds of cross Bijaya yellow x NIDW
blotch. The genetic understanding of spot blotch resistance is limited and not well 295 were space planted along with parents Bijaga yellow and NIDW-295. The
documented so far. susceptible checks viz., Kiran, Bijaga Yellow and Amruth were also sown as an
Information on genetic variability, heritability and other genetic parameters of spot infector row to increase and uniform spread of disease in an experimental field.
blotch resistance with other agro-morphological attributes is pre-requisite for The F2 seeds and checks were sown in a row length of one meter length with the
genetic improvement through systemic breeding programmes targeted at help of a dibble, keeping plant to plant distance of 20cm and row to row distance
improving spot blotch disease resistance. It is generally believed that the level of of 23 cm during Rabi 2014-15. The recommended agronomic practices were
resistance to spot blotch in high-yielding wheat genotypes is still unsatisfactory followed during the crop growth period. Each individual F2 plants were tagged to

Genetic Variability for Yield Parameters and Spot Blotch Resistance in F2 Population of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum var durum)
record the observation on spot blotch disease, yield and yield attributing traits.
Heritability (Broad Sense)
Creation of epiphytotic conditions and Disease assessment Heritability in broad sense was estimated as the ratio of genotypic to the
The spore suspension was prepared from 15 days old culture of Bipolaris phenotypic variance and was expressed in percentage.
sorokiniana multiplied on sorghum seeds and was inoculated at tillering stage, flag ²g
leaf stage and anthesis stages during evening hours following the method
described [5]. Plots were irrigated immediately after inoculation to maintain a high h²bs = ———————  100
relative humidity for facilitating disease establishment and development in field. ²p
The five individual disease score was taken at weekly intervals using the double The heritability was categorized as low, moderate and high as 0-30%- Low; 30-
digit scale (00-99) developed as a modifications of Saari and Prescott’s (1975)at 60%-Moderate and 60% and above – High.
three different growth stages (GS), viz., GS 63 (beginning of anthesis to half
complete), GS 69(anthesis complete) and GS 77 (late milking). Percentage Genetic Advance (GA)
disease severity is estimated based on the following formula [6]. The extent of genetic advance to be expected from selecting five per cent of the
superior progeny was calculated by using the following formula
% severity = (D1/9) x (D2/9) x 100
Genetic advance (GA) = ih² σp
The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) based on disease severity over
time was estimated using the following formula given by [7]. Whereas, i = Intensity of selection, h² = Heritability in broad sense, σp= Phenotypic
𝑛 standard deviation. The value of i was taken as 2.06 assuming 5 per cent
𝐴𝑈𝐷𝑃𝐶 = ∑[{(𝑌𝑖 + 𝑌(𝑖+1) )/2}×(𝑡(𝑖+1) − 𝑡𝑖 )] selection intensity.
𝑖=1
Where, Yi = disease level at time ti, t(i + 1) -ti = time (days) between two disease Genetic Advance over Mean (GAM)
scores, Genetic advance over mean was estimated using the following formula
n = number of dates on which spot blotch disease scoring was recorded.
Data was recorded on grain yield (YPP) and its attributing traits viz., days to fifty Genetic advance
percent flowering, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, spike length, GAM (%) = —————————————  100
number of spikelets per spike and 1000-grain weight (TGW). Grand mean of the character
Statistical analysis Where, GA = Genetic advance, X = general mean of the Character.

Statistical analysis was done on the observation recorded on each individual plant Genetic advance as per cent mean was categorized as low, moderate and high as
in F2. Genetic parameters and the statistical methods adopted in the present study given by [9] as 0-10% - Low, 10-20% - Moderate and 20% and above – High.
were given as follows.
Phenotypic variance (σ2p) = Var F2 Results and Discussion
Where, Var F2= variance of F2 population The amount of genotypic and phenotypic variability that exist in a species is of
Environmental variance (σ2e) = (Var P1+ Var P2) /2 utmost importance in breeding better varieties and in initiating a breeding
Where, Var P1= Variance of P1 parent and Var P2= Variance of P2 parent program. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation are used to measure
Genotypic variance (σ2g) = σ2p - σ2e the variability that exists in a given population. Estimated genotypic coefficient of
Where, σ2p = Phenotypic variance and σ2e = Environmental variance. variability (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV), broad sense
Genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) heritability (h2) and genetic advance as percent of mean (GA) of the traits studied
𝜎g are presented in [Table-1].
𝐺𝐶𝑉 (%) = 𝑋 100
× The genetic variability studies in F2 indicated high mean and wider range for all the
Where, σg= Genotypic standard deviation and X = General mean of the traits under evaluation. This suggested the existence of sufficient genetic
characters. variability in this population.
In general, the PCV values were greater than GCV values although the
Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) differences were small. Narrower difference between the values of GCV and PCV
σp
PCV(%) = X 100 indicated that the environmental effect was small for the expression of these
× characters and these traits are governed by additive gene action. The results
Where, σp = Phenotypic standard deviation
obtained were in agreement with the results for yield and its contributing
X = General mean of the characters.
characters [10].
GCV and PCV values were categorized as low, moderate and high as indicated in
[8] as 0-10% – Low; 10%-20%- Moderate; > 20%-High.
Table-1 Estimates of Genetic variability parameters for different quantitative traits in F2 population of Bijaga yellow x NIDW-295.
Genetic parameters X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14
Phenotypic Variance 2.79 5.16 50.01 241.64 166.16 21.34 1.63 5.16 4.13 69.96 35.90 65.22 284.75 355.61
Genotypic variance 1.24 3.27 46.85 238.62 171.24 27.31 1.53 4.17 4.52 68.39 36.23 59.68 226.86 942.88
PCV 150.17 125.64 103.32 100.79 103.67 107.26 103.11 115.25 106.66 102.02 103.34 104.54 112.28 102.74
GCV 1.76 1.60 49.21 112.88 12.32 25.23 15.35 14.65 12.29 69.80 18.67 16.57 44.59 63.61
Heritability (%) broad sense 44.34 63.35 93.68 98.75 103.06 127.93 94.06 80.71 109.41 97.75 100.91 91.50 79.67 85.29
Expected Genetic advance @5% 1.53 2.96 13.65 31.67 28.80 14.77 2.47 3.91 5.11 16.99 12.93 15.22 27.76 172.30
Genetic Advance % of mean 2.42 2.62 98.11 231.44 27.11 71.32 30.67 28.08 29.53 143.40 40.11 32.65 82.16 356.96
X1 – Days to 50% flowering X5 – Plant height (cm) X9 – Number of spikelet’s per spike X13- AUDPC
X2 – Days to maturity X6 – Peduncle length (cm) X10 - Seed yield per plant (g) X14- Disease severity (%)
X3 – Number of tillers/plant X 7 – Spike lengths (cm) X11- 1000 grain weight (g)
X4 – Number of productive tillers/plant X8 – Awn length (cm) X12- Number of seeds per spike

Chethana C. K. and Rudranaik V.
Higher GCV and PCV values observed for all the traits except for few traits viz., References
days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, awn length, number [1] Virender Singh, Gyanendra Singh, Chaudhury A. K., Chowdhary A. K.,
of spikelet’s per plant, number of grains/spike and AUDPC suggested that there is Tyagi B. S., Rajita R., Ojha A. and Sheoran S. (2015) Inter. J. of tropical
high phenotypic and genotypic variation for all the traits except these traits. This Agri., 33(2), 1799-1803.
indicates that there is an ample scope for selection of promising plants from the [2] Saari E.E. (1998) Leaf blight diseases and associated soilborne fungal
present population for yield and its components. high genetic variability for grain pathogens of wheat in south and Southeast Asia.In: Duveiller E, Dubin HJ,
yield and its component characters in early segregating generations of wheat also Reeves J, McNab A (eds) Helminthosporium blights of wheat: spot blotch
reported by [11]. and tan spot. CIMMYT, Mexico, pp 37-51.
Moderate to low GCV and PCV recorded for days to maturity, plant height, awn [3] Duveiller E., Kandel Y. R., Sharma R. C. and Shrestha S. M. (2005)
length, number of spikelet’s per plant, number of grains/spike and AUDPC Phytopathology., 95, 248-256.
suggested the difficulty of manipulating these traits through plant breeding. Similar [4] Kulkarni G. S. (1924) Report of the Work Done in Plant Pathology Section
results of moderate PCV and GCV has been reported for spikelets per spike in during the year 1922-23. Ann. Rep. Department of Agriculture, Bombay,
wheat by [12]. For spot blotch resistance, high PCV and GCV was recorded for Presidency for 1922-23, pp. 167- 171.
disease severity (%) and AUDPC values, indicating that there is high variability [5] Chaurasia S., Chand R. and Joshi A. K. (2000) J Plant Dis Prot., 107, 176–
and ample scope for selecting superior resistant segregants in this population. 181.
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improvement method. Single plant selection and that in the earlier generations [7] Roelfs A. P., Singh R. P. and Saari E. E. (1992) Rust diseases of wheat:
may be much effective for a character that is highly heritable as compared to concepts and methods of disease management. CIMMYT, Mexico City, pp
character which is less heritable. The higher estimates of heritability were 1–81.
observed in the present study for grain yield and yield related traits like number of [8] Robinson H. F., Comstock R. E. and Harvey P. H. (1949) Agronomy J., 43,
productive tiller per plant, plant height, yield per plant and thousand grain weight. 282-287.
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could be effective in early segregating generations for these traits and the 314-318.
possibility of improving wheat grain yield through direct selection for grain yield [10] Vijaykumar Hokrani H., Rudra Naik, Nadaf H. L., Desai S. A., Deshpande
related traits. Binod The high heritability estimates for grain yield per plant, S. K., Kalappanavar I. K. and Patil B. N. (2013) Karnataka J. Agricultural
number of seeds per spike, plant height, 1000 seed weight and number of tillers Sciences., 26(1), 10-13.
per plant, which were in agreement with the present findings reported by [13] and [11] Abinasa M., Ayana A. and Bultosa G. (2011) African J. Agricultural
[14]. Hence selection for grain yield and yield related traits like number of Research., 6, 3972-3979.
productive tiller per plant, plant height, yield per plant and thousand grain weight is [12] Bhushan Bharat, Gaurav S. S., Ravindra Kumar, Rishi Pal, Manoj Panday,
suggested to improve the yield. Anant Kumar, Sonu Bharti, Nagar S. S. and Rahul V. P. (2013)
Heritability estimates along with genetic advance are normally more helpful in Environment and Ecology., 31(2), 405- 407.
predicting the gain under selection than heritability estimates alone. High [13] Binod Kumar, Chandra Mohan Singh and Kundan Kumar Jaiswal (2013)
heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as percent of mean was The Bioscan., 8(1),143-147.
recorded for number of number tiller per plant, productive tillers/plant, plant height, [14] Yousaf A., Atta B. M., Akhter J., Monneveux P. and Lateef Z. (2008)
spike length, awn length, number of spikelet’s/spike, Number of grains/spike, yield Pakistan J. Botany, 40, 2087-2097.
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For spot blotch resistance, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as
percent of mean was observed for Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC)
and per cent disease severity. This suggested the effectiveness of selection for
spot blotch superior resistance plants in the F2 population. Thus, it is evident from
the present finding that substantial genetic variability was envisaged for yield and
its component traits in the F2 population of cross Bijaga yellowx NIDW-295
population. It also exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as
percent of mean for grain yield per plant, plant height, number of tillers per plant,
thousand grain weights and spot blotch resistance characters like AUDPC and per
cent disease severity.
Conclusion:
The high genetic variability exists in the F 2 population of cross Bijaga yellow x
NIDW 295 for spot blotch resistance, yield and yield attributing traits in tetraploid
wheat. Therefore, these traits should be taken into account while selecting
superior and desirable plants for further improvement of yield parameters and spot
blotch resistance in development of high yielding and leaf rust resistant genotype
in wheat.
Acknowledgement
The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support from Department of
Science and Technology (DST), India through DST-INSPIRE fellowship to PhD
project to first author.

Research Article
EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) GENOTYPES
UNDER SUB HUMID CONDITION OF RAJASTHAN
SINGH DHARA*, MISHRA ASHUTOSH, SINGH JITENDRA AND MEENA BALRAM

Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar, 326023, Agriculture University, Kota, 324001, Rajasthan
*Corresponding Author: Email-dharasingh444@rediffmail.com
Abstract- A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2014-15 to study “Evaluation of Morphological Characters of Gladiolus Genotypes (Gladiolus
hybridus Hort.)” at the Instructional Farm, Department of Floriculture & Landscaping, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar. The experiment
consisted of 12 varieties ‘African Star’, ‘Arti’, ‘Darshan’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Hunting Song’, ‘Legend’, ‘Pusa Srijana’, ‘PusaKiran’, ‘Snow Princess’, ‘Sunayana’, ‘Trader Horn’
and ‘Urmi’ laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The variety ‘Trader Horn’ showed the best performance for maximum number of leaves per plant
(9.75), plant height (137.09 cm), spike length (123.38 cm), floret diameter (10.93 cm), duration of flowering (16.17), numbe r of florets per spike (20.08). The ‘Legend’
was noted for best yielding variety regarding, maximum number of spikes (37.0) per plot, sprouts per corm (2.67) and B:C ratio (2.18).
Keywords- Gladiolus Genotypes, Morphological Characters.
Citation: Singh Dhara, et al., (2017) Evaluation of Morphological Characters of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) Genotypes under Sub Humid Condition of Rajasthan.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Singh Dhara, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
Introduction Treated corms (with bavistin 0.2%) were planted at a distance of 20 cm with depth
Gladiolus is very popular cut spike, commonly known as ‘Sword Lily’. It is 6-8 cm in these furrows on 2 November, 2014. Total 16 corms of specific variety
important commercial bulbous crop and having pivotal place as cut spike both in were planted in each plot. Earthing up of plants was also done at the time of
domestic and international markets. Gladiolus was introduced into cultivation manual weeding after 45 days of planting to support the plants. The crop didn’t
towards the end of the sixteenth century. It is relatively easy to grow and is ideal face any serious attack of diseases and pests. However, drenching of soil with
for bedding and exhibition purposes. The spikes are used in floral arrangement, in bavistin with irrigation water and two spray of bavistin @ 0.2%, a spray of
bouquets and for indoor decorations. Popularity of this crop as a cut spike is monocrotophos 35 EC @ 2 ml/l of water for control insect-pests in the later stage
increasing day by day because of its long keeping quality and exhaustive range of of crop growth has made.
colours of the spikes. It stands fourth in the international cut flower trade after
carnation, rose and chrysanthemum. In India, gladiolus is commercially grown in Results & Discussion
West Bengal, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Punjab, Haryana, Sikkim, The analysis of varietal performance revealed that treatments were significant for
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, most of the characters indicating varietal differences for all characters studied. The
Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Rajasthan. Important pockets of commercial gladiolus variety ‘Trader Horn’ was found superior in respected to number of leaves per
cultivation are Lucknow, Meerut, Saharanpur, Bulandsahar, Ghaziabad and plant (9.75), plant height (137.09 cm), spike length (123.38 cm), floret diameter
Uttaranchal. [1] (10.93 cm), duration of flowering (16.17 days), number of florets per spike (20.08
florets) while, least in sprouts per corm (1.00) and number of spikes (17.33). The
Materials and Methods variation in number of leaves per plant, spike length, floret diameter and number
The present investigation was carried out during 2014-15 at the Instructional of florets per spike among the various varieties might be due to genotypic
Farm, Department of Floriculture & Landscaping, College of Horticulture & differences in phenotypic expression. The variation in number of leaves per plant
Forestry, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar, to identify important yield attributing characters amongst all varieties might due to variation in amount of stored food material in
for developing high yielding genotypes in gladiolus and to study performance of mother corms and another probable reason for variation among the varieties might
gladiolus under Jhalawar condion. The soil had organic carbon 0.48 %, available be the environmental conditions. [2] Plant height could have also been influenced
nitrogen 240.68 kg/ha, available phosphorus 16.83 kg/ha and available potash by other plant characters viz., corm size, planting distance and nitrogen
299.0 kg/ha. Well decomposed vermicompost at the rate of 5 kg/sqm was applied application might be attributed to greater availability and uptake of nitrogen into
at the time of land preparation. Recommended dose of NPK (30:20:20 g/m²) was the plant system which was involved in cell division, cell elongation as well as
applied in the form of Urea, Single Super Phosphate and Muriate of Potash, protein synthesis which ultimately enhanced the vegetative growth and stem
respectively. After field and plot preparations the varieties were allocated to length. [3] The rachis length might be genetically correlated to number of nodes on
experimental plots through randomization. For planting of corms two shallow the rachis, spike length and plant height. Spike length among the varieties might
furrows at 30 cm distance were prepared in each plot with the help of kudali be the environmental conditions prevailed during growth stage of spike and after

Evaluation of Morphological Characters of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) Genotypes under Sub Humid Condition of Rajasthan
slipping stage. [4] Floret diameter also depend upon the corm diameter. [5] Floret cm), rachis length (28.19 cm), spike diameter (0.74 cm), floret diameter (8.26 cm),
diameter had positive correlation with floret diameter and corm diameter. duration of flowering (8.33 days), number of florets per spike (10.50 florets).The
Production of strong and sturdy spike or thin and weak spike might be dependent variation in spike length among the various varieties might be due to genotypic
upon the genotype that could have been further persuaded by the environmental differences in phenotypic expression of spike length. Spike length depends upon
condition. [2] in gladiolus. The ‘Legend’ was noted for best yielding variety the genetic constitution and number of node and internodes length. The similar
regarding, maximum number of spikes (37.0) per plot, sprouts per corm (2.67) and result has been reported in gladiolus [6, 7] in gladiolus.
B:C ratio (2.18). The variety ‘Pusa Srijana’ was having lowest spike length (77.74
Table-1 Performance of gladiolus varieties with respect to vegetative characters

Days to 50 % Sprouted corm Sprouts per Number of Plant height
Treatments
Sprouting per cent corm leaves/plant (cm)
African Star 7.67 100 2.00 7.00 112.25
Arti 6.00 100 1.50 8.08 105.52
Darshan 6.00 100 1.33 9.00 111.41
Friendship 5.67 100 1.33 7.92 116.70
Hunting Song 7.33 100 1.67 8.83 126.87
Legend 5.67 100 2.67 8.92 109.76
PusaSrijana 6.33 100 2.08 6.83 89.84
PusaKiran 7.67 100 1.67 8.50 116.16
Snow Princess 7.00 100 1.83 7.00 109.10
Sunayana 8.00 100 1.58 7.67 121.08
Trader Horn 6.67 100 1.00 9.75 137.09
Urmi 7.00 100 1.50 6.83 1023
Mean 6.75 100 1.68 8.02 1125
SEm± 0.76 0 0.22 0.52 6.12
CD at 5% 1.59 0 0.47 1.09 12.70
Table-2 Performance of gladiolus varieties with respect to floral parameters

Days to first Rachis Spike Floret
Days to first Days to 50% Spike length Duration of Number of
Treatments spike length diameter diameter
floret opening Flowering (cm) flowering Florets per spike
emergence (cm) (cm) (cm)
African Star 74.00 85.79 86.00 81.36 39.67 0.91 8.81 14.83 14.58
Arti 79.00 93.67 94.33 96.90 46.58 0.93 8.77 11.67 167
Darshan 76.58 87.42 89.00 96.70 42.74 0.98 8.38 15.33 15.25
Friendship 71.92 85.46 86.33 102.46 52.26 0.94 9.14 14.17 15.92
Hunting Song 79.33 95.21 95.33 112.08 66.26 0.93 9.42 12.58 18.42
Legend 78.08 92.04 92.00 91.85 36.32 0.77 8.86 10.25 10.58
PusaSrijana 73.17 89.13 89.67 77.74 28.19 0.74 8.26 8.33 10.50
PusaKiran 67.17 80.67 81.67 99.71 46.08 0.79 9.44 125 14.58
Snow Princess 65.42 86.42 87.00 92.39 46.78 0.82 9.07 12.92 192
Sunayana 75.17 90.88 91.33 107.28 50.63 0.96 9.54 133 15.75
Trader Horn 77.67 89.25 90.33 1238 61.71 0.96 10.93 16.17 20.08
Urmi 68.00 83.08 83.67 87.56 38.66 0.81 8.63 11.50 12.67
Mean 73.79 88.25 88.88 97.18 46.32 0.88 9.10 12.86 14.65
SEm± 2.21 2.61 2.23 50 1.75 0.60 0.34 1.58 0.94
CD at 5% 4.58 5.42 4.64 7.26 63 0.06 0.71 28 1.96
Conclusion Author Contributions: All author equal contributed.

On the basis of finding of the present experiment the variety ‘Trader Horn’ found
superior quality amongst all varieties. The variety ‘Pusa Srijana’ had inferior flower Abbreviations
quality. % : Per cent
@ : At the rate of
Acknowledgement / : Per
I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and et al. : (et albiti), and elsewhere
indebtedness to my Major Advisor Dr. Ashutosh Mishra Professor& Head C.D. : Critical difference
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, and Co-Advisor Dr. S. K. Moond, cm : Centimeter
Asstt. Prof. (Floriculture and Landscaping), for planning the present investigation g. : Gramme
as well as constant guidance, encouragement and supervision throughout the ha : Hectare
course of study. Ml : Milliletre
I am heartily grateful to Prof. L.K. Dashora, Dean, College of Horticulture &
Forestry, Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar, for rendering all the necessary facilities required Conflict of Interest: None declared
for accomplishment of this research work and timely valuable guidance.
I place my indebtedness to the members of Advisory Committee namely Dr. References
Jitendra Singh, Prof. Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Bhim Singh, Asstt. [1] Castanon-Cervantes O., Lugo C., Aguilar M., Gonzalez-Moran G. & Fanjul-
Professor Department of Basic science, and Dr. P. Bhatnagar Asstt. Professor Moles M.L. (1995) Comp. Biochem. Phys. A., 110, 139-146.
Department of Fruit Science (DRI Nominee), for their valuable suggestions during [2] Anonymous (2013) Indian Horticulture Database, 2012. Published From
the course of investigation. National Horticulture Board, Gurgaon, pp.118-121.
[3] Bhujbal G. B., Chavan N. G. and Mehetre S. S. (2013) The Bioscan., 8(4),

Singh Dhara, Mishra Ashutosh, Singh Jitendra and Meena Balram
1515-1520.
[4] Kishan S., Krishan P. and Singh K.P. (2005) J. Orna. Hortic., 8(1), 32-35.
[5] Swain S. C., Rath S. and Sethi B. K. (2008) Orissa J.Hortic., 36, 120-23.
[6] Dasondhi B.R. and Rawat T.S. (2006) Evaluation of different cultivar of
gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) under agro climate condition of
Southern Rajasthan. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the Maharanapratap
University of agriculture & Technology, Udaipur.
[7] Rao T. M. and Janakiram T. (2006) J. Orna. Hort., 9(1), 61-62.
[8] Lepcha B., Nautiyal M. C. and Rao V. K. (2007) J. Orna. Hortic., 10(3), 169-
172

Research Article
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS ON YIELD PARAMETERS OF WATERMELON (Citrullus
lanatus) CULTIVATION VAR. KIRAN
MADHURI R.K.1, MUKUNDA G.K.2, JEEVITHA D.3, NAVEEN KUMAR V.M.4* AND BHAVYA V.5
1,2,3Departmentof Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
4Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SASF, Rai Technology University, Bangalore, 561204, India
5Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-naveen9063@gmail.com
Abstract- The field experiments were conducted to study the performance of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) under both open field and polyhouse condition at the
Division of Horticulture, UAS, Bangalore. The experiment was laid out in Factorial randomized complete block design with two main and sub treatments with five
replications. The results revealed that the plants grown under polyhouse recorded significantly higher number of fruits plant-1 (2.92 fruits), maximum fruit weight plant -1
(2.54 kg), maximum fruit yield plant-1 (4.5 kg), estimated fruit yield per hectare (92.3 t ha-1), maximum fruit length (20.15 cm), maximum fruit circumference (45.18 cm),
maximum fruit volume (2.44 l), maximum pulp weight fruit -1 (1.93 kg), minimum rind thickness fruit -1 (1.39 cm) and maximum rind to pulp ratio (3.18). From this
investigation it can be concluded that significant results were noticed in watermelon var. Kiran with respect to growth parameters when the plants were grown under
polyhouse.
Keywords- Watermelon, var. Kiran, Polyhouse, Open field, Fruit characters.
Citation: Madhuri R. K., et al., (2017) Influence of Different Growing Conditions on Yield Parameters of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivation Var. Kiran.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Madhuri R. K., et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
Introduction different growing conditions [3].

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) belonging to the botanical family Cucurbitaceae is
a tender annual trailing creeper. The crop is indigenous to tropical and sub-tropical Material and Methods
regions of Africa. In India it occupies an area of 27,893 ha with an annual The current study was carried out at the Division of Horticulture, Gandhi Krishi
production of 3.71 lakh tonnes and productivity of 13.45 t ha -1. Botanically the fruit Vignyana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during
of watermelon is a pepo, which is a modified berry formed from an inferior ovary September 2015 to January 2016 with objective of knowing Performance of
with good carpel. wall. It is a monoecious or andromonoecious annual sprawling watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in different growing conditions. The experimental
over the ground [1]. Leaves are pinnatifid, flowers are solitary and axillary and station is located at the latitude of 12° 58' North and longitude of 77° 35' East with
corolla is yellow in colour. Fruit is a many seeded pepo with red, green, yellow or an altitude of 930 meters above the mean sea level. The maximum and minimum
whitish flesh and white, black or reddish yellow flat seeds. The sweetness and temperature in a year ranges between 17.50 oC and 30.40 oC respectively. The
cooling effect of the juicy pulp of watermelon fruits is relished during hot summer experiment was laid out in factorial randomised complete block design with two
months of tropics. Edible portion of watermelon is placenta, seeds are also eaten main treatments, two sub treatments and five replications and total experimental
as snack after shelling and roasting. Deep pink and light pink colour of watermelon area was 214 sq. mt.[4].
flesh is due to anthocyanin and lycopene pigments. Fruits are generally low in The seeds of watermelon variety Kiran were brought from known you seed
energy, fat and sodium and have many medicinal properties. It is often fed to company at a cost of Rs. 1300 per 50 g were sown in the nursery bed of size 15
people with kidney disorders. Watermelon juice is used as an antiseptic in typhus m length, 1.0 m width and 30 cm height. 14 days old, good, vigorous and uniform
fever [2]. Presence of fair amount of beta carotene and high content of potassium height seedlings were selected and used for transplanting in the main
is believed to make watermelon juice to possess valuable diuretic properties. experimental plots (open field, polyhouse) at a spacing of 0.60 x 0.45 m, 1 × 1 m
Fruits have expectorant and diuretic properties. Watermelons contain Vitamin B, as per the treatment requirement. Weeding was done as and when the weeds
which is helpful in producing instant energy in the body. Itis also used in many were noticed and also plant protection measures were carried out against the
versatile preparations such as jelly, pie, salsa, sherbet, muffin, sauce, cake and incidence of fruit borers and gummy stem blight. Recommended doses of farm
sandwich. Rind is also edible and sometimes used as a vegetable. It is used to yard manure (25 t ha-1), N, P2O, K2O (100:88:100 kg ha-1) was applied.
cure wide range of ailments like, ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, jaundice, constipation Observations on different yield parameters like fruit weight, pulp weight, rind
and anaemia. As watermelon requires hot and dry climate for its cultivation, in thickness, number of seeds per fruit, pulp to rind ratio, fruit yield / plant (number
order to grow watermelon in irrespective of season throughout the year and also basis), fruit yield / plant (weight basis), estimated fruit yield / hectare, fruit length ,
to get maximum yield an attempt was made on watermelon cultivation under fruit volume and fruit circumference were recorded.

Influence of Different Growing Conditions on Yield Parameters of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivation Var. Kiran
Results and Discussion grown under polyhouse condition (C2) highest pulp to rind ratio was recorded
All the yield attributes like fruit weight, pulp weight, rind thickness, number of (3.18) and it was also found to be statistically significant. This is may be due to the
seeds per fruit, pulp to rind ratio, fruit yield / plant (number basis), fruit yield / plant maximum weight of the fruit is observed under protected condition which may be
(weight basis), estimated fruit yield / hectare, fruit length , fruit volume and fruit due to less competition for the nutrients, light and water increase and also from
circumference was significantly influenced by different spacing and growing favourable micro climate. This is also related to balanced nutrition, better uptake
conditions. of nutrients by the plants which helped for better fruit weight and fruit yield where
With regards to fruit characters, plants grown under polyhouse condition (C2) the pulp to rind ratio obtained was also maximum. These results were in
recorded. Significantly maximum number of fruits per plant was recorded at conformity with the findings of [9].
spacing of 1×1 m (2.50) (S2). Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown under All the yield attributes like fruit weight, pulp weight, rind thickness, number of
polyhouse condition (C2) the highest number of fruits per plant (2.92) was seeds per fruit, pulp to rind ratio, fruit yield / plant (number basis), fruit yield / plant
recorded, at a spacing of 1 × 1 m (S2) significantly maximum fruit yield per plant (weight basis), estimated fruit yield / hectare, fruit length , fruit volume and fruit
(4.00 kg plant-1) was recorded. Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown circumference was significantly influenced by different spacing and growing
under polyhouse condition (C2) highest fruit yield per plant (4.50 kg plant -1) was conditions.
recorded, the significantly maximum estimated fruit yield per hectare was recorded With regards to fruit characters, plants grown under polyhouse condition (C 2)
at spacing of 0.60 × 0.45 m (92.55 t ha -1) (S1). Similarly, when watermelon plants recorded. Significantly maximum number of fruits per plant was recorded at
were grown under polyhouse condition (C2) highest estimated fruit yield per spacing of 1 × 1 m (2.50) (S2). Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown
hectare (92.30 kg t ha-1) was recorded and it was also found to be statistically under polyhouse condition (C2) the highest number of fruits per plant (2.92) was
significant [Table-1]. Mean weight of the fruit was maximum when watermelon recorded, at an spacing of 1 × 1 m (S2) significantly maximum fruit yield per plant
plants were grown at a spacing of 1×1 m(2.32 kg) and it was statistically (4.00 kg plant-1) was recorded. Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown
significant. Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown under polyhouse under polyhouse condition (C2) highest fruit yield per plant (4.50 kg plant -1) was
condition (C2) the mean fruit weight was also maximum and it was 2.54 kg per recorded, the significantly maximum estimated fruit yield per hectare was recorded
fruit. This was related to balanced nutrition, better uptake of nutrients by the plants at spacing of 0.60 × 0.45 m (92.55 t ha-1) (S1). Similarly, when watermelon plants
which helped for better fruit set and fruit yield. This may be due to less competition were grown under polyhouse condition (C2) highest estimated fruit yield per
for the nutrients, light and water use efficiency and also from favourable micro hectare (92.30 kg t ha-1) was recorded and it was also found to be statistically
climate. Highest weight of the watermelon in the present study is influenced by the significant [Table-1]. Mean weight of the fruit was maximum when watermelon
synthesis of photosynthates and production of plant hormones like IAA, GA3, plants were grown at a spacing of 1 × 1 m(2.32 kg) and it was statistically
amino acids and vitamins. More number of fruits per plant and fruit weight significant. Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown under polyhouse
ultimately contributed to more fruit yield per plant. Maximum yield under protected condition (C2) the mean fruit weight was also maximum and it was 2.54 kg per
condition is also related to favourable micro climate of greenhouse conditions fruit. This was related to balanced nutrition, better uptake of nutrients by the plants
watermelon plant had put forth maximum vegetative growth and flowering due to which helped for better fruit set and fruit yield. This may be due to less competition
the altered microclimate and controlled atmospheric conditions coupled with for the nutrients, light and water use efficiency and also from favourable micro
increased availability of nutrients eventually leading to better canopy coverage, climate. Highest weight of the watermelon in the present study is influenced by the
better photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates to the different plant synthesis of photosynthates and production of plant hormones like IAA, GA 3,
parts.The results obtained are also in line with the findings in watermelon [5,6]. amino acids and vitamins. More number of fruits per plant and fruit weight
Among the spacing trial, the significantly maximum length of the fruit (19.23 cm) ultimately contributed to more fruit yield per plant. Maximum yield under protected
was recorded at spacing of 1 × 1 m (S2). Similarly, when watermelon plants were condition is also related to favourable micro climate of greenhouse conditions
grown under polyhouse condition (C2) the fruit length was maximum (20.15 cm) watermelon plant had put forth maximum vegetative growth and flowering due to
[Table-2]. It was also found statistically significant. The significantly maximum the altered microclimate and controlled atmospheric conditions coupled with
circumference of the fruit was recorded at spacing of 1 × 1 m (40.92 cm) (S2). increased availability of nutrients eventually leading to better canopy coverage,
Likewise, when watermelon plants grown under polyhouse condition (C 2) highest better photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates to the different plant
fruit circumference (45.18 cm) was recorded and it was also found to be parts. The results obtained are also in line with the findings in watermelon [6,10].
statistically significant. At a spacing of 1 × 1 m (S 2) significantly maximum fruit Among the spacing trial, the significantly maximum length of the fruit (19.23 cm)
volume (2.18 l) was recorded. Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown was recorded at spacing of 1 × 1 m (S 2). Similarly, when watermelon plants were
under polyhouse condition (C2) the highest fruit volume (2.44 l) was recorded and grown under polyhouse condition (C2) the fruit length was maximum (20.15 cm)
it was also found to be statistically significant. This could be attributed to better [Table-2]. It was also found statistically significant. The significantly maximum
photosynthetic activity and accumulation of carbohydrates which helps in better circumference of the fruit was recorded at spacing of 1 × 1 m (40.92 cm) (S 2).
growth of fruits. Fruit characters was also influenced by favourable micro climatic Likewise, when watermelon plants grown under polyhouse condition (C 2) highest
conditions prevailing in the greenhouse which would have boosted the vegetative fruit circumference (45.18 cm) was recorded and it was also found to be
growth in turn improving length, circumference and volume of fruit. These results statistically significant. At a spacing of 1 × 1 m (S 2) significantly maximum fruit
are in agreement with the findings in cucumber [1,3] and in watermelon [5]. volume (2.18 l) was recorded. Similarly, when watermelon plants were grown
At 0.65 × 0.45 m spacing (S1) the significantly minimum number of seeds per fruit under polyhouse condition (C2) the highest fruit volume (2.44 l) was recorded and
(326.62 seeds) was recorded. Whereas, when watermelon plants were grown it was also found to be statistically significant. This could be attributed to better
under open condition (C2) minimum number of seeds per fruit (251.00 seeds) was photosynthetic activity and accumulation of carbohydrates which helps in better
recorded and it was also found to be statistically significant. Among the spacing growth of fruits. Fruit characters was also influenced by favourable micro climatic
trial the significantly maximum weight of the pulp per fruit was recorded at spacing conditions prevailing in the greenhouse which would have boosted the vegetative
of 1 × 1 m (1.70 kg) (S2). Likewise, when watermelon plants were grown under growth in turn improving length, circumference and volume of fruit. These results
polyhouse condition (C2) highest weight of the pulp per fruit was recorded (1.93 are in agreement with the findings in cucumber [1,3] and in watermelon [9].
kg) and it was also found to be statistically significant. Significantly minimum rind At 0.65 × 0.45 m spacing (S1) the significantly minimum number of seeds per fruit
thickness per fruit (1.51 cm) was recorded at spacing of 1 × 1 m (S 2). When (326.62 seeds) was recorded. Whereas, when watermelon plants were grown
watermelon plants grown under polyhouse condition (C 2) minimum thickness of under open condition (C2) minimum number of seeds per fruit (251.00 seeds) was
the rind was minimum (1.39 cm) was recorded and it was also found to be recorded and it was also found to be statistically significant. Among the spacing
statistically significant. At spacing of 0.60 × 0.45 m (S 1) the significantly maximum trial the significantly maximum weight of the pulp per fruit was recorded at spacing
pulp to rind ratio (2.79) was recorded. Similarly, when watermelon plants were of 1 × 1 m (1.70 kg) (S2). Likewise, when watermelon plants were grown under

Madhuri R. K., Mukunda G.K., Jeevitha D., Naveen Kumar V.M. and Bhavya V.
polyhouse condition (C2) highest weight of the pulp per fruit was recorded (1.93 (3.18) and it was also found to be statistically significant. This is may be due to the
kg) and it was also found to be statistically significant. Significantly minimum rind maximum weight of the fruit is observed under protected condition which may be
thickness per fruit (1.51 cm) was recorded at spacing of 1 × 1 m (S 2). When due to less competition for the nutrients, light and water increase and also from
watermelon plants grown under polyhouse condition (C 2) minimum thickness of favourable micro climate. This is also related to balanced nutrition, better uptake
the rind was minimum (1.39 cm) was recorded and it was also found to be of nutrients by the plants which helped for better fruit weight and fruit yield where
statistically significant. At spacing of 0.60 × 0.45 m (S 1) the significantly maximum the pulp to rind ratio obtained was also maximum. These results were in
pulp to rind ratio (2.79) was recorded. Similarly, when watermelon plants were conformity with the findings of [9].
grown under polyhouse condition (C2) highest pulp to rind ratio was recorded
Table-1 Influence of open field and polyhouse growing conditions on production of fruit yield per plant (number basis), fruit yield per plant (weight basis), fruit yield per
plant and estimated yield per hectare in watermelon
Treatments Fruit yield (number basis plant-1) Fruit weight(kg) Fruit yield (weight basis plant-1) (kg) Estimated Fruit yield (t ha-1)
Spacing (S)
S1 1.97 1.75 2.50 92.55
S2 2.50 2.32 4.00 40.00
F test * * * *
S.Em± 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.12
CD at 5 % 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.37
Conditions (C)
C1 1.55 1.53 2.00 40.25
C2 2.92 2.54 4.50 92.30
F test * * * *
S.Em± 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.12
CD at 5 % 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.37
Interaction (S×C)
S1 C 1 1.11 1.25 1.50 55.50
S1 C 2 2.84 2.26 3.50 129.6
S2 C 1 2.00 1.81 2.50 25.0
S2 C 2 3.00 2.83 5.50 55.0
F test * * * *
S.Em± 0.06 0.03 0.16 1.62
CD at 5 % 0.20 0.11 0.33 5.01
CV (%) 5.68 6.26 6.24 5.49
*: Significant,NS : Non significant,S 1 :0. 60 × 0.45 m,S2: 1 × 1m, C1 : Open field, C2 : Polyhouse
Table-2 Influence of open field and polyhouse growing conditions on fruit length, fruit circumference, fruit volume and number of seeds per fruit in watermelon
Treatments Fruit length (cm) Fruit circumference (cm) Fruit volume (l) Number of seeds fruit-1
Spacing (S)
S1 17.57 36.66 1.61 326.62
S2 19.23 40.92 2.18 355.01
F test * * * *
S.Em± 0.16 1.31 0.02 6.99
CD at 5 % 0.51 4.04 0.06 21.54
Conditions (C)
C1 16.65 32.40 1.36 251.00
C2 20.15 45.18 2.44 430.64
F test * * * *
S.Em± 0.16 1.31 0.02 6.99
CD at 5 % 0.51 4.04 0.06 21.54
Interaction (S×C)
S1 C 1 15.45 30.00 1.08 228.85
S1 C 2 19.7 43.32 2.15 424.40
S2 C 1 17.86 34.8 1.64 273.15
S2 C 2 20.6 47.04 2.73 436.88
F test NS NS NS NS
S.Em± 0.23 1.85 0.04 9.88
CD at 5 % - - - -
CV (%) 7.01 7.67 6.79 8.48
*: Significant, NS : Non significant,S1 :0. 60 × 0.45 m,S2: 1 × 1m, C1 : Open field, C2 : Polyhouse
Conclusion increases in yield and returns than the open field condition since the maintenance
Based on the results of the study it is concluded that plants grown under of higher plant population and prevalence of favorable micro climate conditions.
polyhouse at 1 × 1 m spacing proved to be the best considering the growth, and There is a need to standardize the spacing level for Kiran var. and also other
yield. In general growing of watermelon under protected condition leads to varieties of watermelon for utilizing the vertical height of polyhouse.

Influence of Different Growing Conditions on Yield Parameters of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Cultivation Var. Kiran
Table-3 Influence of open field and polyhouse growing conditions on production of

pulp weight per fruit in watermelon
Treatments Pulp weight Rind thickness Pulp to rind ratio
(kg) fruit-1 (cm) fruit-1
Spacing (S) Spacing (S)
S1 1.12 1.64 1.80
S2 1.70 1.51 2.79
F test * * *
S.Em± 0.04 0.01 0.0006
CD at 5 % 0.12 0.05 0.019
Conditions (C) Conditions (C)
C1 0.90 1.76 1.41
C2 1.93 1.39 3.18
F test * * *
S.Em± 0.04 0.01 0.0006
CD at 5 % 0.12 0.05 0.019
Interaction Interaction (S×C)
(S×C)
S1 C 1 0.61 1.82 0.96
S1 C 2 1.64 1.45 2.64
S2 C 1 1.18 1.70 1.86
S2 C 2 2.23 1.32 3.72
F test NS NS NS
S.Em± 0.05 0.02 0.04
CD at 5 % - - -
CV (%) 7.12 6.7 6.23
*: Significant,NS : Non significant,S 1 :0. 60 × 0.45 m,S2: 1 × 1m, C1 : Open field, C2 :
Polyhouse
Acknowledgement / Funding: Author thankful to University of Agricultural

Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka
Author Contributions: All author equal contributed.
References
[1] Anonymous, (2014) http://www.fao.org.
[2] Chauhan D. V. S. (1972) Vegetable production in India, Ram Prasad and
Sons, Agra.
[3] Watanabe S. (2014) Japan. Agric. Res. Quaterly., 48(2), 121–131.
[4] Harrison G W. and Vinod H. D. (1992) The Review of Economics and
Statistics, 74(2), 357-362.
[5] Goreta S., Perica S., Dumicic G., Bucan L. and Zanic K., (2005) Hort
Science, 40(2), 366-369.
[6] Sylvestre H., Bosco N. J., Emmanuel N. and Christine U. (2014) Scholarly
J. Agric. Sci., 4(10), 517-520.
[7] Anjanappa M., Venkatesha J. and Kumara S. B. (2012), Veg. Sci., 39(1),
47-50.
[8] Parmar H. N., Polara N. D. and Viradiya R. R., (2013) Universal J. Agric.
Res., 1(2), 30-37.
[9] Umamaheshwarappa P., Nachegowda V. and Murthy P.V. (2005)
Karnataka J. Hort., 1(3), 76-80.
[10] Sabo M.U., Wailare M.A., Aliyu M., Jari S. and Shuaibu Y. M. (2013)
Scholarly J. Agric. Sci., 3(8), 325-330.

Research Article
DEHYDRATION OF AMLA SEGMENTS IN A SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER
PRIYANKA U.*1, RATHINAKUMARI A. CAROLIN2, KUMAR SENTHIL3 AND TIWARI 4

1University of
Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
2,3,4ICAR-Indian
Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru, 560089, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding Author: Email-priyapreksha@gmail.com
Received: December 28, 2016; Revised: January 31, 2017; Accepted: February 01, 2017; Published: February 12, 2017
Abstract- In this study, a solar tunnel dryer of 6 x 3x 2.7 m (LxWxH) constructed with galvanized frame structure and covered with 200 µ UV-stabilized LDPE sheet.
Two fresh air inlets of 0.6 x 0.3 msize and two exhaust fans each of 9 ’’ diameter and 50 watt capacity were installed at the rear side and front side of the dryer,
respectively. The amla segments pre-treated with 2% sodium chloride, 0.1 % potassium meta-bi-sulphite solutions and untreated slices were subjected for drying.
Results obtained from this experiment showed that in solar tunnel dryer, the drying required 11-13 h for various pre-treated amla segments to reduce the initial moisture
content ranging from 521.46 to 422.32% (dry basis) to final moisture content in the range of 17.39 to 17.01 % (dry basis) and in open yard sun drying, it required 15-
18 h for various pre-treated amla segments to reduce from moisture content of 520.13 to 430.13 % (dry basis) to safe storage moisture content of 17.83 to 17.09%
(dry basis) at different drying air temperatures and relative humidities. Two drying models were fitted to experimental drying data of amla segments namely Logarithmic
model and Henderson-Pabis model and Logarithmic model was found to be the best fit to describe the drying behavior of amla segments. The use of solar tunnel dryer
leads to considerable reduction of drying time in comparison to sun drying. The amla segments being dried in the solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from
rain, insects and dust.
Keywords- Solar tunnel dryer, Drying, Moisture content, Amla Segments, Drying Models.
Citation: Priyanka U., et al., (2017) Dehydration of Amla Segments in a Solar Tunnel Dryer. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN:
0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 7, pp.-3853-3858.
Copyright: Copyright©2017 Priyanka U., et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
Introduction above points in view, the present study was taken up with the following objectives:
Amla tree having good fruit bearing capacity would yield 187 to 299 kg fruit per  Design and development of a solar tunnel dryer
year. Amla fruit has richest source of vitamin ‘C’ compared to other all other fruits.  Dehydration of amla segments in a solar tunnel dryer
It is highly nutritive witha great medicinal value. Amla is a seasonal and are highly
perishable in nature as its storage in atmospheric conditions after harvesting is Material and Methods
very limited i.e. 5-6 days. Indian gooseberry is highly acidic and astringent in taste Experimental study
which makes them unpalatable and unsuitable for direct consumption hence they The experiment was carried out at the section of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-
are consumed in processed forms such as jams, jellies, candies etc. Amla is made Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta, Bangalore North District,
available throughout the year by applying several techniques of processing such
Karnataka. It is situated on the latitude of 13°58 North, longitude of 78° East and
as freezing, pickling with salt, oil spices drying. Drying is an effective method to
at an elevation of 890 meters above mean sea level which is considered as the
increase the shelf life of aonla fruit. Storage facilities such as cold storage, heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Deccan Plateau) of Karnataka.
controlled/modified atmosphere storage, being very expensive, are not in the Tunnel type solar dryer was designed and constructed. Amla segments were dried
direct reach of poor farmers. Preservation of foodstuffs through dehydration is an
in the constructed solar dryer. The drying characteristics like moisture ratio and
ancient practice and has many advantages, such as reduced weight, inexpensive drying rate were recorded and analysed. The drying models were selected and the
packaging, dry shelf stability and negligible deterioration in quality due to
drying data were fitted in the models [3-5].
enzymatic changes compared to other processing techniques [1,2].
Among the various drying methods available, open-sun drying is the most Experimental set up
common preservation practice followed where solar radiation is high. The solar
A gable roof even span type solar tunnel dryer having a floor area of (6m x 3m)
radiation in Bangalore in the month of December increases from 2.6 kWhm -2 day-1 was designed for amla segments [Fig-1]. The height of solar dryer was 2.7 m
to 4.5 kWhm-2 day-1 whereas during summer i.e. March to May; this value ranges which was convenient height for a person to enter into the dryer and carry out the
from 5.0 to 6.5 kWhm-2 day-1.. Though electrical/fuel fired dryers help the farmers
operations such as loading and unloading of the material to be dried. The centre
in drying their products at a relatively faster rate, they are not popular among the length of the dryer was 3.3m. The solar tunnel dryer was a galvanized iron framed
poor farmers of most developing countries. Reasons are the higher initial cost of
structure and oriented in north-south direction. The structure was covered with
the dryers. Moreover, electricity, though costly, is not available in the rural areas ultra violet stabilized polythene sheet of 200 micron size. Two fresh air inlets, each
uninterrupted. Use of solar dryer is the solution in this situation. Keeping the of 0.6 m x 0.3 m were installed at the rear side of the dryer and at 0.15 m height

Dehydration of Amla Segments in a Solar Tunnel Dryer
from the ground level for entry of fresh air. Two each of 50 watt axial flow exhaust
fans were fitted (9 ’’ diameter) at the front side of the dryer at 2 m height from the
ground level, for easy escape of moisture ladden air from the dryer, for obtaining
higher drying rate. The structure was raised on concrete floor [Fig-2]. Five
platforms were fabricated to place the products filled in plastic tray. Each platform
had a dimension of 2.7 m x 1 m x 0.96 m (LxWxH). Four platforms were kept
inside solar tunnel dryer and one was used for open sun drying of product. The
platforms were fitted with nylon caster wheels for mobility [6-8]. The instruments
used for the present investigation were data logger for recording the hourly
temperature and relative humidity during the drying period, digital vane type
anemometer for recording the air velocity, electronic weighing balance for Side view
weighing onion samples, hot air oven to determine the initial and final weights of
the samples.
Front view
Rear view
Fig-2 Solar tunnel dryer
Experimental procedure
Freshly harvested amla well matured, hard, greenish- yellow fruit free from
physical damage and disease were selected were procured from local market of
Bengaluru in Karnataka state. The raw materials were then thoroughly cleaned to
remove any dirt or dust particles attached to the surface.
The cleaned amla was divided into three lots. The first lot of amla selected for
dehydration without treatment was flaked using sharp stainless steel knife and
weighed into plastic trays holding 350 grams of amla. Two lots were kept for pre-
treatment with the selected chemicals. The second lot was weighed and blanched
with 2 % sodium chloride solution in a stainless steel utensils for 8 minutes and
then it is subsequently cooled in normal cold water for 3 minutes. The segments
were removed and stones were separated. Then the segments were equally
divided and weighed in trays each holding 350 grams of amla segments and kept
for dehydration in solar tunnel dryer and open sun [Fig-3]. The treatment
combinations were laid out in two factorial randomized block design with six
replications. The pre-treated amla segments were placed on the drying platforms
as per the experimental layout. The drying was started by 9.00 a.m. and
discontinued at 4.00 p.m. for each day. The drying was continued on subsequent
days until the desired moisture content of about 17 % (d.b) for amla was reached.
The temperature of the ambient air and the air inside the solar tunnel dryer were
recorded at every one hour during drying period using Data logger. The
temperature inside solar tunnel dryer was recorded at two different positions i.e.
both positions 1.5 m from rear side and another position from door entry. The
relative humidity of the ambient air and the air inside the solar tunnel dryer were
also recorded using Data logger at every one hour of interval during the drying
process. The relative humidity inside solar tunnel dryer was also recorded at two
Fig-1 Structural details of solar tunnel dryer different positions as explained above. The air velocities of ambient air were

Priyanka U., Rathinakumari A. Carolin, Kumar Senthil and Tiwari
recorded by using vane type digital anemometer. The readings were recorded at 17.3902-17.0195 % (d.b.) for safe storage.
one hour interval during the drying period. The weight of dried samples were taken The constants of the selected models were estimated by non-linear regression
at an interval of one-hour. Reduction in moisture content v/s drying time, (Ramachandra and Rao, 2009) [6]. The parameters of the models were
temperature v/s drying time, relative humidity v/s drying time, moisture ratio v/s estimated by using MATLAB version 8.0 software packages. The fit quality of the
drying time, drying rate v/s drying time curves were plotted. proposed models on the experimental data was evaluated using linear regression
analysis using curve fitting tool in MATLAB 8.0 Software. The statistical
parameters standard square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE)
were calculated employing the following equations.
 MR  MR p 
N
2
o
RMSE  i 0
df [5]
SS Total− SS Error
𝑅2 = [6]
SS Total
1 N
Fig-3 Drying of Amla segments in a solar tunnel dryer
SSE  
N i 1
(MR o  MR p ) 2
[7]
Determination of parameters of drying kinetics Where,
The physiological loss in weight of amla segments was recorded at an interval of MRo = observed moisture ratio
one hour during drying process. The drying rate and moisture ratio were MRP = predicted moisture ratio
calculated by using the following equations. df = degrees of freedom
dM N = No. of data points
Drying rate (% d.b. h 1 )  SS Total = Sum of squares total
dt [1] SS Error = Sum of squares error
where,
dM = Difference in moisture content (% d.b.) Results and Discussion
dt = Difference in drying time (h) The present investigation was undertaken with the objectives of design and
M  Me construction of solar tunnel dryer and to study dehydration kinetics of amla
Moisture ratio (% d.b. h 1 )  segments. The microclimate inside solar tunnel dryer and ambient conditions was
M0  Me [2] recorded. The data collected from different drying methods with various pre-
Where, treatments were compared using two way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
M = Moisture content at any specified time t (% d.b.) techniques for optimization of drying process. The results obtained during the
Me = Equilibrium moisture content (% d.b.) present investigation are discussed hereunder.
M0 = Initial moisture content (% d.b.)
Microclimate inside the solar tunnel dryer during drying of onion slices
Drying models The temperature and relative humidity inside solar tunnel dryer and ambient
The mathematical models for amla segments viz., Henderson-Pebis and condition during the drying period of amla segments were recorded at an hourly
Logarithmic models were selected for fitting the experimental data and these interval. The Maximum temperature recorded inside the solar tunnel dryer was
selected models were the best models to describe the drying curve equations of 47.7 °C and the minimum temperature was 25.4 °C during drying period of amla
amla segemnts during drying. These are explained here under. segments [Fig-4]. In open yard sun drying, maximum temperature was 31.4 °C
Henderson and pebis model: MR = a*exp(-k* θ ) [3] and minimum temperature of 22.4 °C were recorded during drying period of amla
segments. The patterns of temperature changes at two positions inside solar
tunnel dryer were comparable with each other. Temperatures in these positions
Logarithmic model: MR = a*exp(-k* θ ) + c [4] varied within a narrow band. In addition, temperature at each of the locations
Where, differed significantly from the ambient air temperature. Similar observations were
 M M e  made by Serm Janjai (2012) [7]. The drying air temperatures in the dryer varied
  from 35°C to 65°C in solar dryer.
 M o M e  The minimum relative humidity recorded inside the solar tunnel dryer was 9.1 per
cent and maximum RH was 35.1 per cent whereas minimum RH recorded in
MR = Moisture ratio = OYSD was 16 per cent and maximum relative humidity was 66 per cent during
Me = equilibrium moisture content, % (d.b.) drying period of amla segments [Fig-4]. Thus, the relative humidity of the hot air in
M = moisture content at any time θ , % (d.b.) STD was less than the relative humidity in the OYSD. Similar observations were
Mo = initial moisture content, % (d.b.) made by Kaleemullah and Kailappan (2006) [4].The relative humidity decreased
k = drying rate constant with time inside the dryer which was due to the temperature increase inside the
dryer which in turn increased water holding capacity of dying air.
θ = drying time (min)
a, c = empirical constants in drying models Drying characteristics of onion slices
Before conducting an experiment, the experimental set up was allowed to run until The amla samples were dried under solar tunnel dryer and open yard sun drying
steady drying temperature was attained. Amla segments was dried from an initial and the drying characteristics were determined. The initial moisture content was
moisture content of 521.4629-422.3213 % (d.b.) to a final moisture content of not same for all the drying experiments due to dipping of amla samples in pre-

treatment solution for a given period, hence the initial moisture of each treatment Effect of pre-treatments and drying methods on drying rate of amla
varied. The drying models were selected and fitted to the drying data. The drying segments
constants and the statistical parameters viz., coefficient of determination (R2), The per cent moisture loss and drying rate with drying time of amla segments
Root mean square error (RMSE), Sum of square error (SSE) were estimated by dried under OYSD and STD with different pre-treatments are presented in [Fig-7]
using MATLAB version 8.0 software packages. The results on drying and [Fig-8]. The drying rate of amla segments dried under OYSD with untreated
characteristics of amla segments are presented here under. (control) samples and pre-treated with 2% NaCl and 0.1 % KMS samples varied
from 78.82, 79.71 and 59.01% m.c. (d.b.).h-1 in the first hour to 6.26, 9.33 and
7.55 % m.c. (d.b.).h-1, respectively during the final stage of drying within the
experimental range. In OYSD, the drying rate mainly depends on varying drying
temperature and relative humidity. The temperature and relative humidity varies
with climatic condition. Whereas in STD the drying rate varied from 71.84, 116.07
and 79.36 % m.c. (d.b.).h-1 in the first hour to 13.88, 2.51, and 10.15 % m.c.
(d.b.).h-1 during the final stage of drying within the experimental range.
Fig-4 Temperature and relative humidity variation inside solar tunnel dryer
and ambient condition during drying of amla segments
Effect of different pre-treatments and drying methods on moisture content of

amla segments
[Fig-5] and [Fig-6] show the effects of different pre-treatments on moisture content
of amla segments under different drying methods. The moisture content of amla
segemnts got reduced exponentially. The drying required 15-18 h of drying in
open sun drying to dry the different pre-treated amla samples from initial moisture
content in the range of 430.13 to 520.14 % (d.b.) to safe final moisture content in
the range of 17.09-17.83 % (d.b.) at different drying air temperatures and relative Fig-6 Effect of different pre-treatments on moisture content of amla
humidities. This variation might be due to less ambient air temperature and more segments dried under solar tunnel dryer
relative humidity fluctuations in the atmosphere. In case of solar tunnel drying, the
drying required 11-14 h to dry the different pre-treated amla samples from initial
moisture content in the range of 422.32 to 521.46 % (d.b.) to safe final moisture
content in the range of 17.01-17.39 % (d.b) at different drying air temperatures
and relative humidities. This might be due to partial control of temperature and
relative humidity in the solar tunnel dryer so that the drying required less time as
compared to open yard sun drying. It was observed that the reduction of moisture
content of amla segements followed an increasing trend in the beginning of the
drying. As the drying proceeded the loss of moisture content decreased with the
drying time till the samples reached the safe moisture content. The present results
are in good agreement with Demir and Sacilik (2010) who recorded that the use of
solar tunnel dryer led to considerable reduction in drying time in comparison to
open sun drying apart from the protection of tomatoes from insects and dust. Sethi
(1986) [8] reported that reduced drying period for blanched amla. He mentioned Fig-7 Effect of different pre-treatments on drying rate of amla segments
that blanched whole amla fruit required 7 days drying period as compared to 8 and dried under open yard sun drying
5 days in case of unblanched whole and raw amla pulp respectively. Bala et al.
(2003) [1] also reported that the moisture content of sulfur treated pineapple
(variety: Giant Kew) of a typical experimental run reached to 14.13% (w.b.) from
87.32% (w.b.) in 3 days of drying in the solar tunnel dryer while it took 3 days of
drying to bring down the moisture content of similar sample to 21.52% (w.b.) in
traditional method.
Fig-8 Effect of different pre-treatments on drying rate ofamla segments dried

in solar tunnel dryer
Fig-5 Effect of different pre-treatments on moisture content of amla This is due to fact that the moisture content of the material was very high during
segments dried under open yard sun drying the initial phase of the drying which resulted in high drying rates due to the higher

Priyanka U., Rathinakumari A. Carolin, Kkumar Senthil and Tiwari
moisture diffusion. The entire drying process for the samples occurred in the Fitting curves of dehydrated amla segments with different drying methods
range of falling rate period as reported by Derya and Mehmet (2010) [2]. A similar and pre-treatments
result was also reported by Edukondalu and Samuel (2009) [3] who reported that The experimental data of drying obtained during amla segments drying was fitted
the initial drying rate for the chemically treated samples was fast, there was no into two different drying models viz., Henderson-Pabis and Logarithmic models.
significant difference in the drying time. All the treated samples and control took The constants obtained in drying models are presented in [Table-1] and [Table-2].
about 15 h to reach a final moisture content of 7.0±0.5 % (d.b.) and also this The Henderson-Pabis and Logarithmic, equations adequately described the drying
difference in drying rate can be due to the differences in some intrinsic properties process of amla segments under different drying methods such as open yard sun
of materials undergoing processing. drying, solar tunnel drying and different pre-treatments viz., untreated (control),
From the data obtained during investigation it was observed that the constant rate 2% NaCl and 0.1 % KMS treatments. The values of moisture ratio were
period of drying was absent during the entire period of drying and the drying took determined for all drying methods such as open yard sun drying and solar tunnel
place under the falling rate period in both the drying methods. The constant rate drying. The experimental and predicted drying curves of dehydrated untreated
drying period was absent due to quick removal of moisture from the pericarp of the amla segments at different drying methods for Logarithmic model is shown in [Fig-
samples. The drying rate was more up to an average drying time of 8 h in case of 11]. The Logarithmic model successfully described the relationship between
samples dried in solar tunnel dryer (STD) and the phenomenon changed opposite moisture ratio and drying time but Henderson-Pabis model did not describe well.
after that time. The reason was that in STD, more moisture was lost in less time The Logarithmic model gave the best fit to the experimental data with higher R2
and the free moisture available in samples was less at later stages. Less moisture value of 0.9961 and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and sum of square
content was lost during the initial periods of drying of samples in open yard sun error (SSE) values of 0.02062 and 5.91×10-3, respectively. The Henderson-Pabis
drying compared to the solar tunnel dryer. Hence free moisture available in the model described a poor fit to the experimental data with lowest R2 value of 0.9768,
samples dried in OYSD was more as compared to the samples dried in STD, higher root mean square error (RMSE) and sum of square error (SSE) values of
which resulted in the higher drying rates at later stages. 0.04548 and 3.103×10-2, respectively.
Effect of pre-treatments and drying methods on moisture ratio of amla Table-1 Estimated values of statistical parameters of Logarithmic used for
segments different drying methods and pre-treatments
The change in moisture profile with respect to time for different drying methods for Drying Pre-
a C K SSE R2 RMSE
both treated and untreated amla segments is presented in terms of moisture ratio Method Treatments
(M/Mi) versus time graphs are shown in [Fig-9] and [Fig-10]. The moisture ratio for P1 1.136 -0.1946 0.1041 1.75×10-2 0.9869 0.03538
onion varied from 1 to 0.0140 for untreated (control) samples, 1 to 0.0053 for OYSD P2 1.041 -0.0378 0.1778 5.702×10-3 0.9958 0.02094
samples pre-treated with 2% NaCl and 1 to 0.0209 for samples pre-treated with
P3 1.04 -0.0875 0.0875 1.345×10-2 0.9912 0.02899
0.1 % KMS in 15-18 h of open yard sun drying. Whereas in solar tunnel dryer the P1 1.147 -0.1495 0.1511 6.077×10-3 0.9947 0.02465
moisture ratio varied from 1.0 to 0.0325 for untreated (control) samples, 1.0 to STD P2 1.104 -0.0896 0.2318 1.06×10-2 0.9911 0.03432
0.0265 for samples pre-treated with 2% NaCl and 1.0 to 0.0244 for samples pre- P3 1.091 -0.0912 0.1571 5.101×10-3 0.9961 0.02062
treated with 0.1 % KMS in 11-14 h of drying. The variation might be due to
different drying methods and pre-treatments. The moisture profile can be inferred Table-2 Estimated values of statistical parameters of Henderson-Pabis model
that, the temperature had an inverse relation with drying time. This is quite used for different drying methods and Pre-Treatments
obvious because as temperature increased, the vapour pressure inside the Drying Pre-
sample also increased and in turn the pressure gradient between the surface and a K SSE R2 RMSE
Method Treatments
inner side of the sample increased resulting in higher drying rate P1 0.9837 0.1561 3.103×10-2 0.9768 0.04548
OYSD P2 1.016 0.1962 1.21×10-3 0.9947 0.02269
P3 1.007 0.1359 3.10×10-2 0.9797 0.04275
P1 1.028 0.205 1.42×10-2 0.9876 0.03593
STD P2 1.037 0.2803 1.83×10-2 0.9846 0.04288
P3 1.023 0.1937 1.06×10-2 0.9918 0.02864
Fig-9 Effect of different pre-treatments on moisture ratio of amla segments

dried under open yard sun drying
Fig-11 Comparison of experimental and predicted moisture ratios for

Logarithmic model for different drying methods pre-treated with 0.1% KMS
for amla segments
Conclusion
In this study of solar tunnel drying of amla segments is presented. Based on the
experimental results reported herein, the following conclusions can be made:
Fig-10 Effect of different pre-treatments on moisture ratio of amla segments 1) In open yard sun drying, the drying required 15-18 h for various pre-
dried under solar tunnel dryer treated amla segments to reduce from moisture content of 520.13 to

430.13 % (d.b.) to safe storage moisture content of 17.83 to 17.09 % (d.b.).

2) In solar tunnel dryer, the drying required 11-14 h of time for various pre-
treated amla segments to reduce from moisture content of 521.46 to
422.32 % (d.b.) to attain a safe moisture content of 17.39 to 17.01 % (d.b).
3) The drying methods and pre-treatments had a major role on production of
dehydrated amla segments.
4) The quality of the dehydrated amla segments mainly depends on the type
of drying method and type of pre-treatment.
5) Among the two drying models for amla namely Logarithmic and
Henderson-Pabis model, the Logarithmic model was found to be the best fit
to describe the drying behavior of amla segments.
6) The temperature and relative humidity had a major role on drying of amla
segments. As temperature increased the relative humidity decreased and
thereby the drying rate of amla segments increased.
7) Solar drying of pre-treated amla segments in solar tunnel dryer resulted in
20-30 % reduction in drying time as compared to open-air sun drying.
8) The samples dried in the solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from
insects and dust and of good quality dried product.
Acknowledgement: The author thanks Indian Council Of Agricultural Research,

New Delhi, India for funding during research work and also university of
agricultural sciences for their kind support and encouragement.
Funding: ICAR funded
Author Contributions:
1) U. Priyanka- Involved in conducting the research
2) Dr. A.Carolin rathinakumari, Dr. Senthil kumar and Dr. Tiwari- provided
guidance for conducting the research and furnished the necessary inputs required.
Abbreviations: OYSD- open yard sun drying

STD – solar tunnel drying
w.b – wet basis
d.b – dry basis
References
[1] Bala B.K., et al. (2003) Renewable Energy, 28(2), 183–190.
[2] Derya A. and Mehmet M.O. (2010) Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 43(7), 1121-1127.
[3] Edukondalu L. and Samuel D.V.K. (2009) Journal of Agricultural
Engineering, 46(2), 18-21
[4] Kaleemullah S. and Kailappan R. (2006) Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 43(4), 420-42.
[5] Lewicki P, Dorotawitrowa R. and Dorota N. (1998) Drying Technology, 16
(1&2), 83-100.
[6] Ramachandra C.T. and Rao P.S. (2009) Paper presented at ASABE
Annual Meet held at Reno, Nevada, USA during June 21-24, paper No.
096498.
[7] Serm Janjai (2012) International journal of energy and environment, 3(3),
383-398.
[8] Sethi V. (1986) Indian Food Packer 1986, 40(4), 7–10.

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2 Solar Drying - Amla

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2 Solar Drying - Amla

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ISSN : 0975-3710

Peer-Reviewed Open Access Indexed International Journal

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Dr Eleonora Nistor, Romania Dr Charanjeet Singh Arneja, India

Volume: 9 Issue: 7, 2017

2. EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN BY DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA PACKAGE AS A

3. NANO FERTILIZERS IS A NEW WAY TO INCREASE NUTRIENTS USE EFFICIENCY IN CROP

4. EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) STRAW IN TOTAL MIXED

5. CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH COEFFICIENTS ANALYSIS FOR VARIOUS YIELD

6. CORRELATION BETWEEN MILK CONSTITUENTS AND SOMATIC CELL COUNTS IN

7. GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR YIELD PARAMETERS AND SPOT BLOTCH RESISTANCE IN F2

9. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS ON YIELD PARAMETERS OF

10. DEHYDRATION OF AMLA SEGMENTS IN A SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER

Volume: 9 Issue: 7, 2017

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences wishes to acknowledge and honour the

AWASTHI P.K., TOMAR APOORWA*, RAGHUWANSHI N.K. AND NAGRE NAMITA

Introduction iii) Period of Study: Year 2001-02 to 2013-14

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Conflict of Interest: None declared

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

RANI SANTOSH*AND VARMA S.K.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Content of various messages related to vegetables cultivation practices CD

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Author Contributions Form

Conflict of Interest: None declared

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

*Corresponding Author: Email-dsagrians@gmail.com

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Conflict of Interest: None declared

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Introduction Materials and Methods

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Result and Discussions Acknowledgement:

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Conflict of Interest: None declared

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Results highly valuable in breeding plan to improve these parameters. Correlation

** Significant at P<0.01 NS = Not significant,

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

[14] Sudhakar K., Panneerselvam S., Thiruvenkadan A. K., Abraham J. and

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

CHETHANA C.K.* AND RUDRANAIK V.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Statistical analysis Where, GA = Genetic advance, X = general mean of the Character.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Conflict of Interest: None declared

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

SINGH DHARA*, MISHRA ASHUTOSH, SINGH JITENDRA AND MEENA BALRAM

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

Table-1 Performance of gladiolus varieties with respect to vegetative characters

Table-2 Performance of gladiolus varieties with respect to floral parameters

Conclusion Author Contributions: All author equal contributed.

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences

*Corresponding Author: Email-naveen9063@gmail.com