manana vardiaSvili, eliso SurRaia

qimia

maswavleblis wigni
X klasi

II semestri

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros mier 2022 wels

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2022
manana vardiaSvili, eliso SurRaia
qimia
maswavleblis wigni

X klasi

II semestri

gamomcemloba inteleqti

Tbilisi 2022

I gamocema

redaqtori elizbar elizbaraSvili

damkabadonebeli eTer kvanWiani

koreqtori nino dekanoiZe

ISBN 978-9941-31-517-6

E© manana vardiaSvili, eliso SurRaia, 2022

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2022

gamomcemloba `inteleqti~

Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamz. 5. tel.: 2-25-05-22

www. intelekti.ge info@intelekti.ge

 sarCevi

moswavlis wignis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

swavlebisa da Sefasebis strategiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

standartis Sedegebis, indikatorebisa da moswavlis wignis urTierTkavSiri. . . . . . 32

davalebebis nimuSebi Semajamebeli SefasebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

damatebiTi davalebebi pasuxebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Tematuri matricebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

solo taqsonomiis Sesabamisoba qimiis standartiT gansazRvrul

samizne cnebebTan da mkvidr warmodgenebTan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

moswavlis wignSi ganxiluli davalebebis pasuxebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

§ 2.1.1. siTbo da qimiuri reaqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

§ 2.1.2. reaqciis Termoqimiuri toloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§ 2.1.3. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

kompleqsuri davaleba #
# 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

§ 2.2.1. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

§ 2.2.2 reaqciis siCqaris gaangariSeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

§ 2.2.3. rogor vmarToT qimiuri reaqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

§ 2.2.4. moqmed masaTa kanoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

§ 2.2.5. gaangariSeba moqmed masaTa kanonis gamoyenebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

3
§ 2.2.6. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da temperatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

§ 2.2.7. reaqciis siCqaris damokidebuleba energiaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

§ 2.2.8. ra aris katalizatori da katalizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

§ 2.2.9. rogor moqmedebs katalizatori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

§ 2.2.10. TuTiasa da ganzavebul marilmJavas Soris mimdinare reaqciis siCqaris

cvlilebis gamokvleva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

§ 2.2.11. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

kompleqsuri davaleba #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

§ 2.3.1. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

§ 2.3.2. qimiuri wonasworoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

§ 2.3.3. qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

§ 2.3.4. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

4
 moswavlis wignis koncefcia

moswavlis wignis es nawili warmoadgens X klasis saxelmZRvanelos gagrZele-

bas. is agebulia igive didaqtikuri principebis dacviT, riTac − misi winamorbedi.
moswavlis wignis Sinaarsi efuZneba standarts. Temis saTaurSi gacxadebulia
ZiriTadi idea.
yoveli paragrafi iwyeba samotivacio davalebiT, romlis SinaarsSic ZiriTad
SemTxvevaSi moswavlis saswavlo interesebi Serwymulia mis pirovnul interese-
bTan, yofiT gamocdilebasa da realur viTarebasTan.
samotivacio davalebas moyveba rubrika `gaixseneT~, romelic uzrunvelyofs
winare codnis gaaqtiurebas rogorc qimiis kursidan, ise yofiTi gamocdilebi-
dan. es rubrika zedmiwevniT Seesabameba konstruqtivistuli swavlebis ideas.
umravles SemTxvevaSi paragrafis Sinaarsi iwyeba problemaze dafuZnebuli kon-
kretuli davalebiT, Semdeg ki xdeba misi ganzogadeba. yoveli paragrafis teqsti
isea agebuli, rom moswavlis cnobierebaSi axali cnebis formireba moxdes etapo-
brivad. amas xels uwyobs teqstSi CarTuli davalebebic, romelic, aseve uzrunve-
lyofs, rom moswavlem codna moipovos sakuTari ZalixsmeviT. teqsti isea gaSli-
lia, rom moswavles mieces damoukidebeli azrovnebis, varaudis gamoTqmis, daskv-
nis gamotanis SesaZlebloba.
TiToeuli paragrafis Sinaarsi bunebrivad erwymis moswavlis cnobierebaSi
ukve arsebul codnas, amave dros zrunavs arsebuli codnis gaRrmavebasa da ganvi-
Tarebaze. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia kvlevis meTodebis ganxilvaze, maTi struq-
turisa da Sinaarsis gaxsnaze (modelireba, dakvirveba, cda, informaciis Segrove-
ba, analizi da sxva).
paragrafis momdevno davalebebi ZiriTadad proceduruli an pirobiseulia,
romlebic cxadia, Seicavs deklaratiuli codnis komponentsac.
kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis formirebas emsaxureba rogorc teqstis struqtura,
ise masSi CarTuli davalebebi. rogorc teqstSi CarTuli, ise paragrafis bolos
mocemuli davalebebi SerCeulia mizanmimarTulad, konkretuli unaris an unarTa
jgufis formirebisa da ganviTarebisTvis. moswavlis wignis es komponenti stan-
dartis Sedegebis miRwevas ganapirobebs (qim. saS. 1, qim. saS. 2, qim. saS. 3, qim. saS.
4). kerZod, qim. saS. 1-is da qim. saS. 2-is miRwevas ganapirobebs §2.1-is da §2.2.-is Si-
naarsi da struqtura. es paragrafebi aseve emsaxureba samizne cnebebis − nivTie-
reba, fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi da qimiuri bma − formirebas. standartis
oTxive Sedegis miRwevazea orientirebuli moswavlis wignis meore nawilis danar-
Ceni paragrafebic. paragrafebi, romlebic exeba qimiuri reaqciis siCqares (§2.3 −
2.12), zedmiwevniT faravs standartis oTxive Sedegs da samizne cnebebis `nivTie-
reba~, `fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi~ − formirebis etapebs.
nawilobriv ifareba samizne cneba `qimiuri bma~, radgan qimiuri reaqciis siCqa-
ris energetikuli mxare iTvaliswinebs sistemaSiO mimdinare energetikuli cvli-
lebebis ganxilvas, maT Soris, qimiuri bmis gawyveta-warmoqmnis TvalsazrisiTac.
moswavlis wignis paragrafebi (§2.13-§2.15) nawilobriv faravs standartis pir-
vel sam Sedegs, zedmiwevniT ki − meoTxe Sedegs da samizne cnebebis – `nivTiereba~
da `fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis~ – formirebas emsaxureba.
5
 yoveli paragrafis Sinaarsi Seesabameba Temis `qimiuri kinetika~ mkvidr war-
modgenebs, ganixilavs Semdeg qvecnebebs: egzoTermuli da endoTermuli reaq-
cia, reaqciis siTburi efeqti, Termoqimiuri toloba, reaqciis siCqare, reaqciis
siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi, vant-hofis wesi, moqmed masaTa kanoni, katalizi,
katalizatori, aqtivaciis energia, qimiuri wonasworoba, qimiur wonasworobaze
moqmedi faqtorebi.
moswavlis wignSi Setanilia ori kompleqsuri davaleba: pirveli Seexeba reaq-
ciis energetikul mxaresa da reaqciis siCqares, meore ki − qimiur wonasworobas,
orive mimarTulia imisken, rom moswavlem iazrovnos mimarTebiT da abstraqtul
doneze.
maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia swavlebis Tanamedrove strategiebi ara mxo-
lod zogadi Teoriuli kuTxiT, aramed qimiuri kinetikis Temidan moyvanilia kon-
kretuli magaliTebiT. aseve mocemulia Semajamebeli davalebebis nimuSebi, dama-
tebiTi davalebebis nimuSebi pasuxebiT, Tematuri matrica, kompleqsuri davale-
bebis Sefaseba solo taqsonomiis Sesabamisad; aseve – samizne cnebebis formirebis
procesSi miRwevis doneebi solo taqsonomiis Sesabamisad, moswavlis wignSi moce-
muli yvela davalebis pasuxebi ganmartebebiT.
vfiqrobT, rom Cven mier Seqmnili kompleqti maswavleblebs daexmareba, advi-
lad miaRwion erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul Sedegebs.

6
 swavlebisa da Sefasebis strategiebi

saswavlo gaCerebebi

saswavlo gaCerebebis mosamzadeblad maswavlebels sakmaod didi Zalisxmeva

da dro sWirdeba. amitom mniSvnelovania, rom detalurad iyos gawerili amgvari
gakveTilis gegma da aqtivobebis instruqciebi.
aseve momzadebuli unda iyos yvela saWiro resursi Tu samuSao furceli.
amitom ar aris saWiro saswavlo gaCerebebis gamoyeneba yovel gakveTilze. misi
daxmarebiT gakveTilis dagegmva rekomendebulia ramdenime kviraSi erTxel,
saswavlo masalis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogor gamoviyenoT? miuxedavad imisa, rom saswavlo gaCerebebze moswavleTa
mcire jgufebi muSaoben, mniSvnelovania, maswavlebeli darwmundes, rom
TiToeuli moswavle CarTulia da pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba Sesasrulebel
samuSaos. amisaTvis aucilebelia, moswavleebma TiToeul gaCerebaze
Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegi individualur samuSao furcelze gadaitanon.
rodesac moswavleebma ician, rom maswavlebeli ara mxolod jgufurad
Sesrulebuli davalebiT, aramed individualuri samuSao furclebiTac
interesdeba, isini ufro met pasuxismgeblobas iCenen da aqtiurad erTvebian
jgufur muSaobaSi. garda amisa, maswavlebeli uzrunvelyofs, rom moswavleebma
nebismier dros Caixedon samuSao furclebSi da gamoiyenon iq mocemuli
informacia.

saswavlo gaCerebebis efeqturad dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi maswavlebels

daexmareba Semdegi rekomendaciebi:
1. saswavlo gegmis SemuSavebisas gaiTvaliswineT, rodis gsurT masSi
saswavlo gaCerebebis CarTva.
gadawyviteT, rodis SeiZleba iyos saukeTeso dro saswavlo gaCerebebis
gamosayeneblad. saswavlo procesSi SesaZleblobis farglebSi gamoyaviT dro
masalis diferencirebisTvis, moswavlis swavlis stilis, interesebisa da mzaobis
donis Sesabamisad.
2. gansazRvreT saswavlo mizani.
gansazRvreT saswavlo mizani, romelsac moswavleebma unda miaRwion da
ecadeT mas moargoT Sesabamisi aqtivobebi.
3. saswavlo gaCerebebis aqtivobis dawyebamde saTanadod SeafaseT mos­
wavleebi. gadawyviteT, ras gaiTvaliswinebT saswavlo gaCerebebis mowyo­
bi­sas – moswavleTa codnas, gamocdilebas, interesebs Tu swavlis stils.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis sxvadasxva instrumentebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia
moswavleTa codnis, gamocdilebis, interesebisa da swavlis stilis Sefaseba.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom diferencirebisTvis ar aris aucilebeli, saswavlo gaCe­
rebebi morgebuli iyos yvela zemoT CamoTvlil faqtorze, magram is aucileblad
unda iyos fokusirebuli erT-erT maTganze mainc. arCevanis gake­Tebisas mas­
wavlebelma unda ixelmZRvanelos imiT, Tu romeli tipis diferencireba iqneba
yvelaze metad Sedegiani moswavleebisTvis.
7
 4. awarmoeT saswavlo gaCerebebze moswavleTa muSaobis monitoringi.
rodesac moswavleebi muSaoben saswavlo gaCerebebze, imoZraveT saklaso
oTaxSi da daakvirdiT jgufebis muSaobas. maswavlebeli mzad unda iyos, upasuxos
moswavleTa kiTxvebs an Tavad dasvas damxmare kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxic
moswavleebs davalebis SesrulebaSi daexmareba. amasTan, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mizniT winaswar momzadebuli dakvirvebis furceli,
romlis daxmarebiTac SeafasebT moswavlis progress saswavlo mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:

klasi me-10
Tema: `qimiuri kinetika~
• gakveTilis mizani: moswavleebma le Satelies principis gaTvaliswinebiT
gaaanalizon qimiur wonasworobaze sxvadasxva faqtoris (wneva, nivTierebaTa
koncentracia, temperatura) moqmedeba da Seafason maswavleblis mier
SeTavazebuli konkretuli monacemebi.
dro: 90 wT.
gakveTilze maswavlebelma yofs moswavleebs mcire jgufebad, acnobs
saswavlo mizans da axsenebs „saswavlo gaCerebebze“ muSaobis wesebs.
pirvel gaCerebaze moswavleebi kiTxuloben statias aRniSnul saswavlo
miznebTan dakavSirebiT. statia amoRebulia wamyvani samecniero Jurnalidan.
statiis gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebs evalebaT imave gaCerebaze mcire jgufSi an
wyvilebSi Seajamon, ra gaiges wakiTxulidan.
meore gaCerebaze moswavleebi uyureben maswavleblis mier winaswar SerCeul
videos qimiuri wonasworobis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelzec unda gamoitanon
daskvnebi, gaaanalizon da Seafason maswavleblis mier miwodebuli monacemebi.
mesame gaCerebaze moswavleebi ecnobian cxrils da agroveben monacemebs.
kerZod, azotis koncentraciis cvlilebis mixedviT ikvleven amiakisa da
wyalbadis koncentraciis cvlilebas da asruleben cxrils.

saswavlo gaCerebebze muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg TiToeuli jgufi

warmoadgens posters qimiuri kinetikis Sesaxeb. warmodgenili posterebis
analizis safuZvelze maswavlebeli askvnis, rogor gaigo masala moswavleTa
umravlesobam.
airCie proeqti
amgvari arCevani moswavleebs aZlevs Sanss, warmoaCinon TavianTi
SesaZleblobebis maqsimumi da aCvenon, ramdenad miaRwies saswavlo mizans.
garda amisa, arCevanis gakeTeba zrdis moswavlis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar
codnaze. proeqtze muSaoba, yvelaferTan erTad, saxalisocaa, rac zrdis
moswavlis motivacias. rodis gamoviyenoT? proeqtis arCeva SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT gakveTilis an Temis dasrulebis Semdeg, raTa moswavles mivceT
SesaZlebloba, warmoaCinos, ra doneze miaRwia man saswavlo mizans.
SesarCevi proeqtebis CamonaTvali maswavlebelma unda Seqmnas gakveTilis
an Temis dasrulebamde, radgan moswavleebma kargad unda icodnen, ra arCevani
eqnebaT. maswavlebels SeuZlia moamzados dasarigebeli masala, romelSic
mocemuli iqneba proeqtebis aRwera da daurigos moswavleebs.
proeqtebi SesaZloa Sesruldes mcire jgufebSi an individualurad, es
maswavleblis arCevanzea damokidebuli.
moswavleebs SeiZleba vTxovoT, Tavad Seafason erTmaneTis namuSevrebi.
8
 rogor gamoviyenoT? am instrumentis efeqturad gamoyenebaSi dagexmarebaT
Semdegi etapebis gavla:
1. gansazRvreT Tematuri erTeulisa da gakveTilis miznebi. SeTavazebuli
proeqtebi unda akmayofilebdes da miesadagebodes gakveTilis an Temis mizans, imis
mixedviT, Tu ra aris misi amocana – erTi gakveTilis Tu mTlianad Temis Sejameba.
2. SeqmeniT asarCevi proeqtebis aRwerilobebi. TiToeuli proeqtis aRwe­
rasTan erTad warmodgenili unda iyos Tematuri an gakveTilis mizani.
mniSvnelovania, rom aRwera miesadagebodes saswavlo mizans da sxvadasxva
swavlis stilisa da/Tu interesis mqone moswavles aZlevdes arCevanis gakeTebis
SesaZleblobas.
3. gaacaniT moswavleebs asarCevi proeqtebi, sanam Temis swavlebas Seud­
gebodeT, moswavleebs gaacaniT proeqtebis aRwera. auxseniT maT, rom aRwerili
proeqtebidan unda airCion da Seasrulon mxolod erTi. darwmundiT, rom maTi
arCevani Seesabameba sasurvel saswavlo mizans. urCieT moswavleebs, rom airCion
is proeqti, romelic maT swavlis stils da/an interesebs miesadageba. Tu maT
winaswar ecodinebaT, romel proeqtze imuSaveben, isini ufro mondomebulni da
mizanmimarTulni iqnebian da aqtiurad CaerTvebian saswavlo procesSi.
4. gansazRvreT samuSaos Sesrulebis vada. sasurvelia, moswavleebs proeqtze
muSaobisas vadebi davuTqvaT. rekomendebulia, rom maswavlebelma gansazRvros
dro, ra vadebSi unda daasrulon moswavleebma TavianTi proeqtebi, aseve Seafason
erTmaneTis namuSevrebi. am gziT moswavleebi SeZleben muSaobis droulad
daasrulebas.
qvemoT moyvanilia nimuSi, Tu ra tipis proeqtebis SeTavazeba SeuZlia
maswavlebels moswavleebisTvis:
1 `qimiuri reaqciebi yoveldRiurobaSi“;
2. `qimia Cvens yofacxovrebaSi“;
3. `naerTebis kvldakval~;
4. `qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da kosmosi“;
5. `dedamiwa Cveni saerTo saxlia~;
6. `dro qimiaSi. razea damokidebul qimiuri reaqciis siCqare?~;
7. „wonasworoba da mrewveloba~.

kiTxvebi ineteresebis mixedviT

magaliTad, maswavleblis mier dasmuli kiTxvis mizania, Seafasos, ramdenad
SeuZliaT moswavleebs reaqciis siCqaris gamoTvla.
or 20-litrian WurWelSi erTnair fizikur pirobebSi Seiyvanes A da B airadi
nivTierebebi. pirvel WurWEEelEESi 2 moli A da 4 moli B, meore WurWelSi - 6 moli A
da 3 moli B. romel WurWelSi da ramdenad swrafad wava reaqcia?

9
 weriTi davaleba `rafT~

qvemoT mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia meaTeklaseli moswavlis mier

garemos dacvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT `rafT~ weriTi davalebis mixedviT
SerCeuli roli, auditoria, naweris forma da Tema.
deskriptori magaliTi

roli moswavle

auditoria saqarTvelos mTavroba

forma ese

Tema qimiuri mrewveloba da garemo

saswavlo meniu

sagani: qimia
Tema: ra aris qimiuri wonasworoba?
klasi: X
saswavlo mizani:
• moswavle SeZlebs daadginos wonasworobis mudmiva da misi mniSvnelobis
mixedviT imsjelos reaqciis gamosavlianobaze.
• Caweros wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaTvleli formula moqmed masaTa
kanonis gamoyenebiT.

savaldebulo (unda SeasruloT yvela davaleba) CamoTvlilTagan erTi

davaleba mainc)
1. daasaxele Seqcevadi reaqciis ramdenime magaliTi.
2. Seni azriT, SesaZlebelia, rom Seuqcevadi procesi Seqcevad procesad
gadavaqcioT? Seni mosazreba daasabuTe.
2. mocemuli reaqciisTvis Cawere wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaTvleli for-
mula:
2Mg ( my) + O2 (a) 2 MgO (my)

3. mocemuli reaqciisTvis Cawere wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaTvleli for-

ula:
SO3 ( a) SO2( a) + O2 (a)

10
 arCeviTi (unda SeasruloT erTi davaleba mainc)

1. Seadgine mocemuli magaliTebisTvis qimiuri tolobebi, SearCie

koeficientebi, Cawere wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaTvleli formula. bolos
gamosaxe wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaTvleli formula.
a) myari amoniumis nitriti NH4NO2 garkveul pirobebSi iSleba azotad da
wylad.
b) azoti da Jangbadi urTierTqmedebisas warmoqmnian azotis oqsidsNO.
2. arasavaldebulo (SegiZliaT mocemuli davalebebidan SeasruloT erTi,
erTze meti, an arcerTi )
1. individualurad an wyvilebSi moifiqre ori WeSmariti da erTi mcdari
winadadeba; gauziare klass.
• gaecani informacias wonasworobis mudmiva: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/
physical/equilibria/kc.html
• imsjele: rogor fiqrob, ra kavSiria pirdapir da Sebrunebul reaqciebsa
da qimiur wonasworobas Soris?

vici, minda vicode, viswavle

magaliTad, gakveTilze izotopebis Sesaxeb teqstis gacnobamde moswavle,
winare codnaze dayrdnobiT, dawers sityva izotopis ganmartebas. gakveTilis
bolos igi akeTebs Canawers axlad SeZenili codnis Sesaxeb.
vici minda vicode viswavle
• Seqcevadi SesaZlebelia, rom wonasworobis mudmiva: pirdapiri
procesi: Seuqcevadi procesi reaqciis siCqaris mudmivas
Seqcevad procesad Sefardeba Sebrunebuli reaqciis
qimiuri
gadavaqcioT? siCqaris mudmivasTan.
procesi, roca
erTdroulad • wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaxva:
gamoisaxeba produqtebis
mimdinareobs koncentraciis SefardebiT
pirdapiri da reagentebis koncentraciasTan
Sebrunebuli (xarisxis maCveneblebis
reaqcia. miTiTebiT).
produqtebi • moqmed masaTa kanoni:
reagentebad mdgomareoba, roca
gardaiqmnebian. wonasworobaSi myofi nebismieri
• qimiuri reaqciisTvis produqtebis
wonasworoba: koncentraciebis (Sesabamis
mdgomareoba, xarisxis maCveneblebTan erTad)
roca pirdapiri namravlis Sefardeba reagentebis
da Sebrunebuli koncentraciebis namravlis
reaqciebis SefardebasTan mudmivi sididea.
siCqareebi
erTmaneTis
tolia.

11
 Sesasvleli da gasasvleli bileTebi
Sesasvleli da gasasvleli bileTebi
Sesasvleli da gasasvleli bileTebis gamoyeneba ubiZgebs moswavleebs,
moaxdinon refleqsia sakuTar swavlaze, rac aaqtiurebs maRali donis saazrovno
unarebs, zrdis moswavleTa pasuxismgeblobasa da saklaso aqtivobebSi
monawileobis xarisxs. maswavlebeli moswavleebs saklaso oTaxSi SesvlisTanave
urigebs Sesasvlel bileTebs; sTxovs maT, miuTiTon sakuTari saxeli da gvari
da upasuxon kiTxvebs. qvemoT mocemuli Sesasvleli bileTis nimuSi Seesabameba
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis qimiis me-10 klasis standarts.
Sesasvleli bileTi
gakveTilis mizani
saxeli da gvari katalizatorisa da inhibitoris
SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba;
ra aris CemTvis cnobili am sakiTxTan ra aris Cemi mizani am gakveTilze?
dakavSirebiT?

vici, rom katalizatori aris

nivTiereba, romelic cvlis
reaqciis siCqares da TviTon ar Cemi mizania gavarkvio, rogor
ixarjeba, magram ar vici, ratom. gamoviyeneb am gakveTilze miRebul
inhibitori, katalizatorebisgan codnas realur cxovrebaSi.
gansxvavebiT, anelebs qimiur
reaqcias.
erTi kiTxva, romelsac minda, rom ZiriTadi terminebi:
pasuxi gaeces:

rogoria katalizatoris
aqtivaciis energia
moqmedebis meqanizmi ?
aqtiuri kompleqsis warmoqmna

`dajaxebis Teoria~
ramdenad darwmunebuli var Cems
codnaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT:

rodis gamoviyenoT?
Sesasvleli bileTi gamoiyeneba gakveTilis dawyebisas, xolo gasasvleli
bileTi – gakveTilis dasrulebisas. Sesasvleli bileTebi maswavlebelma
SesaZlebelia winaswar dauwyos merxze moswavleebs, an saklaso oTaxis karTan

12
piradad gadasces maT. orive SemTxvevaSi moswavleebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT,
Tavidanve CaerTon gakveTilSi da Seudgnen muSaobas. zogierTi maswavlebeli
iSviaTad iyenebs Sesasvlel bileTs, zogierTi ki – yvela gakveTilze, raTa
moswavleebTan erTad Camoayalibos saswavlo miznebi. mas aseve SeuZlia
erTmaneTs daukavSiros wina da mimdinare dRis gakveTili, an Seamowmos,
ramdenad kargad gaarTves Tavi moswavleebma micemul saSinao davalebas. rogor
gamoviyenoT? zogjer maswavleblisTvis SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos calkeuli
moswavlis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba, imis codna, Tu romelma moswavlem ra
dawera Sesasvlel an gasasvlel bileTSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli sTxovs
moswavleebs, miuTiTon bileTze sakuTari saxeli da gvari. Tu maswavlebels
klasSi arsebuli zogadi suraTis danaxva surs, moswavleebs SeuZliaT
SeinarCunon anonimuroba.
Sesasvleli da gasasvleli bileTebis Seqmnisa da maTi efeqturad
gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa:
formatis SemuSaveba
gansazRvreT bileTebis formati, romelic yvelaze ukeT imuSavebs Tqvens
moswavleebTan:
• es SeiZleba iyos dabeWdili bileTi, romelsac moswavleebi iReben da
avseben gakveTilis dasawyisSi an dasrulebisas;
• kiTxvebi bileTebisTvis aseve SeiZleba daiweros dafaze an flipCartze,
xolo moswavleebma pasuxebi Caweron rveulebSi, romelsac maswavlebeli
periodulad Seagrovebs da gadaxedavs.
bileTebisTvis kiTxvebis SemuSaveba
gakveTilis dagegmvisas an Sesaswavli Temis SerCevisas dafiqrdiT da
gansazRvreT gakveTilze gamosayenebeli Sesasvleli ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
instrumentebi da gasasvleli bileTebis miznebi.
magaliTad, Tu Tqven apirebT, rom gasasvleli bileTi gamoiyenoT momdevno
gakveTilze dasaswavli cnebis Sesaxeb, moswavlis winare codnis Sesafaseblad,
upirveles yovlisa, gansazRvreT, ra winare codna sWirdebaT moswavleebs
amisTvis. mxolod amis Semdeg SeimuSaveT kiTxvebi, romliTac SeamowmebT, aqvs Tu
ara moswavles es codna.
procesis gacnoba moswavleebisTvis:
Sesasvleli da gasasvleli bileTebi bevri moswavlisTvis siaxle iqneba.
amitom, gamoyenebamde saWiroa auxsnaT moswavleebs, Tu ras gulisxmobs es
procesi, ra dro unda daeTmos am saqmianobas da ra aris misi mizani. mogvianebiT,
mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi mieCvevian bileTebis Sevsebas, yovel jerze aRar
iqneba saWiro maTTvis instruqciebis micema.
moswavleTa pasuxebis ganxilvisa da gaanalizebisaTvis saWiro drois
gamoyofa: maswavlebels SeuZlia gadaxedos moswavleebis mier Sevsebul
Sesasvlel bileTebs manamdec, sanam yvela daasrulebs muSaobas. Semdeg ki,
gakveTilis mimdinareobisas, man unda gaiTvaliswinos es informacia – moaxdinos
dagegmili aqtivobebis modificireba, Secvalos zogierTi aqtivobis instruqcia
an gadados romelime aqtivoba momdevno gakveTlisTvis. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom
Sesasvleli bileTebis gadaxedvis Semdeg maswavlebelma gamarTos diskusia da
moswavleebTan erTad imsjelos maT mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis an gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebis Sesaxeb.
swrafi weriTi samuSao
yuradReba maqsimalurad fokusirebulia konkretul sakiTxze. refleqsiis
gakeTeba sakiTxis kidev ufro safuZvlianad Seswavlis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. magaliTad, qimiaSi Temis – `qimiuri wonasworoba~ – Seswavlis Semdeg,
13
maswavlebelma SeiZleba sTxovos moswavleebs, daweron mokled, Tu rogor
gamoiyeneben SeZenil codnas cxovrebaSi. zogierTi maswavlebeli swrafi weriTi
samuSaosTvis gansazRvrul instrumentebs iyenebs yoveli gakveTilis dasawyisSi
an bolos da amiT exmareba moswavleebs weriTi unarebis gaumjobesebaSi. zogierTi
maswavlebeli ki amas ufro iSviaTad akeTebs. aRniSnuli instrumentebis
gamoyenebis sixSire damokidebulia klasis saWiroebebze, aseve saswavlo masalis
Taviseburebaze.
gTavazobT erTwuTiani eses dasawerad dasmuli kiTxvebis magaliTebs:
Tqveni azriT, ra iyo dRevandeli gakveTilis ZiriTadi mizani?
eTanxmebiT Tu ara warmodgenil debulebas?
moiyvaneT Tqveni argumenti. rogor gamoiyenebdiT praqtikaSi dRevandel
gakveTilze miRebul codnas?
aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT gaJRerebulma romelma mosazrebam moaxdina
Tqvens Sexedulebebze an Rirebulebebze yvelaze meti gavlena?
romel mosazrebas ar eTanxmebiT yvelaze metad?
ra kavSirs xedavT dRes ganxilul sakiTxsa da Tqven mier wina gakveTilze nanax
videofilms Soris.
dafiqrdi – dawyvildi – gaaziare
magaliTad, maswavlebelma gakveTilis dasawyisSi qimiuri winasworobis Sesaxeb
moswavleTa winare codnis gaaqtiurebis mizniT moswavleebs SesTavaza, emsjelaT
Semdeg sakiTxze:
ra kavSiria pirdapir da Sebrunebul reaqciebsa da qimiur wonasworobas
Soris?
man moswavleebs misca 2 wuTi imisaTvis, rom marto dafiqrebuliyvnen, 3 wuTi
gamouyo maT mewyvilesTan msjelobisaTvis, xolo 5 wuTi dauTmo SemTxveviT
SerCeuli moswavleebis mier sakuTari mosazrebebis mTeli klasisTvis gaziarebas

ori WeSmariti da erTi mcdari debuleba

magaliTad, meaTe klasis moswavlis mier mofiqrebuli Semdegi sami
debulebidan meore da mesame WeSmaritia, xolo pirveli – mcdari:
• qimiuri wonasworobis dros pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli reaqciebis
siCqareebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
• produqtebis koncentraciebis namravlis Sefardeba reagentebis
koncentraciebis namravlTan (xarisxis maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT) mudmivi
sididea da wonasworobis mudmiva ewodeba.
• moqmed masaTa kanonis Tanaxmad, wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaTvlel
formulaSi iwereba mxolod airadi da ionebis saxiT arebuli nivTierebebis
koncentracia. myari da Txevadi nivTierebebis koncentracia gaTvaliswinebulia
reaqciis mudmivebSi.

`qvizi~
instrumentis aRwera da mizani
magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia Tema `qimiuri kinetika~ dayos Semdeg oTx
qveTavad:
1. qimiur reaqciaTa klasifikacia;
2. Termoqimiuri reaqciebi;
3. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze moqmedi faqtorebi;
4. qimiuri wonasworoba.

14
 Semdeg ki SeuZlia, am qveTavebTan mimarTebiT, aseve oTxi `qvizi~ Seadginos
moswavleebisTvis. maswavleblisgan miRebuli ukukavSiri, romelic „qvizis“
Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs, moswavles daexmareba, kargad gaaanalizos, ra
icis da raSi unda gaiRrmavos codna. Temis Seswavlis dasrulebis Semdeg ki
maswavlebeli oTxive sakiTxis Semajamebeli testis daxmarebiT (romelsac
gamoiyenebs ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis mizniT) Seafasebs, ramdenad warmatebiT
daZlies moswavleebma qimiuri kinetikis sakiTxebi.
grafikuli organizatorebi

grafikuli organizatorebi

15
 1. problemis dasma/gansazRvra - moswavleebis mier problemis gaazreba da
problemis formulireba. moswavleebi ecnobian davalebis Sinaarss da masze
dayrdnobiT ganmartaven problemis arss, akeTeben problemis formulirebas.
erT-ori winadadebiT moswavlem unda SeZlon imis aRwera, Tu ris gadawyvetas,
raze pasuxis gacemas, ris aRmoCenas Tu micemas iTxovs davaleba. problemis
formulireba SeiZleba saWiroebdes gadaxedvas, Tu warmodgenili situaciis
Sesaxeb axali informacia gaxdeba cnobili.
2. problemis analizi – problemis danawevreba da nawilebis prioritetebad
dalageba. moswavleebi yofen problemas Semadgenel nawilebad – erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul qveproblemebad. alageben am nawilebs prioritetebis mixedviT:
gamoyofen ZiriTadsa da meorexarisxovans, pirvel rigSi da momdevno etapebze
gadasaWrel amocanebad.
3. saWiro informaciis mobilizeba – problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli
informaciisa da resursebis moZieba, organizeba. moswavleebi moiZieben
da SearCeven Sesabamis informacias problemebis gadawyvetis mizniT. isini
CamoTvlian an Camoweren, ra aris cnobili mocemuli problemis garSemo; calke
Camoweren im kiTxvebis an sakiTxebis sias, romelze pasuxebic maT jer ar ician,
magram aucileblad sWirdebaT problemis gadasWrelad, anu kidev „risi codnaa
saWiro?“. es kiTxvebi moiTxovs meti informaciis moZiebas, kvlevas, romelic
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes onlainformiT, biblioTekaSi, an sadme sxvagan,
klasgareSe situaciaSi.
4. alternatiuli gzebis Zieba – problemis gadaWris sxvadasxva gzebis
Sesaxeb msjeloba – moswavleebi Tavisuflad, yovelgvari kritikis gareSe
gamoTqvamen ideebs, maT Soris, mocemul problemasTan dakavSirebul
originalur, moulodnel da arastereotipul ideebsac; Camoweren, Tu ra aris
saWiro problemis gadasaWrelad, moqmedebebs, saWiro RonisZiebebs (magaliTad,
eqspertebis gamokiTxva, onlain monacemebis mopoveba, laboratoriaSi viziti da
sxv.), gamoTqvamen hipoTezebs.
5. gadaWris optimaluri gzis SerCeva – problemis gadaWris ganxiluli
gzebidan erT-erTis SerCeva gamosacdelad. moswavleebi afaseben problemis
gadaWris sxvadasxva gzebs sxvadasxva perspeqtividan. isini gansazRvraven
problemis gadaWris TiToeul strategiasTan dakavSirebul riskebs, SearCeven
ufro realur da misaReb strategias/gzas, asabuTeben TavianT arCevans.
6. problemis gadaWris demonstrireba – SerCeuli gzis gamoyenebiT
problemis gadaWris Cveneba an problemis gadaWris Sesaxeb gamotanili daskvnis
warmodgena. moswavleebi gamocdian problemis gadaWris SerCeul strategias/
gzas (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daubrundebian Sesabamis etaps da iqidan xelaxla
iwyeben problemis gadaWris ciklis gavlas), moamzadeben angariSs da moaxdenen
problemis gadaWris demonstrirebas, an warmoadgenen daskvnas problemis
gadaWris Sesaxeb.
problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlebis tipis gakveTilebis Catarebas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba:
• gansakuTrebiT zrdis moswavlis motivacias. moswavle CarTulia aqtiur
swavlaSi, muSaobs realuri, xSirad cxovrebiseuli problemebis gadaWraze,
Sedegad, swavla misTvis xdeba ufro saintereso da saxaliso; zrdis mis
pasuxismgeblobas swavlisadmi.
• moswavleebSi aviTarebs kritikul azrovnebas. problemis gadaWraze fiqris
dros moswavle kritikulad afasebs, Tu ra icis, ra unar-Cvevebi aqvs da ra

16
sWirdeba problemis gadasaWrelad, amyarebs mimarTebas ramdenime cnebas Soris,
gamoaqvs daskvnebi da a.S.
• aviTarebs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas. problemis gadaWraze muSaobis dros
moswavles SeiZleba mouxdes problemis gadaWris sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis
(gzis) mofiqreba, problemis gadaWris ramdenime pasuxis povna an axali
(originaluri) gzis Zieba da a.S.
qvemoT gTavazobT problemaze orientirebuli gakveTilis gegmas.
gakveTilis Tema – qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi.
gakveTilis mizani – moswavleebma unda SeZlon, eqsperimentuli kvlevebis
jgufurad Catareba №1-4 da TiToeuli kvlevis safuZvelze daadginon, ra
faqtori gansazRvravs qimiuri reaqciis siCqares. moswavleebma eqsperimentiT
unda SeZlon konkretuli problemis gadaWra, winaswar darigebuli kvlevis
cxrili 1-is Sevseba da kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT daskvnis gamotana.
aqtivoba 1. winare codnis Semowmeba;
aqtivoba 2. gamowveva; problemis dasma;
aqtivoba 3. problemis gadawyveta: kvleva №1.-4;
aqtivoba 1.winare codnis Semowmeba.
codnis Semowmeba xdeba kiTxvebiT:
– rogor ganisazRvreba qimiuri reaqciis siCqare?
– romeli formuliT gamosaxaven qimiuri reaqciis siCqares?
– ra aris qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris erTeulebi?
aqtivoba 2.gamowveva; problemis dasma (5wT.)
– Cven irgvliv mravali qimiuri reaqcia xdeba (mag: Saqris duRiliT spirtis
miReba – ramdenime kvira, benzini wamebSi iwvis…). rogor fiqrobT, reaqciebi
erTnairi siCqariT mimdinareobs Tu – sxvadasxva?
– ra ganapirobebs reaqciis siCqares? (pasuxebi mravalferovania).
Sesrulebuli kvlevebiT daadgineT, Tu ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs qimiuri
reaqciis siCqares.
maswavlebeli: *davaleba sruldeba jgufebSi (1-3).
* kvlevis instruqciebi TiToeuli jgufisTvis saerToa.
* TiToeuli kvleva unda Sesruldes gansazRvrul droSi.
* kvlevis Catareba/dakvirvebis Semdeg moyvanili pirobebi mokle Canaweris
saxiT unda gaaformoT Tabaxis furcelze – cxrili 1, romelic magidaze gidevT.

17
18
 -

jgufebi ayalibeben reaqciis siCqareze moqmed faqtorebs:

sqema:
koncentracia
temperatura
moreagire nivT. buneba

19
 dadebiTi, uaryofiTi, saintereso

qvemoT mocemulia gakveTilze Seqcevadi reaqciebTan dakavSirebiT moswavlis

mier Sevsebuli grafikuli organizatori:

dadebiTi uaryofiTi saintereso

amiakis miRebis Semdeg is Seqcevadi reaqciebis dros kobaltis qloridis
SeiZleba isev daiSalos qimiuri wonasworoba din- wyalxsnari vardisferia
azotad da wyalbadad. xsnarSi Co2+ ionebis
amikuria (anu mobiluri).
Seqcevadia reaqcia, roca arsebobis gamo. mcire
reaqciis dros radgan rodesac es xdeba, raodenobiT HCl -is
warmoqmnili produqtebi reaqcia ar Cerdeba, magram damatebiT xsnari
isev reagentebad lurjdeba CoCl42- ionebis
mxolod nivTierebebis kon-
gardaiqmnebian. arsebobis gamo. Tu
Seqcevadi reaqciebis centracia ar icvleba. es davamatebT wyals, xsnari
erT-erTi magaliTia niSnavs, rom warmoqmnili isev vardisferi gaxdeba.
wyalbadsa da iods Soris
axali nivTierebebis raode-
mimdinare reaqcia, ris
Sedegadac warmoiqmneba noba udris originaluri
iodwyalbadi. nivTierebebis raodenobas.
Sebrunebuli reaqciis mudmivi temperaturisa da
dros isev airadi
wnevis dros, Seqcevad reaq-
wyalbadi da iodis
orTqli warmoiqmneba. ciaSi wonasworoba SeiZleba
SenarCundes ganusazRvreli
vadiT.

praqtikaSi (laboratoriaSi,
warmoebaSi) yvelaze xSirad
dainteresebulia pirdapiri
reaqciebis nakadiT.

instruqcia ormagi Canawerebis dRiurisaTvis:

„yuradRebiT gaecaniT TqvenTvis darigebul masalas da SeavseT ormagi
Canawerebis dRiuri. cxrilis marcxena svetSi CawereT erTi an ori faqti, termini,
ganmarteba, romelmac Tqveni gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcia. marjvena
svetSi ki – maTTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni kiTxvebi, mosazrebebi, damokidebulebebi,
emociebi. mosazrebebis argumentirebisaTvis SegiZliaT moiyvanoT cxovrebi­
seuli magaliTebic. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg Tqven SesaZlebloba geqnebaT,
gauziaroT Tqveni Sexedulebebi mewyviles, xolo ramdenime Tqvengani
(SemTxveviTi SerCeviT) SeZlebs mTel klass gaacnos Sevsebuli ormagi Canawerebis
dRiuri da miiRos ukukavSiri“.

20
 X klasis moswavlis mier Sevsebuli ormagi Canawerebis dRiuris nimuSi
sagani: qimia
Tema: qimiuri wonasworoba

ormagi Canawerebis dRiuri

faqti/termini/ganmarteba/ Cemi damokidebuleba/Sexeduleba /
nawyveti mosazreba/kiTxva
sareaqcio sistemis mdgomareoba, romlis
drosac pirdapiri da sapirispiro
qimiuri wonasworoba
reaqciebis siCqareebi tolia.

reaqcias, romlis drosac reagentebi

srulad gardaiqmneba produqtebad,
Seuqcevadi reaqcia
Seuqcevadi ewodeba.
rogorc am magaliTebidan Cans, ormagi Canawerebis dRiuri saSualebas aZlevs
moswavles, CauRrmavdes Sesaswavl masalas da kargad gaacnobieros sakuTari
damokidebulebebi am masalis mimarT. amgvari refleqsia aRviZebs moswavlis
motivacias, gaagrZelos masalis Seswavla da kidev ufro metad CaerTos saswavlo
procesSi.

grafikuli organizatorebis gamoyenebis sargebeli

maswavlebeli moswavle
• mokle droSi afasebs moswavles • axdens informaciis
organizebas
• iviTarebs metakognitur
• gakveTili xdeba interaqtiuli unarebs
• ukeT aRiqvams faqtebs / cnebebs
/ movlenebs Soris kavSirs
• martivad ixsenebs da iyenebs
konkretul informacias

21
 moswavlis swavlis aRricxvis forma
saswavlo Tema:
refleqsia:
gagebis done damwyebi ganviTarebadi eqsperti 1. ra viswavle am kviraSi?
2. kidev ra damrCa Sesaswavli?
pirveli kvira gavige, rom qimiuri reaqciis
siCqare aris erT-erTi
qveTema: moZravi nivTierebis
qimiuri koncentraciis cvlileba
reaqciebis drois erTeulze moculobis
siCqare erTeulSi.

rogor SeiZleba qimiuri

reaqciis siCqaris Secvla?
meore kvira gavige, rom reaqciis
siCqareze moqmedi
qveTema: faqtorebia:
1. reagentebis koncentracia;
reaqciis 2. temperatura;
siCqareze 3. reaqtiuli nivTierebebis
moqmedi buneba;
faqtorebi 4. reagentebis sakontaqto
are;

5. katalizatori;

rogor SevarCio qimiuri

reaqciis optimaluri
pirobebi?
mesame kvira gavige, rom Tu sistemis
temperatura gaizrdeba,
nawilakebis moZraobis
temperatura
saSualo siCqarec gaizrdeba.
nawilakebi iwyeben ufro
swraf moZraobas, drois
erTeulSi maTi dajaxebebis
ricxvi izrdeba, rac
sabolood reaqciis siCqaris
gazrdas iwvevs.

ra aris aqtivaciis
energia?

22
 gavige, rom heterogenuri
reaqciebi aris reaqciebi,
meoTxe romlebic mimdinareobs
kvira nivTierebebs Soris
arahomogenur garemoSi.
qveTema: magaliTad, myari da
Txevadi, airisa da siTxis
hetero-
sakontaqto zedapirze da
genuli a.S.
reaqciebi rogor gamoiTvleba
reaqciis siCqare
mravalsafexuriani
procesis dros?

23
 moswavleTa interesebis Sefasebis forma
moswavlis interebis aRricxvis forma
saxeli, gvari _________________________ klasi_________________________________

saintereso Tema moswavlis pasuxi amoirCie erT-erTi

romelia Seni sayvareli sagani?
1. xelovneba
2. qarTuli ena
3. fizika
4. qimia
5. biologia
6. maTematika
7. geografia
8. ucxo ena
9. samoqalaqo ganaTleba
10. musika
11. sporti
12. sxva-------------------------------------
riT xar dakavebuli skolis Semdeg? moniSne yvela pasuxi, romelic Sen gexeba:
amoirCie erT-erTi:
1. megobrebTan vatareb dros;
2. vkiTxulob;
3. sportiT var dakavebuli;
4. vmecadineob;
5. vukrav an vusmen musikas;
6. vuyureb televizors an filmebs internetSi;
7. vmuSaob;
8. vswavlob fotografiis xelovnebas;
9. sayidlebze davdivar;
10. vTamaSob kompiuterul TamaSebs;
11. CarTuli var socialur qselSi;
romeli Janris musika giyvars?
sportis romeli saxeoba mogwons?
rom SegeZlos, msoflio donis romel erT did problemas gadaWridi?
warmoidgine, rom SegiZlia nebismieri ramis gakeTeba. ra sferoSi
isurvebdi karieris gakeTebas?
aRwere Sen mier Sesrulebuli davaleba, proeqti an testi, romliTac amayob.
ra mogewona am davalebis SesrulebaSi?

24
 erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia - misi TiToeuli safexuri warmoaCens samizne cnebis flobis
dones/samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis/sakiTxebis gaazrebis xarisxs. pirvel sam doneze samizne cnebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaazrebis xarisxi ar aris damakmayofilebeli. cnebis daufleba/Sedegis miRweva igivdeba
mimarTebiT da abstraqtul doneebTan.

prestruqturuli done
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar aqvs relevanturi informacia.

unistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi arastruqturirebuli asociacia/warmodgena gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

25
multistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramdenime, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, usistemo asociacia/warmodgena gansaxilvel
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

mimarTebiTi done
moswavles SeuZlia:
• samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da movlenebis kritikulad da urTierTdakavSirebulad gaazreba da
gaanalizeba;
• samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebis urTierTdakavSirebulad gaanalizeba;
• konkretul samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis konteqstualizeba (sagnis sxva samizne cnebebTan
dakavSireba).
• mimarTebiT doneze sakiTxis/samizne cnebis gaazreba niSnavs erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli Sedegis
miRwevas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia moswavle ufro Sorsac wavides, anu im ganzogadebebisken, romelic abstraqtuli
donisTvisaa gansazRvruli.
 abstraqtuli done
moswavles SeuZlia samizne cnebaze muSaobis procesSi SeZenili codnisa da gamocdilebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
zesagnobriv (makro) cnebebTan dakavSireba.

cxrilSi warmodgenilia solo taqsonomiis Sesabamisoba qimiis

standartiT gansazRvrul samizne cnebebTan da mkvidr warmodgenebTan

samizne cneba, masTan

solo taqsonomiis done taqsonomiis donis
dakavSirebuli mkvidri
Sesabamisoba cnebasTan
warmodgenebi

26
nivTiereba

nivTiereba (Sedegebi:1, 2, 3, 4 solo 1: prestruqturuli moswavles ar SeuZlia

1. nivTierebebi (ara yvela!)
Sedgeba molekulebisagan,
molekulebi -
atomebisagan. atomi
Sedgeba subatomuri
nawilakebisagan:
protonebisagan,
neitronebisa da
eleqtronebisagan.
2. periodulobis cxrilSi
qimiuri elementebi
ganlagebulia garkveuli
kanonzomierebiT. qimiuri
done cnebasTan „nivTiereba“
moswavle saerTod ver igebs, dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaazreba,
iyenebs Seusabamo, terminebis sworad gamoyeneba.
ararelevantur informacias
an/da saerTod acdenilia
mniSvnelobas/azrs
solo 2: unistruqturuli moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebis klasificireba
done martiv da rTul nivTierebebad. saubrisas
moswavles SeuZlia mxolod iyenebs cnebasTan „nivTiereba“ dakavSirebul
erTi aspeqtis terminebs.
gaTvaliswineba
da martivi, zedapiruli
kavSirebis damyareba.
moswavles SeuZlia
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
 elementebis Tvisebebi, zepirad gadmocema
maTi naerTebis formebi da (gaxseneba),
Tvisebebi periodul martivi
damokidebulebaSia instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
atombirTvis muxtis Sesruleba; parafrazireba;
sididesTan; identificireba, dasaxeleba
3. yovel nivTierebas aqvs an daTvla.
TvisebaTa unikaluri moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebebis
solo 3:
nakrebi da nivTierebebi klasificireba Tvisebebisa da Sedgenilobis
multistruqturuli done
klasificirdeba
moswavles SeuZlia ramdenime mixedviT, gamosaxavs sxvadasxva elementis
sxvadasxva niSniT: myari,
aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba, maT atomis aRnagobas, Tumca ver akavSirebs
Txevadi, airadi, sufTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs maT SedgenilobaSi
nivTierebebi da narevebi. gagebis gareSe. mas SeuZlia Semaval atomTa aRnagobasTan.
martivi da rTuli
Tvla, aRwera, klasificireba,
nivTierebebi,
kombinireba; meTodebis,
araorganuli da organuli
struqturis gamoyeneba;

27
naerTebi;
procedurebis Sesruleba,
4. nivTierebebs aqvT
sxv.
raodenobrivi
solo 4: mimarTebiTi done moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebebis
maxasiaTeblebi: klasificireba Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis
fardobiTi atomuri da moswavles SeuZlia gaigos, ra
mimarTebebia ramdenime mixedviT, nivTierebaTa raodenobriv
molekuluri masa, moluri
aspeqts Soris, aseve rogor maxasiaTeblebze msjeloba, nivTierebaTa
moculoba, procentuli Tvisebebis dakavSireba maT SedgenilobaSi
ukavSirdeba isini erTmaneTs
Sedgeniloba. Semaval atomTa aRnagobasTan.
da qmnis mTels, mTlianobas.
formebis gageba qmnis SeuZlia nivTierebebis Tvisebebi daakavSiros
struqturas da amgvarad aqvs maT praqtikul gamoyenebasTan.
imis kompetencia, rom
Seadaros, daamyaros
mimarTebebi, gaaanalizos,
gamoiyenos Teoria, axsnas
mizezebisa da Sedegebis
kuTxiT.
 solo 5: gafarToebuli
abstraqtuli done
moswavles SeuZlia
mocemulis/SeTavazebulis
miRma struqturis
ganzogadeba, struqturis
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas
SeuZlia ganzogadeba,
hipoTezis wamoyeneba,
kritika
an Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
28
samizne cneba, masTan solo taqsonomiis done
dakavSirebuli mkvidri
warmodgenebi
fizikuri da qimiuri solo 1: prestruqturuli
movlenebi: done
moswavle saerTod ver igebs,
(Sedegebi:1, 2, 3, 4 )
iyenebs Seusabamo,
ararelevantur informacias
1. bunebaSi
mimdinare an/da saerTod acdenilia
mniSvnelobas/azrs
moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebis klasificireba
Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis mixedviT,
nivTierebaTa raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze
msjeloba, nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis dakavSireba
maT SedgenilobaSi Semaval atomTa
aRnagobasTan. SeuZlia daskvnebis ganzogadeba,
SeuZlia ivaraudos misTvis naklebad cnobili
nivTierebebis Tvisebebi da imsjelos maT
praqtikul gamoyenebaze.
taqsonomiis donis
Sesabamisoba cnebasTan
nivTiereba
moswavle ver axdens bunebaSi mimdinare
fizikuri da qimuri movlenebis amocnobas
nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis Tanxmlebi niSnebis
mixedviT.
 cvlilebebi solo 2: unistruqturuli moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis
miekuTvneba done Tanmxlebi niSnebis mixedviT bunebaSi
fizikur/qimiur moswavles SeuZlia mxolod mimdinare cvlilebebis mikuTvneba
movlenebs; erTi aspeqtis fizikur/qimiur movlenebTan, SeuZlia
2. fizikuri gaTvaliswineba zogierTi qimiuri procesis amsaxveli reaqciis
movlenis dros da martivi, zedapiruli tolobis Sedgena/gaTanabreba.
nivTiereba ar kavSirebis damyareba.
icvleba, qimiuri moswavles SeuZlia
movlenis dros terminologiis gamoyeneba,
nivTiereba zepirad gadmocema
icvleba. qimiur (gaxseneba),
movlenebs martivi
sxvagvarad instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
qimiuri reaqciebi Sesruleba; parafrazireba;
ewodeba. identificireba, dasaxeleba
an daTvla.
solo 3: moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis

29
multistruqturuli done
moswavles SeuZlia ramdenime
aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba, maT
Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis
gagebis gareSe. mas SeuZlia
Tvla, aRwera, klasificireba,
kombinireba; meTodebis,
struqturis gamoyeneba;
procedurebis Sesruleba,
sxv
solo 4: mimarTebiTi done
moswavles SeuZlia gaigos, ra
mimarTebebia ramdenime
aspeqts Soris, aseve rogor
ukavSirdeba isini erTmaneTs
da qmnis mTels, mTlianobas.
formebis gageba qmnis
Tanmxlebi niSnebis mixedviT bunebaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebis mikuTvneba
fizikur/qimiur movlenebTan. SeuZlia
bunebaSi mimdinare qimiuri
movlenebis/procesebis aRwera, am procesebis
gamosaxva qimiuri tolobis saSualebiT, Tumca
ver xsnis maTi mimdinareobis meqanizms.
moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis
Tanmxlebi niSnebis mixedviT bunebaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebis mikuTvneba
fizikur/qimiur movlenebTan. SeuZlia
bunebaSi mimdinare qimiuri
movlenebis/procesebis aRwera, am procesebis
 struqturas da amgvarad aqvs gamosaxva qimiuri tolobis saSualebiT da maTi
imis kompetencia, rom mimdinareobis meqanizmis axsna.
Seadaros, daamyaros
mimarTebebi, gaaanalizos,
gamoiyenos Teoria, axsnas
mizezebisa da Sedegebis
kuTxiT.
solo 5: gafarToebuli moswavles SeuZlia
abstraqtuli done nivTierebaTa Soris mimdinare gardaqmnebis
moswavles SeuZlia mizezSedegobriv kavSirebze msjeloba
mocemulis/SeTavazebulis da qimiuri movlenebis Sesaxeb codnis
miRma struqturis gamoyeneba yofa - cxovrebaSi arsebuli
ganzogadeba, struqturis problemis gadasaWrelad.
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas

30
SeuZlia ganzogadeba,
hipoTezis wamoyeneba,
kritika
an Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
 samizne cneba, masTan
dakavSirebuli mkvidri
warmodgenebi
qimiuri bma (Sedegebi:1, 2, 3, 4 )
1. nivTierebebSi atomebi an atomTa
jgufebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba
qimiuri bmebiT ( ionuri,
kovalenturi, metaluri) an/da
molekulaTSorisi/Sidamolekuluri
urTierTqmedebis ZalebiT, maT Soris
wyalbaduri bmiT;
2. nivTierebaSi arsebuli bmis tipi
ganapirobebs am nivTierebis
fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebsa da
31
gamoyenebas.
solo taqsonomiis done
solo 1: prestruqturuli
done
moswavle saerTod ver igebs,
iyenebs Seusabamo,
ararelevantur informacias
an/da saerTod acdenilia
mniSvnelobas/azrs
solo 2: unistruqturuli
done
moswavles SeuZlia mxolod
erTi aspeqtis
gaTvaliswineba
da martivi, zedapiruli
kavSirebis damyareba.
moswavles SeuZlia
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
zepirad gadmocema
(gaxseneba),
martivi
instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
Sesruleba; parafrazireba;
identificireba, dasaxeleba
an daTvla.
solo 3:
multistruqturuli done
moswavles SeuZlia ramdenime
aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba, maT
Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis
gagebis gareSe. mas SeuZlia
taqsonomiis donis
Sesabamisoba cnebasTan
nivTiereba
moswavle arasworad
iyenebs qimiur bmasTan dakavSirebul
terminebs,
aramarTebulad esmis am
terminebis arsi.
moswavles SeuZlia marTebulad
gamoiyenos qimiur bmasTan
dakavSirebuli terminebi,
nivTierebis Sedgenilobidan gamomdinare
gansazRvros masSi arsebul bmis tipi (
ionuri, kovalenturi, metaluri).
qimiuri bmis daxasiaTeba
bmis warmomqmneli
elementebis atomebis
aRnagobis Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tumca uWirs
nivTierebis Tvisebebze msjeloba mis
 Tvla, aRwera, klasificireba, SedgenilobaSi arsebuli
kombinireba; meTodebis, qimiuri bmisa da kristaluri mesris
safuZvelze.
struqturis gamoyeneba;
procedurebis Sesruleba,
sxv
solo 4: mimarTebiTi done qimiuri bmis daxasiaTeba
moswavles SeuZlia gaigos, ra bmis warmomqmneli
mimarTebebia ramdenime elementebis atomebis
aRnagobis Taviseburebebis
aspeqts Soris, aseve rogor
ukavSirdeba isini erTmaneTs gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlia
nivTierebis Tvisebebze msjeloba mis
da qmnis mTels, mTlianobas.
SedgenilobaSi arsebuli
formebis gageba qmnis
qimiuri bmisa da kristaluri mesris
struqturas da amgvarad aqvs
safuZvelze.
imis kompetencia, rom
Seadaros, daamyaros
mimarTebebi, gaaanalizos,

32
gamoiyenos Teoria, axsnas
mizezebisa da Sedegebis
kuTxiT.
solo 5: gafarToebuli qimiuri bmis daxasiaTeba
abstraqtuli done bmis warmomqmneli
moswavles SeuZlia elementebis atomebis
mocemulis/SeTavazebulis aRnagobis Taviseburebebis
miRma struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlia
ganzogadeba, struqturis misTvis naklebad cnobili
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva nivTierebis Tvisebebze msjeloba mis
perspeqtividan da ideebis SedgenilobaSi arsebuli
qimiuri bmisa da kristaluri mesris
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas
safuZvelze, daskvnebis ganzogadeba.
SeuZlia ganzogadeba,
hipoTezis wamoyeneba,
kritika
an Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
 mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis
gamoyeneba nivTierebis qimiuri Tvisebebisa da ქიმ.საშ.1.
gardaqmnebis dasaxasiaTeblad;

mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis

gamoyeneba nivTierebebis SedgenilobaSi Semaval atomebsa
da atomTa jgufebs Soris arsebuli qimiuri bmebis
Sesaswavlad da maTi mniSvnelobis gasaazreblad; ქიმ..საშ.2.

mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis

gamoyeneba fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis, maTi ქიმ.საშ.3.
mizezebisa da Sedegebis dasadgenad;

mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis

gamoyeneba bunebaSi mimdinare qimiuri ქიმ.საშ.4
movlenebis/procesebis aRsawerad da arsis aRsaqmelad

•atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove warmodgenebis

safuZvelze periodulobis kanonis axsna. elementebis
Tvisebebze msjeloba;

•eleqtronebis ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebis

gaTvaliswinebiT s-, p-, d- da f- elementebis atomTa
eleqtronuli konfiguraciis gamosaxva;

• atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove

warmodgenebis safuZvelze periodulobis kanonis
axsna. elementebis Tvisebebze msjeloba;

•SejaxebaTa Teoriis safuZvelze qimiuri reaqciis

mimdinareobis kanonzomierebis axsna. aqtivaciis
energiis arsis gaazreba;

•organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis monawileobiT

mimdinare Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi, katalizuri qimiuri
gardaqmnebis daxasiaTeba, qimiuri reaqciis niSnebis
amocnoba, Sesabamisi qimiuri reaqciebis tolobis Sedgena
masis mudmivobis kanonis safuZvelze, maTi mniSvnelobis
aRwera yoveldRiurobasTan kavSirSi.

• reaqciis siTburi efeqto damokidbeulia sdawyisi

qimiurio bmebis gawyvetasa da axali qimiuri bmebis
warmoqmnasi procesSi damyarebul energetikul
balansze.

33
 • • • • • • •

• • • • • •

• • •

• • •

• • • •

• • • •

34
• • • •

• • • •

• • •

praqtikumi: • • • • •

• • •
 • • • • •

• • • • •

• • • • •

• • • • •

• • • • • • • • •

35
 davalebebis nimuSebi Semajamebeli SefasebisaTvis

testi _ testuri davalebebis erToblioba. testuri davalebebi SeiZleba

iyos rogorc daxuruli, aseve _ Ria. sasurvelia, daxuruli davalebebis
qulebis wili mTlian testSi, ar aRematebodes 30%-s. Ria tipis davalebebiT
unda Semowmdes moswavleTa analitikuri azrovnebis unarebi. sasurvelia, Ria
testur davalebebSi dawinaurdes kiTxvebi: `ratom~, `rogor~, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebis testuri davalebebi unda moicavdes sqemebis, naxatebisa da naxazebis
wakiTxvis, gagebisa da analizis komponentebsac. moswavles unda moeTxovebodes
grafikuli maorganizeblebiT mocemuli informaciis wakiTxva da/an grafikuli
maorganizeblebis ageba procesebis aRweris mizniT.

testur davalebaTa nimuSebi:

1) arCeviTpasuxiania testuri davaleba, rodesac ramdenime savaraudo

variantidan erTi swori pasuxi unda airCes.
nimuSi:
romeli mrudi Seesabameba sawyis nivTierebas, romeli – reaqciis
produqts da romeli – katalizators:
1) I sawyisi nivTiereba, II reaqciis produqti,
III katalizatori;
2) I katalizatori, II sawyisi nivTiereba, III
reaqciis produqti;
3) I reaqciis produqti, II katalizatori, III
sawyisi nivTiereba;
4) III reaqciis produqti, I sawyisi nivTiereba,
II katalizatori.

amgvar testSi swori pasuxi fasdeba erTi quliT, xolo araswori pasuxi _
nuli quliT.

2) Sesabamisobis monaxva: amgvar testSi Sesabamisoba unda moinaxos ori

CamonaTvalis movlenebs an obieqtebs Soris. amgvari davalebis Sesrulebisas
saWiroa cxrili Seivsos da saTanado ujraSi X- Caiweros.
nimuSi:
monaxeT Sesabamisoba qvemoT mocemuli reaqciebis produqtebis
koncetraciasa da am koncentraciis cvlilebis amsaxvel mrudebs Soris,
Tu sareaqcio sistemaSi oTxive SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wneva.
a) N2 + O2 2NO;
b) 2NH3 + 3Cl2 6HCl + N2;
g) H2 + S H2S;
d) 4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O.

36
 1 2 3
ABa
bG
g
d

amgvar testSi SeiZleba Sefasdes yoveli sworad Sevsebuli striqoni an

sveti. TiToeuli swori pasuxi fasdeba 1 an 0.5 quliT.

3) klasifikacia. cnebebisa da movlenebis klasifikacia raime niSnis mixedviT.

nimuSi:
aRwereT sqema sityvierad. imsjeleT sqemaze mocemuli TiToeuli cne­bisa
da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.
es strategia dagexmarebaT qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris, qimiuri wonaswo­
robis arsis ukeT gaazrebaSi, mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis gacnobierebaSi,
codnis ganzogadebasa da sistematizebaSi.
qimiuri reaqcia

Seqcevadi Seuqcevadi

mimdinareobs mocemul mimdinareobs manam, sanam

pirobebSi – t, P, C sareaqcio sistemaSi erT-erTi
sawyisi nivTiereba ar gamoileva

sawyisi reaqciis
nivTierebebi produqtebi sawyisi reaqciis
nivTierebebi produqtebi

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 +197 kj t 2KCl +3O

2KClO3 →
kat 2

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4↓ +2NaCl

4) winadadebaSi gamotovebuli sityvebis Casma. am SemTxvevaSi, moswavlem

SeiZleba TviTon moifiqros es sityvebi, an Casvas davalebis pirobiT mocemuli
sityvebi.

nimuSi:
gamoiyeneT sityvebi `egzoTermulia~, endoTermulia da CasviT winadade-
baUSi saWiro adgilas.
Tu pirdapiri reaqcia ..., temperaturis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadai-
nacvlebs reagentebis mxares. Tu pirdapiri reaqcia ..., temperaturis gazrdi-
sas, wonasworoba gadainacvlebs produqtebis warmoqmnis mxares.

davalebaSi TiToeuli sworad Casmuli sityva fasdeba erTi quliT.

37
 5) cxrilis Sevseba. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa Seavsos cxrili an sqema. cxrili
an sqema SeiZleba iyos naxevrad Sevsebuli, sanimuSod Sevsebuli, an sruliad
Seuvsebeli.

nimuSi:
wonasworuli wonasworobis
wneva temperatura
reaqcia gadaxra
N2+3H2 2NH3+Q izrdeba mcirdeba

2NH3 N2+2H2– Q mcirdeba izrdeba

H2+I2 2HI – Q wnevis cvlileba mcirdeba

ar moqmedebs
2HI H2+I2+ Q wnevis cvlileba mcirdeba
ar moqmedebs

amgvari testis Sefasebisas TiToeuli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri

mwkrivi an vertikaluri sveti fasdeba 1 quliT, aseve TiToeuli sworad Cawerili
pasuxi SeiZleba Sefasdes 0.5 quliT.
qimiaSi daxuruli tipis davalebebSi moiazreba reaqciis tolobis dasruleba
da gaTanabrebac.
reaqciis toloba dasruldeba, rodesac mocemulia mxolod sawyisi
nivTierebebi, mxolod produqtebi, an erTi produqti da erTi reagenti.
reaqciis toloba SeiZleba mocemuli iyos sityvieradac.

nimuSi: 1

SeadgineT malaqitis daSlis endoTermuli reaqciis Termoqimiuri reaqciis

toloba. Cven ki, daxmarebis mizniT, gTavazobT aRniSnuli reaqciis sityvier ga-
mosaxulebas:
malaqiti → spilenZ(II)-is oqsidi + wyali + naxSirbad(IV)-is oqsidi

nimuSi: 2
wertilebis nacvlad CawereT gamotovebuli nivTierebebis formulebi.
davaleba SeasruleT rveulSi.
... + ... → CuCl2 + BaSO4↓
... + ... → Cu(OH)2↓ + 2NaNO3
... + ... → Na2SO4 + 2HCl↑
TiToeuli sworad Sevsebuli da gaTanabrebuli reaqciis toloba
fasdeba 2 quliT. Tu formulebi Sevsebulia sworad, magram ar aris
gaTanabrebuli, fasdeba 1 quliT; xolo Tu Sevsebulia arasworad,
iwereba 0 qula.
Ria tipis davalebebi:
Ria tipisaa nebismieri davaleba, romelic moswavlisagan msjelobas da
sakiTxis analizs moiTxovs. es unda iyos kompleqsuri davalebebi, romlebic
moiTxovs samizne cnebiT gansazRvruli codnis integrirebulad gamoyenebas
funqciur konteqstSi. Ria tipis davalebebs unda gaeces werilobiTi pasuxi.

38
 nimuSi:
ganvixiloT wonasworuli sistema

C(my) + CO2(a) → 2CO (a) – Q

ra gavlenas iqoniebs wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze:
a) CO2-is damateba;

b) myari C-s damateba;

g) siTbos miwodeba;

d) sistemis SekumSva;

e) katalizatori;

v) CO-s mocileba.

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgineT argumentirebuli pasuxi.

aseT davalebaSi fasdeba TiToeuli punqti.

swori pasuxi 1 qula. araswori pasuxi 0 qula.
kvleva-Ziebaze dafuZnebuli davalebebi (maT Soris, eqsperimentuli
samuSaoebi). amgvari davalebebi moswavles avaldebulebs, CaerTos praqtikul
kvleviT aqtivobebSi, agreTve SeZlos monacemebis damuSavebis, analizis
interpretacia.
nimuSi: reaqciis siTburi efeqtis gamokvleva.
es aris kvleviTi tipis davaleba, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebma unda
gansazRvron kvlevis mizani, dasvan sakvlevi SekiTxva, gamoTqvan varaudi da
Seamowmon cdiT, warmoadginon kvlevis Sedegebi, gamoitanon daskvna.
kvleviTi samuSaos bijebi aseTia:
reaqciis siTburi yvela reaqcia neitralizaciis reaqcia
→ egzoTermulia?
efeqti: egzoTermulia? →

marilmJavasa da na- marilmJavasa da go-

cdebis triumis tutes Soris →
dagegmva: → aseve gogirdmJavasa da
kaliumis tutes Soris
mimdinare reaqciebze
dakvirveba
cdebis girdmJavaze, Sesa-
msvleloba → bamisad, natriumis
da kaliumis tutis
damatebiT gamoiyofa
siTbo

→ neitralizaciis reaqcia
egzoTermulia

39
 Catarebuli samuSao mizanSewonilia, warmodgenili iqnes oqmiT da Tanac
amgvarad:

moswavlis gvari saxeli

TariRi

eqsperimentis mizani: eqsperimentis

amsaxveli naxazi:
sakvlevi kiTxva
varaudi
eqsperimentis dagegmva
cvladebi
a) damoukidebeli
b) damokidebuli
g) sakontrolo
saWiro aRWurvilobis CamonaTvali
saWiro reaqtivebis CamonaTvali
usafrTxoebis wesebi
eqsperimentis msvleloba
eqsperimentis monacemebis damuSaveba
daskvna.

40
 oqmis Sefasebis rubrika SesaZlebelia iyos amgvari:

kriteriumi 0 qula 1 qula 2 qula 3 qula

kvlevis mizani kvlevis mizani kvlevis mizani kvlevis mizani
kvlevis mizani gansazRvruli ar gansazRvrulia gansazRvrulia gansazRvrulia
aris arasworad arasrulyofilad srulyofilad
sakvlevi SekiTxva sakvlevi SekiTxva sakvlevi kiTxva sakvlevi kiTxva
sakvlevi SekiTxvis
dasmulia dasmulia miniSnebis dasmulia, Tumca – dasmulia
dasma
arasworad doneze arasrulyofilad srulyofilad
varaudi
varaudi ar aris varaudi
gamoTqmulia varaudi
gamoTqmuli an gamoTqmulia,
varaudis gamoTqma sakiTxTan gamoTqmulia
gamoTqmulia Tumca –
nawilobriv srulyofilad
Seusabamod arasrulyofilad
kavSirSi
eqsperimenti ar eqsperimenti
eqsperimenti eqsperimenti
eqsperimentis aris dagegmili dagegmilia,
dagegmilia mciredi dagegmilia
dagegmva an dagegmilia magram ar ikveTeba
xarvezebiT srulyofilad
arasworad Tanmimdevruloba
eqsperimentisaTvis
CamonaTvali
saWiro CamonaTvali ar CamonaTvali CamonaTvali
aris, Tumca
aRWurvilobisa aris an Zalian warmodgenilia warmodgenilia
warmodgenilia
da reaqtivebis mwiria mcire xarvezebiT srulyofilad
arasrulyofilad
CamonaTvali
eqsperimentis
eqsperimentis eqsperimentis
Catarebis
eqsperimentis Catarebis etapebi Catarebis
safexurebi
eqsperimentis msvleloba aRwerilia etapebi
mocemulia
aRwera aRwerilia bundovnad, mocemulia
Tanmimdevrulad,
arasworad gaurkvevelia Tanmimdevrulad
Tumca –
Tanmimdevroba da srulyofilad
arasrulyofilad
Sedegebi Sedegebi
Sedegebi
Sedegebi wardgenilia wardgenilia
wardgenilia
Sedegebis wardgena wardgenilia sworad da srulyofilad,
sworad, Tumca –
arasworad TvalsaCinod, TvalsaCino
araTvalsaCinod
mciredi xarvezebiT xerxiT
daskvna
daskvna bundovania daskvna
Camoyalibebulia
daskvnis gamotana daskvna mcdaria da ar pasuxobs warmodgenilia
sworad da
sakvlev SekiTxvas arasrulyofilad
srulyofilad

modelireba _ procesis, movlenis, obieqtis analogis gamoyeneba an/da Seqmna.

modeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc organzomilebiani (samecniero naxati/naxazis Seqmna),
aseve – samganzomilebiani. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebma axsnan modelis
komponentTa funqciebi. modelis daxmarebiT aRweron procesebi. modeli Seqmnan
garkveuli problemis gadasaWrelad. aucilebelia, moswavleebma imsjelon modelis
SezRudvebze (mag.: atomis sibrtyeze gamosaxuli sqema arasrulfasovnad aCvenebs,
rogor moZraoben eleqtronebi atombirTvis garSemo).

41
 nimuSi:
CamoayalibeT, ra xerxebis gamoyenebaa saWiro cecxlis (xanZris) Caqrobisas?
axseniT TiToeulis gamoyenebis mizezi da mizani.
faifuris jamSi, rkinis an Tixis firfitaze asanTis Rerebs moukideT cecxli
da gamoiyeneT cecxlis Caqrobis xerxebis modelirebisaTvis. prezentaciisas
aucileblad gamoiyeneT cnebebi: `qimiuri reaqciis siCqare~, `egzoTermuli
reaqcia~, `temperatura~, `moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapiris farTobi~,
`koncentracia~.

Sefasebis rubrika.
kriteriumi 0 qula 1 qula 2 qula 3 qula
zedmiwevniT
poulobs
poulobs
nawilobriv poulobs Sesabamisobas
Sesabamisobas
Sesabamisobas movlenasTan
ver poulobs movlenasTan
modelis movlenasTan an an obieqtTan.
Sesabamisobas an obieqtTan.
gamoyeneba/ obieqtTan. modelis modelis
movlenasTan an modelis
Seqmna mixedviT movlenas mixedviT
obieqtTan mixedviT,
an obieqts aRwers movlenas an
movlenas an
bundovnad obieqts aRwers
obieqts aRwers
mcire xarvezebiT
srulyofilad
zedmiwevniT
ZiriTadad, sworad
ar SeuZlia sworad manipulirebs
modeliT modelis manipulirebs modeliT.
manipulirebis manipulirebis gziT, modeliT. aCvenebs
modeliT gziT movlenis arasrulyofilad aCvenebs obieqtis obieqtis an
obieqtis an an obieqtis aCvenebs obieqtis an movlenis arss. movlenebis
movlenis arsis Cveneba. arss (movlenis uWirs msjeloba arss.
arsis Cveneba ver msjelobs arss). ver msjelobs modelis srulyofilad
modelis modelis xarvezebze xarvezebze (Tu msjelobs
xarvezebze (Tu (Tu aseTi aris) aseTi aris) modelis
aseTi aris)
xarvezebze (Tu
aseTi aris)

problemis gadaWraze dafuZnebuli davalebebi: Sesrulebuli samuSao unda

gansazRvravdes problemas, analiziT ki – problemis gadaWris optimaluri
gza unda iyos SerCeuli. agreTve es davaleba unda iZleodes alternatiuli
gadaWris gzebis sxva SesaZleblobas.

nimuSi: qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamokvlevis mizniT,Y

moswavleebma maswavleblis daxmarebiT aseTi cda Caatares: rkina(III)‑is qloridis
FeCl3 xsnars daamates kaliumis rodanidis KCNS xsnari. reaqciis tolobas Semdegi
saxe aqvs.
FeCl3(wy.xs.) + 3KCNS (wy.xs.) Fe(CNS)3 (wy.xs.) + 3KCl (wy.xs.)
pirdapiri reaqciis Sedegad miiRebuli Fe(CNS)3-is xsnari wiTelia.

42
 a) sareaqcio narevs daamates kaliumis rodanidis ufero xsnari. ra procesebi
warimarTeboda sareaqcio sistemaSi? saiT gadaixreboda wonasworoba? ra iqne-
ba reaqciis garegnuli efeqti?
b) ras moimoqmedeben moswavleebi imisaTvis, rom sareaqcio sistemaSi wo-
nasworobam gadainacvlos marcxniv, sawyisi nivTierebebis warmoqmnis mxares?
ra iqneba am SemTxvevaSi reaqciis garegnuli efeqti?

g) CamoayalibeT kanonzomiereba – rogor moqmedebs koncentraciis cvlile-

ba qimiuri wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze?

nimuSi: 2
sinjaraSi moaTavseT 3-4 g ma­la­qitis fxvni­li. malaqiti aris bunebaSi gav­r­
ce­
lebuli mwva­ ne feris nivTiereba, rom­ lis Sed­ge­
nilobac gamoisaxeba ase:
Cu2H2CO5. sinjaras moargeT air­ gamyvani mili. airgamyvani milis bolo Ca­
uSviT qi­mi­ur WiqaSi, sadac kalciumis hid­roq­si­dis xsnaria (kiriani wyalia),
sin­
jara gaaxureT spirtquris alze.
malaqitis daSlis reaqciis tolobaa:
Cu2H2CO5 → 2CuO(my) + H2O(a) + CO2(a)
da­
akvirdiT reaqciis mimdinareobas.
namuSevari SesaZloa Sefasdes rogorc cdis oqmis mixedviT, ise indi-
vidualurad morgebuli Sefasebis rubrikis mixedviT. eqsperimentis Semdeg
sasurvelia Catardes diskusia. gTavazobT diskusiis Sefasebis rubrikebs.
kriteriumebi 0 qula 1 qula 2 qula 3 qula
diskusiaSi
diskusiaSi aqtiurad
erTveba uWirs diskusiaSi CarTulia, Tumca
CarTulia, magram CarTulia
diskusiaSi CarTva ver vityviT, rom
Zalian pasiurobs diskusiaSi
aqtiuria
azrs
uWirs azris azrs ayalibebs ayalibebs azrs ayalibebs
ayalibebs azrs
Camoyalibeba bundovnad mcire xarvezebiT naTlad da
mkafiod
mosazrebebis mohyavs mohyavs
uWirs azris moyvanili
dasasabuTeblad argumentebi ramdenime
dasasabuTeblad argumentebi
mohyavs da magaliTebi, damajerebeli
argumentebis da magaliTebi
magaliTebi da maT Soris, argumenti da
moyvana aradamajerebelia
argumentebi damajerebeli magaliTi
zedmiwevniT
ismens
diskusiis ismens diskusiis
ismens diskusiis uWirs diskusiis diskusiis
monawileTa monawileTa
monawileTa monawileTa monawileTa
mosazrebebs mosazrebebs,
mosazrebebs, mosazrebebis mosazrebebs,
ismens nawilobriv. zogjer
oponirebis dros mosmena, TiTqmis zedmiwevniT
ar gamoirCeva arakoreqtulia
koreqtulia ar oponirebs koreqtulia
koreqtulobiT oponirebis dros
oponirebis
dros

43
 proeqti _ Sesrulebuli samuSao unda moicavdes problemis/sakiTxis analizs:
problemis sakiTxis irgvliv Segrovebuli informaciis analizs. proeqtis
dagegmvis da Sesrulebis (aqtivobebis) aRweras, daskvnebs, proeqtis saboloo
produqts.

proeqti: `qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris dadgena reagentebis nawilakebis

zomis Secvlis Sesabamisad~
proeqtis mizani: moswavlem
– daadginos reagentebis nawilakebis zomis gavlena qimiuri reaqciis
siCqareze.
– SeZlos eqsperimentis Catareba, dakvirveba, analizi, daskvnebis gamotana.
samkurnalo abebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba gamafxviereblebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen abebis meqanikur daSlas Txevad garemoSi, rac aucilebelia
maTSi Semavali aqtiuri nivTierebis swrafi gamoyofisTvis.
gamafxviereblebi Sedgeba natriumis bikarbonatis, limonisa an Rvinis
mJavasgan.
abebis wyalSi moxvedriT iwyeba qimiuri reaqcia, romlis Sedegad,
natriumis bikarbonati iSleba natriumisa (Na+) da bikarbonatis (HCO3−) ionebad.
bikarbonati ki – iSleba wyalbadis ionebad (H+), sabolood warmoiqmneba
naxSirorJangi da wyali. reaqcia aRiwereba Semdegi qimiuri tolobiT:

rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia abebma airi ufro swrafad gamoyon, Tu maT

wyalSi CaSvebamde patara naWrebad davWriT? ra gavlenas moaxdens abis zoma
bikarbonatis daSlis reaqciis siCqareze?
amis dasadgenad CaatareT eqsperimenti: abebi (mTliani, ganaxevrebuli,
meoTxedi da dafSvnili) gaxseniT erTnairi temperaturis wyalSi da gazomeT
reaqciis Semdeg gamoyofili naxSirorJangis moculoba.
saWiro resursebi: samkurnalo abebi, Wiqa. wyali.

suraTi 1. abis gaxsna wyalSi

eqsperimentis msvlelobisas upasuxeT kiTxvebs:

44
 ras amCnevT WiqaSi?
SesaZlebelia nawilakebis zomis SecvliT qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris
efeqtis gazomva?
daaCqareben Tu Seaneleben reaqcias patara nawilakebi?
moamzadeT prezentacia, romelSic gamoiyenebT Semdeg terminebsa da
cnebebs:
molekulebi;
temperatura;
reagentebi;
produqtebi;
reaqciis siCqare.
prezentacia warudgineT Tanaklaselebs.

45
 proeqti SesaZloa Sefasdes Semdegi kriteriumebiT:

kriteriumebi 1 qula 2 qula 3 qula

naTlad da mkafiod
dasabuTeba asabuTebs Temis
Temis aqtualobis asabuTebs Temis
bundovania, aqtualobas, Tumca
dasabuTeba, aqtualobas,
miznis gansazRvra miznis gansazRvra arc
miznis gansazRvra mizani sworad aris
aramkafioa ise mkafioa
gansazRvruli
Temis irgvliv
Temis irgvliv
mopovebuli
Temis irgvliv Temis irgvliv mopovebuli
informacia
informaciis mopovebuli informacia
mravalferovani
mopoveba monacemebi ar arasakmarisia,
da sandoa,
Seesabameba mizans gamoyenebulia erTi
gamoyenebulia
wyaro
sxvadasxva wyaroebi
aRwers Catarebul aRwers Catarebul
Sesabamisi terminebiT
samuSaos Sesabamisi samuSaos Sesabamisi
Catarebuli samuSaos da cnebebiT aRwers
terminebiT terminebiT da
Sesabamisi terminebiT Catarebul kvlevas.
da cnebebiT cnebebiT, mciredi
da cnebebiT aRwera; proeqtis yvela
xarvezebis fonze. xarvezebiT.
proeqtis etapebis etapi Sesrulebulia
proeqtis etapebi proeqtis etapebi
aRwera Tanmimdevrulad,
araTanmimdevruli da Tanmimdevrulia, Tumca
srulyofilad
arasrulyofilia – arasrulyofili
proeqtis Sedegebi proeqtis Sedegebi da
Sedegebi da daskvnebi
proeqtis wardgena, da daskvnebi mxolod daskvnebi Seesabameba
Seesabameba proeqtis
Sedegebis analizi nawilobriv Seesabameba proeqtis mizans,
mizans, Tumca
da daskvnebi; proeqtis mizans. warmodgenilia
warmodgenilia
TvalsaCinoebis warmodgenilia srulyofilad,
arasrulyofilad,
gamoyeneba arasrulyofilad, TvalsaCinoebis
mwiri TvalsaCinoebiT
TvalsaCinoebis gareSe gamoyenebiT
SekiTxvebis SekiTxvebis
umravlesobas umravlesobas arsebiTad pasuxobs
pasuxi dasmul
pasuxobs araarsebiTad, pasuxobs arsebiTad, dasmul SekiTxvebze,
SekiTxvebze;
araefeqturad iyenebs Tumca uWirs drois efeqturad iyenebs
drois limiti
misTvis gankuTvnil limitis efeqturad gankuTvnil dros
dros gamoyeneba

prezentacia _ Sesrulebuli naSromis wardgena auditoriis winaSe.

mniSvnelovania, rom prezentacia ar unda iyos mxolod moZiebuli informaciis
wardgena. saprezentacio davaleba unda iZleodes saSualebas, TiToeulma
moswavlem/jgufma waradginos sakuTari originaluri gadawyvetileba, analizi,
Sefaseba da sxva.
prezentaciis Sefasebis rubrika

46
 TvalsaCinoebis nawili
gamoyenebuli TvalsaCinoeba mkafioa,
vizualuri mxare Seesabameba Temas,
TvalsaCinoeba ar Seesabameba Temas,
da Sesabamisoba Tumca nawili ar
Seesabameba Temas (an misi meSveobiT ukeT
TemasTan iZleva Temis ukeT
ar aris gamoyenebuli) gaiazrebs Temas
gagebis saSualebas
saubrobs naTlad da
saubrobs ZiriTadad saubrobs
mkafiod, TiTqmis ar
monotonurad, garkveviT, Tumca
akeTebs pauzebs,
komunikacia periodulad periodulad akeTebs
auditoriasTan
auditoriasTan, gaurkvevladac, pauzebs, cdilobs
intensiurad
metyvelebis manera auditoriasTan auditoriasTan
komunikabeluria,
kontaqti kontaqts, nawilobriv
pasuxobs yvela
fragmentulia pasuxobs SekiTxvebs
SekiTxvas
eteva droSi, Tumca
efeqturad iyenebs
ver eteva droSi. ver aswrebs Temis
misTvis gankuTvnil
drois marTva Temis nawili srulad amowurvas,
dros, srulyofilad
gasaSuqebeli rCeba. amowuravs Temis
aSuqebs Temas
ZiriTad nawils

ese
eses struqtura SesaZloa iyos Semdegi:
• Sesavali;
• problemis gadasaWrelad moZiebuli informaciis analizi;
• sakuTari Sexedulebebis argumentirebulad Camoyalibeba;
• daskvna.

47
 gTavazobT agreTve eses Sefasebis rubrikas:

kriteriumi 1 2 3
mosazrebebi mosazrebebi
mosazrebebi
mosazrebebis nawilobriv mkafiod, naTlad
Camoyalibebuli ar
Camoyalibeba mwyobradaa da mwyobradaa
aris mwyobrad
Camoyalibebuli warmodgenili
leqsika da
leqsika da leqsika da
terminologia
leqsikis da terminologia terminologia
ZiriTadad
terminologiis ZiriTadad srulad Seesabameba
gamoyenebulia
Sesabamisoba adekvaturia, Tematikas,
araadekvaturad,
TematikasTan Seesabameba zedmiwevniT
an ar aris
Tematikas adekvaturia
gamoyenebuli
eses nawilebi eses nawilebi
eses nawilebi
erTmaneTTan erTmaneTTan
eses nawilebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia dakavSirebulia
logikuri kavSiri dakavSirebulia
ZiriTadad zedmiwevniT
aralogikurad
logikurad. logikurad
poziciis poziciis poziciis
dasasabuTeblad dasasabuTeblad dasasabuTeblad
poziciis
mohyavs mohyavs erTi mohyavs ramdenime
dasabuTeba
aradamajerebeli damajerebeli damajerebeli
argumentebi argumenti argumenti
daskvna ar
daskvnis daskvna nawilobriv daskvna
gamomdinareobs
Sesabamisoba eses Seesabameba eses gamomdinareobs
eses Sinaarsidan an
SinaarsTan Sinaarss eses Sinaarsidan
bundovania

referati _ mokle werilobiTi naSromia, is agebulia sxvadasxva avtorebisgan

nasesxebi masalebiT da ar Seicavs damoukidebel kvlevasa da daskvnebs. referatis
weris dros ar aris savaldebulo, Seiqmnas raRac axali, magram savaldebuloa
koreqtulad da adekvaturad iyos gadmocemuli is sakiTxebi, ideebi, faqtebi da
argumentebi, romelTa referirebac sruldeba.

48
 referatis Sefasebis rubrikebia:

kriteriumebi 1 qula 2 qula 3 qula

referatis referati referati
referati ZiriTadad
Sesabamisoba nawilobriv zedmiwevniT
pasuxobs Temas
TemasTan pasuxobs Temas pasuxobs Temas
referati referati
referatis referati ZiriTadad
nawilobrivaa zedmiwevniT
Sinaarsi da organizebuli da
organizebuli da organizebuli da
struqtura struqturirebulia
struqturirebuli struqturirebulia
informacia informacia
informacia
informaciis mopovebulia mopovebulia
mopovebulia
mopoveba da sxvadasxva wyarodan, sxvadasxva wyarodan.
mxolod erTi
sandooba Tumca zogierTi informaciis
wyarodan
wyaro ar aris sando wyaroebi sandoa
referatis referatis ena
referatis
referatis enis ena ZiriTadad zedmiwevniT
ena ZiriTadad
gamarTuloba, gamarTulia, gamarTulia,
gaumarTavia, rig
terminologiis terminologia terminologia
SemTxvevebSi,
gamoyeneba ZiriTadad zedmiwevniT
araadekvaturia
adekvaturia adekvaturia
referatis SinaarsSi
referatis referatis SinaarsSi
movlenebis, referatis SinaarsSi
SinaarsSi movlenebis,
faqtebis da movlenebis, faqtebis
movlenebis, faqtebis da
obieqtebis da obieqtebis
faqtebis da obieqtebis
urTierTkavSiri urTierTkavSiri
obieqtebis urTierTkavSiri ar
ZiriTadad mkafio da naTelia
urTierTkavSiri aris gamokveTili
gamokveTilia

amasTanave SekiTxvebi SeiZleba daisvas rubrikebis mixedviT.

49
 damatebiTi davalebebi pasuxebiT

1. reaqciis Termoqimiuri tolobaa: C+O2 CO2 +  393 kj

2 moli naxSirbadis wvis dros gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba aris:
1) 12 kj; 2) 24 kj; 3) 786 kj; 4) 393 kj.

2. meTanis wvis reaqciis Termoqimiuri tolobaa:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 803 kj
ra masis meTani unda daiwvas 200 kj siTbos misaRebad:
1) 8 g; 2) 4g; 3) 16 g; 4) 2 g.

3. qimiuri reaqcia gamoisaxeba zogadi tolobiT: A+B=AB. reaqciis
dasawyisSi AB nivTierebis koncentracia iyo 0.01 moli/l, 3 wT-is Semdeg
gaxda 0.04 moli/l.
am reaqciis siCqarea:
1) 0,04 moli/l.wT; 2) 0,03 moli/l.wT;
3) 0,01 moli/l.wT; 4) 0,02 moli/l.wT.

4. temperaturis gazrdisas yoveli 100C-iT qimiuri reaqciis siCqare:
1) izrdeba erTi da imave sididiT; 2) icvleba periodulad;
3) izrdeba 10-jer; 4) izrdeba daaxloebiT 2-4-jer.

5. reaqcia gamosaxulia tolobiT: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 – Q
am tolobis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom reaqcia:
1) egzoTermulia; 2) endoTermulia; 3) swrafia; 4) nelia.

6. qimiuri reaqcia mimdinareobs Semdegi tolobis mixedviT:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
am reaqciisTvis moqmed masaTa kanonis gamosaxulebaa:
1) v=k [H2][O2]; 2) v=k [H2][O2]2; 3) v=k [H2]2[O2]2; 4) v=k [H2]2[O2].

7. qimiuri reaqcia mimdinareobs Semdegi tolobiT:
2NO +O2 2NO2
ramdenjer gaizrdeba reaqciis siCqare, Tu NO-s koncentracias
gavzrdiT samjer:
1) samjer ; 2) eqvsjer; 3) cxrajer; 4) orjer.

50
 8. qimiuri reaqcia gamoisaxeba Semdegi reaqciis tolobiT:
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
am reaqciisTvis moqmed masaTa kanonis gamosaxulebaa:
1) v=k [Al]4[O2]3; 2) v=k [O2]3;
3) v=k [Al2O3]; 4) v=k [Al2O3]2.

9. ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba reaqciis siCqare ufro meti:

1) reaqcia mimdinareobs rkinis granulebsa da marilmJavas Soris;
2) reaqcia mimdinareobs rkinis mavTulsa da marilmJavas Soris;
3) reaqcia mimdinareobs rkinis spiralsa da marilmJavas Soris;
4) reaqcia mimdinareobs rkinis fxvnilsa da marilmJavas Soris.

10. ramdenjer gaizrdeba qimiuri reaqciis siCqare, Tu temperaturas
20 C-dan
0
600C-mde gavzrdiT. reaqciis siCqaris temperaturuli
koeficientia 3.
1) 9-jer; 2) 18-jer; 3) 81-jer; 4) samjer.

11. katalizatori nivTierebaa, romelic:
1) cvlis qimiuri reaqciis siCqares, TviTon ki reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg
ucvleli rCeba;
2) cvlis qimiuri reaqciis siCqares da TviTonac icvleba;
3) cvlis reaqciis produqtebis Sedgenilobas;
4) moqmedebs reaqciis siTbur efeqtze.

12. inhibitori aris nivTiereba, romelic:
1) zrdis reaqciis siCqares;
2) amcirebs reaqciis siCqares;
3) amcirebs reaqciis produqtis raodenobas;
4) zrdis reaqciis produqtis raodenobas.

13. xilis damwifeba da adamianis dabereba
1) Seqcevadi procesia;

2) Seuqcevadi procesia;
3) zamTarSi Seqcevadia, zafxulSi ki Seuqcevadi;
4) zamTarSi Seuqcevadia, zafxulSi ki Seqcevadi.

14. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciis toloba:
2NO + O2 2NO2
am reaqciisaTvis wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaxulebaa:
51
 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)

15. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciis toloba:

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
saiT gadaixreba wonasworoba azotis koncentraciis gazrdisas:
1) wonasworoba ar gadaixreba;
2) gadaixreba sawyisi nivTierebebis mimarTulebiT;
3) gadaixreba reaqciis produqtis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT;
4) azotis koncentraciis gazrda gamoiwvevs wyalbadis koncentraciis
gazrdas.

16. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciebis tolobebi:
a) N2 +3H2 2NH3 b) H2 +Cl2 2HCl
g) 2NO +O2 2NO2 d) N2 +O2 2NO.
romel SemTxvevaSi gadaanacvlebs wonasworobas wnevis cvlileba:
1) (a) da (b) 2) (b) da (d) 3) (g) da (d) 4) (a) da (g)

17. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciis toloba:

N2+ O2 2NO – Q
wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze ar moqmedebs:
1) temperaturis cvlileba;
2) wnevis gazrda;
3) Jangbadis koncentraciis gazrda;
4) azot(II)-is oqsidis koncentraciis Semcireba.

18. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciis toloba 2SO3 2SO2 + O2, saiT
gadainacvlebs wonasworoba wnevis gazrdisas:
1) O2-is warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT;
2) sawyisi nivTierebis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT;
3) SO2-is warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT;
4) wonasworoba ar dairRveva.

19. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciis toloba: 2H2 +O2 2H2O + Q
wonasworobas wylis warmoqmnis mxares gadaanacvlebs:
a) wyalbadis koncentraciis gazrda;
b) wnevis Semcireba;
g) wnevis gazrda;

52
 d) Jangbadis koncentraciis gazrda;
e) temperaturis gazrda;
v) temperaturis Semcireba;
am mosazrebebidan romelia swori.

20. mocemulia wonasworuli reaqciis toloba:

2SO2 +O2 2SO3 + Q
romel faqtorebs aqvs gavlena wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze:
a) wnevis cvlileba; b) temperaturis cvlileba;
g) katalizatori; d) moculobis cvlileba.

1) mxolod (g); 2) mxolod (a) da (b);

3) mxolod (a), (b) da (g); 4) mxolod (a), (b) da (d).

21. suraTze xedavT erTi da imave reaqciis or energetikul diagramas.

am diagramebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom:

reaqciis mimdinareoba

1) I asaxavs reaqciis mimdinareobas katalizatoriT, II – ki katalizatoris

gareSe;
2) II asaxavs reaqciis mimdinareobas katalizatoriT, I – ki katalizatoris
gareSe;
3) I da OII asaxavs reaqciis mimdinareobas katalizatoriT;
4) I da II asaxavs reaqciis mimdinareobas katalizatoris gareSe.

22. suraTze Tqven xedavT sxvadasxva katalizatoriT mimdinare erTi da
imave reaqciis sam energetikul diagramas. am diagramebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom:

reaqciis mimdinareoba

53
 1) katalizatoris ufro efeqtian moqmedebas I mrudi Seesabameba;
2) katalizatoris ufro efeqtian moqmedebas III mrudi Seesabameba;
3) katalizatoris ufro efeqtian moqmedebas II mrudi Seesabameba;
4) am diagramebiT katalizatoris moqmedebis efeqtianobis Sefaseba SeuZ­
lebelia.

23. romeli mrudi Seesabameba sawyis nivTierebas, romeli – reaqciis
produqts da romeli – katalizators:
1) I sawyisi nivTiereba, II reaqciis produqti,
III katalizatori;
2) I katalizatori, II sawyisi nivTiereba, III
reaqciis produqti;
3) I reaqciis produqti, II katalizatori, III
sawyisi nivTiereba;
4) III reaqciis produqti, I sawyisi nivTiereba,
II katalizatori.

24. suraTze Tqven xedavT erTi da imave raodenobis airad nivTierebebs
Soris erTnair temperaturaze mimdinare reaqcias sami sxvadasxva
moculobis daxSul sistemaSi. SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom:

(a) (b) (g)

1) (a) SemTxvevaSi reaqcia ufro swrafad warimarTeba;
2) (b) SemTxvevaSi reaqcia ufro swrafad warimarTeba;
3) (g) SemTxvevaSi reaqcia ufro swrafad warimarTeba;
4) varaudis gamoTqma SeuZlebelia.

25. suraTze Tqven xedavT reaqciis siCqaris mrudebs. am mrudebis
Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom:

54
 1) orive asaxavs Seqcevad reaqcias;
2) orive asaxavs Seuqcevad reaqcias;
3) I asaxavs Seqcevad, II ki Seuqcevad reaqcias;
4) I asaxavs Seuqcevad, II ki – Seqcevad reaqcias.

26. mocemulia Seqcevadi reaqciis toloba N2+ O2
2NO – Q. masSi
monawile nivTierebebis wonasworuli koncentraciebi mocemulia
wriuli (a) diagramiT:

(a) (b)
wonasworul sistemebze garkveuli faqtoris zemoqmedebis Semdeg
koncentraciebi Seicvala, rac asaxulia kvlav wriuli (b) diagramiT.
ivaraudeT, ra faqtorma gamoiwvia koncentraciis cvlileba:
1) temperaturis Semcirebam ; 2) temperaturis gazrdam;
3) wnevis gazrdam; 4) wnevis Semcirebam.

27. mocemulia reaqciis toloba 2SO2+ O2 2SO3+ Q
qvemoT mocemuli oTxi SemTxvevidan romeli asaxavs sworad SO2-isa da
SO3-is koncentraciebis cvlilebas temperaturis gazrdisas:

(a) (b) (g) (d)

1) mxolod (a); 2) mxolod (b); 3) mxolod (g); 4) mxolod (d)

28. romel suraTzea sworad miTiTebuli aqtivaciis energia EEa:

1) pirvelze;

2) meoreze;

3) arc erTze;
4) oriveze.

55
 29. romel suraTzea sworad miTiTebuli aqtivaciis energia EEa:
1) pirvelze;
2) meoreze;
3) arc erTze;
4) oriveze.

30.monaxeT Sesabamisoba qvemoT mocemuli reaqciebis produqtebis

koncentraciasa da am koncentraciis cvlilebis amsaxvel mrudebs Soris,
Tu sareaqcio sistemaSi oTxive SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wneva:
a) N2 + O2 2NO;
b) 2NH3 + 3Cl2 6HCl + N2;
g) H2 + S H2S;
d) 4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O.

1 2 3
ABa
bG
g
d

56
damatebiTi davalebebis pasuxebi:
1. (3)
2.(2)
3. (3)
4. (4)
5. (2)
6. (4)
7. (3)
8. (2)
9. (4)
10. (3)
11. (1)
12. (2)
13. (2)
14. (1)
15. (3)
16. (4)
17. (2)
18. (2)
19. (1)
20. (4)
21. (2)
22. (2)
23. (3)
24. (3)
25. (4)
26. (1)
27. (2)
28. (2)
29. (1)
30.
1 2 3
a +
b +
g +
d +

57
 grZelvadiani mizani
samizne cneba - nivTiereba (Sedegi 1,2,3,4 )
• moluri koncentracia,
fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi (Sedegi1,2,3,4)
• qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris cvlileba
58
Sualeduri saswavlo mizani N1
sakiTxi – qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze moqmedi
faqtorebi.
qvesakiTxi – qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moreagire
nivTierebis bunebis, koncentraciis, zedapiris
farTobisa da temparaturis gavlenis Seswavla kalciu-
mis karbonatsa da marilJavas Soris mimdinare qimiuri
reaqciis magaliTze.
sakvanZo SekiTxva:
rogor warmoaCenT qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze sxvadasxva
faqtorebis gavlenas da rogor gamoiyenebT miRebul
codnas yofa-cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebis
samarTavad?
kompleqsuri davaleba
qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze moqmedi faqtorebi
niadagis momatebuli mJavianoba xSirad cudi mosavlis
mizezi xdeba, am dros fermerebs urCeven niadagSi
dafqvili kirqvis (CaCO3) an Camqrali kiris (Ca(OH)2)
Setanas.
am dros qimiuri reaqciebi gansxvavebuli siCqariT
mimdinareobs. rogor fiqrobT, romeli nivTierebis da
ra formiT Setana uzrunvelyofs niagadis mJavianobis
Semcirebas?
SeiswavleT eqsperimentulad qimiuri reaqciis
siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi (danarTi №1, №2)

samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros rom:
nivTiereba (Sedegebi:1, 2, 3, 4 )
1. nivTierebebi (ara yvela!) Sedgeba
molekulebisagan, molekulebi -
59
atomebisagan. atomi Sedgeba subatomuri
nawilakebisagan: protonebisagan,
neitronebisa da eleqtronebisagan.
2. periodulobis cxrilSi qimiuri
elementebi ganlagebulia garkveuli
kanonzomierebiT. qimiuri elementebis
Tvisebebi, maTi naerTebis formebi da
Tvisebebi periodul damokidebulebaSia
atombirTvis muxtis sididesTan;
3. yovel nivTierebas aqvs TvisebaTa
unikaluri nakrebi da nivTierebebi
klasificirdeba sxvadasxva niSniT: myari,
Txevadi, airadi, sufTa nivTierebebi da
Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi)
moswavles SeuZlia:
nivTiereba
• nivTierebis klasificireba
Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis mixedviT
(nivT. mk.w.1,3);
• nivTierebaTa raodenobriv
maxasiaTeblebze msjeloba (nivT.mkv.
w. 4);
• nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis
dakavSireba maT SedgenilobaSi
Semaval atomTa aRnagobasTan
(nivT.mkv. w.1,2).
mocemuli intruqciis Sesabamisad, ganazogadeT
daskvnebi da mosavlianobis gasazrdelad fermerisTvis
SeimuSaveT rekomendaciebi.
naSromi warmoadgineT posteris saSualebiT.
Sefasebis kriteriumi -
naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
• rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis
siCqareze moreagire nivTierebis
koncentracia, zedapiris farTobi (kalciu-
mis karbonatsa da marilmJavas Soris mimdinare
qimiuri reaqciis magaliTze)? daasabuTeT
Tqveni mosazreba.
(nivT. 1,3,4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2)
• rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis
siCqareze temperatura (kalciumis karbona-
tsa da marilmJavas Soris mimdinare qimiuri
reaqciis magaliTze)? daasabuTeT Tqveni
mosazreba.
(nivT. 1,3,4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2)
• ra rekomendaciebs SeimuSavebT
fermerisTvis niadagis mJavianobis
Sesamcireblad? (nivT. 1,3,4 fiz. da qim.
movl. 1, 2)
 narevebi. martivi da rTuli
nivTierebebi, araorganuli da organuli
naerTebi;
4. nivTierebebs aqvT raodenobrivi
maxasiaTeblebi: fardobiTi atomuri da
molekuluri masa, moluri moculoba,
procentuli Sedgeniloba.
fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi
fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi
(Sedegebi: 1,2,3,4)
1. bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi
miekuTvneba fizikur/qimiur
movlenebs;
60
2. fizikuri movlenis dros nivTiereba
ar icvleba, qimiuri movlenis dros
nivTiereba icvleba. qimiur
movlenebs sxvagvarad qimiuri
reaqciebi ewodeba.
kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)
etapi I – kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
rogor unda warmovaCino sakuTari codna Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT?
resursebi/gansaxilveli qeisebi:
• rogor gamoiyenebT qimiuri reaqciis
siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebis gavlenis
Sesaxeb codnas yofa-cxovrebaSi mimdinare
romelime procesis samarTavad? ( nivT.1,3
da qim. movl. 1, 2)
• nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis
Tanmxlebi niSnebis mixedviT
bunebaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebis mikuTvneba
fizikur/qimiur movlenebTan
(fiz/qim.movl.mk.w. 1);
• nivTierebaTa Soris mimdinare
gardaqmnebis mizez-
Sedegobriv kavSirebze
msjeloba
(fiz/qim.movl.mk.w. 2);
• da qimiuri movlenebis Sesaxeb
codnis gamoyeneba
konkretuli
problemis gadasaWrelad
(fiz/qim.movl.mk.w 1.2).
 resursi :. rogor SeqmniT posters? https://ka.termotools.com/1035-create-a-booklet-online.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKLUDHXmXII
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysS3Cq9AseI

samizne codnis (deklaratiuli, pirobiseuli, proceduruli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs posters?
• ra ganasxvavebs posters TvalsaCinoebis warmodgenis sxva xerxebisgan?
• ra gamoCndeba posterze mkafiod, risi Cveneba iqneba saWiro davalebis pirobidan gamomdinare?
• rogor SeqmniT posters: ra nabijebi unda gadavdgaT posteris Sesaqmnelad (problema-gadaWris gza, miRweuli Sedegebi, daskvna,
rekomendacia)?

etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba

nabiji 1. rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moreagire nivTierebis koncentracia, zedapiris farTobi? (kalciumis kar-
bonatsa da marilJavas Soris mimdinare qimiuri reaqciis magaliTze). daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. (nivT. 1,3,4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2).

resursi/aqtivoba:

61
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo (§ 2.2.1 - § 2.2.9 )
resursi 2: teleskolis gakveTili - qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03tAhQF_Huo
resursi 3: teleskolis gakveTili -reaqciis siCqare https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2pZnlyng5o

resursi 6: danarTi 1

aqtivoba:
• sainformacio teqstis gacnoba;
• homogenuri da heterogenuli reaqciebis amocnoba, Sedareba;
• eqsperimentebis Catareba, Sedegebis gaanalizeba, daskvnebis gamotana;
• gaangariSebiTi amocanebis amoxsna.

danarTi 1 (eqsperimentis instruqcia)

saWiro WurWeli da aRWurviloba: sinjarebi, mzomi cilindri, spirtqura.

nivTierebebi: carcis an marmarilos (kalciumis karbonatis) natexebi (daaxloebiT erTnairi zomis); marilmJavas xsnarebi 2%-iani, 10 ml; 5%-iani
50 ml; 10%-iani, 10 ml.
 nawili pirveli – cdis mizani: moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentraciis gavlena qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze.

cdis mimdinareoba:.
• moamzadeT 7 sinjara da danomreT isini 1 - dan 7 - is CaTvliT;
• sinjarebSi N1,2,3 CaasxiT menzuris saSualebiT winaswar azomili 10-10 ml 2%-iani, 5%-iani da 10%-iani marilmJavas erTi da imave tempera-
turis xsnarebi;
• samive sinjaraSi CauSviT winaswar, eleqtronul sasworze awonili carcis erTnairi zomis TiTo-TiTo natexi;
• daakvirdiT TiToeul sinjaraSi reaqciis mimdinareobis (airis gamoyofis) siCqares;
• dakvirvebis Sedegebi SeitaneT laboratoriul oqmSi.

nawili meore – cdis mizani: moreagire nivTierebebis urTierTSexebis zedapiris farTobis gavlena qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze.

cdis mimdinareoba:

• moamzadeT N6 da N7 sinjarebi;
• sinjarebSi (N6 da N7) CaasxiT menzuris saSualebiT winaswar azomili 10 – 10 ml 5%-iani marilmJavas erTi da imave temperaturis mqone
xsnarebi;

62
• orive sinjaraSi CauSviT winaswar, eleqtronul sasworze awonili erTnairi zomis carcis natexebi;
• erTi natexi faifuris rodinSi sanayiT kargad gaafxviereT;
• N6 sinjaraSi CauSviT carcis natexi, xolo N7 sinjaraSi ki CayareT carcis fxvnili;
• daakvirdiT TiToeul sinjaraSi reaqciis mimdinareobis (airis gamoyofis) siCqares;
• dakvirvebis Sedegebi SeitaneT laboratoriul oqmSi.

samizne codnis (deklaratiuli, proceduruli,pirobiseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• ra aris qimiuri reaqcia?

• rogor ganisazRvreba qimiuri reaqciis siCqare?
• rodis aris qimiuri reaqcia homogenuri da rodis heterogenuli?
• ra pirobebia saWiro qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobisaTvis?
• ra aris moluri koncentracia?
• rogor gamoTvliT moluri koncentraciis saSualebiT qimiuri reaqciis saSualo siCqares?
• rogor asaxavT qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moreagire nivTierebebis koncentraciis cvlilebis gavlenas moqmed masaTa kanonis
gamoyenebiT?
 • usafrTxoebis romeli wesebis dacva dagWirdebaT eqsperimentis Catarebis dros?
• ra mizniT atarebT eqsperiments?
• ra resursi dagWirdebaT eqsperimentis Casatareblad?
• qimiuri reaqciis romeli niSnebi SeamCnieT eqsperimentebis msvlelobis dros? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba;
• rogor gamosaxavT eqsperimentis msvlelobisas mimdinare qimiur movlenas qimiuri reaqciis saSualebiT?
• ra daskvna gamoitaneT eqsperimentis safuZvelze? rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moreagire nivTierebis buneba,
koncentracia da zedapiris farTobi?
• rogor gamoiyenebT qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtrorebis Sesaxeb codnas yofa-cxovrebaSi?

• nabiji 2 . rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze temperatura (kalciumis karbonatsa da marilmJavas Soris mimdinare qimiuri
reaqciis magaliTze)? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. (nivT. 1,3,4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2).

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo (§ 2.2.6 - § 2.2.7 ).

resursi 1: qimiuri cdebi - katalizatori https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzWJnyP-kMQ
resursi 2: prezentacia -katalizatori https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GKI0cCjPn9zJndRU9oH9vGVO_Oe9sjCZ/view
danarTi 2
aqtivoba:

63
• sainformacio teqstis gacnoba;
• amocanebis amoxsna vant-hofis wesis maTematikuri gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT;
• qimiuri reaqciebis energetikuli diagramebis gaanalizeba;
• katalizuri reaqciebis meqanizmis ganxilva;
• eqsperimentebis Catareba, Sedegebis gaanalizeba, daskvnebis gamotana.

nawili mesame – cdis mizani: temperaturis gavlena qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze.

cdis mimdinareoba:
• moamzadeT N4 da N5 sinjarebi;
• sinjarebSi (N4 da N5) CaasxiT menzuris saSualebiT winaswar azomili 10 – 10 ml 5 %-iani marilmJavas erTi da imave temperaturis mqone
xsnarebi;
• aanTeT spirtqura da erT-erTi sinjara gaacxeleT, magram ar aaduRoT;
• orive sinjaraSi CauSviT winaswar, eleqtronul sasworze awonili erTnairi zomis carcis natexebi;
• daakvirdiT TiToeul sinjaraSi reaqciis mimdinareobis (airis gamoyofis) siCqares;
• dakvirvebis Sedegebi SeitaneT laboratoriul oqmSi.
 samizne codnis (deklaratiuli, proceduruli, pirobiseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• sxva ra faqtorebzea damokidebuli qimiuri reaqciis siCqare?

• rogor moqmedebs temperatura qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze?
• usafrTxoebis romeli wesebis dacva dagWirdaT eqsperimentis Catarebis dros?
• ra mizniT atarebT eqsperiments?
• ra resursi dagWirdaT eqsperimentis Casatareblad?
• ra daskvna gamoitaneT eqsperimentis safuZvelze? rogor moqmedebs temperatura qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze?
• ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa katalizatorsa da inhibitors Soris?
• rogor moqmedebs katalizatori qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze?
• gamoTqviT varaudi katalizatoris moqmedebis meqanizmis Sesaxeb (Sejaxebis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT);
• ra mniSvneloba aqvs katalizur reaqciebs mrewvelobaSi?

nabiji 3
• ra rekomendaciebs SeimuSavebT fermerisTvis niadagis mJavianobis Sesamcireblad?(nivT. 1,3,4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2);
• rogor gamoiyenebT qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebis gavlenis Sesaxeb codnas yofa-cxovrebaSi

64
mimdinare romelime procesis samarTavad?( nivT.1,3 da qim. movl. 1, 2).

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo (§ 2.2.1 - § 2.2.9 )

resursi 2: prezentacia- qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobis kanonzomiereba - https://www.slideshare.net/dalikobaxidze/ss-52989333resursi 3:
qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze moqmedi faqtorebi http://chemistry.ge/publication/compoundchem/view.php?id=51
resursi 4: qimiuri reaqciis siCqare https://1tv.ge/video/qimia-x-klasi-reaqciis-sichqare-14-maisi-2020-teleskola/
aqtivoba:
• sainformacio teqstis gacnoba;
• cxrilebze, sqemebze, diagramebze muSaoba;
• rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;
• yofa-cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva siCqariT mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebis ganxilva.
samizne codnis (deklaratiuli, proceduruli, pirobiseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:
• ra rekomendaciebs SeimuSavebT fermerisTvis niadagis mJavianobis Sesamcireblad?
• ratom inaxavT sakvebs macivarSi?
• qimiuri reaqviis siCqareze sxvadasxva faqtoris moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor daaCqarebT an SeanelebT yofa-cxovrebaSi mimdinare
procesebs (moiyvaneT Sesabamisi magaliTebi)?
 moswavleebis mxridan kompleqsuri davalebis prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi:
• waawydi Tu ara sirTuleebs davalebis Sesrulebis procesSi da rogor daZlie?
• ra dro dagWirda davalebis Sesasruleblad?
• ra informacia dagWirda davalebaze muSaobisas da rogor moipove is?
• damoukideblad gaarTvi Tavi davalebas Tu daxmareba dagWirda?
• kmayofili xar Seni namuSevriT? ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebde davalebis Sesrulebas?
• aRwere Sens mier Seqmnili posteri.
• riT gansxvavdeba Sen mier Seqmnili naSromi Seni klaselebis naSromebisagan?

65
 Sualeduri saswavlo mizani
grZelvadiani mizani
N2
samizne cneba - nivTiereba sakiTxi - Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi
(Sedegi 1,2,3,4 ) reaqciebi. qimiuri wonasworoba.
qvesakiTxi - qimiur
• wonasworuli koncentracia wonasworobaze moqmedi
fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi faqtorebi (amiakis sinTezis
( Sedegi1,2,3,4) magaliTze).
• qimiuri wonasworoba sakvanZo SekiTxva:
rogor warmoaCenT sxvadasxva
qimiuri bma- faqtoris gavlenas qimiur
wonasworobaze da rogor
( Sedegi1,2,3,4)
gamoiyenebT miRebul codnas
• bmis energia wonasworuli procesebis
samarTavad?

66
kompleqsuri davaleba -

qimiuri wonasworoba

mcenareebis zrda-
ganviTarebisTvis erT-erT
aucilebel elements
warmoadgens azoti, romlis
nawils mcenare haeridan
iTvisebs, xolo nawils ki -
niadagSi Setanili azotSemcveli
sasuqebidan.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT
sawarmos mflobeli da
gadawyviteT azotSemcveli
 sasuqebis warmoeba, warmoebis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi etapi
wyalbadisa da azotisagan amiakis
miRebaa. es procesi ki-
Seqcevadia, amitom misi marTva
garkveuli pirobebis dacvas
moiTxovs.
gaarkvieT, ra faqtorebi
moqmedebs qimiur wonasworobaze
da SeimuSaveT rekomendaciebi
imisaTvis, rom amiakis warmoeba
iyos momgebiani.

naSromi warmoadgineT
sainformacio bukletis
saSualebiT.

67
samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi Sefasebis kriteriumi - (zogadi) Sefasebis kriteriumi -

moswavlem unda gaacnobieros rom: moswavles SeuZlia:

naSromSi xazgasmiT
warmoaCineT:
nivTiereba (Sedegebi:1, 2, 3, 4 )
nivTiereba • rogor gamosaxavT
1. nivTierebebi (ara yvela!) Sedgeba molekulebisagan, pirdapiri da Seqcevadi
• nivTierebis klasificireba
molekulebi - atomebisagan. atomi Sedgeba subatomuri Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis mixedviT reaqciebis siCqareebs da
nawilakebisagan: protonebisagan, neitronebisa da wonasworuli reaqciis
(nivT. mk.w.1,3);
siCqaris mudmivas amiakis
eleqtronebisagan. • nivTierebaTa raodenobriv
sinTezis magaliTze?
maxasiaTeblebze msjeloba (nivT.mkv. w.
2. periodulobis cxrilSi qimiuri elementebi (nivT.1,2, 3, 4; fiz. da
4);
ganlagebulia garkveuli kanonzomierebiT. qimiuri qim.1,2)
• nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis dakavSireba
elementebis Tvisebebi, maTi naerTebis formebi da • ra faqtorebi moqmedebs
maT SedgenilobaSi Semaval atomTa
da rogor qimiur
Tvisebebi periodul damokidebulebaSia atombirTvis aRnagobasTan (nivT.mkv. w.1,2); wonasworobaze amiakis
muxtis sididesTan;
sinTezis procesSi?
 3. yovel nivTierebas aqvs TvisebaTa unikaluri nakrebi da (nivT.1,2, 3, 4; fiz. da qim.
nivTierebebi klasificirdeba sxvadasxva niSniT: myari, movl.1,2)
Txevadi, airadi, sufTa nivTierebebi da narevebi. martivi • rogor gamoTvliT
da rTuli nivTierebebi, araorganuli da organuli qimiuri bmis energiis
gamoyenebiT amiakis
naerTebi; sinTezis reaqciis siTbur
efeqts? SeadgineT am
4. nivTierebebs aqvT raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi:
reaqciis Termoqimiuri
fardobiTi atomuri da molekuluri masa, moluri
toloba. (nivT.1,2, 3, 4;
moculoba, procentuli Sedgeniloba. fiz. da qim.ovl.1,2.; qim.ma
fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi 1,2)
(Sedegebi: 1,2,3,4) • nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis Tanmxlebi • ra rekomendaciebs
niSnebis mixedviT bunebaSi mimdinare miscemT sawarmos
1. bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi miekuTvneba cvlilebebis mikuTvneba xelmZRvanelebs
fizikur/qimiur movlenebTan wonasworuli procesis
fizikur/qimiur movlenebs;
(fiz/qim.movl.mk.w. 1); samarTavad? (nivT.1,3, 4;
2. fizikuri movlenis dros nivTiereba ar icvleba, • nivTierebaTa Soris mimdinare fiz. da qim.mol.1,2;)
qimiuri movlenis dros nivTiereba icvleba. qimiur gardaqmnebis mizez-Sedegobriv

68
movlenebs sxvagvarad qimiuri reaqciebi ewodeba.
qimiuri bma (Sedegebi: 1, 2, 3, 4 )
1. nivTierebebSi atomebi an atomTa jgufebi erTmaneTs
ukavSirdeba qimiuri bmebiT ( ionuri, kovalenturi,
metaluri) an/da molekulaTSorisi/Sidamolekuluri
urTierTqmedebis ZalebiT, maT Soris wyalbaduri
bmiT;
2. nivTierebaSi arsebuli bmis tipi ganapirobebs am
nivTierebis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebsa da
gamoyenebas.
kavSirebze msjeloba
(fiz/qim.movl.mk.w. 2);
• fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis
Sesaxeb codnis gamoyeneba konkretuli
problemis gadasaWrelad
(fiz/qim.movl.mk.w 1.2).
qimiuri bma
• atomebs, atomTa jgufebs an
molekulebs Soris kavSiris axsna
Sesabamisi qimiuri bmebis (ionuri,
kovalenturi, metaluri) da
molekulaTSorisi mizidvis/ganzidvis
Zalebis safuZvelze (qim.bma.mk.w.1);

• nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis dakavSireba

maTSi arsebuli qimiuri bmis tipTan
 da gamoyenebis sferoebTan
(qim.bma.mk.w.2).

kompleqsuri davalebis ganxorcielebis etapebi (aqtivobebi, resursebi, SekiTxvebi)

etapi I – kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba
rogor unda warmovaCino sakuTari codna Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT?

resursi: rogor SeqmniT sainformacio buklets?

resursi 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKLUDHXmXII
eleqtronuli bukletis Seqmna
https://ka.termotools.com/1035-create-a-booklet-online.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysS3Cq9AseI
samizne codnis (deklaratiuli, pirobiseuli, proceduruli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs sainformacio buklets?

69
• ra ganasxvavebs buklets naSromis wardgenis sxva xerxebisgan?
• ra etapebi unda gaiaroT bukletis Seqmnisas?
etapi II – kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba
nabiji 1. rogor gamosaxavT pirdapiri da Seqcevadi reaqciebis siCqareebs da wonasworuli reaqciis siCqaris mudmivas amiakis sinTezis
magaliTze? (nivT.1,2, 3, 4; fiz. da qim.1
resursi:
resursi 1. saxelmZRvanelo § 2.2.4- § 2.3.2
resursi 2. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi-
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:z2vvcmdpywnozw1pc3ryeteyqgdtywlslmnvbq../cbook/chemistry-9-
grade/section/19.2/primary/lesson/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-
%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98/
resursi 3. qimiuri wonasworoba https://ka.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium

resursi 6. amiakis miReba https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfgGZDc7AhU

resursi 7.amiaki https://giropark.ru/ka/vodopodgotovka/ammonia-belongs-to-a-group-of-chemicals-reception-of-ammonia-in-industry.html
aqtivoba:
 • sainformacio teqstis gacnoba;
• Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebis magaliTebis moyvana, maTi Sedareba;
• wonasworobis mudmivas dadgena, misi mniSvnelobis mixedviT reaqciis gamosavlianobaze msjeloba;
• cxrilebze, diagramebze, sqemebze muSaoba.

samizne codnis (deklaratiuli,proceduruli, pirobiseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• ra aris Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqcia?

• ras gulisxmobs le Satelies principi?
• ras niSnavs fizikuri, magaliTad, meqanikur sasworze damyarebuli wonasworoba?
• ratom uwodeben qimiur wonasworobas dinamikurs?
• rogor fiqrobT, qimiuri wonasworobis dros, ra damokidebulebaa pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli reaqciebis siCqareebs Soris?
• ras gveubneba moqmed masaTa kanoni qimiur wonasworobaze?
• ras ewodeba wonasworobis mudmiva? rogor ganisazRvreba is?
• ra faqtorebma SeiZleba daarRvios qimiuri wonasworoba?
• moiyvaneT yofa-cxovrebidan wonasworuli procesebis magaliTebi.

70
nabiji 2. rogor gamoTvliT qimiuri bmis energiis gamoyenebiT amiakis sinTezis reaqciis siTbur efeqts? SeadgineT am reaqciis Termoqimiuri
toloba.

resursi:
resursi 1. saxelmZRvanelo 1 nawili gv. 92

resursi 2.kovalenturi bma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-tE6MN-wrE

resursi 3. kovalenturi bma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h24UmH38_LI&t=89s
resursi 4. qimiuri bmis tipebi https://learningapps.org/1266029
resursi 5. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-a-molecule
resursi 6. egzoTermuli da endoTermuli reaqciebi. reaqciis siTburi efeqti https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkzVwdBqIoo
resursi 7. reaqciis siTburi efeqti http://skoool.emis.ge/id755.ph
aqtivoba:
• sainformacio teqstis gacnoba;

• kovalenturi bmis warmoqmnis sqemebis Sedgena(martivi da jeradi bmebi);

 • siTburi efeqtis dakavSireba reaqciebSi monawile nivTierebebis bmis energiasTan?

• qimiuri reaqciebis Termoqimiuri tolobis Sedgena;

• egzoTermuli da endoTermuli reaqciebis diagramebis ganxilva-gaanalizeba;

• siTburi efeqtis gamoTvla Termoqimiuri tolobis safuZvelze.

samizne codnis (deklaratiuli, proceduruli, pirobiseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• ra niSnebi axasiaTebs qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobas?

• ras ewodeba qimiuri reaqciis siTburi efeqti?
• ra aris bmis energia?
• ra kavSiria sawyisi da miRebuli nivTierebebis bmis energiasa da qimiuri reaqciis siTbur efeqts Soris?
• ra gansxvavebaa egzoTermul da endoTermul reaqciebs Soris?
• rogor SeadgenT reaqciis Termoqimiur tolobas?
• ra gamoTvlebis ganxorcielebaa SesaZlebeli reaqciis Termoqimiuri tolobis mixedviT?

71
nabiji 3. ra rekomendaciebs miscemT sawarmos xelmZRvanelebs wonasworuli procesis samarTavad? (nivT.1,3, 4;fiz. da qim.mol.1,2;)
resursi:
resursi 1. ra aris qimiuri wonasworoba https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:z2vvcmdpywnozw1pc3ryeteyqgdtywlslmnvbq../cbook/chemistry-9-
grade/section/19.3/primary/lesson/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-
%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1 -
%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90/
resursi 2. le Satelies principi https://ka.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium/v/le-chatelier-s-
principle
resursi 3. qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxris pirobebi - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DrYiK-wUYE
aqtivoba:

• sainformacio teqstis gacnoba;

• savarjiSoebze muSaoba;
• rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
 samizne codnis (deklaratiuli,proceduruli,pirobiseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi:

• ra etapebisgan Sedgeba amiakis sinTezi sawarmoSi?

• rogor gamosaxavT pirdapiri da Seqcevadi reaqciebis siCqareebs?
• rodis myardeba sareaqcio narevSi wonasworoba?
• romeli faqtoriT SeiZleba dairRves wonasworoba da rogor?
• ramden xans SenarCundeba wonasworuli mdgomareoba?
• ramden xans gagrZeldeba wonasworobis gadaxra? pasuxi daasabuTeT;
• ratom da rogor unda marToT wonasworuli procesebi warmoebaSi?

72
• rogor SeiZleba wonasworuli reaqciis marTva?

• ra rekomendaciebs SeimuSavebT sawarmosTvis amiakis gamosavlianobis gasazrdelad?

moswavleebis mxridan kompleqsuri davalebis prezentaciis procesSi maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi:

• waawydi Tu ara sirTuleebs davalebis Sesrulebis procesSi da rogor daZlie?

• ra dro dagWirda davalebis Sesasruleblad?
• ra informacia dagWirda davalebaze muSaobisas da rogor moipove is?
• damoukideblad gaarTvi Tavi davalebas Tu daxmareba dagWirda?
• kmayofili xar Seni? ras gaakeTebdi sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebde davalebis Sesrulebas?
• aRwere Sen mier Seqmnili posteri.
• riT gansxvavdeba Sen mier Seqmnili naSromi Seni klaselebis naSromebisagan?
 solo taqsonomiis Sesabamisoba qimiis
standartiT gansazRvrul samizne cnebebTan da mkvidr warmodgenebTan

Tema: qimiuri kinetika

sakiTxi: - qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze moqmedi faqtorebi.

kompleqsuri davaleba №1

kriteriumi / samizne cneba nivTiereba fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi

abstraqtuli done moswavle msjelobs qimiuri reaqciebis mimdinareobis

73
moswavles SeuZlia kanonzomierebebze,
mocemulis/SeTavazebulis nivTierebis fizikur da qimiur Tvisebebze da katalizuri gardaqmnebis
miRma struqturis praqtikul gamoyenebaze. ganazogadebs daskvnebs.
ganzogadeba, struqturis
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas
SeuZlia ganzogadeba,
hipoTezis wamoyeneba, kritika
an Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
mimarTebiTi done moswavle msjelobs nivTierebis moswavle msjelobs qimiuri
moswavles SeuZlia gaiazros Tvisebebze. iyenebs nivTierebis reaqciebis mimdinareobis
kavSiri ramdenime aspeqts Soris, raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebs kanonzomierebebze. xsnis, rogor
agreTve isic, moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis

1
 Tu rogor ergeba/Seexameba es
aspeqtebi erTmaneTs da qmnis
mTels, mTlianobas. misi
naazrevi dastruqturebulia da
amgvarad, moswavles aqvs imis
unari, rom Seadaros,
daakavSiros, gaaanalizos,
gamoiyenos Teoria, axsnas sakiTxi
mizezebisa da Sedegebis kuTxiT.
qimiuri reaqciis saSualo siCqaris
gamosaTvlelad. msjelobs
qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmed
faqtorebze: moreagire
nivTierebis buneba, koncentracia,
zedapiris farTobi, temparatura
da katalizatori.
siCqareze moreagire
nivTierebis koncentracia,
zedapiris farTobi,
temperatura da katalizatori.
atarebs eqsperimentebs da
asabuTebs sakuTar mosazrebebs
qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze
moqmedi faqtorebis gavlenis
Sesaxeb.

multistruqturuli done moswavle gansazRvravs qimiuri moswavlem icis qimiuri reaqciis

moswavles SeuZlia ramdenime
aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba, maT
Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis
gagebis gareSe. mas SeuZlia
Tvla, aRwera, klasificireba,
reaqciis saSualo siCqares.
CamoTvlis qimiuri reaqciis
siCqareze moqmed faqtorebs,
Tumca uWirs raodenobrivi
gaangariSebis ganxorcieleba.
siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi,
Tumca ver xsnis maT gavlenas
qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze.
atarebs eqsperimentebs, aRricxavs

74
kombinireba; meTodebis, Sedegebs, Tumca uWirs
struqturis gamoyeneba; mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis
procedurebis Sesruleba, sxva. damyareba.

unistruqturuli done moswavle CamoTvlis qimiuri moswavle CamoTvlis qimiuri

moswavles SeuZlia mxolod
erTi aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba
da martivi, zedapiruli
kavSirebis damyareba.
moswavles SeuZlia
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
zepirad gadmocema (gaxseneba),
martivi
instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
Sesruleba; parafrazireba;
identificireba, dasaxeleba
reaqciis siCqareze moqmed reaqciis siCqareze moqmed
faqtorebs, Tumca ver axerxebs faqtorebs.
raodenobriv gaangariSebebs.
atarebs eqsperimentebs, Tumca
uWirs Sedegebis aRricxva,
mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis
damyareba.

2
 an daTvla.
prestruqturuli done moswavle ver igebs davalebis moswavle ver igebs davalebis
moswavle saerTod ver igebs, pirobas. pirobas.
iyenebs Seusabamo,
ararelevantur informacias
an/da saerTod acdenilia
mniSvnelobas/azrs

75
3
 sakiTxi - Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi. qimiuri wonasworoba.
kompleqsuri davaleba №2
kriteriumi / samizne cneba
abstraqtuli done
moswavles SeuZlia
mocemulis/SeTavazebulis
miRma struqturis
ganzogadeba, struqturis
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas
76
SeuZlia ganzogadeba,
hipoTezis wamoyeneba, kritika
an Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles SeuZlia gaigos, ra
mimarTebebia ramdenime
aspeqts Soris, aseve rogor
ukavSirdeba isini erTmaneTs
da qmnis mTels, mTlianobas.
formebis gageba qmnis
struqturas da amgvarad aqvs
imis kompetencia, rom
Seadaros, daamyaros
mimarTebebi, gaaanalizos,
gamoiyenos Teoria, axsnas
mizezebisa da Sedegebis
fizikuri da qimiuri
nivTiereba qimiuri bma
movlenebi
moswavle msjelobs imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxra
sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT. adgens amiakis miRebis wonasworul
principebs sawarmoSi teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciisaTvis. msjelobs
araorganuli nivTierebebis monawileobiT mimdinare Seqcevad da Seuqcevad
qimiur gardaqmnebze.
moswavle msjelobs
wonasworul procesebze, moswavle msjelobs, moswavle qimiuri bmis
Seqcevad da Seuqcevad rogor cvlis sxvadasxva energiis safuZvelze
reaqciebze, wonasworul faqtori wonasworul gamoiTvlis reaqciis
procesebze moqmed procesebs, iyenebs siTbur efeqts, adgens
faqtorebze. adgens miRebul codnas yofa- Termoqimiur tolobas.
cxovrebaSi mimdinare
amiakis miRebis
wonasworuli procesebis
optimalur pirobebs
samarTavad.
sawarmoSi teqnologiuri
procesebis samarTavad.
gamoitans daskvnebs da
miRebul codnas
4
 kuTxiT.
multistruqturuli done
moswavles SeuZlia ramdenime
aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba, maT
Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis
gagebis gareSe. mas SeuZlia
Tvla, aRwera, klasificireba,
kombinireba; meTodebis,
struqturis gamoyeneba;
procedurebis Sesruleba, sxva.
77
unistruqturuli done
moswavles SeuZlia mxolod
erTi aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba
da martivi, zedapiruli
kavSirebis damyareba.
moswavles SeuZlia
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
zepirad gadmocema (gaxseneba),
martivi
instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
Sesruleba; parafrazireba;
identificireba, dasaxeleba
an daTvla.
akavSirebs yofa-
cxovrebasTan.
moswavle saubrobs
wonasworul procesebze, moswavle saubrobs, moswavlem icis, ra aris
Seqcevad da Seuqcevad rogor cvlis sxvadasxva bmis energia, Tumca
reaqciebze, wonasworul faqtori wonasworul uWirs amis safuZvelze
procesebze moqmed procesebs, Tumca uWirs daadginos reaqciis
miRebuli codnis siTburi efeqti da
faqtorebze, Tumca
gamoyeneba yofa- Seadginos Termoqimiuri
uWirs amiakis miRebis
cxovrebaSi mimdinare toloba.
optimaluri pirobebis wonasworuli procesebis
dadgena sawarmoSi
samarTavad.
teqnologiuri
procesebis samarTavad.
asaxelebs yofa-
cxovrebaSi mimdinare
wonasworul procesebs.
moswavle CamoTvlis moswavle saubrobs moswavle siTburi
wonasworul procesebs, wonasworul procesebze efeqtis mixedviT
Seqcevad da Seuqcevad moqmed faqtorebze, amoicnobs egzoTermul
Tumca ver xsnis maT da endoTermul
reaqciebs, wonasworul
gavlenas. reaqciebs.
procesebze moqmed
faqtorebs, Tumca ver
adgens amiakis miRebis
optimalur pirobebs
sawarmoSi teqnologiuri
procesebis samarTavad.
5
 prestruqturuli done moswavle ver igebs moswavle ver igebs moswavle ver igebs
moswavle saerTod ver igebs, davalebis pirobas. davalebis pirobas. davalebis pirobas.
iyenebs Seusabamo,
ararelevantur informacias
an/da saerTod acdenilia
mniSvnelobas/azrs

78
moswavlis wignSi ganxiluli
davalebebis pasuxebi

79
 siTbo da qimiuri reaqcia 2.1.1
gaixseneT:
ra niSnebi aqvs qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobas?

qimiuri reaqciis niSnebia: airis gamoyofa, naleqis warmoqmna (naleqis

gaxsna), siTbos gamoyofa an STanTqma.
CaatareT aseTi cda:

cda
3-5 ml marilmJavas xsnari moaTavseT qimiur WiqaSi da TermometriT
gazomeT misi temperatura. TandaTan daasxiT daaxloebiT amave mocu-
lobis natriumis tutis xsnari da daakvirdiT Termometris Cvenebas.
ras amCnevT?

cdis procesSi Termometris Cveneba Seicvleba da temperatura aiwevs.

cda
sinjaraSi moaTavseT 3-4 g ma­la­qitis fxvni­li. malaqiti aris bunebaSi gav­
r­ce­lebuli mwva­ne feris nivTiereba, rom­lis Sed­ge­nilobac gamoisaxe-
ba ase: Cu2(OH)2CO3. sinjaras moargeT air­gamyvani mili. airgamyvani milis
bolo Ca­uSviT qi­mi­ur WiqaSi, sadac kalciumis hid­roq­si­dis xsnaria (kiria-
ni wyalia), sin­jara gaaxureT spirtquris alze.
malaqitis daSlis reaqciis tolobaa:
Cu2(OH)2CO3 → 2CuO(my) + H2O(a) + CO2(a)
da­akvirdiT reaqciis mimdinareobas.

SewyviteT sinjaris gacxeleba da daakvirdiT kirian wyalSi CaSvebuli

airgamyvani milis bolos.
migaCniaT Tu ara, rom qimiuri reaqcia Sewyda? ratom fiqrobT ase? isev
gaaxureT sinjara. axla ras amCnevT?

sinjaraSi SeiniSneba nivTierebis feris cvlileba, qimiur WiqaSi ki – xsna-

ris amRvreva.
malaqitis daSlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba spilenZis oqsidi, es aris Savi fe-
ris nivTiereba, romelic rCeba sinjaraSi, wylis wveTebi Cndeba sinjaris ke-
dlebze, naxSirorJangi, romelic airgamyvani miliT gadadis WiqaSi da aamR-
vrevs kirian wyals.
Tu sinjaris gaxurebas SevwyvetT, airis gamoyofa Sewydeba, e. i. reaqcia
Sewydeba. maSasadame, gacxelebis gareSe reaqcia ar mimdinareobs.

80
 ratom aris saWiro gaxureba reaqciis damTavrebamde endoTermuli reaqciis
dros, egzoTermulisagan gansxvavebiT?

ra aris reaqciis siTburi efeqti?

egzoTermuli reaqciis dros siTbo gamoiyofa, amitom damatebiT gacxeleba

saWiro aRaraa, endoTermuli reaqciis dros piriqiT – siTbo STainTqmeba. is ar
mimdinareobs garedan miwodebuli energiis gareSe, amitom saWiroa gaxureba reaq-
ciis damTavrebamde. reaqciis procesSi gamoyofili an STanTqmuli siTbos rao-
denobas reaqciis siTburi efeqti ewodeba.

  1   dakvirvebiT waikiTxeT teqsti, Semdeg ki eqsperimentis Sinaarsi gadmoeciT

ise, rom saWiro adgilas aucileblad gamoiyenoT sityvebi – `egzoTermuli
procesi~, `endoTermuli procesi~.
`warmoidgineT saaTis minaze moTavsebuli vercxliswylis wveTi, romelic
Ta­visTavad ar daiSleba or nawilad. Tqven ki sakuTari energiis daxarjviT,
minis wkiriT SegiZliaT es wveTi or nawilad gayoT. am procesSi vercxliswy-
lis atomebs Soris irRveva qimiuri bma. Tu or wveTs minis wkiriT erTmaneTs
miuaxloebT, vercxliswylis atomebs Soris qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnis gamo
ori wveTi erT wveTad SeerTdeba. amasTan, aucileblad gamoiyofa energia
siTbos saxiT, romlis gazomva zusti xelsawyoebiT mecnierebs SeuZliaT~.

vercxliswylis atomebs Soris qimiuri bmis rRveva endoTermuli procesia,

vercxliswylis wveTebis SeerTeba ki – egzoTermuli.

  2   daasruleT qimiur reaqciaTa tolobebi, miuTiTeT, endoTermulia aRniSnu-

li reaqcia Tu – egzoTermuli. axse­niT, ris safuZvelze gamoitaneT daskvna
(reaqciis tolobis CanawerSi aRniSvna ` t ~ miuTiTebs, rom gac­xeleba saWiroa
reaqciis bolomde). aRniSneT, reaqciaTa romel tips (daSlis, SeerTebis, Canacv-
lebis Tu mimocvlis) miekuTvneba TiToeuli reaqcia? aq ganxilul SemTxveveb-
Si romeli tipis reaqciaa egzoTermuli da romeli – endoTermuli.
a) H 2 + Cl2→ b) Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 →
4KClO3 t 3KClO4 +KCl N2+O2 t   2NO

g) Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4→ d) 2NaNO3 t 2NaNO2 + O2

Hg(NO3)2 + Zn→ Zn+H2SO4(ganz)→

a) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl radgan gacxeleba mxolod dasawyisSia saWiro, Semdeg ki

reaqcia TavisTavad mimdinareobs, e. i. egzoTermulia.
2KClO3 → 3KClO4 + KCl
gacxeleba saWiroa bolomde, e. i. endoTermulia. reaqcia rom bolomde wa-
rimarTos, saWiroa energiis garedan miwodeba.
b) Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4→ 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4.
reaqcia egzoTermulia,
N2 + O2 → 2NO _ endoTermuli.

81
g) 3Ca(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O _ egzoTermuli;
Hg(NO3)2 + Zn→ Zn(NO3)2 + Hg _ egzoTermuli.
d) 2NaNO3 → NaNO2 + O2 _ endoTermuli.
Zn+H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2↓ egzoTermuli.

a) SeerTebis (egzoTermuli);
daSlis (endoTermuli);
b) mimocvlis (egzoTermuli);
SeerTebis (endoTermuli);
g) mimocvlis (egzoTermuli);
Canacvlebis (egzoTermuli);
d) daSlis (endoTermuli);
Canacvlebis (egzoTermuli).

82
 saSinao davaleba

  1   maswavlebelma moswavleebs Cautara aseTi cda:

faifuris rodinSi moaTavsa gogirdis fxvnili, daamata natriumis patara

naWeri da narevis aqtiuri gasresa daiwyo. moswavleebma maleve gaiges feTqe-
bis xma, SeniSnes naperwklebi da kaSkaSa naTebac ki.

es reaqcia endoTermulia Tu egzoTermuli? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

SeadgineT reaqciis toloba. miuTiTeT reaqciis tipi.

2Na +S → Na2S _ SeerTebis reaqcia.
reaqcia aris egzoTermuli, radgan midis feTqebiT siTbos gamoyofis gamo,
amaze miuTiTebs kaSkaSa naTeba da naperwklebi reaqciis procesSi.

  2   ras fiqrobT, fotosinTezi egzoTermuli procesia Tu endoTermu-

li? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi. SeadareT fotosinTezi sunTqvis process energe-
tikuli TvalsazrisiT. SeadgineT fotosinTezis procesis energetikuli dia-
grama.

fotosinTezi endoTermuli procesia, is mzis sinaTlis gareSe ar mimdi-

nareobs. rac Seexeba sunTqvas, is egzoTermuli procesia. fotosinTezis
procesis energetikul diagramas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

bmebis gawyveta
energia (kj)

6O2 + C6H12O6

6H2O+6CO2

reaqciis gza

a) 11.2 suraTze gamosaxulia kvlevis procesi amoniumis nitratis wyalSi

gaxsnisas. axseniT, ra procesia es energetikuli TvalsazrisiT. daaxloebiT ra
temperaturas SeiZleba uCvenebdes Termometri dasawyisSi? amoniumis nitratis
wyalSi gaxsnis Semdeg? ratom?

sur.11.2 amoniumis
nitratis wyalSi gaxsnis
procesis gamokvleva.

moipoveT informacia, sad da risTvis iyeneben am movlenas praqtikaSi?

83
 b) rodesac macivari xelmisawvdomi ar aris, zafxulis maRali temperaturis
dros sazamTros, gacivebis mizniT, sufris marilis wyalxsnarSi aTavseben. dage-
gmeT cda da gamoikvlieT, energetikuli cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, es procesi.
Termometris saSualebiT ramdenjerme gazomeT xsnaris temperatura da
daafiqsireT minimaluri Cveneba. SegaxsenebT, rom yovel 100 g wyalSi 36 g sufris
marili ixsneba.
a) vinaidan Wiqa sadgams eyineba, temperatura aris nuls qvemoT, e. i. procesi
mimdinareobs garemodan didi raodenobiT siTbos STanTqmiT da es aris endoTermu-
li procesi. dasawyisSi Termometri daafiqsirebda oTaxis temperaturas, daaxloe-
biT 20°C. amoniumis nitratis wyalxsnaris temperatura ki iqneboda nuls qvemoT.
es movlena praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba civi kompresebis dasamzadeblad.

b) saWiroa aviRoT 100 g wyali, gavzomoT misi temperatura, CaviniNSnoT, gavx-

snaT masSi 36 g sufris marili da temperatura kvlav gavzomoT.

cda gviCvenebs, rom am procesSi siTbo STainTYqmeba da is endoTermulia. tem-

peraturis dafiqsirebis mizniT, is unda gavzomoT maSin, rodesac 36 g sufris
marili srulad gaixsneba.

84
praqtikuli mecadineoba

reaqciis Termoqimiuri toloba 2.1.2

gaixseneT: ra aris qimiuri bma? ra tipis qimiuri bmebia TqvenTvis cnobili? ra ms-
gavseba-gansxvavebaa maT Soris? ra aris bmis energia?
atomTa Soris kavSirs qimiuri bma ewodeba.
qimiuri bma ZiriTadad ori tipisaa – kovalenturi da ionuri.
ionebs Soris eletrostatikuri mizidvis ZalebiT damyarebul bmas, ionuri bma
ewodeba.
qimiur bmas, romelic or atoms Soris saziaro eleqtronuli wyviliT myardeba,
kovalenturi bma ewodeba.
bmis energia erT mol nivTierebaSi erTi da imave saxis bmebis gasawyvetad saWiro
energiaa. bmis gawyvetas energia esaWiroeba. axali bmebis Camoyalibebisas ki en-
ergia gamoiyofa.
metalebSi myardeba metaluri bma. bmas, romelic myardeba metalis dadebiTad
damuxtul ionebs Soris Tavisuflad moZravi eleqtronebis mizidvis saSualebiT,
metaluri bma ewodeba.

a) migaCniaT Tu ara, rom qimiuri reaqciisTvis marTebulia energiis mud­mi­vo­

bis kanoni. daasabuTeT Tqveni va­ra­udi.
b) ra raodenobis siTbo STainTqmeba:
1) 4 moli wylis daSlisas;
2) 8 moli wylis daSlisas.
g) kidev romeli kanonia marTebuli qimiuri reaqciisaTvis?

energiis mudmivobis kanoni marTebulia,

egzoTermuli reaqciis
radgan gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba udris
energetikuli diagrama
STanTqmuli siTbos raodenobas.
bmebis gawyveta – oTxi orjer metia orze, maSasadame, or-
jer meti siTbo STainTqmeba,
rva oTxjer metia orze, maSasadame, oTxjer
STanTqmuli

gamoyofili
energia

energia

meti siTbo STainTqmeba.

energia

reagentebi
1 moli H2
1 moli Cl2
siTburi produqti gaaanalizeT da aRwereT
efeqti +Q 2 moli HCl diagrama, ratom aris es
reaqcia egzoTermuli?

reaqciis mimarTuleba, reagenti – produqti

diagramidan Cans, rom sawyis nivTierebebSi

wyalbadisa da qloris narevi mzis
bmebis gawyvetaze naklebi energia ixarjeba,
sinaTleze feTqdeba. afeTqeba
vidre reaqciis produqtebSi axali bmebis
imis niSania, rom gamoiyofa didi
ra­odenobiT energia, e. i., es reaq- warmoqmnisas gamoiyofa. amitom reaqcia
cia egzoTermulia: egzoTermulia.
Cl2(a) + H2(a) → 2HCl(a) + Q
suraTze gamosaxulia am reaqciis
energetikuli diagrama.

85
 endoTermuli reaqciis
energetikuli diagrama

bmebis gawyveta

gamoyofili
energia
STanTqmuli
energia
energia

diagramidan Cans, rom sawyis nivTi­

reagentebi
1 moli H2 erebebSi bmebis gawyvetaze meti energia
1 moli CO
ixarjeba, vidre reaqciis produqtebSi
1 moli C siTburi produqti
1 moli H2O efeqti –Q axali bmebis warmoqmnisas gamoiyofa. amitom
reaqcia endoTermulia.
reaqciis mimarTuleba, reagenti produqti

Tu gavarvarebul naxSirze
wylis orTqls gavatarebT,
miiReba naxSirbad(II)-is oqsidi
da wyalbadi
C+H2O → CO + H2 – Q,
es reaqcia endoTermulia. su-
raTze gamosaxulia am reaqciis
enegetikuli diagrama.

gaaanalizeT da aRwereT
diagrama, ratom aris es
reaqcia endoTermuli?

ra udevs safuZvlad reaqciis Termoqimiuri tolobis mixedviT gaanga­

riSebebs?

reaqciis Termoqimiuri tolobis mixedviT gaangariSebebs safuZvlad udevs

igive algoriTmi, romelsac viyenebT qimiuri reaqciis tolobiT SesaZlebeli
sxva gaangariSebebis dros.
magaliTad, masis, moculobis an raodenobis (molis) gaangariSeba, rodesac
cnobilia reaqciaSi monawile erT-erTi nivTierebis masa, moculoba an raodenoba.

saSinao davaleba

  1   mrewvelobaSi kalciumis oqsids (Caumqral kirs) kalciumis karbonatis

daSliT iReben. SeadgineT kalciumis karbonatis daSlis Termoqimiuri tolo-
ba, Tu cnobilia, rom is warmoiqmneba egzoTermuli reaqciis Sedegad:
CaO(my) + CO2(a) → CaCO3 (my).
axseniT, ris safuZvelze SeasruleT davaleba.
Tu kalciumis karbonatis warmoqmna egzoTermuli procesia, am reaq­ciis Ter-
moqimiuri toloba iqneba
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3+Q.
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, CaCO3-is daSlis reaqcia iqneba en-
_
doTermuli: CaCO3 → CaO+ CO2 Q.
86
  2   Weqa-quxilisa da elvis dros, eleqtruli ganmuxtvis gamo gamoyofili en-
ergiis xarjze, atmosferoSi azoti da Jangbadi erTmaneTs uerTdeba. am reaq-
ciis Ter­mo­qimiuri tolobaa

N2 (a) + O2 (a) 2NO(a) – 180 kj.

gamoTvaleT siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa:

a) sami moli azotis dasaJangad;

b) 4.8 g azotis dasaJangad;

g) 11.2 l (n.p) azotis dasaJangad;

d) sami moli NO-s misaRebad.

3 x 3 ⋅ 180
a) SevadginoT Tanafardoba: = ; x= =  540 kj.
1 180 1

b) vipovoT, ramdeni molia 4.8 g N2:

m 4.8
n= ; n(N2) = = 0.17 moli.
M 28

SevadginoT moluri Tanafardoba:

0.17 x
= ; x = 0.17⋅180 =30.8 kj.
1 180

g) vipovoT, ramdeni molia 11.2 l N2.

V 11.2
n= V ; n(N2)= =0.5 moli.
M 22.4
0.5 x 0.5⋅180
SevadginoT Tanafardoba: = ; x= 1 =  90 kj.
1 180
3 x 3⋅180
d) SevadginoT Tanafardoba: = ; x= =  270 kj.
2 180 2

  3   tute metalTa nitratebi gaxurebisas advilad iSleba Jangbadis gamoyo-

fiT. maT am Tvisebas asafeTqebeli narevis dasamzadeblad iyeneben. gamoian-
gariSeT, siT­bos ra raodenobaa saWiro 6.72 l (n.p) Jangbadis warmosaqmnelad
Semdegi reaqciiT:

2KNO3(my) t 2KNO2(my) + O2(a) – 73.74 kj.

davadginoT Jangbadis molebis raodenoba:

V 6.72 l
n= ; n(O2)= 22.4 l/moli = 0.3 moli.
VM
0.3 x 0.3 ⋅73.74
SevadginoT moluri Tanafardoba: = ; x= 1 ; x = 22.12 kj.
1 73.74

87
 saSinao davaleba

  1   suraTze gamosaxulia wyalbadisa da qloris molekulaTa modelebi. aRwer-

ilia maTi urTierTqmedebiT qlorwyalbadis molekulebis warmoqmna.
II. qlorisa
da wyalbadis III. atomebis
molekulebis SeerTebis
H Cl H Cl
daSlis Sedegad Cl Cl Cl Sedegad
Cl Cl Cl Cl H H
H H miRebuli axali
H Cl
miRebuli
molekulebi. H Cl
atomebi H H
H H H H H H Cl Cl Cl
H Cl H Cl
H H
Cl Cl Cl Cl
H Cl Cl H Cl H Cl
H
I. qlorisa da wyalbadis
molekulebSi atomebi
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan

a) II procesi endoTermulia, radgan bmebis gasawyvetad saWiroa energia.

III procesi egzoTermulia, radgan bmebis warmoqmnisas gamoiyofa energia.
b) radgan mTlianobaSi reaqcia egzoTermulia, II procesze STanTqmul ener-
gias aWarbebs III procesze gamoyofili energia.
g) H2 +Cl2→ 2HCl +Q.
  2   1 g cximis `dawvisas~ organizmSi gamoiyofa, daaxloebiT, 38 kj siTbo, xolo
1 g naxSirwylis an cilis dawvisas – 17 kj. am monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTva-
leT rZis energetikuli Rirebuleba 100 g produqtze gadaangariSebiT.

100 g produqti Seicavs:

cximi – 2.5 g;

cila – 2.9 g;

naxSirwyali – 3.9 g.

ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa am nivTierebebis organizmSi wvasa da haerze wvas So-

ris?
ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa Tu imave masis cilas, cximsa da naxSirwyals
haerze davwvavT? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.
cximi: 2.5 ⋅ 38  = 95 kj
cila: 2.9 ⋅17 = 49.3 kj
naxSirwyali: 3.9 ⋅17  =  66.3 kj
sul: 210.6 kj
imave masis igive nivTierebis haerze dawviT gamoiyofa kvlav 210.6 kj siT-
bo, gansxvaveba isaa, rom organizmSi siTbo TandaTan gamoiyofa, haerze daw-
visas ki – erTbaSad.

2   suraTebze mocemulia magniumis JangbadSi wvis reaqciisa da malaqitis daS-

lis reaqciis energetikuli diagramebi. TiToeul diagramas miuwereT argu-
mentirebuli komentari.

ramdeni energia ixarjeba sawyis nivTierebebSi bmebis gawyvetaze da ramdeni gamoi-

yofa axali bmebis warmoqmnisas?
reaqcia egzoTermulia Tu endoTermuli da ratom? gamoTvaleT reaqciis siTburi
efeqti.
88
 bmebis gawyveta

789 kj

energia
2Mg(my) + O2(a)
1993 kj

2MgO(my)

reaqciis mimarTuleba

sur. magniumis JangbadSi wvis reaqciis energetikuli diagrama

bmebis gawyveta
energia

4114 kj 4067 kj

2CuO(my) + H2O(a) + CO2(a)

Cu2(OH)2CO3(my)

reaqciis mimarTuleba

sur. malaqitis daSlis energetikuli diagrama

2 mol magniumsa da erT mol JangbadSi qimiuri bmebis gawyvetas esaWiroeba 789
kj energia. axali qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnisas 2 mol magniumis oqsidSi gamoiyofa
1993 kj energia. sawyisi qimiuri bmebis darRvevas gacilebiT naklebi energia es-
aWiroeba, vidre gamoiyofa axlis warmoqmnisas. amitom sabolood gamoiyofa 1204
kj energia (1993-789=1204), reaqcia egzoTemulia.
malaqitis daSlis reaqciaSi sawyisi qimiuri bmebis gawyvetas esaWiroeba 4114
kj energia, xolo reaqciis produqtebSi axali qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnisas ga-
moiyofa 4067 kj energia, amitom mTel process Tan axlavs energiis STanTqma, ro-
melic 47 kj-is tolia (4114-4067=47), reaqcia endoTermulia.

89
 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
2.1.3
  1   qimiis saxelmZRvaneloze dayrdnobiT, SeavseT cxrili nimuSis mixedviT.
sadac sapirispiro isrebia, SeadgineT sapirispiro reaqciis Termoqimiuri
toloba, axseniT, rogor gamoiyeneT am dros energiis mudmivobis kanoni.

endoTermu-
reaqciis Termoqimiuri toloba reaqciis tipi egzoTermuli
li
2Cu +O2 → 2CuO + 310kj SeerTebis egzoTermuli
HH2 +I2 +52kj 2HI
N2 +O2 2NO – 180 kj
2KNO3 →2KNO2+O2–73,74 kj
NaOH +HCl → NaCl+H2O +Q
N2+3H2 2NH3+92kj
2K +2H2O – Q → 2KOH+H2
2HI H2+ I2+ 52kj
2NO N2+ O2+ 180kj
2NH3 N2+ 3H2– 92kj
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, pirdapiri reaqciis dros gamoyofili
an STanTqmuli siTbos raodenoba udris sapirispiro reaqciis dros gamoyofil an
STanTqmul siTbos raodenobas.
200
2   suraTze asaxuli diagramis mixedviT 180
160
imsjeleT da ga­moTvaleT, ras udris
140
A+B→C reaqciis siTburi efeqti. reaqcia
120
endoTermulia Tu egzoTermuli? ratom?
100
A+B
80
energia (kj)

siTburi efeqtia 80kj–40kj=+40kj. reaq-

60
cia egzoTermulia, vinaidan reaqciis msvle- C
40
lobisas siTbo gamoiyofa.
20

3   suraTze asaxuli diagramis mixedviT reaqciis msvleloba

imsjeleT da ga­moT­valeT, ras udris C→ A+B reaqciis siTburi efeqti. reaqcia

endoTermulia Tu egzoTermuli? ratom?

200
180
160
140
120
100 A+B siTburi efeqti udris:
20 kj – 80 kj= –60kj.
energia (kj)

80
60
reaqcia endoTermulia, vinaidan reaqciis
C msvlelobisas siTbo STainTqmeba. gamoyo-
40
20
fili energia naklebia daxarjul ener-
giaze.
reaqciis msvleloba

90
4   a) aRwereT, ra procesia sunTqva?
b) ro­meli organuli naerTebi xvdeba Cvens organizmSi sakvebTan erTad? ra mi­
iReba am nivTierebebis organizmSi sa­bo­loo gar­daqmniT? ra kavSiri aqvs amas
sun­Tqvas­Tan?
g) aRwereT sunTqvis procesi energetikuli TvalsazrisiT. SeadgineT,
magaliTad, Saqris daJangvis reaqciis Termoqimiuri toloba, Tu am dros
gamoiyofa 5650 kj energia. SeadgineT reaqciis energetikuli diagramac.
ra gansxvavebaa organizmSi da haerze Saqris daJangvis procesebs Soris?
d) ra nivTierebaa atf da ra rols asrulebs is organizmSi?

a) sunTqva organizmis energomomaragebisa da sakvebi nivTierebebis gardaqmnis

umniSvnelovanesi procesia.
b) Cven da yoveli organizmi sicocxlisaTvis auci­lebel nivTierebebs sakvebis
saSualebiT viRebT. sakvebTan erTad, Cvens organizmSi xvdeba organuli naerTebi –
cximebi, cilebi da naxSirwylebi. es nivTierebebi Tanmimdevrul qimiur reaqciaTa
jaWvSia Cabmuli da sabolood, naxSirorJangad da wylad gardaiqmneba.
g) organul naerTTa daJangvis saboloo produqtebia naxSirbadis dioqsidi da
wyali. magaliTad, Saqris daJangva SesaZloa ase gamov- bmebis gawyveta
saxoT:

energia (kj)
C12H22O11+12O2 → 12CO2+11H2O + 5650 kj. C12H22O11+12O2

+Q
es xom metismetad didi energiaa! – ityviT Tqven da
5650kj 12CO +11H O
marTalic iqnebiT. 2 2

sakvebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, Saqari, erTbaSad srulad reaqciis gza

rom daiJangos, Saqris ramdenime natexi ukve organiz-

mis gadaxurebas gamoiwvevda.
Cvens organizmSi daJangvis procesi TandaTan mimdinareobs da Cvenc am ener­gias
cxovelmoqmedebisaTvis TandaTan viyenebT.
d) imisaTvis, rom Cveni organizmis ener­gia gamoviyenoT, saWiroa is dagrovili
iyos ujredebSi, saamisod saWiroa erTgvari akumulatori, romelic yvela cocxal
organizmSia. aseT funqcias asrulebs gansakuTrebuli nivTiereba – adenozintri-
fosformJava, romelsac mokled atf-s uwodeben.

5   hidrazini N2H4 JangbadSi iwvis. reaqciis tolobas Semdegi saxe aqvs:

H H H
N N (a) + O = O(a) → NN ≡ N(a) + 2 O (a)
H H H

a) CamoTvaleT, ramdeni bma unda gawydes sawyis nivTierebebSi?

Bb) CamoTvaleT axlad Seqmnili bmebi reaqciis Sedegad miRebul nivTierebebSi;

g) gamoTvaleT energia, romelic saWiroa sawyis nivTierebebSi bmebis ga­saw­

yvetad. aseve – energia. romelic gamoiyofa, rodesac axali bmebi yalibdeba
(bmis energiebs Semdegi mniSvnelobebi aqvs:

N – H 391kj/moli; N – N 158 kj/moli;

N ≡N 945kj/moli; O–H 564 kj/moli; O = O 498 kj/moli.

91
 d) gamoTvaleT reaqciis siTburi efeqti;

e) mTlianobaSi energia STainTqmeba Tu gamoiyofa?

v) daxazeT reaqciis energetikuli diagrama;

z) ramdeni energia gamoiyofa, Tu 64 g hidrazini daiwveba JangbadSi?

T) aris Tu ara hidrazini sawvavad vargisi da ratom?

a) sawyis nivTierebebSi xuTi bmaa, oTxi – hidrazinis molekulaSi da erTi or-

magi bma, Jangbadis molekulaSi.
b) axlad Seqmnili bmebia: erTi sammagi bma azotis molekulaSi da ori erTmagi
bma wylis molekulaSi. gvaqvs wylis ori molekula, amitom bmebis ricxvia oTxi;
g) bmebis gasawyvetad saWiro energiaa:
391⋅4+498+158 =2220(kj);
axali bmebis Camoyalibebisas gamoyofili energiaa:
945+4⋅564=2256+945=3201(kj);
d) reaqciis siTburi efeqti:
3201 – 2220=981(kj);

e) mTlianobaSi reaqcia egzoTermulia, radgan axali bmebis Camoyalibe-

bisas gamoyofili energia aRemateba bmebis gawyvetaze daxarjul energias,
siTbo gamoiyofa.

bmebis gawyveta
v)
energia (kj)

2220 kj

3201 kj

+Q981 kj

reaqciis gza

z) reaqciis Termoqimiuri tolobaa

64 x
N2H4+ O2 →N2 + 2H2O + 981kj
32

64 x 64.981
= x= =1962 (kj)
32 981 32

T) hidrazini sawvavad vargisia, radgan wvis procesSi gamoiyofa didi rao-

denobiT siTbo da amave dros wvis Sedegadac ar gamoiyofa mavne nivTierebebi,
magaliTad, azotis oqsidebi.

92
 kompleqsuri davaleba #1

qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze moqmedi faqtorebi

niadagis momatebuli mJavianoba xSirad cudi mosavlis mizezi xdeba, am dros

fermerebs urCeven niadagSi dafqvili kirqvis (CaCO3) an Camqrali kiris (Ca(OH)2)
Setanas.
am dros qimiuri reaqciebi gansxvavebuli siCqariT mimdinareobs.rogor
fiqrobT, romeli nivTierebis da ra formiT Setana uzrunvelyofs niagadis
mJavianobis Semcirebas?
SeiswavleT eqsperimentulad qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi
(danarTi ##1, #2) mocemuli instruqciis Sesabamisad, ganazogadeT daskvnebi da
mosavlianobis gasazrdelad fermerisTvis SeimuSaveT rekomendaciebi.

naSromi warmoadgineT posteris saSualebiT.

• rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moreagire nivTierebis
koncentracia, zedapiris farTobi (kalciumis karbonatsa da marilmJavas Soris
mimdinare qimiuri reaqciis magaliTze)? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. (nivT. 1, 3,
4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2).
• rogor moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze temperatura (kalciumis
karbonatsa da marilmJavas Soris mimdinare qimiuri reaqciis magaliTze)?
daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. (nivT. 1, 3, 4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2).
• ra rekomendaciebs SeimuSavebT fermerisTvis niadagis mJavianobis
Sesamcireblad? (nivT. 1, 3, 4 fiz. da qim. movl. 1, 2).
• rogor gamoiyenebT qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebis
gavlenis Sesaxeb codnas yofa-cxovrebaSi mimdinare romelime procesis
samarTavad? ( nivT.1,3 da qim. movl. 1, 2).

• moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentraciis gazrdiT qimiuri reaqciis siCqare izrdeba.

cdis mixedviT, reaqcia ufro swrafad mimdinareobs im sinjaraSi, sadac marilmJavas
koncentracia iyo ufro meti (10%).
moreagire nivTierebaT^a Sexebis zedapiris farTobis gazrda aseve zrdis qimiuri
reaqciis siCqares. cdis mixedviT reaqcia ufro swrafad warimarTa im sinjaraSi,
romelSic moaTavses carcis fxvnili.
• temperaturis gazrdiT qimiuri reaqciis siCqare izrdeba. reaqcia ufro swrafad
warimarTa im sinjaraSi, romelic gaaxures spirtquris alze.
• fermerma niadagSi unda Seitanos dafqvili kirqva an gafxvierebuli Camqralia
kiri. radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi mJavasa da aRniSNul nivTierebebs SOoris reaqcia ufro
swrafad warimarTeba.
• vinaidan reaqcias aCqarebs temperaturis gazrda, Semcireba ki – piriqiT, amcirebs
reaqciis siCqares, sakveb produqtebs, maTi male gafuQWebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,
vinaxavTY macivarSiU.
cecxlis Caqrobisas gavacalkevebT SeSis naWrebs, raTa Sexebis zedapiris farTobi
Semcirdes, davasxamT wyals, temperaturis Sesamcireblad.
cecxlis Caqrobisas sasurvelia aseve haeris (Jangbadis) miwodebis SezRudva,
risTvisac aalebul sagans unda gadavafaroT sqeli qsovili.

93
 qimiuri reaqciis siCqare 2.2.1
gaixseneT:
rogor sazRvravT avtomobilis moZraobis siCares? ra aris siCqaris erTeuli
am SemTxvevaSi?

avtomobilis moZraobis siCqare ganisazRvreba mis mier gavlili manZilis

SefardebiT drosTan.
S
ʊ= erTeuli, magaliTad, km/sT.
t
cda

a) qimiur WiqaSi CaasxiT 3-4 ml bariumis qloridis xsnari, imoqmedeT masze

amdenive natriumis sulfatis xsnariT;
b) mcire zomis qimiur WiqaSi CaasxiT 4-5 ml marilmJava da CauSviT masSi
TuTiis granula;
g) imsjeleT rkinis sagnebis zedapirze Jangis warmoqmnis reaqciis siCqareze.
qvemoT CamoTvlili winadadebebidan romliT daaxasiaTebdiT reaqciis-
mimdinareobas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi: `mimdinareobs wamierad~, `mimdi­
nareobs swrafad, magram ara wamierad~, `mimdinareobs nela~.

1) bariumis qloridis xsnarsa da natriumis sulfatis xsnars Soris reaqcia

mimdinareobs wamierad.
2) TuTiis granula marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebs swrafad, magram – ara
wamierad.
3) rkinis sagnebi iJangeba nela.

SeadareT es reaqciebi erTmaneTs, ra tips miakuTvnebdiT TiToeul maT-

gans:
a) reaqciaSi Sesuli da reaqciis Sedegad miRebuli nivTi­ere­bebis ricxvisa
da Sedgenilobis mixedviT?
b) reaqciis siTburi efeq­ tis mixedviT?
g) ra niSnebiT ganasxvavebdiT am reaqciebs erTmaneTisagan?

orive reaqcia SeerTebisaa da egzoTermulia.

gansxvaveba marTlac arsebobs: wyalbadisa da azotis urTierTqmedebisas

sareaqcio sistema erTgvarovania. orive nivTiereba airad mdgomareobaSia. maT
Soris gamyofi zedapiri ar arsebobs, qimiuri reaqcia erTnairad vrceldeba
sareaqcio sistemis mTel moculobaSi. es reaqcia homogenuria, myar nivTiereba
naxSirsa da airad nivTiereba Jangbads Soris mimdinare reaqcia ki – heter-
ogenuli.

94
 paragrafis dasawyisSi ganxiluli reaqciebidan, romelia homogenuri da ro-
meli heteroge­nuli? pasuxi ganmarteT.

homogenuria natriumis sulfatsa da bariumis qlorids Soris mimdinare

reaqcia, radgan is mimdinareobs xsnarSi. sxva reaqciebi heterogenulia, radgan
isini mimdinareobs moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapirze.

grafikis mixedviT imsje­leT: ratom vamatebT reaqciis siC­qa­ris cne­bas sit­

yvas `saSualo~ – `re­aqciis saSu­alo siCqare~.

reaqciis saSualo siCqares ganvixilavTY nivTierebis koncentraciis

cvlilebiT, ara drois mocemul momentSi, aramed – drois garkveul SualedSi.
am Sualedis sxvadasxva momentSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva siCqare iyos, Tumca Cven
vsazRvravT saSUualos.

100
90
CO2-is koncentracia

III
80
70
60 II

50
40
30
20
I

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 dro, wm

sur. 22.1. reaqciis myisieri siCqare drois sxvadasxva momentSi, I reaqciis dasawyisSi, II
reaqciis dawyebidan 40 wm-is Semdeg, III reaqciis dawyebidan 90 wm-is Semdeg.
mrudi asaxavs CO2-is moculobis cvlilebas drois mixedviT. CO2 gamoiyofa Sem­degi
reaqciis Sedegad: CaCO3(my) + 2HCl(wy.xs) → CaCl2(wy.xs.) + H2O + CO2↑

ra informacias gvawvdis 22.1 suraTze asaxuli grafiki? rodisaa meti rea-

qciis siCqare, dasawyisSi, 40 wm-is Semdeg Tu 90 wm-is Semdeg? ris mixedviT
gamoitaneT daskvna?

grafikidan Cans, rom reaqciis siCqare TandaTan mcirdeba. reaqciis siCqare

yvelaze metia dasawyisSi. naklebia reaqciis dawyebidan 40 wm-is Semdeg, 90 wm-is
Semdeg ki TiTqmis nuls utoldeba. amas mianiSnebs mrudisadmi mxebis daxris kuTxe.

95
  

1 davuSvaT, Aori airadi rTuli nivTiereba iSleba martiv nivTiere­bebad.

AB®A+B; CD®C+D. reaqcia mimdinareobs toli moculobis or WurWelSi.
reaqciis dawyebidan 10 wT-is Semdeg AB nivTierebis moluri koncentracia
Semcirda 0.03 moli/l-iT, CB D-si ki – 0.025 moli/l-iT.
romeli reaqcia mimdinareobs ufro swrafad? pasuxi ganmarteT.
koncentraciazec. moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTi.

rac ufro meti nivTiereba daiSleba, e. i. daixarjeba, drois erTsa da

imave SualedSi, miT ufro swrafad mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqcia. 0.03>0.025.
amitom ufro swrafad mimdinareobs reaqcia AB→A+B.

2 SesTavazeT Tanaklaselebsa da maswavlebels qimiuri reaqciis iseTi zoga-

di modeli, romlis siCqarec damokidebulia moreagire nivTi­erebaTa:
a) mxolod Sexebis zedapiris farTobis sidideze. moiyvaneT konkretuli
magaliTi;
b) Sexebis zedapiris farTobis sididezec da airadi nivTierebebis molur
KONkoncentraciazec. moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTi.
g) Sexebis zedapiris farTobis sididezec da xsnaris koncentraciazec;
d) mxolod molur koncentraciaze.

a) es aris reaqcia or myar nivTierebas Soris. reaqcia rkinasa da gogirds

Soris damokidebulia am ori nivTierebis Sexebis zedapiris farTobze.
b) es aris reaqcia myarsa da airad nivTierebas Soris, magaliTad, naxSiris
wva.
g) es aris reaqcia myar nivTierebasa da xsnars Soris, magaliTad, TuTiasa
da marilmJavas Soris.
d) es aris reaqcia xsnarebs Soris.
magaliTad, reaqcia mJavasa da tutis xsnars Soris.

saSinao davaleba

  1   erT SemTxvevaSi, TuTiis granulas daamates marilmJava, romlis koncentraciaa

0.05 moli/l. meore SemTxvevaSi TuTiis aseTive granulas daamates mar­il­mJa­va,
romlis koncentracia 0.01 moli/l. romel SemTxvevaSi Seva reaqciaSi TuTia ufro
swrafad?
pasuxi daasabuTeT gaangariSebiT, Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi marilmJava mTlianad
daixarja 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – 3 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi­­­­ reaqciis siCqare iqneba:

∆C 0.05 moli/l
= = = 0.025 moli/l⋅wT.
∆t 2wT

meore SemTxvevaSi – = ∆C = 0.01 moli/l

≈ 0.003 moli/l⋅wT.
∆t 3wT
e. i. pirvel SemTxvevaSi reaqcia ufro swrafad warimarTa.

96
2   qvemoT warmodgenilia reaqciebi, romlebic SesaZloa warimarTos Cvens saxlSi.
daalageT isini daRmavali mimarTulebiT. pirvelad dawereT is, romelic yvelaze
swrafad warimarTeba.
a) saRebavis gaSroba; b) xilis lpoba;
g) bunebrivi airis wva; d) namcxvris cxoba;
e) metalis abazanis daJangva.

bunebrivi airis wva, namcxvris cxoba, saRebavis gaSroba, xilis lpoba,

metalis abazanis daJangva.

97
praqtikuli mecadineoba

reaqciis siCqaris gaangariSeba 2.2.2

1   qlorbutanze wylis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba butilis spir-
ti da marilmJava
C4H9Cl(Tx.) + H2O(Tx.) → C4H9OH(wy.xs.) + HCl(wy. xs)
cxriliT mocemulia am reaqciis siCqare drois sxvadasxva SualedSiU
a) gaangariSebiT daasabuTeT, rom reaqciis saSualo siCqare misi daw­ye­bidan
50 wm-is ganmavlobaSi aris 1.90⋅10–4moli/l.wm.
b) iangariSeT reaqciis saSualo siCqare 50 wm-dan 150 wm-mde Su­aledSi.
g) cxrilis monacemebze day­rdno­biT imsjeleT, mcirdeba Tu iz­rdeba reaq-
ciis siCqare droTa gan­mavlobaSi? axseniT
saSualo siCqare
– ratom. C H Cl-is koncentracia
4 9 moli ∙ l ∙ wm
–1 –1

dro wm moli/l (moli/l . wm)

a) vinaidan sawyisi nivTiereba qlor-
0 0.1000
butani reaqciis procesSi ixarjeba da misi 1.90 ∙ 10–4
50 0.0905
koncentracia mcirdeba, amitom reaqciis 1.70 ∙ 10–4
100 0.0820
1.58 ∙ 10–4
siCqaris gamosaxulebis win iqneba minusi. 150 0.0741
1.40 ∙ 10
–4
200 0.0671
∆C 1.22 ∙ 10–4
b) = – 300 0.0549
1.01 ∙ 10–4
∆t 400 0.0448
0.80 ∙ 10–4
500 0.0368
∆C = C2(C4H9Cl) – C1(C4H9Cl) 800 0.0200
0.56 ∙ 10–4
∆t = t2 – t1 10 000 0

(0.0905–0.1000) moli/l)
=– =1.90⋅10–4moli/l.wm.
(50–0)wm
∆C
b) = –
∆t
(0.0074–0.0905) moli/l)
=– =1.64⋅10–4moli/l.wm.
(150–50)wm
g) cxrilis monacemebidan Cans, rom reaqciis siCqare droTa ganmavlobaSi
iklebs. es aixsneba imiT, rom sawyisi nivTierebebi TandaTan ixarjeba da maTi
koncentracia mcirdeba.

2   suraTze xedavT wyalbadis peroqsidis daSlis mruds. iangariSeT

misi daSlis saSuali siCqare reaqciis dawyebidan 120 wT-ian SualedSi.
c(H2O2) mol/dm3

3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
dro (wT)
sur. wyalbadis peroqsidis daSlis mrudi

98
 ∆C=1.7moli/l – 3.4moli/l=–1.7moli/l.

∆C=120sT – 0sT=120sT.
∆C –1.7 moli/l
ʋ= – ∆t
=–
120sT
= – (– 0,01417moli/l.sT) ≈ 0.014moli/l.sT.

saSinao davaleba

1. metalurgiul qarxanaSi madnisagan rkinis miRebis procesSi naxSir-

bad(II)-is oqsidi CO monawileobs. amitom am procesis siCqareze msjeloba Se-
saZlebelia CO-is koncentraciis cvlilebiT.
26.1 suraTze mocemuli grafikis monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTvaleT
reaqciis siCqare drois pirvel aT wuTian da meore aT wuTian monakveTSi.

50
CO-s koncentracia moli/l.

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

10 20 30 40 dro t (wT)

sur. 26.1. CO-s koncentraciis cvlileba drois mixedviT

gamovTvaloT reaqciis siCqare drois pirvel monakveTSi. vinaidan CO-s

koncentracia mcirdeba, SegviZlLia davweroTY:
∆C (24moli/l–50moli/l) = 2.6 moli/l⋅wT.
=– =–
∆t 10wT

drois momdevno, 10 wT-ian SualedSi, reaqciis saSuUalo siCqare iqneba:

(16moli/l–24moli/l) = 8 moli/l = 0.8 moli/l.wT.

=–
10wT 10wT

99
 2. suraTze gamosaxulia magniumis marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis reaq-
ciis Sedegad gamoyofili wyalbadis moculobis cvlileba drois mixedviT.
a) grafikis mixedviT, rogor vxvdebiT, rodis sruldeba reaqcia?
b) grafikis mixedviT gansazRvreT, ra moculobis wyalbadi gamoiyofa reaq-
ciis dawyebidan 2.5 wuTis Semdeg? 4.5 wuTis Semdeg?
g) ra droa saWiro. rom warmoiqmnas 10sm3, 20 sm3 moculobis wyalbadi?
d) ras udris wyalbadis gamoyofis siCqare pirveli oTxi wuTis ganmavlobaSi?
xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi?

40
wyalbadis moculoba (sm3)

30

20

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
dro (wT)
sur. magniumis marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili wyalbadis moculobis
cvlileba drois mixedviT.

a) grafikidan Cans, rom me-5 wuTidan dawyebuli, wyalbadis moculoba aRar

izrdeba. e. i. reaqcia damTavrda.
b) reaqciis dawyebidan 2.5 wT-is Semdeg gamoiyofa 28 sm3 wyalbadi, 4.5 wuTis
Semdeg ki – 38 sm3 wyalbadi.
g) 10 sm3 wyalbadi rom warmoiqmnas, saWiroa 0.7 wT. 20sm3-is warmoqmnas esaWi-
roeba 1.5 wT.
d) pirveli oTxi wuTis ganmavlobaSi, gamoiyofa 36sm3 wyalbadi. wyalbadis ga-
moyofis saSualo siCqarea 36 =9(sm3/wT), xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi iqneba
4
40
=8(sm3/wT).
5

100
saSinao cda
natriumis hidrokarbonati, NaHCO3 (sakvebi soda) comis gamafxvi­ereblis
erT-erTi komponentia. cxobis procesSi temperaturis gavleniT hidrokarbo-
nati iSleba naxSirorJangis gamoyofiT, romelic comis ga­fuebas ganapirobebs.
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2↑ – Q
naxSirorJangi gamoiyofa natriumis hidrokarbonatze mJavas moqmedebiTac.
amitom Tu namcxvris coms damatebuli aqvs mcire raodenobiT susti mJava, nax-
SirorJangis gamoyofa da comis gafueba uzrunvelyofilia.
SeiswavleT mJavasTan sakvebi sodis urTierTqmedebis siCqare. amisaTvis:
kolbaSi frTxilad CaasxiT 2-5 ml Zmari (es aris erTi Cais kovzi siTxe),
Semdeg daamateT sakvebi soda.
aRwereT, ra moxda – reaqcia wamieria, swrafi Tu neli? ra darCa kolbis ke-
dlebze?
SeafaseT, ramdenad uwyobs xels mJava garemo comis gafuebas gamafxviere-
blis gamoyenebiT?

mJavasa da hidrokarbonats Soris mimdinare reaqciis procesSi gamoiyofa nax-

SirorJangi. amitom, naxSirorJangis buStebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vims­jeloT, ro-
dis damTavrda reaqcia. es reaqcia swrafia, Tumca – ara wamieri. kolbis kedlebze
darCa reaqciaSi Seusvleli hidrokarbonati, aseve – vaSlLis mJavas hidrokarbo-
natTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili marili.
comis susti mJava garemo xels uwyobs mis gafuebas hidrokarbinatis Semcveli
gamafxviereblis gamoyenebisas.

101
 rogor vmarToT qimiuri reaqcia 2.2.3
» suraTze gamosaxul romel SemTxvevaSi gaRvivdeba cecxli ufro male? ratom?

cecxli ufro male gaRvivdeba mesame SemTxvevaSi, radgan aq Sexebis

zedapiric metia (nafotebia) da haeris nakadic intensiuria, e. i., Jangbadis
koncentracia metia.

gaixseneT:
1. nivTierebaTa xsnarebs Soris ufro swrafad mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqcia,
Tu myar mdgo­ma­reobaSi myof imave nivTierebebs OSoris?

nivTierebaTa xsnerebs Soris reaqcia vrceldeba xsnaris mTel moculobaSi,

amitom is ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre Sexebis zedapirze mimdinare reaqciebi
mYyar nivYToierebebs Soris.

cda

aiReT ori sinjara, oriveSi moaTavseT TuTiis TiTo granula.

erT sinjaraSi CaasxiT 2-3 ml ganza-
vebuli marilmJava, meoreSi ki – imave
moculobisa da koncentraciis Zmarm-
Java.
ras amCnevT? SeafaseT es reaq­ ciebi
siCqaris TvalsazrisiT, gamoitaneT marilmJava ZmarmJava

daskvna.
TuTiis TuTiis
granula granula

(1) (2)

28.1 suraTze, romel SemTxvevaSi Cans

airis meti buStebi? ras miuTiTebs es
faqti?

reaqcia TuTiasa da marilmJavas Soris ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, ra-

sac mowmobs airadi wyalbadis ufro swrafi gamoyofa, vidre – ZmarmJavasa da
TuTiis granulebs Soris.

e. i., pirveli reaqciis siCqare meore reaqciis siCqareze metia.

102
 daakvirdiT suraTs. (a) Tu (b) SemTxvevaSi wari-
marTeba qimiuri reaqcia ufro swrafad? ratom
fiqrobT ase?

qimiuri reaqcia ufro swrafad warimarTeba (b)

SemTxvevaSi, radgan nivTierebis moluri koncentra-
cia, anu nivTierebis raodenoba erTeul moculobaSi
ufro didia – suraTze Cans, rom nawilakebis ricxvi igivea, magram (b) SemTxvevaSi
moculoba naklebia, e. i., koncentracia metia.

cda
erT qimiur QWiqaSi movaTavsoT kaliumis iodidis 4-5 ml xsnari, xolo
meoreSi – amdenive tyvia(II)-is nitratis xsnari. or sxva WiqaSi movaTavsoT
igive nivTierebebi, mxo­lod myar mdgomareobaSi. erTmaneTs SevurioT^ xs-
narebi, ra SeamCnieT? ra aris reaqciis niSani? reaqcia wamierad mimdi-
nareobs, Tu droa saWiro?
SevurioT myari nivTierebebic. am SemTxvevaSi yviTeli feris nivTiereba
nela warmoiqmneba, Tu reaqcia wamierad mimdinareobs?

reaqcia xsnarebs Soris gacilebiT swrafad, wamierad mimdinareobs, warmoiq­

mneba yviTeli feris naleqi:

2KI + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 +PbI2↓

myar nivTierebebs Soris reaqcia mimdinareobs xangrZlivad, droTa ganmav­
lobaSi, am SemTxvevaSic warmoiqmneba yviTeli feris tyviis iodidi.

cda
erT sinjaraSi moaTavseT carcis patara natexi, meoreSi ki – 2-3 g
carcis fxvnili. orives daasxiT Tanabari moculobisa (3-4 ml-mde) da
koncentraciis marilmJava. romel sinjaraSi mimdinareobs ufro swra-
fad reaqcia? ris safuZvelze gamoitaneT daskvna?

reaqcia ufro swrafad wari­

mar­
Teba carcis fxvnilis SemTxvevaSi.

daskvnis gamotanis safuZveli aris is, rom im sinjaraSi, sadac CaCO3-is

lia, ufro didi siCqariT gamoiyofa CO2.
fxvni­

  1   reaqciis siCqareze moqmed romel faqtorebze msjelobisas moiSve-

liebdiT Semdeg magaliTs:
`droTa ganmavlobaSi brinjaos nakeToba alag-alag mwvandeba, minisa da
brolis nakeTobas ki dro verafers aklebs~.
es magaliTi asabuTebs, rom qimiuri reaqciis siCqare damokidebulia
moreagire nivTierebaTa bunebaze.
103
 2   meaTeklaselma moswavleebma gadawyvites, Caataron ori qimiuri reaqcia.
erTi, romelic warimarTeba, rac SeiZleba, swrafad, meore ki – rac SeiZleba,
nela.
saskolo laboratoriaSi maT gankargulebaSia marilmJava, romlis koncentra-
ciaa 0.05 moli/l. marilmJava, romlis koncentraciaa 0.10 moli/l, marilmJava,
romlis koncentraciaa 0.01 moli/l. marmarilos SedarebiT didi zomis natexi,
marmarilos SedarebiT mcire zomis natexebi da marmarilos fxvnili. ra reaq-
tivebi unda SearCion Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad? ratom?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.

reaqcia miT ufro swrafad warimarTeba, rac meti iqneba marilmJavas koncen-
tracia da marmarilos Sexebis zedapiris farTobi.
amitom unda SearCion marmarilos fxvnili da marilmJava, koncentraciiT 0.05
moli/l.
reaqciis siCqare iqneba naklebi, Tu aiReben marmarilos SedarebiT didi zomis
erT natexs da marilmJavas, koncentraciiT 0.01 moli/l, radgan reaqcia miT ufro
nela warimarTeba, rac naklebia Sexebis zedapiris farTobi da naklebia marilmJa-
vas koncentracia.

  3   a) daasaxeleT sami faqtori, romelTa cvlilebasac gavlena aqvs mocemuli

konkretuli reaqciis siCqareze.
b) axseniT, rogor moqmedebs TiToeuli es faqtori.

es sami faqtori SesaZloa iyos nivTierebis koncentracia, misi gazrdiT

reaqciis siCqare izrdeba; Sexebis zedapiris farTobis sidide, misi gazrdiT
reaqciis siCqare izrdeba.
airadi nivTierebebis SemTxvevaSi, wnevis gazrda, radgan, wnevis gazrdiT
mcirdeba moculoba da izrdeba koncentracia. e. i. izrdeba reaqciis siCqare.

saSinao davaleba

  1   romel suraTzea gamosaxuli naxSiris

wva sufTa JangbadSi da romelze – haerSi?
ris safuZ­velze gamoitaneT daskvna?
ramdenjer metia Jangbadis
koncentracia erT SemTxvevaSi naxSiri
meoresTan Se­da­rebiT? naxSiri
pasuxi ganmarteT.
kidev ra xerxiTaa SesaZlebeli reaqciis (1) (2)
siCqaris gazrda pirvelsa da meore Sem­
TxvevaSi?

104
 (1) SemTxvevaSi suraTze Cans, rom naxSiri iwvis lokalurad. (2) SemTxvevaSi
ki – naxSiris natexi mTlianad gavarvarebulia. garda amisa, teqnikuri Tval-
sazrisiTac JangbadSi wva (2) SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
reaqciis siCqaris gazrda orive SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia naxSiris gafx-
vierebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi – haeris, meoreSi ki – Jangbadis koncentraciis
gazrdiT.
meore SemTxvevaSi Jangbadis koncentracia xuTjer metia, vidre pirvel
SemTxvevaSi (haeris moculobis 21% Jangbadia).

2   suraTze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva metalis urTierTqmedeba cxel wyal-

Tan.
a) romeli metalis monawileobiT mimdinareobs reaqcia ufro swrafad?
romeli ar Sedis reaqciaSi cxel wyalTan?
b) reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi romeli faqtoris sademonstraciod gamodgeba
es cda?

kaliumi TuTia magniumi spilenZi

g) am oTxi metalidan SearCieT erT-erTi da moifiqreT, rogor unda ga­na­xor­

cieloT cda, romelic asabuTebs, rom reaqciis siCqare damokidebulia:
1) moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentraciaze;
2) moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapiris farTobze;
3) daasaxeleT, kidev ra reaqtivebi dagWirdebaT saamisod;
4) ris mixedviT imsjelebTY qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris cvlilebaze?

a) ufro swrafad mimdinareobs reaqcia kalciumTan, saerTod ar mimdi-

nareobs TuTiasTan da spilenZTan;
b) es magaliTi gamodgeba imis sademonstraciod, rom reaqciis siCqare da-
mokidebulia moreagire nivTierebaTa bunebaze, radgan sxva pirobebi erTnairia;
g) (1) oTxi metalidan SesaZloa SeirCes magniumi, SesaZloa TuTiac da ganxi-
lul iqnas maTi urTierTqmedeba sxvadasxva koncentraciis marilmJavasTan;
(2) SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos, magaliTad, magniumis lenti da magniumis
fxvnili, an – TuTiis granula da TuTiis fxvnili. kalciumis fxvnili, faqto-
brivad, ar arsebobs, amitom am metalis SerCeva (am faqtoris gamosavlenad) mi-
zanSewonili ar aris;
(3) cdisTvis saWiro sxva reaqtivebSi igulisxmeba sxvadasxva koncentraciis
marilmJava;
(4) qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris cvlilebaze SeiZleba vimsjeloT gamoyofili ai-
ris (wyalbadis) buStebis sixSiris mixedviT..

105
 moqmed masaTa kanoni 2.2.4
gaixseneT:

1. reaqciis siCqareze ra gavlena aqvs moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentracias?

moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentraciis gazrdiT reaqciis siCqare izrdeba.

(a), (b) Tu (g) SemTxvevaSi warmo­iqmneba

ufro swrafad reaqciis pro­ duqti
drois erTsa da imave SualedSi? da­
asabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

(1) ufro swrafad warmoiqmneba (g) SemTxvevaSi, radgan aq meti nawilaki ejaxeba
erTmaneTs da SejaxebaTa albaToba metia, e. i. metia qimiuri reqciis warmarTvis
SesaZLlebloba.

gamosaxeT moqmed masaTa kanoni reaqciisaTvis, romelic mimdi­na­reobs Semdegi

tolobis mixedviT 2CO(a) + O2 (a) → 2CO2 (a)

= K[CO]2[O2]

  1   SeadgineT moqmed masaTa kanonis maTematikuri gamosaxuleba zogadi saxiT

Cawe­rili Semdegi reaqciebisaTvis:
a) aA(a) + bB(a) → C(a) +dD(a) b) aA(a) + bB(my) → dD(a).
miuTiTeT, ra gansxvavebaa am reaqciebisaTvis Sedgenil moqmed masaTa kanonis
maTematikur gamosaxulebebs Soris. axseniT am gansxvavebis mizezi.

a) = K [A]a.[B]b
b) = K [A]a
gansxvaveba is aris, rom (b) SemTxvevaSi mxolod A nivTierebis koncentracia
miiReba mxedvelobaSi, radgan meore, B nivTiereba, myaria.

106
   2   SeadgineT moqmed masaTa kanonis maTematikuri gamosaxuleba reaqci­
isaTvis, romelic mimdinareobs Semdegi tolobis mixedviT:
a) 2NO(a) + O2(a) → 2NO2(a)
b) I2(a) + H2(a)→ 2HI(a).
a) = K[NO]2⋅[O2]
b) = K[I2][H2]
3   qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris gamokvlevis mizniT Caatares eqsperimenti: spe­
cialuri mowyobilobiT gazomes reaqciis Sedegad gamoyofili airadi niv­
Tierebis moculoba reaqciis dawyebidan drois sxvadasxva momentSi. monaceme-
bi Seitanes cxrilSi:

dro/wT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
airis
0 14 23 31 38 40 40 40
moculoba/sm3

a) am monacemebis mixedviT aageT reaqciis siCqaris grafiki;

b) imsjeleT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom am monacemebisa da grafikis mixedviT
vivaraudoT, rom reaqcia dasrulda? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

igive reaqcia nivTierebaTa imave raodenobebs Soris Caatares gansxvavebul pi-

robebSi. miiRes Semdegi monacemebi:

dro/wT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
airis
0 22 34 39 40 40 40 40
moculoba/sm3

am monacemebis mixedviT aageT reaqciis siCqaris grafiki.

imsjeleT, gaizarda Tu Semcirda reaqciis siCqare? ras SeiZleba gamoewvia
reaqciis siCqaris cvlileba, Tu:
a) moreagire nivTierebebi airadia;
b) moreagire nivTierebebidan erTi airadia, meore ki – myari?

grafikidan Cans, rom meore SemTxveva-

Si reaqciis siCqare gaizarda, radgan drois
moculoba (sm3)

imave SualedSi meti nivTiereba warmoiqmneba.

es Cans cxrilidanac, radgan airis moculoba
meore SemTxvevaSi 40 sm3-is toli gaxda 4 wT-is
Semdeg, pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki – 5 wT-is Semdeg.
Tu moreagire nivTierebebi airadia, SeiZleba
siCqaris gazrda gamoewvia: koncentraciis ga-
zrdas, temperaturis gazrdas, katalizators. Tu erTi myaria, meore – airadi, am
faqtorebs daemateba myari nivTierebis zedapiris farTobis gazrda.
am monacemebiT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom reaqcia dasrulda, radgan
reaqciis produqtis moculoba aRar izrdeba pirvel SemTxvevaSi, bolo sami wu-
Tis, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – bolo oTxi wuTis ganmavlobaSi.

107
1   mocemulia moqmed masaTa kanonis zogadi maTematikuri gamosaxuleba sami
sxvadasxva reaqciisaTvis:
1) =K[A]2·[B]
2) = K[B]3
3) =K[A]·[B].
qvemoT mocemuli konkretuli tolobiT gamosaxuli romeli reaqciis siC­qaris
asaxvaa Se­saZ­lebeli TiToeuli am gamosaxulebiT? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi:
a) N2(a) + O2 (a) → 2NO(a)
b) 2H2(a) + O2(a) → 2H2O(a)
g)2Al (my) + 3O2(a) → 2Al2O3(my).

1) =K[A]2[B], am SemTxvevaSi A da B nivTiereba airadia da A nivTierebis koefi-

cientia 2, B nivTierebas koeficienti ar aqvs, amitom Sesabamisi reaqciis tolobaa
(b) 2H2+ O2 →H2O =K[H2]2[O2]

2) =K[B]3, am SemTxvevaSi A nivTiereba myaria, B nivTiereba ki – airadi da misi

koeficientia 3. amitom Sesabamisi reaqciis tolobaa (g) 2Al+3O2=2Al2O3, =K[O2]3

3) =K[A][B], aseT SemTxvevaSi A da B nivTierebebis koeficientebi 1-is tolia.

orive nivTiereba airadia, amitom mas Seesabameba (1) N2+O2→2NO, =K[N2][O2]

108
 praqtikuli mecadineoba

gaangariSeba moqmed masaTa kanonis gamoyenebiT 2.2.5

  1   azotis oqsidis qlorTan urTierTqmedeba gamoisaxeba Semdegi reaqciis

tolobiT:
2NO(a) + Cl2(a) → 2NOCl(a).
ramdenjer gaizrdeba reaqciis siCqare, Tu:
a) NO-s koncentracias gavzrdiT orjer;
b) Cl2-is koncentracias gavzrdiT samjer;
g) orive sawyisi nivTierebis koncentracias gavzrdiT sam-samjer:

=K[NO]2⋅[Cl]2
a) =K[NONO]2[Cl2]=4K[NO]2[Cl2] gaizarda oTxjer;
b) =K[NONO] [3Cl2]=3K[NO] [Cl2]
2 2
gaizarda samjer;
g) =K[NO3NO]2[3Cl2]=27K[NO]2[Cl2] gaizarda 27-jer.

  2   qimiuri reaqciis zogadi tolobaa: A2(a) + 3B2 (a) → 2AB3 (a).
rogor Seicvleba qimiuri reaqciis siCqare, Tu sareaqcio sistemaSi wnevas
gavzrdiT orjer?

wnevis orjer gazrdisas moculoba orjer Semcirda, koncentracia orjer

gaizarda.
=K[2A2]⋅[2B2]3= K[2A2]⋅8[B2]3 =16K[A2][B2]
reaqciis siCqare gaizrdeba Teqvsmetjer.

3 dadgenilia, rom reaqcia aRiwereba Semdegi kinetikuri gamosaxulebiT:

= K[A]2[B]. ra gavlena aqvs reaqciis siCqaris mudmivasa da reaqciis siCqareze:
a) A reagentis koncentraciis orjer gazrdas;
b) katalizators;
g) A reagentis koncentraciis orjer gazrdas da, imavdroulad, B reagentis
koncentraciis orjer Semcirebas;
d) temperaturis gazrdas.

a) AA-s koncentraciis gazrda cvlis [AAA]2-s, e.i. cvlis reaqciis siCqares, ar aqvs
gavlenaK K-ze da [BB]-ze;
b) katalizatori cvlis reaqciis siCqares da reaqciis siCqaris mudmivas KK-s.
g) AA-nivTierebis koncentraciis orjer gazrdisas [AA]2 izrdeba oTxjer, sama-
gierod, 4-jer mcirdeba [BB], amitom reaqciis siCqare da reaqciis siCqaris mud-
miva KK rCeba ucvleli;
d) temperaturis gazrda gazrdis reaqciis siCqares da reaqciis siCqaris mud-
mivas – K K-s.

109
 saSinao davaleba

  1   rogor Seicvleba qimiuri reaqciis 2Fe(my) + 3Cl2(a) → 2FeCl3(my) siCqare, Tu

sis­te­maSi wnevas gavzrdiT 5-jer?

radgan Fe myaria
gaizarda 125-jer

2   reaqciis siCqaris gamosaxulebebs, moqmed masaTa kanonis Sesabamisad,

Semdegi saxe aqvs:
a) = K[A][B]; b) = K[A]2; g) = K[A][B]2.
rogor Seicvleba TiToeuli am reaqciis siCqare Semdeg pirobebSi:
1) Tu A nivTierebis koncentracia ormagdeba, xolo B nivTierebis koncen-
tracia rCeba ucvleli;
2) Tu B nivTierebis koncentracia ormagdeba, A nivTierebis koncentracia ki
rCeba ucvleli.
reaqciis siCqaris gamosaxuleba AA-s koncentraciis gaormageba
a) =K[A][B]; a) reaqciis siCqare gaormagdeba;
b) =K[A]2; b) reaqciis siCqare gaoTxmagdeba;
g) =K[A][B]2. g) reaqciis siCqare gaormagdeba.

B-s koncentraciis gaormageba

a) reaqciis siCqare gaormagdeba;
b) reaqciis siCqareze gavlena ar eqneba;
g) reaqciis siCqare gaoTxmagdeba.

3   sxva faqtorebTan erTad, ozonis Sris daSlas xels uwyobs at­ mos­
feroSi gafrqveuli azotis mo­no­oqsidi NO, reaqcia mimdinareobs Sem­degi tolo-
bis mixedviT:
NO(a) + O3(a) → NO2(a) + O2(a) № C(NO) C(O3) reaqciis siCqare
moli/l moli/l moli/l.wm
cxrilSi mocemulia reaqciis siC­ 1 1.00 . 10–6 3.00 . 10–6 0.66 . 10–4
qa­reebi azotis monooqsidisa da ozo­nis 2 1.00 . 10–6 6.00 . 10–6 1.32 . 10–4
sxvadasxva koncentraciebis SemTxvevaSi. 3 3.00 . 10–6 6.00 . 10–6 3.96 . 10–4
a) ra faqtorebi gazrdis, NO-s gavle- 4 4.50 . 10–6 7.20 . 10–6
niT, ozonis daSlis reaqcias?
b) ramdenjer izrdeba reaqciis siCqare meore SemTxvevaSi pirvelTan Sedare-
biT, ra aris amis mizezi? pasuxi daasabuTeT moqmed masaTa kanonis gaTvaliswine-
biT.
ramdenjer izrdeba reaqciis siCqare mesame SemTxvevaSi, meoresTan SedarebiT?
ara aris amis mizezi? pasuxi daasabuTeT moqmed masaTa kanonis gaTvaliswinebiT.
g) iangariSeT reaqciis siCqare meoTxe SemTxvevaSi, Tu reaqciis mudmiva
l
K = 2.20 . 107 moli–1. l. wm–1 anu
moli . wm
d) SeafaseT, ramdenad saxifaToa atmosferoSi monooqsidis koncentraciis ga-
zrda ozonis Sris daSlis procesSi.

a) reaqciis siCqares gazrdis atmosferoSi NO-s koncentraciis gazrda, O3-is

koncentraciis gazrda, aseve temperaturis gazrda.

110
 b) meore SemTxvevaSi koncentracia gaizarda 2-jer, radgan NO-s koncentra-
cia darCa igive, O3-is koncentracia ki gaormagda.
1=KC(O3)C(NO)
2=KC(2O3)C(NO)=2KC(O3)C(NO)

e. i. reaqciis siCqare orjer izrdeba.

marTlac, 0.660⋅10–4⋅2=1.32⋅10–4 (moli/l⋅wm)
mesame SemTxvevaSi, O3-is koncentracia darCa igive, NO-s koncentracia ki gai-
zarda samjer. amitomac reaqciis siCqare unda gaizardos samjer.

1 =K C(NO)C(O3); 2=KC(3NO)C(O3)=3KC(NO)C(O3)
e. i. reaqciis siCqare izrdeba samjer.
marTlac, 1.32⋅10–4⋅3=3⋅9610–4 (moli/l⋅wm).
g) =K C(NO)C(O3); =2.2⋅107 l/moli⋅wm⋅4.5 ⋅10–6moli/l ⋅7.2⋅10–6moli/l≈
≈7.13⋅10–4moli/l⋅wm.

d) atmosferoSi NO-OOs koncentraciis gazrda Zalian saxifaToa, radgan wamebSi

xdeba ozonis Jangbadad gardaqmna, e. i. ozonis Sris daSla.

111
 qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da temperatura 2.2.6
» ratom inaxavT sakveb produqtebs macivarSi?

sakveb produqtebSi mimdinareobs mTeli rigi reaqciebi, romlebic sakvebis

gafuWebas iwvevs. dabal temperaturaze es reaqciebi nela mimdinareobs da
sakvebic ufro didxans inaxeba. amitom sakveb produqtebs inaxaven macivarSi.

gaixseneT:
ra pirobebia saWiro qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobisaTvis?
qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobisTvis saWiroa nivTierebaTa Sexeba, rig
SemTxvevaSi, gacxeleba, katalizatori, daqucmaceba, moreva.

cda
SeurieT erTmaneTs 4 g gogirdis fxvnili da 7 g rkinis natexebi.
mimdinareobs reaqcia? ratom fiqrobT ase?
SeurieT 4 g gogirdisa da 7 g rkinis fxvnilebi. amCnevT reaqciis niS-
nebs?
axla es narevi sinjaraSi gadaitaneT da spirtquris alze gaaxureT.
ras am­CnevT?

rkinis fxvnilisa da gogirdis natexebis Serevisas reaqcia ar mimdinareobs,

radgan reaqciis araviTari niSani ar SeiniSneba.
reaqciis niSnebi ar iarsebebs am ori nivTierebis fxvnilebis Serevis dro-
sac.
magram, am narevis gaxurebisas reaqcia mimdinareobs da warmoiqmneba Savi
feris rkinis sulfidi, feris cvlileba aris reaqciis niSani.

  1   ramdenjer gaizrdeba reaqciis siCqare, Tu temperatura gaizarda:

a) 300C-idan 1000C-mde? g=2?
b) 400C-dan 900C-mde? g=3?
a) T–T 2 1 100 C– 30 C 0 0

2 = g 10 2
= 2 10 2
= 27–jer anu 128-jer.
1 1 1

90– 40
b) T2– T1 10
2
=g 10
2
=2 2
= 35–jer anu 243-jer.
1 1 1

112
2   axseniT mizezi:
a) avadmyofs, romelsac sunTqva uWirs, ratom asunTqeben Jangbadis baliSis sa-
SualebiT?
b) ratom mwifdeba xili da bostneuli ufro adre kaxeTSi, vidre, magaliTad,
raWaSi? an ratom aris SesaZlebeli saTburSi weliwadSi ramdenime mosavlis
miReba?
a) rodesac avadmyofs sunTqva uWirs, is ver CaisunTqavs saWiro raodeno-
bis haers. nakleb haerSi naklebi Jangbadia. rodesac JangbadiT asunTqeben, neli
sunTqvisas, adamianis organizmSi xvdeba saWiro raodenobis Jangbadi, rac au-
cilebelia organizmSi mimdinare Jangvis reaqciebisaTvis.
b) raWa mTiani regionia, iq SedarebiT grili klimatia, vidre kaxeTSi, amitom
mosavali ufro nela mwifdeba. saTburSi Tbili klimatis SeqmniYT SesaZlebelia
weliwadSi ramdenime mosavlis miRebaBA.

3   CamoayalibeT, ra xerxebis gamoyenebaa saWiro cecxlis (xanZris) Caqrobi-

sas? axseniT TiToeulis gamoyenebis mizezi da mizani.
faifuris jamSi, rkinis an Tixis firfitaze asanTis Rerebs moukideT cecxli
da gamoiyeneT cecxlis Caqrobis xerxebis modelirebisaTvis. prezentaciisas
aucileblad gamoiyeneT cnebebi: `qimiuri reaqciis siCqare~, `egzoTermuli
reaqcia~, `temperatura~, `moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapiris farTo-
bi~, `koncentracia~.

cecxlis Casaqrobad saWiroa:

1) almodebuli sagnebis gancalkeveba, rom Sexebis zedapiri Semcirdes;
2) Jangbadis koncentraciis Semcireba, anu almodebuli sagnebis izoli-
reba Jangbadisagan;
3) temperaturis Semcireba, magaliTad, wyliT.

4   gamoTvaleT reaqciis siCqare 600C temperaturaze, Tu 200C-ze is udrida

0.3 moli/l.wm. temperaturuli koeficienti udris 3-s.
pasuxi:
T2– T1
= 0 g
10

60– 20
= 0.3⋅3 10

= 0.3⋅34 = 24.3

5   romeli magaliTiT daasabuTebT, rom qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da-

mokidebulia nivTierebis bunebaze? koncentraciaze?

sxva ra faqtorebzea damokidebuli qimiuri reaqciis siCqare?

nivTierebis bunebiT aixsneba, magaliTad, rom oqro, praqtikulad, ar iJangeba,

natriums ki aqtiurobis gamo navTSi aTavseben. koncentraciaze damokidebulebas
asabuTebs is garemoeba, rom JangbadSi wva gacilebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs,
vidre – haerSi, sadac Jangbadis koncentracia xuTjer naklebia. qimiuri reaqciis
siCqare ki – damokidebulia agreTve temperaturaze, heterogenuli reaqciis
SemTx­vevaSi Sexebis zedapiris farTobze.

113
 saSinao davaleba

1   suraTze gamosaxulia Zexvis savaWro etiketi. masze mi­TiTebulia momza-

debis wesi, Semadgenloba da Senaxvis vada sxvadasxva pi­ro­bebSi:

macivarSi, 5°C-ze inaxeba 1 kviris gan­mav­

lobaSi.
gayinul mdgomareobaSi: –5°C-idan –2°C-mde
– ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi.
daaxloebiT –18°C -is pirobebSi – sami Tvis
ganmavlobaSi.
sur. 32.1. Zexvi da misi
savaWro etiketi
Tu am magaliTs ganvazogadebT, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom macivarSi sakvebi
produqtebi inaxeba 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi (Tu maciv­ris SigniT temperatura 50C-ia).
gayinuli produqti (–5° C-dan –2°C-mde temperaturuli intervalis pirobebSi)
inaxeba ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. sayinule kameraSi ki, sadac temperatura
–19°C-is farglebSia, inaxeba ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

a) gamoiyeneT sityvebi `re­

aq­
ciis siCqare~, `reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faq-
torebi~ da axseniT, riTia gan­piro­bebuli sakvebi produqtebis Se­ naxvis aseTi
reJimi;
b) aiReT erTi sosisi da CaatareT patara eqsperimenti sakuTar macivarSi –
TviTon da­adgineT sakvebi produqtis Senaxvis vada sxvadasxva pirobebSi.
produqti gayaviT sam nawilad, erTi nawili
moaTavseT oTaxis tempera­ tura­ze, danarCeni produqtis vargisianoba su-
ori ki macivarSi – sxvadasxva temperaturul niT da garegnuli niSnebiT
reJimSi. gansazRvreT. araviTar Sem­
SeadgineT cxrili, SeitaneT dakvirvebis Se- TxvevaSi ar gausinjoT gemo!
degebi, gaacaniT axloblebs, maswavlebelsa da
Tanaklaselebs.

a) teqsti, daaxloebiT, aseTi Sinaarsis iqneba: `sakvebi produqtebis

gafuWeba qimiuri reaqciaa, romelic sxvadasxva pirobebSi sxvadasxva siCqariT
mimdinareobs, temperatura erT-erTi aseTi faqtoria. rac ufro maRalia
temperatura, miT ufro swrafad mimdinareobs reaqcia da sakvebi produqtebic
ufro male fuWdeba. dabal temperaturaze ki reaqcia mimdinareobs nela da
amitom sakvebi produqtebis Senaxvis vada xangrZlivdeba~.

sakvebi temperatura Senaxvis

produqti vada
sosisi +20°C

sosisi +3°C

sosisi –20°C

114
saSinao cda
sTxoveT daxmareba ojaxis ufros wevrebs da daadgineT rZis mawvnad gar-
daqmnis procesis optimaluri pirobebi.
• gazomeT saWEiro raodenobis rZis moculoba da CainiSneT;
• gamocdili diasaxlisi xelis SexebiT sazRvravs Sesadedebeli rZis tem-
peraturas. Tqven specialuri TermometriT gazomeT da CainiSneT (Ter-
mometri ar moaTavsoT Zalian cxel rZeSi. CauSviT is rZeSi im donemde,
rom kargad Candes misi skala. Cveneba aiReT maSin, rodesac temperatura
dafiqsirdeba. amoiReT Termometri, garecxeT da SeinaxeT);
• SeecadeT, sasworiT gansazRvroT saWiro `mawvnis dedis~ masa. Tu ver
moaxerxeT, TvaliT mainc SeafaseT, Cais kovzis ra moculobas ikavebs
`mawvnis deda~;
• yuradReba gaamaxvileT mawvnis Sesadedebeli WurWlis SefuTvis
weszec;
• CainiSneT dro, romelic rZis mawvnad gardaqmnas esaWiroeba;
• werilobiT CamoayalibeT mawvnis momzadebis wesi;
• scadeT civi rZis Sededeba (rZes nu SeaTbobT, ise SeazaveT `mawvnis de-
diT~). SefuTeT WurWeli da daayovneT imave droiT, ra droiTac – SemT-
bari rZe.
• ra Sedegi miiReT da ratom?
• Tqveni namuSevari SeadareT klaselebis namuSevrebs. aris gansxvaveba?
imsjeleT, ras SeiZleba gamoewvia es.

moswavleebi naxaven, rom civi rZe ar Sededda. es mkafio magaliTia imisa, Tu

ra mniSvneloba aqvs temperaturas qimiuri reaqciis warmarTvisTvis. moswavle-
Ta namuSevrebSi iqneba gansxvaveba – magaliTad, rZis temperaturaSi, Sededebis
droSi, `mawvnis dedis~ raodenobaSi. es gamowveulia imiT, rom SesaZloa rZis mo-
culoba iyo sxvadasxva, aseve SesaZloa, rZe sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan mcired
gansxvavebul temperaturaze Seadedes, cota meti droiT daayovnes SefuTuli
WurWeli da a.S.

115
 reaqciis siCqaris damokidebuleba energiaze 2.2.7
gaixseneT:
1. rogor moqmedebs temperatura reaqciis siCqareze?

reaqciis siCqare temperaturis gazrdiT izrdeba.

(a) gaaqtivebuli gaaqtivebuli (b)

kompleqsi kompleqsi

Ea
energia kj/moli

energia kj/moli
reagentebi produqtebi

Ea

siTburi siTburi
efeqti +Q efeqti –Q

produqtebi reagentebi

reaqciis mimdinareoba reaqciis mimdinareoba

sur.41.2 egzoTermuli reaqciis (a) da endoTermuli reaqciis (b) energetikuli diagramebi

ra informacias gvawvdis 41.2 suraTze gamosaxuli (a) da (b) diagrama? ro-

mel SemTxvevaSia saWiro meti energia gaaqtivebuli kompleqsis warmo-
saqmnelad? romeli reaqciis aqtivaciis energiaa meti, endoTermulis Tu
egzoTermulis?
gaaqtivebuli kompoleqsis daSlisas romel SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa meti en-
ergia, ra kavSiri aqvs amas reaqciis siTbur efeqtTan?

(a) grafiki asaxavs egzoTermuli raeqciis energetikul diagramas, xolo (b)

grafiki – endoTermuli reaqciis energetikul diagramas. egzoTermuli reaqciis
aqtivaciis energia aRemateba endoTermuli reaqciis aqtivaciis energias,
radgan gaaqtivebuli kompleqsis daSlisas meti energia gamoiyofa egzoTermuli
reaqciis SemTxvevaSi, vidre endoTermuli reaqciis SemTxvevaSi. siTburi efeqti
aris im energiebs Soris sxvaoba, romelic saWiroa gaaqtivebuli kompleqsis
warmosaqmnelad da romelic misi daSlisas gamoiyofa.

116
  1   yovel nivTierebas axasiaTebs aalebis temperatura. vidre es temperatura
ar miiRweva, nivTiereba wvas ar daiwyebs. ratomaa saWiro nivTierebis winas-
wari gaxureba, Tu wvis dros didi raodenobiT siTbo gamoiyofa?

winaswar saWiroa nivTierebas mieniWos energia, raTa maT warmoqmnan

gaaqtivebuli kompleqsi aqtivaciis energiis Sesabamisad, Semdeg ki reaqcia TavisiT
mimdinareobs, wvis reaqciis SemTxvevaSi didi raodenobiT siTbos gamoyofiT.
  

2   wyalbadisa da qloris narevi ucvlelad narCundeba didi xnis ganmavloba-

Si. magram Tu am narevs ultraiisferi sxvebiT davasxivebT, moxdeba afeTqeba.
rogor axsniT am faqts?

ultraiisferi sxivebiT dasxivebisas narevs erTbaSad miewodeba aqtivaciis

energia da reaqcia wamierad, afeTqebiT mimdinareobs.

saSinao davaleba

  1   mocemulia sami reaqciis energetikuli maxasiaTeblebi:

a) Ea = 100kj/moli;
b) Ea = 50 kj/moli;
g) E a = 120 kj/moli.
romeli reaqciaa maT Soris yvelaze swrafi?
romeli mimdinareobs maT Soris yvelaze nela? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

yvelaze swrafia (b) reaqcia, radgan aqtivaciis energia SedarebiT dabalia,

yvelaze nela mimdinareobs (g) reaqcia, radgan aqtivaciis energia SedarebiT
maRalia.

117
 ra aris katalizatori da katalizi 2.2.8
gaixseneT:
1. ra pirobebSi mimdinareobs organuli reaqciebis umravlesoba, magaliTad,
ujeri naxSirwyalbadebis hidrireba?

ujeri naxSirwyalbadebis hidrireba mimdinareobs katalizatoris monawile­

obiT, iseve rogorc organuli reaqciebis umravlesoba.

cda
sinjaraSi CaasxiT 5-6 ml wyalbadis peroqsidis xsnari da SeaTbeT.
ras amCnevT?
sinjaraSi CauSviT mbJutavi kvari ise, rom siTxes ar SeexoT. ras am-
CnevT?
axla sinjaraSi CauSviT manganum(IV)-is oqsidi – MnO2 da Jangbadis ga-
moyofis intensivoba kvlav SeamowmeT mbJutavi kvariT.
gaizarda Tu Semcirda MnO2-is TanxlebiT mimdinare wyalbadis peroqsi-
dis daSlis reaqciis siCqare mis gareSe mimdinare reaqciis siCqaresTan
Seda­rebiT?

SegaxsenebT, rom wyalbadis peroqsi-

dis daSlas asaxavs reaqciis toloba
2H2O2(Tx) → 2H2O(Tx) + O2(a)

wyalbadis peroqsidis xsnaris SeTbobisas SeimCneva mcire raodenobiT

airis buStebis gamoyofa.
sinjaraSi mbJutavi kvaris CaSvebisas is odnav ukeT daiwyebs wvas. rode-
sac sinjaraSi MnO2-s CavuSvebT, Jangbadis gamoyofis intensivobac izrdeba
da mbJutavi kvaric abrialdeba.

asaxavs Tu ara Tqven mier SemCneul

movlenebs 36.1 suraTi? romel SemTx-
vevaSi daiwyo Jangbadis gamoyofa inten-
siurad? daelodeT reaqciis das­ru­lebas.
reaqciis dasrulebis Semdeg isic Sesam-
Cnevia, rom MnO2‑is raodenoba, sawyis
raodenobasTan SedarebiT, ar Se­ic­
vala. O2
O2 H2O2
H2O2
suraTi asaxavs cdis Sedegs. Jangbadis MnO2
gamoyofa intensiurad daiwyo (b)
(a) (b)
SemTxvevaSi – mbJutavi kvari abrialda.
aseve SesamCnevia, rom katalizatori sur. 36.1. wyalbadis peroq­sidis
MnO2 reaqciis procesSi ar Secvlila. daSla: (a) katalizatoris ga-
reSe, (b) katalizatoris Tanx-
lebiT

118
cda
aiReT faifuris jami, moaTavseT masSi mcire raodenobis aluminis fxvnili
da SeurieT aseve mcire raodenobis iodis fxvnili. ras amCnevT?
sareaqcio narevs daawveTeT wyali (ori-sami wveTi). axla ras amCnevT?
Cven mier paragrafis teqstSi gamoTqmuli romeli mosazrebis marTebulo-
bas asabuTebs es faqti? es reaqcia egzoTermulia Tu endoTermuli? daasabu-
TeT Tqveni varaudi.
SeadgineT aluminis iodTan urTierTqmedebis reaqciis toloba. aRniSneT,
rom reaqcia katalizuria.
wylis wveTebis TanxlebiT, aluminsa da iods Soris reaqcia intensiurad, didi
raodenobiT siTbos gamoyofiT mimdinareobs. reaqcia egzoTermulia da asabuTe-
bs teqstSi gamoTqmul Semdeg mosazrebas: `katalizatoris TanxlebiT~ qimiuri
reaqcia ufro advilad da swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre mis gareSe, imdenad advi-
lad, rom zogjer gacxeleba arc aris saWiro.
2Al + 3I2 → 2AlI3

1 kidev erTxel upasuxeT paragrafis dasawyisSi dasmul SekiTxvas: ra

rols asrulebs eTeni nayofis damwifebis procesSi?

eTeni aCqarebs reaqciebs, romlebic ganapirobeben nayofis damwifebas, amitom

is asrulebs katalizatoris rols.

2 moifiqreT da aRwereT meTodi, romliTac daasabuTebT, rom qimiu-

ri reaqciis dros katalizatori ar icvleba, daasabuTeT am meTodis efeqtu-
roba konkretuli katalizuri reaqciis, Tundac wyalbadis peroqsidis daSlis
reaqciis magaliTiT.
Tu davadgenT katalizatoris masas reaqciis dawyebamde da reaqciis Sem-
deg, SevniSnavT, rom katalizatoris masa ar Seicvala, e. i. katalizatori qimi-
uri reaqciis dros ar icvleba da ar ixarjeba.
3   wyalbadis peroqsidi (ω(H2O2) = 30%) iSleba zogierTi d-elementis oq-
sidis TanxlebiT. wyalbadis peroqsidis erTnairi moculobebis SemTxvevaSi
qrom(III)-is oqsidis TanxlebiT, erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyofa 24 ml Jang-
badi, manganum(IV)-is oqsidis SemTxvevaSi – 288 ml, xolo kobalt(II)-is oqsidis
SemTxvevaSi – 480 ml. gamoTvaleT reaqciis siCqare TiToeul SemTxvevaSi (mo-
culobis mixedviT gamoTvaleT Jangbadis molebis raodenoba). romeli kata-
lizatoria ufro efeqturi?

0.024 l
n1(O2)= = 0.0011 moli.
22.4 l/moli 0.0011moli/l
= = 0.00018 moli/l.wm.
1
60 wm
0.288 l
n2(O2)= = 0.0128 moli.
22.4 l/moli 0.0128 moli/l
= = 0.00021moli/l.wm.
2
60 wm
0.480 l
n3(O2)= = 0.0214 moli. 0.0214 moli/l
22.4 l/moli = = 0.00036 moli/l.wm.
3
60wm
1 wT=60 wm

119
 saSinao davaleba

  1   meaTeklaselma moswavleebma gadawyvites

,gamo­ikvlion MnO2-is garda, sxva ro­ meli
metalis oqsidi gamodgeba katalizatorad
wyalbadis peroqsidis daS­lis reaqciaSi,
ramdenad efeqturia katalizatorad misi
gamoyeneba MnO2‑Tan SedarebiT. am mizniT
aawyves marjvena suraTze gamosaxuli mow­
yo­ H2O2
biloba da kvlevisaTvis katalizatorad Al2O3
SearCies.
suraTebze gamosaxuli cdis vari­an­te­bi­
dan romeli unda ganxorcieldes Al2O3-is
MnO2 (fxvnili)

katalizatorad gamoyenebis efeqturobis

Sesadareblad MnO2-is efeqturobasTan. daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

(kristali)

(fxvnili)

am davalebis arsi is aris, rom moswavlem gaacnobieros, ra mniSvneloba aqvs

cdis Catarebis pirobebs da kvlevis obieqtis gamokveTas. rigrigobiT ganvixiloT
xuTive varianti.
pirvel variantSi isev Al2O3-ia, mxolod kristalis saxiT. es varianti ar ga-
modgeba, radgan, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs vadarebT erTi da imave katalizatoris
Sexebis zedapiris gavlenas reaqciis siCqareze, Cven ki gvainteresebs MnO2-Tan
Al2O3-is Sedareba. me-2 SemTxvevaSi Semodis damatebiTi faqtori – temperatura, es
variantic ar gamodgeba.
mesame variantSi katalizatori saerTod ar aris, meoTxe variantSi aris MnO2
da swored es variantia saWiro, rom gamovikvlioT, roca yvela faqtori erTnai-
ria, romelia ukeTesi katalizatori – MnO2, Tu Al2O3 me-5 variantic ar gamodgeba,
radgan ver gavzomavT zustad gamoyofili O2-is moculobas drois mixedviT.

120
  2   daamTavreT winadadebebi da SeadgineT mcire moTxroba – `qimiuri reaqciis
siCqare~:
1. qimiuri reaqciis dasawyebad saWiroa ...
2. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare aris ...
3. maTematikuri formiT qimiuri reaqciis siCqare gamoisaxeba ase ...
4. qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedebs Semdegi faqtorebi ...
magaliTad, ...
es strategia dagexmarebaT qimiuri reaqciis Sesaxeb codnis organizebaSi.

1) qimiuri raeqciis dasawyebad saWiroa moreagire nivTierebaTa nawilake-

bis urTierTqmedeba.
2) qimiuri reaqciis siCqare aris moreagire nivTierebaTa moluri koncen-
traciis cvlileba drois SualedSi.
∆C
3) = ∆t
4) qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebia: moreagire nivTiereba-
Ta buneba, moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentracia, Sexebis zedapiris farTobi,
temperatura, katalizatori.

magaliTad, oqro ar iJangeba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, rkina ki droTa gan-

mavlobaSi iJangeba. es ganpirobebulia nivTierebis bunebiT. wvis reaqcia JUangbad-
Si gacilebiT swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre – haerSi, radgan Jangbadis koncentra-
cia xuTjer izrdeba. magniumis fxvnili ufro intensiurad Sedis reaqciaSi ma-
rilmJavasTan, vidre – magniumis lenti, radgan izrdeba Sexebis zedapiris farTo-
bi. sakvebi produqtebi macivarSi ufro didxans inaxeba, vidre – oTaxis tempera-
turaze, radgan macivarSi temperatura dabalia da reaqciebi nela mimdinareobs.
katalizatoris gavleniT, wyalbadis peroqsidi ufro swrafad iSleba, vidre – mis
gareSe.

4   56.1naxazi warmoadgens models, romelic aRwers moreagire nivTiereba-

Ta bunebis gavlenas qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze. analogiurad SeadgineT ori naxa-
zi, romelTa Soris erTze asaxuli iqneba katalizatoris gavlena reaqciis siCqa-
reze, xolo meoreze – moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapiris farTobis gavle-
na reaqciis siCqareze.
erTnairi moculobisa da koncentraciis marilmJava

reaqciis
siCqareze
miuTiTebs
buStebis
raodenoba
TiToeul
sinjaraSi.
spilenZi magniumi rkina

sur. 56.1 moreagire nivTie­rebaTa bunebis gavlena reaqciis siCqa-

reze
121
reaqciis siCqareze moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapiris gavlenis mo-
delad SegviZlLia ganvixiloT Semdegi naxazi:

moreagire niv-
TierebaTa Sex-
ebis zedapiri.

qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze katalizatoris gavlenis modelad SegviZlLia

ganvixiloT Semdegi naxazi:

katalizato-
ris gavlena.

H2O2

katalizatori
H 2O 2 MnO2

122
 rogor moqmedebs katalizatori 2.2.9
gaixseneT:
ra gavlena aqvs katalizators reaqciis siCqareze?

katalizatori aCqarebs qimiur reaqcias.

katalizatoris gareSe

E1
2SO2 + O2 E2
katalizatoriT 2SO3

sur. 44.1. SO2-is SO3-ad gardaqmnis katalizuri reaqciis energetikuli diagrama

ra Cans 44.1 suraTze asaxul diagramaze? romel reaqcias Seesabameba meti

energia, katalizatoriT mimdinares Tu mis gareSe? ra aris amis mizezi?

diagramaze Cans katalizatoriT da mis gareSe mimdinare reaqciis gza. meti energia
Seesabameba katalizatoris gareSe mimdinare qimiur reaqcias. katalizatoriT
mimdinare reaqcias naklebi energia Seesabameba, radgan katalizatori aqtivaciis
energias amcirebs .

katalizatoris
gareSe
e nergi a

katalizatoriT

reagent
ebi Ea

produqtebi

reaqciis mimdinareoba

sur. 44.2 katalizatoriT da mis gareSe

mimdinare reaqciis energetikuli diagrama

44.2 suraTze asaxuli diagramis mixedviT, ra SemTxvevaSia aqtivaciis en-

ergia meti, katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqciis SemTxvevaSi Tu mis gareSe?
rogor zrdis katalizatori reaqciis siCqares?

123
 katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqciis aqtivaciis energia ufro naklebia, vidre
mis gareSe mimdinare reaqciis. es imitom, rom katalizatori amcirebs aqtivaciis
energias da amiT zrdis qimiuri reaqciis siCqares.

katalizatoris gareSe
E
kat. (KI)
75.4 kj

kat. (Pt)
E1
56.6 kj

49 kj
E2
reaqciis msvleloba

sur. 44.3. H2O2-is daSlis energetikuli diagrama sxvadasxva katalizatoris monawileobiT

44.3 diagramis mixedviT, ras udris katalizatoris gareSe mimdinare rea-

qciis aqtivaciis energia? platinis katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqciis aq-
tivaciis energia?
gaangariSebiT daasabuTeT katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqciis efeqturoba.

katalizatoris gareSe mimdinare reaqciis aqtivaciis energia udris 75.4kj-s,

xolo platinis katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqciis aqtivaciis energia 4kj.

75kj – 49kj = 26kj

platinis katalizatoris saSualebiT izogeba 26 kj energia.

124
 kat.(K)
1   vTqvaT, reaqcia mimdinareobs zogadi sqemiT: A + B AB
ra igulisxmeba Semdeg CanawerSi?
A+K AK
AK + B AB + K
ras aRniSnavs: A; B; K; AB; AK?
marTebulia Tu ara Semdegi Canaweri: B + K BK; BK + A AB + K
gaeciT argumentirebuli pasuxi.

es davaleba moiTxovs katalizatoris moqmedebis Sesaxeb codnis ganzogade-

bas. am CanawerSi igulisxmeba, rom A Kwarmoqmnis gaaqtivebul kompleqss A reagent-
Tan, miiReba AK, romelic urTierTqmedebs B reagentTan, miiReba AB da K gamoiyo-
fa pirvandeli saxiT. A da B reagentebia, K – katalizatoria, AB – produqtia, AK
ki – gaaqtivebuli, Sualeduri kompleqsi. cxadia, katalizatorma SesaZlLoa war-
moqmnas Sualeduri kompleqsi B B reagentTanac. amitom Canaweri –

B+K → BK, BK+A → AB+K – sworia.

2 . katalizatoris moqmedebis principi Tqven ukve iciT. rogor moqmedebs

inhibatori qimiuri reaqciis energiasTan mimarTebiT? gaeciT argumentirebuli
pasuxi. daxazeT diagrama, romelic gviCvenebs qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareobas ka-
talizatoriT, katalizatoris gareSe da inhibitoriT.

Tu katalizatori amcirebs aqtivaciis energias, inhibatorma – piriqiT, unda

gazardos da amiT Seamciros reaqciis siCqare.

I
II
III
ener gia

ebi
reagent
I – inhibatoriT
II – katalizatoris garEeSe
produqtebi
III – katalizatoriT.

reaqciis mimdinareoba

3 .individualurad an jgufebSi gainawileT rolebi Tqveni Sexedulebi­

samebr.

magaliTad: 1. adamianis uflebaTa damcveli; 2. mecnieri; 3. eqimi; 4. sociologi;

5. garemos damcveli; 6. metyeve; 7. fermeri; 8. diplomati.
• gaecaniT bmulebze mocemul informacias da SearCieT Tqveni rolisaTvis
• Sesabamisi bmulebi;

125
 • SeafaseT samuSaos saerTo moculoba da SeimuSaveT Semdgomi muSaobis gegma;
• daamuSaveT informacia ise, rogorc amas moiTxovs davaleba;
• moamzadoT bukleti Temaze `qimiuri reaqcia Cvens cxovrebaSi~; SeqmeniT sab-
oloo produqti davalebis mixedviT;
• jgufis wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT SeqmeniT saerTo produqti;
• waradgineT Tqveni produqti dagegmilisamebr.
resursebi. konkretuli bmulebis CamonaTvali informaciis mosaZieblad.

ttp://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=3772

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:z2vvcmdpywnozw1pc3ryeteyqgdtywlslmnvbq../
cbook/chemistry-9-grade/section/18.2/primary/lesson/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9
4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83
%A1-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1
%83%A0%E1%83%94-8874705/

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:z2vvcmdpywnozw1pc3ryeteyqgdtywlslmnvbq../
cbook/chemistry-9-grade/section/18.4/primary/lesson/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%
94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1
%83%A1-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9
0%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94-%E1%83%9B%E1%
83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-
%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83
%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98/

http://chemistry.ge/publication/compoundchem/view.php?id=51

modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba

moswavleebi qmnian sxvadasxva saxis models gansazRvruli sakiTxis,

movlenis, procesis sademonstraciod, asaxsnelad, dasasabuTeblad, varaudis
mxardasaWerad.
modeli SeiZleba iyos fizikuri (mag., mulaJi, maketi, analogia), kognitur-
vizualuri (sqema, diagrama, cxrili, naxazi), maTematikuri (mag., formula,
gantoleba) an kompiuteruli (simulacia).
aRniSnuli praqtikis ganxorcielebisas moswavle:
iyenebs, qmnis da xvews modelebs, raTa uCvenos da axsnas aradakvirvebadi
obieqtebi, movlenebi, procesebi (mag., rTuli molekulebis agebuleba,
eleqtronebis moZraoba atomis birTvis garSemo);
iyenebs, qmnis da xvews modelebs, raTa daasabuTos an uaryos gamoTqmuli
varaudi;
iyenebs, qmnis da xvews modelebs (fizikuri, kognituri, maTematikuri,
kompiuteruli), raTa aRweros, uCvenos, daasabuTos an winaswar gansazRvros
damokidebuleba cvladebs Soris, sistemebsa da maT komponentebs Soris (mag.,
modelis saSualebiT uCvenebs da xsnis, rogor Seicvleba erTi cvladi meoris
zegavleniT);
afasebs ama Tu im modelis Rirsebebs an mis SezRudvebs Sesabamis obieqtTan,
procesTan, meqanizmTan mimarTebaSi, amave mizniT adarebs sxvadasxva models;
gamocdis models, raTa uCvenos, ramdenad Seesabameba is „originals“, xvews
models miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT.

126
 veb-Zieba:
moswavleebs winaswar vawvdiT meTodis instruqcias.
• gainawileT rolebi Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr (Tu veb-Zieba jgufuri
aqtivobaa);
magaliTad: 1. adamianis uflebaTa damcveli; 2. mecnieri; 3. eqimi; 4. sociologi;
5. garemos damcveli; 6. metyeve; 7. fermeri; 8. diplomati.

• gaecaniT bmulebze mocemul informacias da SearCieT Tqveni rolisaTvis

Sesabamisi bmulebi (Tu veb-Zieba jgufuri aqtivobaa);
• SeafaseT samuSaos saerTo moculoba da SeimuSaveT Semdgomi muSaobis gegma;
• daamuSaveT informacia ise, rogorc amas moiTxovs davaleba:
1. dawereT ese;
an 2. gamoiyeneT - diagrama, sqema, cnebis ruka Tu cxrili;
an 3. moamzadoT interviu;
• SeqmeniT saboloo produqti davalebis mixedviT;
• jgufis wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT SeqmeniT saerTo produqti (Tu veb-Zieba
jgufuri aqtivobaa);
• waradgineT Tqveni produqti dagegmilisamebr.

resursebi: am nawilSi Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuli bmulebis CamonaTvali

informaciis mosaZieblad, romelic Tavad moZebneT TemasTan dakAAavSiAArebuli
sityvis meSveobiT da SearCieT Tqveni moswavleebis asakisa da SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT, aseve maTi motivirebis mixedviTac. gadaamowmeT, rom yvela bmuli iyos
moqmedi da uSualod dakavSirebuli veb-Ziebis aqtivobasTan.

127
 saSinao davaleba

1   suraTze mocemulia qimiuri reaqciis energetikuli diagrama. am diagramis

mixedviT qimiuri reaqcia:
a) egzoTermulia Tu endoTermuli?
b) romeli mrudi Seesabameba katalizatoriT da romeli katalizatoris gareSe
mimdinare reaqcias?
g) romeli isari gviCvenebs katalizuri reaqciis aqtivaciis energias da rome-
li – katalizatoris gareSe mimdinare reaqciis aqtivaciis energias?
d) romeli isari gviCvenebs reaqciis siTbur efeqts?

1
e n e r g i a kj./moli

4 5

reaqciis mimdinareoba

sur. katalizatoriT da mis gareSe mimdinare reaqciis

energetikuli diagrama.

a) reaqcia endoTermulia, amas gviCvenebs mrudi, sawyis nivTierebebs Seesabame-

ba meti energia, vidre produqtebs;
b) pirveli mrudi Seesabameba katalizatoris gareSe mimdinare reaqcias, meore
mrudi – katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqcias, radgan mas naklebi energia Seesaba-
meba;
g) mesame isari Seesabameba katalizatoriT mimdinare aqtivaciis energias, me-
oTxe isari – katalizatoris gareSe mimdinare reaqciis aqtivaciis energias;
d) mexuTe isari gviCvenebs reaqciis siTbur efeqts, es aris – QQ.

2. ganmarteT, ratom aCqarebs reaqcias katalizatori, im SemTxvevaSic ki,

rodesac temperatura dabalia?
katalizatori amcirebs aqtivaciis energias, amitom nivTierebebis Semad-
genel nawilakebs dabali temperaturis pirobebSic aRmoaCndebaT saWiro energia
reaqciaUSi Sesasvlelad.

3. moiyvaneT ori argumenti, imis dasasabuTeblad, rom katalizatori in-

dustriaSi araekonomiur process gardaqmnis ekonomiur procesad.

128
 katalizatoriT reaqcia mimdinareobs dabal temperaturazec, e. i. is amcirebs
energiis danaxarjs, katalizatori aCqarebs reaqcias. e. i., drois mcire monakveT-
Si SesaZlebelia meti produqtis miReba da warmoebis rentabelobis gazrda.

4. ifiqreT mizezze, ratom ar aCqarebs erTi katalizatori nebismier sxva

katalizur reaqcias?

katalizatoris moqmedebis principi Sualeduri gaaqtivebuli kompleqsis

warmoqmnaa, erTi katalizatori ki yvela nivTierebasTan ar warmoqmnis Sualedur
gaaqtivebul kompleqss da amitom ver daaCqarebs sxvadasxva reaqcias.

praqtikumi

TuTiasa da ganzavebul marilmJavas Soris mimdinare

reaqciis siCqaris cvlilebis gamokvleva 2.2.10
am eqsperimentis Catarebis meTodika mocemulia moswavlis
wignSi, miyeviT am algoriTms.
SesaZloa moswavlis wignSi gamosaxuli mowyobiloba
saskolo laboratoriaSi ar iyos, amitom gTavazobT
alternatiuli danadgaris damzadebis wess. saamisod
gamoiyeneba sinjara, rezinis sacobi, ori samedicino
Sprici. didi Srici 20 ml-iani mainc unda iyos, am SpriciT HCl
Segrovdeba reaqciis Sedegad gamoyofili airi, meore Sprici
ki marilmJavasTvis gamodgeba.
moswavleebma Tavad unda dagegmon eqsperimenti. gan­
sa­
z­Rvron gamoyofili airadi nivTierebis moculoba. mos­
wavleebi jgufuri muSaobis pirobebSi Tanxmdebian cdis
Catarebis meTodikaze, maswavlebeli ki uTiTebs, rom cdis
procesSi unda gamoiyenon TuTiis or-ori granula da 5
ml marilmJava. Zn
Tu drois Sualedi 15-wm-iania, maSin gamoyofili H2-is
moculoba iqneba:

dro, wm moculoba, sm3

15 33

30 57

45 76

60 80

75 81

90 81

129
 wyalbadis gamoyofis saSualo
wyalbadis moculoba (sm3)

siCqarea:
24 sm3 =1.6sm3/wm
=
saS
15 wm

daskvna: reaqciis siCqare maqsi-

maluria dasawyisSi, Semdeg sawyis
nivTierebaTa koncentraciis Sem-
cirebasTan erTad TandaTan mcir-
deba da utoldeba nuls, erT-erTi
reagentis moculobis Semcirebis
Sedegad.

dro (wm)

130
 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna 2.2.11
1   meaTeklaselma moswavleebma aseTi cdebi Caatares:
1) natriumis qloridis xsnarze imoqmedes vercxlis nitratis xsnariT.
reaqciis Sedegad wamierad warmoiqmna TeTri xaWosebri naleqi;
2) TuTiisa da gogirdis narevi moaTavses sinjaraSi da gaaxures, garkveuli
drois Semdeg miiRes TuTiis sulfidi.
a) am informaciis safuZvelze SeadgineT orive reaqciis toloba.
b) romeli reaqciis aqtivaciis energiaa nulis toli? es reaqcia egzo­
Termulia Tu endoTermuli? ratom fiqrobT ase?
g) SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom endoTermuli reaqciis aqtivaciis energia iyos
nulis toli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

a) NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl↓

Zn + S → ZnS
b) pirveli reaqciis aqtivaciis energia nulis tolia, radgan is warimarTa wa-
mierad, siTbos miwodebis gareSe. meore reaqciis aqtivaciis energia ar aris nu-
lis toli, radgan mis dasawyebad saWiroa gaxureba, e. i. energiis miwodeba.
g) SeuZlebelia, rom endoTermuli reaqciis aqtivaciis energia iyos nulis
toli, radgan mas energia reaqciis bolomde miewodeba. vinaidan sawyis nivTiere-
bebSi bmebis gawyvetas esaWiroeba energis daxarjva, axali bmebis warmoqmnisas ki
energia gamoiyofa, endoTermuli reaqciis aqtivaciis energiis minimaluri mniSv-
neloba reaqciis siTburi efeqtis tolia.

2   suraTze asaxuli diagramis mixedviT 300

imsjeleT da gamoTvaleT, ras udris A+B→

C+D reaqciis aqtivaciis energia? ras udris 250

am reaqciis siTburi efeqti?

200

aqtivaciis energia udris: A+B

300 kj–150kj=150kj. 150

siTburi efeqti udris:

150kj – 50kj=+100kj. 100
energia (kj)

C+D
50

reaqciis msvleloba

131
 3   suraTze asaxuli diagramis mixedviT imsjeleT da gamoTvaleT, ras udris
C → A+B reaqciis aqtivaciis energia.ras udris am reaqciis siTburi efeqti?

300
aqtivaciis energia udris:
300kj –150kj=150 kj.
250
siTburi efeqti udris:
50kj – 150kj= –100kj
200
A+B
150

100
energia (kj)

C
50

reaqciis msvleloba

4   suraTze xedavT or mruds: erTi maTgani Seesabameba carcis natexze

marilmJavas moqmedebiT gamoyofili naxSirorJangis moculobis cvli­lebas.
meore ki – imave masis carcis fxvnilze, imave koncentraciis marilmJavas
moqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili naxSirorJangis koncentraciis cvlilebas.
diagramis mixedviT SeadgineTY davalebis piroba, upasuxeT davalebaSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs.

120
110
gamoyofili airis moculoba (ml)

100 II
90
I
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140150 160

dro(wm)

sur.67.1 carcis natexsa da imave masis carcis fxvnilze marilmJavas urTierTqme-

debis Sedegad gamoyofili naxSirorJangis moculobis cvlilebis diagramebi

davalebis piroba
a) romeli mrudi Seesabameba carcis fxvnilze marilmJavas moqmedebas da ro-
meli – carcis natexze? ratom fiqrobT ase?
b) grafikis mixedviT rogor vxvdebiT, rom reaqcia dasrulda?
g) ratom gamoiyofa erTi da imave moculobis CO2 orive SemTxvevaSi?
d) grafikis mixedviT ra moculobis CO2 gamoiyofa reaqciis dawyebidan 60 wm-
is Semdeg pirvel SemTxvevaSi? meore SemTxvevaSi?

132
 e) ra droa saWiro, rom gamoiyos 80 ml CO2 pirvel SemTxvevaSi? meore SemTxve-
vaSi?
v) ras udris wyalbadis gamoyofis saSualo siCqare pirveli 40 wm-is ganmavlo-
baSi pirvelsa da meore SemTxvevaSi?

davalebis pasuxi:
a) carcis fxvnilze marilmJavas moqmedebas Seesabameba II mrudi, xolo carcis
natexze – I mrudi. radgan aSkarad Cans, rom meore SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili CO2-is
moculoba metia pirvel SemTxvevaSi, drois imave monakveTSi, gamoyofili wyalba-
dis moculobaze, fxvnilis Sexebis zedapiri aRemateba natexis Sexebis zedapirs,
reaqciis siCqare metia da amitom carcis fxvnilze marilmJavas moqmedebas See-
sabameba II mrudi;
b) gamoyofili CO2-is maqsimaluri moculoba 112 ml. amis Semdeg is aRar icvle-
ba, e. i. reaqcia damTavrda.
g) orive SemTxvevaSi carcis masa erTnairia, amitom gamoiyofa tolo mocu-
lobis CO2.
d) reaqciis dawyebidan 60 wm-is Semdeg, pirvel SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa 58 ml,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – 86 ml CO2.
e) 80 ml CO2-is gamoyofas meore SemTxvevaSi esaWiroeba daaxloebiT 54 wm,
xolo pirvel SemTxvevaSi – 82 wm.
40 ml
v) = = 1.0 ml/wm I SemTxveva
40 wm
62 ml
= 40 wm =1.55 ml/wm II SemTxveva

5   meaTeklaselma moswavleebma Caatares cdebi Tiosulfatis xsnarsa da

marilmJavas Soris. reaqciis tolobas Semdegi saxe aqvs:
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + S↓
gamoyofili gogirdi amRvrevs xsnars.
aiRes TeTri furceli da masze gamosaxes raRac figura. Semdeg ki
Tiosulfatis xsnariani Wiqa am furcelze ise moaTavses, rom figura zemodan
mkafiod Canda. Tio­sulfatis xsnars daamates marilmJava da CarTes wamzomi.
rodesac gamoyofili gogirdis mier xsnaris amRvrevis gamo figura aRar
Canda, wamzomi gamorTes da CainiSnes reaqciis mimdinareobis dro.
Semdeg Tiosulfatis xsnari ganazaves gamoxdili wyliT da cda gaimeores.
amjeradac CainiSnes reaqciis mimdinareobis dro.
upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
a) ra gansxvavebaa pirvelsa da meore SemTxvevaSi mimdinare cdebs Soris?
b) reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi romeli faqtoris gamosakvlevad Caatares es
cda?

a) meore cdaSi Tiosulfatis xsnaris koncentracia Semcirebulia, radgan is

ganazaves gamoxdili wyliT;
b) es cda asabuTebs, rom reaqciis siCqareze gavlena aqvs nivTierebaTa koncen-
tracias. koncentraciis SemcirebiT reaqciis siCqarec mcirdeba, xolo koncen-
traciis gazrdiT – izrdeba;
g) koncentraciis Sesamcireblad Tiosulfatis xsnars daamates gamoxdili
wyali, radgan swored es aris cdis mizani – reaqciis siCqareze koncentraciis
gavlenis gamokvleva;

133
 d) reaqciis siCqare meti iqneboda pirvel SemTxvevaSi, radgan Tiosulfatis
xsnaris koncentracia ufro metia;
e) pirvel cdaSi reaqciis siCqare kidev ufro gaizrdeboda marilmJavas
koncentraciis gazrdiT.

6   daakvirdiT suraTze gamosaxul mowyobilobas, SearCieT reaqcia,

romlis siCqaris gansazRvrac am mowyobilobiTaaY SesaZlebeli. axseniT,
rogorc SeZlebT amas.

reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi romeli faqtoris gamokvlevaa SesaZlebeli

am mowyobilobiT?

sur. 30. mowyobiloba, romliTac SesaZlebelia reaqciis siCqaris gansazRvra

am mowyobilobiT SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes wyalbadis peroqsidis daSlis

reaqcia, aseve TuTiasTan marilmJavas urTierTqmedebis reaqcia. wyalbadis
peroqsidis SemTxvevaSi reaqciis siCqare SesaZloa gaizardos gacxelebiT
an katalizatoris gamoyenebiT. TuTiis marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis
reaqciis daCqareba SesaZlebelia, Tu gavzrdiT marilmJavas koncentracias,
aseve Tu TuTiis granulebis nacvlad gamoviyenebT TuTiis fxvnils. reaqciis
siCqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia, Tu SevamcirebT marilmJavas koncentracias
da gamoviyenebT TuTiis granulebs. am reaqciaSi gaizomeba gamoyofili
airis moculoba, romelic grovdeba sazom cilindrSi drois garkveul
monakveTSi. sazomi cilindri cdis dasawyisSi bolomde unda iyos wyliT savse.
am mowyobilobiT SesaZloa gamovikvlioT temperaturis gavlena reaqciis
siCqareze, aseve – katalizatoris gavlena.

134
 kompleqsuri davaleba #2

qimiuri wonasworoba

mcenareebis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis erT-erT aucilebel elements warmo­

adgens azoti, romlis nawils mcenare haeridan iTvisebs, xolo nawils ki –
niadagSi Setanili azotSemcveli sasuqebidan.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT sawarmos mflobeli da gadawyviteT azot­
Semcveli sasuqebis warmoeba, warmoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi etapi wyalbadisa
da azotisagan amiakis miRebaa. es procesi ki – Seqcevadia, amitom misi marTva
garkveuli pirobebis dacvas moiTxovs.
gaarkvieT, ra faqtorebi moqmedebs qimiur wonasworobaze da SeimuSaveT
rekomendaciebi imisaTvis, rom amiakis warmoeba iyos momgebiani.

naSromi warmoadgineT sainformacio bukletis saSualebiT.

• rogor gamosaxavT pirdapiri da Seqcevadi reaqciebis siCqareebs da

wonasworuli reaqciis siCqaris mudmivas amiakis sinTezis magaliTze? (nivT.1,2, 3,
4; fiz. da qim.1,2)
• ra faqtorebi moqmedebs da rogor qimiur wonasworobaze amiakis sinTezis
procesSi? (nivT.1, 2, 3, 4; fiz. da qim. movl.1, 2)
• rogor gamoTvliT qimiuri bmis energiis gamoyenebiT amiakis sinTezis
reaqciis siTbur efeqts? SeadgineT am reaqciis Termoqimiuri toloba. (nivT.1,2,
3, 4; fiz. da qim. movl.1, 2.; qim. bma 1,2)
• ra rekomendaciebs miscemT sawarmos xelmZRvanelebs wonasworuli procesis
samarTavad? (nivT.1, 3, 4; fiz. da qim. mol.1, 2).

• N2+3H2 2NH3 + Q

1 =K1[N2][H2]3 1 = 2

2 =K2[NH3]2
K1 [NH3]2
Kw = =
K2 [N2][H2]3

• amiakis sinTezis procesze moqmedebs moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentraciis

cvlileba, temperatura, wneva.

• gamovTvliT, ra energia ixarjeba azotsa da wyalbadSi bmebis gawyvetaze, ra

raodenobis energia gamoiyofa amiakis warmoqmnisas, maT Soris sxvaoba aris reaqciis
siTburi efeqti. amiakis sinTezis reaqcia egzoTermulia e.i. sawyis nivTierebebSi
bmebis gawyvetaze daxarjuli energia naklebia reaqciis produqtebOis warmoqmnisas
gamoyofil energiaze.
• amiakis warmoebaSi iyeneben maRal wnevas. am dros, le Satelies principis Ta-
naxmad, wonasworoba gadaixreba molebis ricxvis Semcirebis, anu amiakis warmo-
qmnis mimarTulebiT. amiakis sareaqcio narevidan mocilebiT misi koncentracia
mcirdeba da wonasworoba ixreba marjvniv, amiakis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT. sa-
Sualo temperaturas iyeneben imitom, rom ar warimarTos intensiurad amiakis daSL-
lis endoTermuli reaqcia, rac moxdeba maRali temperaturis pirobebSi.
135
 Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi 2.3.1
gaixseneT:
1. ra miiReba kalciumis karbonatis daSlis reaqciis Sedegad? ur­ Ti­
erT­ qme­
debs isini erTmaneTTan? warimarTeba Tu ara es reaqcia sapirispiro mi­mar­
TulebiTac

CaCO3→CaO +CO2, es daSlis reaqciaa!

zogierTi fuZe oqsidi, maT Soris CaO, urTierTqmedebs mJava oqsidTan.
amitom SesaZlebelia sapirispiro reaqciac:
CaO +CO2 → CaCO3

a) SeadgineT meTanis wvis reaqciis toloba.

es reaqcia Seqcevadia Tu Seuqcevadi?
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi. aucileblad moiyvaneT
argumentebi Tqveni praqtikuli gamocdilebidan.
b) aanTeT asanTi, daakvirdiT reaqciis msvlelobas. es
reaqcia homogenuria Tu heterogenuli?
Seqcevadia Tu Seuqcevadi?
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

es reaqcia Seuqcevadia, radganac CO2-is urTierTqmedebiT wyalTan CH4 da O2 ar

miiReba, (Tumca CO2 urTierTqmedebs HH2O-sTan aramdgradi H2CO3-is warmoqmniT).
CH4+ 2O2 → CO2↑ +2H2O

b) asanTis wva heterogenulia, radgan mimdinareobs moreagire nivTierebaTa

Sexebis zedapirze, myar asanTsa da airad Jangbads Soris. reaqcia Seuqcevadia,
imave mizeziT, rac (a) SemTxvevaSi. asanTis Reris ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nivTiereba
iwvis CO2-isa da H2OO-s warmoqmniT, romelTa urTierTqmedebiT sawyisi nivTiereba
ar miiReba.

  1   qvemoT mocemul reaqciaTa tolobebidan amoiwereT iseTi reaqciis tolo-

ba, romelic, Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos da dasviT Seqcevadobis ni-
Sani. axseniT Tqven mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba:
a) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2↑ b) 2SO3 → 2SO2 +O2
MgCO3 → CO2 +MgO 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
g) 2HCl → H2 +Cl2 d) 3Fe+4H2O →Fe3O4 + 4H2
Ba(OH)2+H2SO4 → BaSO4↓ + 2H2O Fe+CuCl2 → FeCl2+Cu .

a) Zn+2HCl → ZnCl2+H2
ZnCl2 da H2 ar urTierTqmedebs, amitom reaqcia Seuqcevadia.

136
 CO2 da MgO urTierTqmedebs, amitom reaqcia Seqcevadia da vwerT Seqcevadobis
niSans:
MgCO3 MgO + CO2.
b) SO2 urTierTqmedebs O2-Tan, amitom vwerT Seqcevadobis niSans:
2SO3 2SO2+O2
aluminis oqsidi sawyis nivTierebad ar iSleba. amitom aluminis daJangvis reaq-
cia Seuqcevadia.
g) H2 da Cl2 urTierTqmedebs, amitom vwerT Seqcevadobis niSans:
2HCl H2+Cl2
BaSO4 wyalTan ar urTierTqmedebs. amitom, es reaqcia Seuqcevadia.
d) Fe3O4 urTierTqmedebs wyalbadTan, amitom es reaqcia Seqcevadia.
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2↑
magram FeCl2 ar urTierTqmedebs Cu-Tan, spilenZi rkinas ver gamoaZevebs, amitom
es reaqcia Seuqcevadia.

  2   sinjaraSi CaasxiT 3 ml wyali da daamateT ramdenime wveTi lakmusi. masSi

airgamyvani miliT gaatareT naxSirorJangi (SearCieT saWiro aRWurviloba da
reaqtivebi – naxSirorJangi miiReT sxva sinjaraSi).
ras amCnevT – Seicvala Tu ara iisferi lakmusis Seferiloba? axseniT es faqti.
miRebuli xsnari daayovneT. ras amCnevT?
axseniT es efeqti.
CaatareT sakontrolo cda, kidev erTxel gaatareT naxSirorJangi lak­musian
wyalSi. rodesac lakmusi vardisfer Seferilobas miiRebs, naxSiror­Jangis ga-
tareba SewyviteT da xsnari SeaTbeT:
axla ras amCnevT? axseniT es efeqti.
SeafaseT naxSirorJangis wyalTan urTiTerTqmedebis reaqcia Seq­cevadobis
TvalsazrisiT.

wylian sinjaraSi naxSirorJangis gatarebisas, iisferi lakmusis gavleniT,

xsnari vardisferi gaxdeba, radgan CO2 urTierTqmedebs wyalTan, susti mJavas,
H2CO3-is, warmoqmniT. miRebuli xsnaris dayovnebisas xsnari TandaTan uferulde-
ba, radgan H2CO3 iSleba naxSirorJangad da wylad HH2CO3 → H2O+CO2. Tu xsnars Se-
vaTbobT, xsnari ufro swrafad gauferuldeba, radgan naxSirorJangi xsnaridan
ufro swrafad gamoiyofa. naxSirorJangis wyalTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcia Se-
qcevadia:
H HH2CO3 H2O+CO2
  3   2000°C-ze wylis orTqlSi aRmoCenilia 0.994 moli wyali, 0.006 moli wyal-
badi da 0.003 moli Jangbadi. SeadgineT am Seqcevadi reaqciis gamosaxuleba.
wylis ramdeni moli daiSala? Tvdapirvelad aRebuli wylis ra raodenobas
Seadgens daSlili wylis raodenoba?

2HH2O 2H2+O2
yoveli ori moli wyali daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnis wyalbadis or mols. radgan
narevSi 0.006 moli wyalbadia, amdenive wyali daiSleboda. 0.994+0.006=1 moli.
e. i. Tavdapirvelad narevSi iyo 1 moli wyali.
1 moli – 100%
0.006⋅100%
0.006 moli – X X= X=0.6%
1
e. i. daiSala wylis 0.6%.

137
 saSinao davaleba

  1   suraTze gamosaxulia, koncentraciis drois mixedviT cvlilebis dia-

gramebi azotsa da wyalbads Soris mimdinare Seqcevad re­aqciaSi. romeli See-
sabameba amiakis sinTezs da romeli – amiakis daSlas?
gaeciT argumentirebuli pasuxi.

(1) (2)
koncentracia

koncentracia
H2 H2
NH3 NH3
N2 N2

dro dro

sur. azotis, wyalbadisa da amiakis koncentraciebis cvlileba drois mixedviT, azotsa da

wyalbads Soris mimdinare Seqcevad reaqciaSi

(1) diagramis mixedviT wyalbadisa da azoti koncentraciebi mcirdeba,

amiakis ki izrdeba. e.i. es aris pirdapiri reaqcia

N2+3H2 2NH3 .

(2) diagramis mixedviT wyalbadisa da azotis koncentraciebi izrdeba,

amiakis ki – mcirdeba. e.i. es aris sapirispiro reaqcia

2NH3 N2 + 3H2 .

138
 qimiuri wonasworoba 2.3.2
gaixseneT:
ras niSnavs fizikuri, magaliTad, meqanikur sasworze damyarebuli
wonasworoba?

meqanikur sasworze damyarebuli wonasworobis dros sasworis orive pina

erT donezea, anu orive pinaze erTnairi masis sagnebia moTavsebuli.

a) azotis koncentraciis cvlilebis mixedviT, daadgineT amiakis koncen-

traciis cvlileba;
b) am monacemebiT SeadgineT amiakis koncentraciis cvlilebis cxrili;
g) aageT grafiki, romelic asaxavs azotis koncentraciis cvlilebis damok-
idebulebas reaqciis droze.

0,01 x1
N2 + 3H2 E 2NH3 x1=0.02 moli/l.
1moli 2moli
0,02 x2 0.1
N2 + 3H2 E 2NH3 x2=0.04 moli/l. 0.09
1moli 2moli 0.08

0,03 x3 0.07

N2 + 3H2 E 2NH3 0.06

1moli 2moli
x3=0.06 moli /l. 0.05
0.04
0,04 x4 0.03

N2 + 3H2 E 2NH3 x4 = 0.08 moli/l. 0.02

0.01
1moli 2moli x5 = 0.08 moli/l.

dro, wm amiakis koncentracia moli/l

0 0
50 0.02
100 0.04
150 0.06
200 0.08
250 0.08
300 0.08
350 0.08

200 wamis Semdeg amiakis da azotis koncentracia aRar icvleba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sareaqcio sistemaSi wonasworoba damyarda.

139
  1   TiToeuli reaqciisaTvis SeadgineT wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaxuleba.
miuTiTeT, reaqcia homogenuria, Tu heterogenuri.
a) 2NO2(a) 2NO(a)+ O2(a);

b) Pb(CO3)(my) PbO(my) + CO2(a);

g) H2(a) + Cl2(a) 2HCl(a);

a) [NO]2[O2]
Kw=
[NO2]2
b)
Kw=[CO2]

g) [HCl]2
Kw=
[H2][Cl2]

  2   visac tkbili yava uyvars, yavis WiqaSi Saqars manamde yris da urevs, vidre
Sa­qari ar gaixsneba. gaxsnis Sewyvetis Semdeg Saqris damatebisas gaizrdeba Tu
ara Saqris kristalebidan xsnarSi Saqris molekulebis gadasvlis siCqare? ra-
tom fiqrobT ase?
iqneba Tu ara yava ufro tkbili?

gaxsnis Sewyvetis Semdeg xsnarSi Saqris molekulebis raodenoba ar gaizrdeba,

­ramdenic gadava xsnarSi, imdenive gamoiyofa xsnaridan, amitom yava ufro tkbili
ver gaxdeba.

  3   suraTze mocemuli ori grafikidan, romeli asaxavs koncentraciis

cvlilebas Seqcevadi reaqciis SemTxvevaSi da romeli – Seuqcevadi reaqciis
SemTxvevaSi? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.
moluri koncentracia mol/l.

moluri koncentracia mol/l.

– reaqciis produqti

reaqciis produqti

– sawyisi nivTiereba sawyisi nivTiereba

dro (wT) dro (wT)

pirveli grafiki asaxavs koncentraciis cvlilebas, Seuqcevadi reaqciis

SemTxvevaSi, radgan Cans, rom sawyisi nivTiereba ixarjeba bolomde (grafikze
Cans, rom mrudi exeba abscisaTa RerZs).

140
 meore grafikis mixedviT sawyisi da saboloo nivTierebebis koncentraciebi
drois garkveuli momentidan aRar icvleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom Seqcevad reaq-
ciaSi wonasworoba damyarda. arc sawyisi nivTierebis koncentraciis Sesabamisi
mrudi exeba abscisaTa RerZs da arc – sabolo nivTierebis koncentraciis Sesaba-
misi mrudi.

  4   garkveul temperaturaze, sistemaSi H2+I2 2HI, qimiuri wonasworoba

damyarda maSin, rodesac nivTierebaTa koncentracia iyo:
[H2] = 0.025moli/l, [I2] = 0.005moli/l, [HI] = 0.09 moli/l.
daadgineT iodis da wyalbadis sawyisi koncentraciebi.
H2 + I2 2HI
radgan HI-is koncentraciaa 0.09 moli/l.
mis misaRebad daixarjeboda,
x2 x1 0.09 moli

H2 + I2 2HI
1moli 1moli 2moli

x1=0,045 moli
x2=0.045 moli.
e.i. H2­-is sawyisi koncentracia 0.025+0.045=0.070 moli/l.
I2-is sawyisi koncentraciaa
0.005+0.0045=0.05 mol/l.

  5   garkveul temperaturaze, sareaqcio sistemaSi wonasworoba maSin dam­­

yar­da, rodesac nivTierebaTa koncentracia iyo:
[H2] = 0.04 moli/l, [I2] = 0.05moli/l, [HI] = 0.09 moli/l.
gamoiangariSeT sawyis nivTierebaTa koncentraciebi reaqciis dasawyisSi.
gamo­iangariSeT agreTve wonasworobis mudmiva.

x2 x1 0.09 moli

H2 + I2 2HI
1moli 1moli 2moli
x1=0.045moli
x2=0.045moli.
[H2]sawy. =0.04 + 0.045 = 0.085 moli/l.
[I2]sawy. =0.05 + 0.045 = 0.095 moli/l.

[HI]2 [0.09]2
Kw= =
[HH
H 2][I2] [HH0.04][0.05]
0.0081 =4.05
Kw=
0.002

  6   garkveul temperaturaze, sareaqcio sistemaSi 2NO2 2NO + O2, wo­nas­

woroba damyarda maSin, roca nivTierebaTa koncentracia gaxda:
[NO2] = 0.006moli/l, [NO] = 0.024moli/l, [O2] = 0.012 moli/l.
ipoveT NO2-is sawyisi koncentracia da wonasworobis mudmiva.

141
 x 0, 024
2NO 2 " 2NO + O 2
2 moli 2 moli

x=0.024
amitom [NO2]sawy. =0.006 + 0.024 = 0.030moli/l
Kw= [NO] [O [0.024]2[0.012]
2
2]
= =0.192
[NO]2 [0.006]2

saSinao davaleba

  1   ganmarteT – ratom uwodeben qimiur wonasworobas dinamikurs?

qimiuri wonasworoba dinamikuria, radgan pirdapiri da sapirispiro

reaqciebi mimdinareobs, nivTierebebi mudmivad gardaiqmneba, Tumca
raodenobrivad araviTari cvlileba ar SeiniSneba.

2   dawereT wonasworobis mudmiva K

K w gamosaxuleba qvemoT mocemuli
TiToeuli reaqciisaTvis.

a) CO2(a) + H2 (a) CO(a) + H2O(Txevadi);

b) SnO2(my) + 2CO(a) Sn(my) + 2CO2(a).
ganmarteT, ris mixedviT miiReT gadawyvetileba.

a) vinaidan wyali monawileobs Txevadi saxiT, misi CarTva wonasworobis

mudmivas gamosaxulebaSi saWiro ar aris
[COl]
Kw=
[CO2][H2]
b) vinaidan SnO2 da Sn myari nivTierebebia, maTi CarTva wonasworobis mudmivas
gamosaxulebaSi saWiro ar aris,
[CO2]2
Kw=
[CO]2

  3   ra saxiT iTvisebs mcenare azots? ra aris azotis fiqsacia?

SeiZleba Tu ara reaqcia azotsa da Jangbads Soris, romlis Sedegadac miiReba
NO, miviCnioT rogorc azotis fiqsaciis meTodi?
is mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciis tolobiT
N2(a) + O2(a) 2NO(a)
25°C-ze am reaqciis wonasworobis mudmivaa Kw = 1 ∙ 10–30.
SeafaseT, ramdenad misaRebia aseTi reaqcia azotis fiqsaciisaTvis.
aRwereT azotis fiqsaciis meore gza, ra aris nitrifikacia?

vinaidan Kw-s aqvs Zalian dabali mniSvneloba, 25°C-ze unda warmoiqmnas NO-s
Zalian mcire raodenoba. am SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba Zlieraa gadaxrili marcxniv,
reagentebis mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, es reaqcia ar aris misaRebi azotis
fiqsaciisaTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi – 25°C-ze mainc.

142
 azotis fiqsacia mimdinareobs ori gziT:
1) el-Weqis dros atmosferoSi azotisa da Jangbadis garkveuli raodenoba
azotis oqsidebis warmoqmniT urTierTqmedebs. isini ixsneba wyalSi da warmoiqmneba
ganzavebuli azotmJava, romelic, Tavis mxriv, niadagSi gardaiqmneba nitratebad;

2) atomosferuli azoti gardaiqmneba amiakad, romelic SemdgomSi baqteriebis

gavleniT nitratebad gardaiqmneba, am process nitrifikacia ewodeba.

3   axseniT, rogor SeiZleba daamyaroT dinamikuri wonasworoba sufris

marilsa da wyals Soris?

100 g wyalOSi ixsneba 36 g sufris marili. aseT SemTxvevaSi miiReba najeri

xsnari. amis Semdeg meti marili aRar ixsneba, myardeba dinamikuri wonasworoba –
ramdeni nawilakic gadava xsnarSi, imdenive gamoiyofa xsna­ridan.

143
 qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi 2.3.3
gaixseneT:
ra gansxvavebaa egzoTermulsa da endoTermul reaqciebs Soris?

egzoTermuli reaqciis procesSi siTbo gamoiyofa, endoYTermul procesSi

– STainTqmeba.

saiT gadaixreba qimiuri wo­nas­wo­roba, wyal­badisa an azotis kon­cen­traciis

gazrdisas amiakis sinTezis reaqciaSi? pasuxi ganmarteT.

amiakis sinTezis reaqciaSi azotisa da wyalbadis koncentraciis gazrdisas

wonaaworoba gadaixreba produqtis, e.i. amiakis warmoqmnis mxares, radgan
gaizrdeba pirdapiri reaqciis siCqare.

daazusteT – saiT gadaixreba qimiuri wo­nas­woroba amiakis sinTezis reaq-

ciaSi reaqciis produqtis kon­centraciis gazrdisas. pasuxi Camoaya­libeT
werilobiT.

reaqciis produqtis koncentraciis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadaixreba

sawyisi nivTierebebis warmoqmnis mxares, radgan gaizrdeba pirdapiri reaqciis
siCqare.

rogor unda Seicvalos reaqciaSi monawile nivTierebaTa koncentracia, wo-

nasworoba rom aRdges? pirdapiri reaqciis siCqaris gazrdiTaa SesaZlebeli
amis miRweva Tu – piriqiT? saiT gadainacvlebs wonasworoba aseT SemTxveva-
Si? varaudi daasabuTeT, wonasworobis mudmivas maTematikuri gamosaxule-
bis saSualebiT.

: 1 NH 3D
2

Kw= 2 1: 1 16 : 4
4 16 = 4
: 1 N 2D : 1 H 2D
3

2 2

1 7 NH A 2
3
Kw= 4
1 7N A 1 7H A 3
2 2 8 2
1 7 NH A 2
4 7 NH 3A 1 16
2
4 3 1
Kw= = . : =
1 7N A 7H A 3 7N A 7H A 3 4 16 4
2 2 2 2
16
wneva Tu Semcirda orjer, moculoba gaizrdeba orjer da koncentracia Sem-
cirdeba orjer. wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaxulebaSi mricxveli Semcirdeba
oTxjer, xolo mniSvneli – Teqvsmetjer. sabolood, mricxveli mniSvnelze meti
iqneba oTxjer. am SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba gadainacvlebs sawyisi nivTierebebis
mxares, raTa maTi koncentracia gaizardos da wonasworoba aRdges.

144
 imoqmedebs Tu ara wnevis cvlileba wonasworobis gada­nac­v­lebaze Semdegi
reaqciis SemTxvevaSi:
N2+O2 2NO.
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi. pasuxi ganazogadeT, werilobiT Camo­ayalibeT
– ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs gavlena wnevis cvlilebas airad niv­Tiere­bebs Soris
mimdinare wonasworul reaqciaze?

Tu reaqcia molebis ricxvis cvlilebas gareSe mimdinareobs, wnevis

cvlileba gavlenas ver axdens.
wnevis cvlilebas wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze maSin aqvs gavlena, rodesac
is mimdinareobs molebis ricxvis cvlilebiT.

ra Cans 65.1 suraTze asaxul grafikze?

koncentracia

reaqciis produqtebi
rodis myardeba ufro adre wonaswo-
roba, katalizatoriT mimdinare rea-
qciis SemTxvevaSi Tu mis gareSe? ri-
sawyisi nivTiereba
Tia es ganpirobebuli?

tkat tkat. gareSe dro

sur. 65.1 wonasworobis momenti

katalizur reaqciasa da katalizatoris
gare­Se mimdinare reaqciaSi

grafikze Cans, rom katalizatoriT mimdinare reaqciis SemTxvevaSi

wonasworobis momenti ufro adre dgeba, vidre katalizatoris gareSe
mimdinare reaqciaSi. es imitom, rom katalizatori zrdis rogorc pirdapiri,
ise sapirispiro reaqciis siCqares.

CamoayalibeT, ra gavlena aqvs wnevisa da koncentraciis cvlilebas wonas-

worobis gadaxraze le Satelies principis gaTvaliswinebiT.

wnevis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadaixreba wnevis Semcirebis, anu molebis

Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. wnevis Semcirebisas piriqiT – molebis gazrdis
mimarTulebiT. koncentraciis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadaixreba misi
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT, Semcirebisas – misi gazrdis mimarTulebiT.

145
  1  
qvemoT mocemuli Seqcevadi reaqciebis tolobebidan calke amoiwereT is
SemTxvevebi, rodesac wnevis cvlilebiT wonasworoba irRveva. daasabuTeT
Tqveni gadawyvetileba:
a) 2SO2(a) + O2(a) 2SO3(a); b) H2(a) + Cl2(a) 2HCl(a);
g) CaCO3 (my) CaO(my) + CO2(a); d) N2O(a) 2NO2(a).

wnevis gavleniT wonasworoba irRveva maSin, rodesac sawyisi nivTierebebis mo-

lebis ricxvi gansxvavdeba saboloo nivTierebebis molebis ricxvisagan.
amitom wnevis cvlileba wonasworobas gadaanacvlebs Semdegi reaqciebis
SemTxvevaSi:
2SO2 +O2 2SO3
CaCO3 CaO+CO2
Na2O4 2NO2

  2   daaxasiaTeT qvemoT mocemuli qimiuri reaqciebi TqvenTvis cnobi­li yve­la

niSnis mixedviT:
a) Fe +S → Fe S +Q; b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + Q;
S + O2 → SO2 +Q; N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q;
a)
Fe + S → FeS + Q
1) SeerTebis;
2) heterogenuri (Fe – myaria, S – myaria);
3) Seuqcevadi;
4) egzoTermuli.
S + O2 → SO2 + Q
1) SeerTebis;
2) heterogenuri (S – myaria, O2 – airadia);
3) Seuqcevadi;
4) egzoTermuli.
b)
2NaOH + H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O ++ Q
1) mimocvlis;
2) homogenuri, mimdinareobs xsnarSi;
3) Seuqcevadi, Na2SO4 da H2O ar urTierTqmedebs;
4) egzoTermuli.
N2+ 3H2 2NH3+ Q
1) SeerTebis;
2) airad nivTierebebs Soris mimdinareobs, radgan gamoyenebulia myari kata-
lizatori homogenuri ar aris;
3) Seqcevadi;
4) egzoTermuli.

146
  3   mocemulia qimiur reaqciaTa tolobebi:
a) N2 (a) + O2 (a) 2NO (a) – Q;
b) 2H2 (a) + O2 (a) 2H2O (a) + Q;
g) 2SO2 (a) +O2 (a) 2SO3 (a) + Q.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi saiT gadainacvlebs wonasworoba:
– temperaturis gazrdisas?
– wnevis gazrdisas?
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

a) temperaturis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadaixreba marjvniv, reaqcia endo-

Termulia.
wnevis gazrda gavlenas ver moaxdens, radgan molebis ricxvi tolobis orive
mxares erTnairia.
b) 2H2 +O2 2H2O +Q
temperaturis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadaixreba marcxniv, reaqcia egzoTer-
mulia.
wnevis gazrdisas gadaixreba marjvniv – molebis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
g) 2SO2 +O2 2SO3 +Q
temperaturis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadainacvlebs marcxniv.
wnevis gazrdisas ki – molebis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT, e. i. marjvniv.

4   cxrilSi mocemulia amiakis sinTezis Seqcevadi reaqciis wonasworobis

mudmivas mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva temperaturaze.
gaaanalizeT cxrilis monacemebi. aRniSneT, rogor da ratom icvleba wonaswo-
robis mudmiva temperaturis gazrdisas? ras niSnavs es reaqciis produqtis
gamosavlianobis TvalsazrisiT?

ra piroba arsebobs imisaTvis, rom reaqciis produqtis gamosavlianoba gai-

zardos? pasuxi ganmarteT.

pirdapiri mimarTulebiT reaqcia aris egzo­Termuli, Sesabamisad, temperatu-

ris gazr­disas wonasworobam unda gadainacvlos sapirispiro mimarTulebiYT, anu
NH3-is raodenobis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT da N2-is da H2-is damatebiTi raode-
nobis warmoqmniT.
aRvniSnavT, rom temperaturis cvlilebiT mniS­vne­lovnad icvleba Kw. am vi-
Tarebas didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amiakis misaRebad da reaqciis siCqa-
ris gasazrdelad aucilebelia reaqciis warmarTva maRal temperaturaze, Tumca
temperaturis gazrdiT wonasworobis mudmiva mcirdeba, es moaswavebs amiakis ga-
mosavlianobis Semcirebas. am faqtis kompensirebisaTvis zrdian wnevas, vinaidan
wnevis gazrda iwvevs wonasworobis gadaxras marjvniv, molebis Semcirebis, anu
amiakis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.

  5   qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamokvlevis mizniTY moswavlee-

bma, maswavleblis daxmarebiT, aseTi cda Caatares: rkina(III)‑is qloridis FeCl3
xsnars daamates kaliumis rodanidis KCNS ufero xsnari. reaqciis tolobas
Semdegi saxe aqvs:
FeCl3(wy.xs.) + 3KCNS (wy.xs.) Fe(CNS)3 (wy.xs.) + 3KCl (wy.xs.)
pirdapiri reaqciis Sedegad miiRebuli Fe(CNS)3-is xsnari muqi wiTelia.

147
 a) sareaqcio narevs daamates kaliumis rodani- temperatura 0C Kw
dis ufero xsnari. ra procesebi warimarTeboda 300 4.34⋅10–3
sareaqcio sistemaSi? saiT gadaixreboda wo- 400 1.64⋅10–4
nasworoba? ra iqneba reaqciis garegnuli efeq- 450 4.51⋅10–5
ti? 500 1.45⋅10–5
550 5.38⋅10–6
suraTze gamosaxuli variantebidan romeli 600 2.25⋅10–6
Seesabameba wonasworobis gadaxris Sedegs?

b) ras moimoqmedeben moswavleebi imisaTvis,

rom sareaqcio sistemaSi wonasworobam gadainacvlos marcxniv, sawyisi nivTiere-
bebis warmoqmnis mxares? ra iqneba am SemTxvevaSi reaqciis garegnuli efeqti? su-
raTze gamosaxuli variantebidan, romeli Seesabameba wonasworobis gadaxris Se-
degs?

(1) (2)

g) CamoayalibeT kanonzomiereba – rogor moqmedebs koncentraciis cvlileba

qimiuri wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze?

a) KCNS-is ufero xsnaris damatebisas izrdeba sawyisi nivTierebis koncen-

tracia. amitom gaizrdeboda pirdapiri reaqciis siCqare, rkinis rodanidi
Fe(CNS)3 warmoiqmneboda ufro didi raodenobiT da xsnari kidev ufro gawiTlde-
boda.

suraTze gamosaxuli variantebidan cdis Sedegs Seesabameba (2).

b) imisaTvis, rom gaizardos sapirispiro reaqciis siCqare, saWiroa gaizar-

dos reaqciis produqtebis koncentracia. amisaTvis sareaqcio sistemas unda dae-
matos kaliumis qloridis kristalebi, am SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba gadainacvlebs
sawyisi nivTierebebis mxares da xsnaris wiTeli Seferiloba gaxdeba ufro mkrTa-
li. suraTze gamosaxuli variantebidan cdis Sedegs Seesabameba (1).

g) amrigad, sawyisi nivTierebebis koncentraciis gazrda wonasworobas ga-

daanacvlebs reaqciis produqtebis mxares (pirdapiri reaqciis mimarTulebiT),
xolo reaqciis produqtebis koncentraciis gazrda wonasworobas gadaanacvlebs
sapirispiro reaqciis mxares, reagentebis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.

148
 6  
kidev erTxel waikiTxeT saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli le Satelies principi.
xom ar fiqrobT, rom cota rTulad gamoiTqmis?
Tu asea, scadeT, iqneb Tqven Ca­moa­ya­
liboT ufro gasagebad, sxva ter­minolo­
`yoveli sistema,
giis gamoyenebiT. iqneb maTematikuri
romelic mdgrad
formiT gadmosceT, an TvalsaCinoebis qimiur wonasworo-
romelime saSualeba gamoiyenoT. baSia da is unda dae-
gaiTvaliswineT, saxelmZRvane­lo­Sic qvemdebaros ga­reSe
am principis tipuri, gamartivebuli va­ zemoqmedebas, ro­
ri­an­tia mocemuli. melic mimarTulia
120 wlis win ki Tavad le Sateliem misi temperaturis
parizis mecnierebaTa akademiis winaSe an kon­densaciis (wne-
Tavisi cnobili principi aseTi saxiT va, kon­centracia, mole­ku­laTa ricxvi
waradgina (ix. fonze): moculobis erTeulSi) Sesacvlelad
albaT, imis gamo, rom vrcelia da Zne- ro­me­lime nawilSi an mTlianad yvelgan.
maSin SesaZlebelia, Tavis­Ta­vad moxdes
lad gamosaTqmeli, mTeli 120 wlis gan-
mxolod iseTi Sinagani cvlilebebi,
mavlobaSi, es principi xSi­rad iyo dis­
romelic gamoiwvevs temperaturis an
kusiis sagani – qimi­ kos­Ta umravlesoba
kondensaciis Secvlas im mimarTule-
miiCnevda, rom is metismetad sqematuria biT, romelic aris gareSe Zalis moqme-
da arc – main­c­da­mainc zusti. debis sapirispiro~.
martivi da zogadi principis zusti a. le Satelie

formulis Zieba yovelTvis izidavda mecnierebs, magram jerjerobiT yve­la cda

uSedegod damTavrda.

moswavleebi Seecdebian Tavisi sityvebiT Camoayalibon le Satelies principi.

aiRon, magaliTad, konkretuli reaqcia da isrebiTY aCvenon wonasworobis gadaxra.
SeiZleba sxva ramec moifiqron.

7   CaatareT eqsperimenti instruqciis mixedviT:

cda
moamzadeT saxameblis bubko. amisaTvis sinjaraSi moaTavseT 1-2 g saxame-
beli da daasxiT daaxloebiT 6-7 ml wyali, mourieT, sinjara daxrilad
daamagreT Stativis TaTSi da spirtquris meSveobiT narevi miiyvaneT
aduRebamde, gaaciveT. gacivebul bubkos daamateT 2-3 wveTi iodis xsnari.
ras amCnevT? gaaTbeT sinjara. Semdeg gaaciveT sinjara. ras akvirdebiT
gacxelebisas? ra mimarTulebiT Seicvleba wonasworoba?
ras akvirdebiT gacivebisas? ra mimarTulebiT Seicvleba wonasworoba?
CamoayalibeT daskvna.
axseniT, Tu rogor icvleba qimiuri wonasworoba masze moqmedi faqtore-
bis moqmedebiT. SeqmeniT modeli, romelmac unda axsnas, ratom da rogor
icvleba qimiuri wonasworoba. Tqveni modeli SeiZleba iyos: axsna, diagra-
ma, sqema.

149
 maswavlebeli moswavleebs winaswar acnobs eqsperimentis instruqcias. axsenebs
usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvas.
saxameblis bubkoSi iodis wveTebis damatebiT moswavleebi SeamCneven feris cvlas.
saxameblis bubko galurjdeba.
60-80°C-mde gacxelebisas saxameblis marcvlebi iSleba, marcvleBBbs scildeba
amilozis molekulebi, romlebic erTmaneTSi ireva da qmnis samganzomilebian qsels.
Sedegad, Cven Tvalwin miiReba sqeli, blanti nivTiereba.
Tu saxameblis gacivebul bubkos davamatebT iodis xsnars, miiReba lurji
Seferiloba, romelic gacxelebisas qreba, xolo gacivebisas isev warmoiqmneba.

saSinao davaleba

  1   mocemulia reaqciis toloba: C(my) + CO2 (a) 2CO(a) – Q.

CamoTvaleT yvela piroba, romelic Seamcirebs warmoqmnili CO-s raodenobas.

a) temperaturis SemcirebiT, wonasworoba gadaixreba marcxniv, reagente-

bis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.
b) wnevis gazrda wonasworobas gadaanacvlebs molebis Semcirebis mimar-
TulebiT, anu marcxniv (igulisxmeba airadi nivTierebebis molebis ricxvi),
reagentebis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.

  2   ganvixiloT reaqcia

Na2O4(a) 2NO2(a) – Q
romel mxares gadainacvlebs misi wonasworoba:
a) sareaqcio narevSi N2O4-is damatebisas;
b) sareaqcio narevidan NO2-s mocilebisas;
g) wnevis gazrdisas;

d) moculobis gazrdisas;
e) temperaturis Semcirebisas.

a) Na2O4-is damatebisas, le Satelies principis Tanaxmad, reaqcia unda war-

,imarTos misi koncentraciis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT, amitom wonaswo-
roba gadaixreba marjvniv, produqtis warmoqmnis mxares.
b) NO2-is mocilebisas reaqcia wava misi koncentraciis gazrdis mimar-
TulebiT, amitom wonasworoba gadaixreba marjvniv (produqtis warmoqmnis
mxares).
g) wnevis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadainacvlebs molebis Semcirebis mimar-
TulebiT, wonasworoba gadaixreba marcxniv reagentis mimarTulebiT.
d) moculobis gazrdisas wneva mcirdeba, amitom wonasworoba gadaixreba
molebis gazrdis mimarTulebiT, anu marjvniv, reaqciis produqtis mxares.
e) temperaturis Semcirebas sistemam unda upasuxos wonasworobis ga-
danacvlebiT siTbos gamoyofis mimarTulebiT. amitom wonasworoba ga-
daixreba marcxniv, N2O4-is warmoqmnis mxares.

150
 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna 2.3.4
  1   SeadgineT wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaxuleba qvemoT mocemuli Ti­
To­euli reaqciisaTvis.

axseniT, ra gaiTvaliswineT am procesSi.

a) 2SO2(a) + O2(a) 2SO3(a);
b) ZnO(my)+ H2(a) Zn(my)+ H2O(a);
g) H2(a) + CO2(a) CO(a) + H2O(a).

a) Kw= [SO3]2 wonasworobis mudmivas gamosaxulebis Sedgenisas

[SO2]2[O2]
gasaTvaliswinebelia reaqciaSi monawile nivTierebebis
b) [H2O] agregatuli mdgomareoba, myari nivTierebebi mxedvelobaSi
Kw= ar miiReba, is gaTvaliswinebulia reaqciis siCqaris
[H2]
mudmivas mniSvnelobaSi.
g) K = [CO][H2O]
w
[H2][CO2]

  2   rogor Seicvleba pir­da­piri reaq­ciis siC­qa­re sa­re­aqcio sis­temaSi

2SO2(a) + O2 (a) 2SO3 + Q
Tu wneva Semcirdeba oTxjer?

wnevis oTxjer Semcireba iwvevs moculobis oTxjer gazrdas da koncen­

traciis oTxjer Semcirebas.
: 1 SO 3D
2

7SO 31A
: SO 3D : 1 SO 3
2 2

7SO 3A 7SO 3A
2 4 2

K w =7SO 2A $47 O 22A

Kw= Kw=
: 1 SO 2D $ : 1 O 2D K w = 7SO A $ 7 O A
2 4
7 SO 2 A $ 7 O 2 A
Kw=
: 1 SO 2 D $ : 1 O 2 D : 1 SO 2 D $
2
4 4 2 2
4 4 1 7SO A 4
4 7SO1 3A7SO A 2 4 7SO 3A
2 2 2
1 7SO
4 7SO 3A w =4 7 SO 3 A 2 2 4 7 SO 3 A
3
2
Kw= K 16 2
= 2

K w =7SO 2A $ 7 O 22A 7SO 2A $ 7 O 2A K7wSO=2 A 7 O 2 A 2

3
16
2 1 1 Kw= 16
7SO 2 A $ 7 O 2 A 1 7SO A $ 1 7 O A = 7SO 162A 2 7 O 2A 7SO 2 A $ 7 O 2 A
2
4 1 7SO A 2
2 2 2
16 4 16

e. i. gaizrdeba mricxveli, wonasworoba rom aRdges, unda gaizardos mniSvn­

elic, e. i. unda gaizardos SO2-isa da O2-is koncentracia. rac SesaZlebelia
sapirispiro reaqciis siCqaris gazrdiT. maSasadame, wonasworoba gadaixreba
marcxniv.

  3   ganvixiloT wonasworuli sistema

C(my) + CO2(a) 2CO (a) – Q
ra gavlenas iqoniebs wonasworobis gadanacvlebaze:
a) CO2-is damateba;

b) myari C-s damateba;

g) siTbos miwodeba;

151
 d) sistemis SekumSva;

e) katalizatori;

v) COO-s mocileba.

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi warmoadgineT argumentirebuli pasuxi.

a) wonasworoba gadainacvlebs marjvniv, CO-s damatebiTi raodenobis

warmoqmniT, radgan izrdeba sawyisi nivTierebis koncentracia.
b) myari C-s damateba ar iqoniebs gavlenas manam, sanam sareaqcio sistemaSi misi
garkveuli raodenobaa, radgan reaqcia mimdinareobs Sexebis zedapirze.
g) wonasworoba gadainacvlebs marjvniv, endoTermuli reaqciis mimar­TulebiT;
d) e.i. wneva gaizrdeba, wonasworoba ki gadainacvlebs marcxniv, molebis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
e) wonasworoba ar gadaixreba, katalizatori ar moqmedebs wonasworobis
gadanacvlebaze.
v) wonasworoba gadainacvlebs marjvniv, e. i. CO2-s meti raodenoba Seva
reaqciaSi myar C-sTan, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba CO-s damatebiTi raodenoba.

  4   rodesac airadi qlori gaivlis myari iodis zedapirze, warimarTeba Semdegi
reaqciebi:
I2(my) + Cl2(a) → 2ICl (Tx)
ICl (Tx) + Cl2(a) ICl3(my)
yavisferi yviTeli
a) ras dainaxavT, rodesac:
1) qlori gaivlis iodis areSi?
2) Warbi qlori gaivlis sareaqcio narevSi?
b) romeli reaqciis warmarTvaa SesaZlebeli sapirispiro mimarTulebiT?

g) ra cvlilebebs dainaxavT, rodesac qloris miwodeba Sewydeba? pasuxi

ganmarteT.

d) rogor Seicvleba sareaqcio narevis Seferiloba, Tu mas daxSul WurWelSi

movaTavsebT da SevkumSavT?

a) 1) rodesac qlori gaivlis iodis areSi, moxdeba feris cvlileba da yavisferi

siTxis warmoqmna;

2) rodesac sareaqcio narevSi gaivlis Warbi qlori, gaCndeba ICl3-is yviTeli

naleqi.
b) SesaZlebelia me-2 reaqciis Sebruneba, misi warmarTva sapirispiro mimar-
TulebiT, is Seqcevadi reaqciaa.
g) rodesac qloris miwodeba Sewyda, wonasworoba gadaixreba marcxniv, sawy-
isi nivTierebebis mxares da SeiniSneba yviTeli feris myari ICl3-is raodenobis
Semcireba.
d) narevis SekumSviT wneva izrdeba, e.i. wonasworoba gadaixreba wnevis Sem-
cirebis mimarTulebiT, anu ICl3-is warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT da sareaqcio narevi
yviTel Seferilobas miiRebs.

152
   5   wyalbadis bromTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcias Semdegi saxe aqvs:
H2(a) + Br(a) →2HBr(a).
CamoTvlili faqtorebidan, romeli Seuwyobs xels HBr-is warmoqmnas:
1) H2-is damateba 2) bromis mocileba
3) reaqciis produqtis mocileba.
axseniT, ratom ar aqvs gavlena wnevis cvlilebas HBr-is warmoqmnaze.

1) H2-is damateba xels Seuwyobs HBr-is warmoqmnas, radgan wonasworoba ga-

daixreba marjvniv, gaizrdeba pirdapiri reaqciis siCqare.
2) bromis mocilebiT wonasworoba gadaixara marcxniv, sawyisi nivTierebebis
mxares, amitom es ver Seuwyobs xelis HBr-is warmoqmnas.
3) reaqciis produqtis mocileba xels Seuwyobs mis warmoqmnas, radgan wo-
nasworoba gadaixara marjvniv, reaqciis produqtebisaken. reaqcia mimdinareobs
molebis ricxvis Seucvlelad, amitom wnevis cvlileba gavlenas ver axdens reaq-
ciis siCqareze.

  6   aRwereT sqema sityvierad. imsjeleT sqemaze mocemuli TiToeuli cne­bisa

da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.
es strategia dagexmarebaT qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris, qimiuri wonaswo­robis
arsis ukeT gaazrebaSi, mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis gacnobierebaSi, codnis
ganzogadebasa da sistematizebaSi.

qimiuri reaqcia

Seqcevadi Seuqcevadi

mimdinareobs mocemul mimdinareobs manam, sanam

pirobebSi – t, P, C sareaqcio sistemaSi erT-erTi
sawyisi nivTiereba ar gamoileva

sawyisi reaqciis
nivTierebebi produqtebi sawyisi reaqciis
nivTierebebi produqtebi

2SO2(a)+ O2(a) 2SO3(a) +197 kj t 2KCl +3O

2KClO3 →
kat 2

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4↓ +2NaCl

qimiuri reaqcia SeiZleba iyos Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi. Seqcevadi reaqcia,

erTdroulad, erTsa da imave pirobebSi mimdinareobs rogorc pirdapiri, ise sapi-
rispiro mimarTulebiT. garkveuli drois Semdeg myardeba dinamikuri wonasworo-
ba. es sistemis is mdgomareobaa, rodesac imdeni nivTiereba gardaiqmneba saboloo
produqtad, ramdenic iSleba sawyis nivTierebebad. wonasworoba sistemaSi arse-
bobs manam, sanam ar dairRveva gareSe faqtorebis gavleniT. es faqtorebia: wneva,
temperatura, koncentracia. Seuqcevadi reaqcia mimdinareobs bolomde, vidre
erT-erTi reagenti ar gamoileva.

153
  7   Seqcevadi reaqcia mimdinareobs Semdegi zogadi tolobis mixedviT:

A(a) + B(my.) 2D(a) – Q

sareaqcio sistemaSi gamoyofili sxvadasxva dros gazomili D niv­Ti­ere­bis
moculobebi mocemulia diagramis saxiT (70.2).
15
moculoba (sm3)
D nivTierebis

10

0
sawyisi II intervali III intervali

sur. 70.2. nivTierebis moculobis cvlilebis diagrama

ras SeiZleba gamoewvia aseTi viTareba?

gaeciT argumentirebuli pasuxi.

rogorc diagramidan Cans, D nivTierebis moculoba izrdeba, maSasadame,

wonasworoba gadaxrilia reaqciis produqtis mxares, anu gazrdilia pirdapiri
reaqciis siCqare. es SesaZloa gamoewvia A nivTierebis koncentraciis gazrdas,
radgan pirdapiri reaqcia endoTermulia, aseve temperaturisa da B nivTierebis
zedapiris farTOobis gazrdas.

  8   spilenZis sulfatis xsnadoba wyal­ temperatura °C xsnadoba (g/100 g wyali)

Si (g/100g wyali), temperaturaze da­ 15 19.3
mokidebulebiT, mocemulia cxri­liT. 25 22.3
spilenZis sulfatis wyalSi gaxsna en- 30 25.5
doTermuli procesia Tu egzoTermu-
50 33.6
li? gaeciT argumentirebuli pasuxi.
60 39.0
80 53.5

CuSO4-is wyalSi gaxsna warmoadgens endoTermul process, radgan, tempera­

turis gazrdisas wonasworoba gadaxrilia siTbos STanTqmis mimarTulebiT, e. i.
marilis wyalSi gaxsnis mimarTulebiT.

154
  9   gaecaniT teqsts, romelSic aRwerilia azotmJavas miRebis samrewvelo
meTodi. Semdeg ki upasuxeT SekiTxvebs:
`dReisaTvis mrewvelobaSi azotmJavas iReben amiakisgan. es procesi sam sta­
diad mimdinareobs:
1) amiakis katalizuri daJangva da NO-s miReba;
2) NO-s daJangva da NO2-is miReba;
3) NO2-is urTierTqmedeba wyalTan O2-is TanxlebiT da HNO3-is miReba:
4NO2+2H2O+O2 → 4HNO3 .
azotmJavas miRebis samrewvelo procesSi ukeT gasarkvevad ganvixiloT la­
boratoriuli danadgari, romelic 71.1 suraTzea mocemuli:

NO NO2
haeri NO

NH3 a-
liz
kata ri
to

i O2
kian
amia i
wyal H 2O

sur. 71.1. azotmJavas miRebis laboratoriuli danadgari

pirvel WurWelSi amiakiani wyalia, masSi atareben haers. amiaki qroldeba da

haerTan erTad narevis saxiT gadis milSi, romelSic katalizatoria. dasawyisSi
katalizators axureben, Semdeg ki reaqcia TavisTavad mim­ di­nareobs (reaqcia
egzoTermulia). milis meore bolodan gamodis azot(II)-is oqsidi, romelic me-2
WurWelSi Jangbadis gavleniT NO2-ad gardaiqmneba. Semdeg NO2 gadadis me-3
WurWelSi. am WurWelSi moTavsebul wyalTan NO2‑is urTierTqmedebiT miiReba
azotmJava HNO3 da azot (II)-is oqsidi NO. Tanamedrove sawarmoebSi NO-s
agroveben da kvlav abruneben azotmJavas miRebis me-2 stadiaze.~
• rogor SeiZleba procesis daCqareba pirvel etapze?
• rogor SeiZleba reaqciis siCqaris gazrda meore etapze? ratom wyveten
katalizatoris gaxurebas? ra moxdeba, sareaqcio narevis gaxureba rom
gaagrZelon?
• rogor SeiZleba reaqciis siCqaris gazrda mesame da meoTxe etapze?
daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi yvela SemTxvevaSi.

pirvel etapze reaqciis daCqareba SesaZlebelia, Tu SevuSvebT JangbadiT

winaswar gamdirebul haers, e.i. gavzrdiT Jangbadis koncentracias. meore
etapze SeiZleba wnevis gazrdiT gaizardos reaqciis siCqare, radgan am dros
gaizrdeba koncentraciebi. katalizators axureben imitom, rom reaqcia maRal
temperaturaze iwyeba.

155
 sareaqcio narevis gaxureba rom gaagrZelon, reaqcia warimarTeba endoTermuli
reaqciis mimarTulebiT, rac Seaferxebs process. mesame etapze reaqciis siCqare
gaizrdeba O2-is koncentraciis da NO2-is koncentraciis gazrdiT; xolo meoTxe
stadiaze unda gaizardos O2-is koncentracia, raTa meore stadiaze dabrunebuli
NONO kvlav swrafad daiJangos NO2-ad.

  10   ra informacias gvawvdis suraTze gamosaxuli diagrama?

a) diagramis romeli nawili asaxavs sawyis
wonasworobas sareaqcio sistemaSi?
H2
b) ra procesebi viTardeba wyalbadis kon-

koncentracia
centraciis mkveTri zrdis Sedegad? rogor
icvleba wyalbadis, azotis da amiakis kon- NH3
centraciebi reaqciis msvlelobisas?
g) ra xdeba sareaqcio sistemaSi garkveuli (1) (2) (3)
drois Semdeg? diagramis romeli nawili
asaxavs am mdgomareobas?
N2
d) aageT msgavsi diagrama im SemTxvevisaT-
vis, rodesac sareaqcio sistemaSi mkveTrad
izrdeba azotis koncentracia. dro
sur. 70.2. diagramaze asaxulia ami-
akis sinTezis wonasworul sistemaSi
wyalbadis koncentraciis zrdiT
gamowveuli cvlilebebi

diagramaze Cans, rom azotis, wyalbadisa da amiakis koncentraciebi ar icvle-

ba, vidre wyalbadis koncentracia ar gaizrdeba. amis Semdeg ki wyalbadis, amiakisa
da azotis koncentraciebi isev icvleba axali wonasworobis damyarebamde.

a) sawyis wonasworobis mdgomareobas asaxavs diagramis (1) nawili. diagramaze

Cans, rom azotis, wyalbadisa da amiakis koncentraciebi ar icvleba;
b) wyalbadis koncentraciis mkveTri zrdis Sedegad wonasworoba irRveva,
am SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba unda gadaixaros amiakis warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.
diagramazec Cans, rom amiakis koncetracia izrdeba, wyalbadis da azotis ki –
TandaTanobiT mcirdeba;
g) garkveuli drois Semdeg sistemaSi myardeba axali wonasworoba, rac asaxu-
lia narinjisferi foniT. es aris diagramis (3) nawili. am nawilSi Cans, rom wyal-
badis, azotisa da amiakis koncentraciebi aRar icvleba.
d)

H2 axali wonas-
koncentracia Mmoli/l

worobis
mdgomareoba

NH3

N2

N2-is koncen-
traciis mkveTri
cvlilebis
Sesaxeb
dro

156
  11   dReisaTvis msoflioSi 7 milion tonaze meti amiaki iwarmoeba. is sawyisi
nivTierebaa azotmJavas, azotiani sasuqebis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis, saReb­
rebisa da polimerebis misaRebad.
axseniT, ra procesebi mimidinareobs azotis, wyalbadisa da amiakis wonaswor-
ul sistemaSi. ratom iwvevs es problemebs industriaSi?
axseniT aseve, ratom gamoiyeneba amiakis warmoebaSi maRali wneva, ratom aci­
leben amiaks sareaqcio narevs da iyeneben saSualo temperaturas?

amiakis sinTezis reaqcia egzoTermulia, reaqcia ki Cqardeba maRal tempera-

turaze, aseT pirobebSi izrdeba sapirispiro reaqciis siCqare da mcirdeba amia-
kis gamosavlianoba.
Tavs iCens Semdegi problemebi: dabal temperaturaze (400-5000C) amiakis gamo-
savlianoba maRalia, magram reaqciis siCqare – dabali.
maRal temperaturaze (600-7000C) amiakis gamosavlianoba dabalia (warmoqmnili
amiaki iSleba sawyis nivTierebebad), Tumca reaqciis siCqare – maRali.
amitom amiakis warmoebaSi iyeneben maRal wnevas. am dros, le Satelies prin-
cipis Tanaxmad, wonasworoba gadaixreba molebis ricxvis Semcirebis, anu amiakis
warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT. amiakis sareaqcio narevidan mocilebiT misi koncen-
tracia mcirdeba da wonasworoba ixreba marjvniv, amiakis warmoqmnis mimar-
TulebiT. saSualo temperaturas iyeneben imitom, rom ar warimarTos intensiu-
rad amiakis daSLlis endoTermuli reaqcia, rac moxdeba maRali temperaturis pi-
robebSi.

  12   mocemulia wonasworuli sistema: N2O4 (a) 2NO2 (a) – Q

NO2 mura wiTeli feris airia, N2O4 ki – ufero. rogor Seicvleba sistemaSi
Seferiloba, TUu am airebiT savse kolbebs movaTavsebT:
a) cxel wyalSi; b) yinulebian wyalSi.
gaeciT argumentirebuli pasuxi.
SeqmeniT feradi suraTi, (a) da (b) SemTxvevaSi feris cvlilebis Sesabamisad;
g) warmoidgineT, rom daxSul WurWelSi moTavsebuli es narevi SekumSes. ra
procesebi warimarTeba sareaqcio sistemaSi? rogor Seicvleba Seferiloba?

a) Tu kolbas movaTavsebT cxel wyalSi, wonasworoba gadaixreba endoTermuli

reaqciis mimarTulebiT, anu NO2-is warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT da kolbaSi Seferi-
loba ufro wiTeli gaxdeba; b) Tu movaTavsebT yinulian wyalSi, wonasworoba ga-
daixreba egzoTermuli reaqciis mimarTulebiT, anu N2O4-is warmoqmnis mxares da
Seferiloba gafermkrTaldeba;

wiTeli
fermkrTali

cxeli yinuliani
wyali wyali

g) narevis SekumSva niSnavs, rom wneva izrdeba, maSasadame, wonasworoba

gadainacvlebs molebis ricxvis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT, anu N2O4-is war-
moqmnis mimarTUulebiT, ris Sedegadac narevis Seferiloba gaxdeba ufro
mkrTali.

157