Introduction To de

MAT 052
Differential Equations
MAT 052
Prepared by: EMT
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
1
1. Introduction: Definitions (Differential equations)

2. order and degree of a differential equation;
3. types of differential equations: ordinary DE &
partial DE
4. solutions of DE: general solution& particular
solution
Proverbs 3:5-6
2
EMT 1
MAT 052
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

A. Define the Differential Equations
B. Define the Order and Degree of DE
C. Define Ordinary and Partial DE
D. Define Linear and Nonlinear DE
E. Define General Solution and Particular Solution of DE
Proverbs 3:5-6
3
A Differential Equation is an equation involving derivatives of
one or more dependent variables with respect to one or more
independent variables.
Proverbs 3:5-6
4
EMT 2
MAT 052
Which one is a DE/Algebra?
1. = 7 ------------------DE
2. 3𝑦 = 7 ----------------- Algebra
3. x + 𝑦 = 9 ---------- Algebra
4. + = 0 -------- DE
5. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ---- DE
Proverbs 3:5-6
5
Dependent and Independent Variable

 An INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) is a quantity
that varies independently, i.e., it is not controlled
by (or depend on) other variables. It is found in
the denominator of the derivative.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) if its value

depends on the independent variable and its
dependence is considered to be unknown. It is
found in the numerator of the derivative.
Proverbs 3:5-6
6
EMT 3
MAT 052
Dependent and Independent Variable

 When a differential equation
involves one or more
derivatives with respect to a
particular variable, that
variable is called the
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE. A variable is
called dependent if a
derivative of that variable
occurs.
Proverbs 3:5-6
7
Find IV/DV of the following DE.:

DE Independent Dependent
Variable (IV) Variable (DV)
𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 1
𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑖 = 𝐸 cos(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
+ =0 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦
Why? Because we can arrange the equation to this form
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or in this form 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
Proverbs 3:5-6
8
EMT 4
MAT 052
Classification of DE
 Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
 a DE involve only ONE independent variable.
 a DE involving ordinary derivatives of one or more

dependent variables.
 Partial Differential Equation (PDE):

 a DE that involve two or more independent
variables.
 a DE involving partial derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to more than one
independent variable.
Proverbs 3:5-6
9
Which one is ODE/PDE?

DE IV ODE/PDE
d y 𝑑𝑦
+ 3𝑥 +𝑒 =0 𝑥 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dx 𝑑𝑥
𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝑢 and v
+ = 𝑃𝐷𝐸
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + =𝑘 𝑥 and y 𝑃𝐷𝐸
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 or y 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dy 𝑑𝑥
− =𝑥 𝑡 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dt 𝑑𝑡
Proverbs 3:5-6
10
EMT 5
MAT 052
Order and Degree of DE
ORDER
 Definition: The order of a DE is the order of the highest
derivative appearing in the equation.
DEGREE
 Definition: The degree of a DE is given by the exponent
that is raised the highest derivative that occurs in the
equation.
Proverbs 3:5-6
11
Order and Degree
NOTE: No order and degree in rational form .
Proverbs 3:5-6
12
EMT 6
MAT 052
Find the order and the degree of the following DE.
DE ORDER DEGREE
d y d y 𝑑𝑦
+3 −2 −𝑦=0 3 1
dx dx 𝑑𝑥
d y 𝑑𝑦
dx
+ 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦=0 2 4
𝜕Ω 𝜕 Ω
+ =0 2 1
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 1 1
Proverbs 3:5-6
13
Find the order and the degree of the following DE.
DE ORDER DEGREE
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ 2 6
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
=𝐾 1+ 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ =0 2 3
Proverbs 3:5-6
14
EMT 7
MAT 052
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ =𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
LCD of denominators (3 and 2):6
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐾 1+
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 2 =𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 6
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 3
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 2
Proverbs 3:5-6
15
LINEAR OR NONLINEAR
EQUATIONS
Definition: A linear ODE of order n, in the independent
variable 𝑥 and the dependent variable 𝑦 is an equation that
can be expressed in the form:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +. . . +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥)
where 𝑎 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Proverbs 3:5-6
16
EMT 8
MAT 052
Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the

following conditions:
1. The dependent variable 𝑦 and its derivatives occur to
the first degree only.
2. No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives appear in
the equation.
3. No transcendental functions of 𝑦 and/or its derivatives
occur.
Note: Equations that does not satisfy the above conditions

are called nonlinear.
Proverbs 3:5-6
17
Transcendental functions:
 trigonometric functions – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, tan 𝑦

 inverse trigonometric functions – sin 𝑦 , arccot 3𝑦
 exponential function – 𝑒 , 2
 logarithmic function – ln 𝑦 , log 𝑦
 hyperbolic function – sinh 𝑦 , cosh 2𝑦
Proverbs 3:5-6
18
EMT 9
MAT 052
Which one is linear/nonlinear?

DE Linear/ Reason
Nonlinear
1. + 5𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
2. 𝑦 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 No transcendental functions of 𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑒 and/or its derivatives occur.
3. x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
4. + + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑦 DV 𝑦 and its derivatives must
𝑑𝑥 occur to the first degree only.
5. cos 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦 = No transcendental functions of
sin y 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 sin y
𝑦 and/or its derivatives occur.
6. + =0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
7. = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
8. 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑑𝑦 No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its
derivatives appear in the equation.
19
General Solution and Particular

Solution
Definition: Solutions obtained from integrating the
differential equations are called general solutions.
 Has arbitrary constant (usually 𝐶)
Definition: Particular Solutions are the solutions obtained

by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants in the
general solutions.
 No arbitrary constant aside from DV and IV
Proverbs 3:5-6
20
EMT 10
MAT 052
Find the general solution of the DE

.
Arbitrary Constant
Proverbs 3:5-6
21
Obtain the particular solution of the

DE ; when .
Proverbs 3:5-6
22
EMT 11
MAT 052
Which one is a general solution or

particular solution?
1. 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑒 ------ General solution
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 ------- Particular solution
3. 3x + 𝑥𝑦 − 3 = 𝐶𝑥 -- General solution
4. sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 = 4------- Particular solution
5. 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐾 ----- General solution
Proverbs 3:5-6
23
Problem Set 1 (1/2 crosswise)
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦" +2 𝑦 = 3 sin y
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = + 3𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ = 𝑠𝑙𝑛 𝑣
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 + 3𝑦 tan 𝑥
𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ = 2𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
y + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑥
Proverbs 3:5-6
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. 24
EMT 12

Introduction To de

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Introduction To de

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MAT 052

Prepared by: EMT

1. Introduction: Definitions (Differential equations)

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Which one is a DE/Algebra?

Dependent and Independent Variable

 DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) if its value

Dependent and Independent Variable

Find IV/DV of the following DE.:

 a DE involving ordinary derivatives of one or more

 Partial Differential Equation (PDE):

Which one is ODE/PDE?

Order and Degree of DE

Order and Degree

NOTE: No order and degree in rational form .

Find the order and the degree of the following DE.

Find the order and the degree of the following DE.

Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the

Note: Equations that does not satisfy the above conditions

 trigonometric functions – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, tan 𝑦

Which one is linear/nonlinear?

General Solution and Particular

Definition: Particular Solutions are the solutions obtained

Find the general solution of the DE

Obtain the particular solution of the

Which one is a general solution or

Problem Set 1 (1/2 crosswise)

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