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Hydrocarbons
Key Points
Alkanes
1. Alkyl halides on reduction with Zn/HCl, Zn/CH3COOH or red P/HI or of subjected

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to Wurtz reaction or Frankland reaction give alkanes.
2. Compounds containing only two elements carbons & hydrogen are known as

co
hydrocarbons.

n.
3. Alkanes are open chain (acyclic) hydrocarbons comprising the homologous series
with the general formula where ‘n’ are an integer.

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4. The potential energy of staggered form is minimum and that of eclipsed form is

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maximum for ethane.
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5. In the halogenation of alkanes the reactivity with respect to halogens follows the
order F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2. Reactivity of with respect to C—H follows the order
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teretiary hydrogen > secondary hydrogen > primary hydrogen.

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6. Thus Wurtz reation is not suitable for the synthesis of alkanes containing odd
nubmer of carbon atoms but the method is useful for the preparation of symmetrical
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alkanes
a

7. The boiling point of alkanes increases with increase in molecular weight due to
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increase in van der Waals forces with increase in molecular weight i.e.Boiling point:
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pentane > hexane > heptanes

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8. The boiling point of isomeric alkanes show the order:

pentane > isopentane > neopentane.
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9. A mixture of alkanes and chlorine remains unaffected in the dark but a vigorous
reaction occurs when it is exposed to light or at a higher temperature.

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10. The ease of substitution at various carbon atoms is of the order
tertiary > secondary > primary which is the same as the stability of various alkyl
radicals.

Alkenes

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1. Dehydration of alcohols leads to the formation of alkenes. Dehydrating agents are
H2SO4, P2O5, Al2O3, H3PO4 and ZnCl2. The ease of dehydration follows the

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order 3° > 2° > 1°.

n.
2. Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides gives alkenes. The ease of dehydro-
halogenation is 3° > 2° 1°.

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3. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having carbon-carbon double bonds. The

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general molecular formula for alkene is.
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4. Alkenes and cycloalkanes are isomeric compounds because both have same general
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molecular formula.
5. Alkenes with more highly substituted double bonds are more stable than isomers
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with less substituted double bond.

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6. The formation of less substituted alkene as major product is called Hofmann

elimation.
a

7. Trans-but-2-ene is more stable than cis-but-2-ene.

.s

8. The greater the numbers of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon
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atoms the more stable the alkene.

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9. Hydrogenation of alkynes by Lindlar’s catalyst or nickel boride produces nearly

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100% cis-alkene. The catalyst provides a heterogeneous surface on which alkyne

molecules get absorbed.
10. Alkenes react with HX to form alkyl halides. The order of reactivity of HX is
HI > HBr > HCl > HF.

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11. A cis isomer has high boiling and melting point than trans because of more polar
nature.
12. Hydroxylation of alkenes by cold aqueous alkaline KMnO 4 solution (Baeyer’s
reagent is a syn-addition.)
13. Addition of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes in presence of organic peroxide is an anti

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Markownikov’s addition
14. Oxymercuration-demercuration is a markownikov’s addition of water to a double

co
bond.

n.
15. Periodic acid (HIO4) or leadtetra acetate [(CH3COO)4 Pb] oxidizes alkenes into

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glycols and finally gives aldehydes or ketones depending upon the nature of alkene.
16. NBS (N-Bromosceccinimide) is used for the bromination of alkenes at the allylic
position.
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17. A more widely used method for locating the double bond of an alkene involves the
use of ozone (O3).
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Alkynes
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1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes.

They correspond to general formula.
a

2. The acidic character of Ethyne, Ethene and Ethane follows the order
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H – C  C – H > CH2 = CH2 > CH3 – CH3.

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3. The order of boiling point in hydrocarbons has been explained in terms of polarity.
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Alkynes possess more polarity and thus have higher boiling point.
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4. The basic character of their conjugate base follow the order

CH  C– > CH2 = CH– > CH3—CH2–

5. The hydrogen bonded to the carbon of terminal alkyne is considerably more acidic
than those bonded to carbons of alkenes and alkanes.

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6. Acetylene and terminal alkynes react with ammonical cuprous chloride solution to
give a red precipitate of corresponding alkylnides.

7. In ethyl anion the lone pair electrons are in sp3 hybrid orbitals, in vinyl anion the
lone pair is in the sp2 hybrid orbital and in acetylide ion the lone pair is in sp hybrid
orbital.

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8. Alkynes can be reduced directly to alkanes by the addition of in the presence of as a
catalyst.

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9. Alkynes cannot be hydrated more easily than alkenes because of their low reactivity

n.
towards electrophilic addition reactions.

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10. Acetylene undergoes polymerisation yielding different types of polymeric
compounds under different conditions.

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Sub Topic Name: Some Important Conversions
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Mg / ether C2 H 5OH
1. CH 3CH 2 Br  ( A)  ( B )  Mg (OC2 H 5 ) Br
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Na / ether Br2 / h Na / ether

2. CH 3 Br  ( A)  ( B )  C
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NaOH NaOH  CaO Br2 / h

3. CH 3COOH  ( A)  ( B )  C
Cr2O3 / Al2 O3
4. CH 3  CH 2 5 CH 3  ( A)
a

600 C /15 atm

D2O Cl2 , 
.s

Mg / ether Na / ether
5. CH 3 Br  ( A)  ( B) 
one mole
(C )  ( D)
( CH ) CHCH Br
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( i ) Li
6.  CH 3 2 CHBr 
( ii ) CuI
( A) 3 2 2
( B)
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DO
7.  CH 3 3 C  MgCl  A 2
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
8. CH 3  CH  CH  CH 3  Br  X  HBr (Major product)
| |
D CH 3

H3C
P  Br2 Na
CH  OH  ,  X
H3C
9. , ‘X’ is
10. CH 3  C  C  H  CH 3 MgX  Main product (X)

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Br2 / h Alc. KOH
11. C6 H 6   A  B
HI Li ( CH 3 )2 CU Cl2 / h Alc .KOH
12. H 2C  CH 2   A   B   C  D
NaNH 2 CH 3 I
13. CH 3CH 2 C  CH   A  B
NaNH 2 CH 3 I H 2 SO4 ( dil )
14. CH 3CH 2C  CH 
Li . NH 3
 A   B 
HgSO4 , H 2O
C
( i ) O3 / CH 2Cl2
15. CH 3  CH 2  CH  CH 2 
( ii ) Zn / H 2O
 A B

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Alc . KOH HBr / R O  O  R
16. CH 3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 I   A  B (Major Product)

co
C3H7 H ( i ) O3 / CH 3Cl2
C=C 
( ii ) Zn / H 2O
 A B

n.
CH3 CH3
17.
Conc . H 2 SO4 HOCl
18.

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CH 3CH 2 CH 2 OH  
A  B
Ph

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H
C=C HBr
 A
H CH3
19. (Major product)
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Conc . H 2 SO4 Br2 Alc. KOH CH 3COOH
20. C2 H 5OH 
170C
A   B   C 
Hg 2
D
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NBS Alc . KOH

  A  B
21.
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2 HCl Alc . KOH

22. HC  CH   A  B
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HBr Na / ether
23. CH 3CH  CH 2 
Feroxide
 A  B
a

24.
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H2 / N2
A
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H2 / Lindlars catalyst
CH3CH2CH2C  C-CH3 B
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Na / Liq.NH3
C
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( i ) NaNH 2 H2 Alkaline. KMnO4

25. CH 3CH 2C  CH 
( ii ) CH 3CH 2 Br
( X ) 
Pd / BaSO4
(Y )  ( Z )
 H 2O HgSO4 / H 2 SO4
26. CaO   A   B  C

BH 3 H 2O2 / OH
27. 3CH 3CH  CH 2  ( X )   Product (A) + H3BO3

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Br
X
Br H H
28. then ‘X’ =

Br2 / FeBr3 HNO3 / H 2 SO4 Sn / HCl

  A   B  C
29.
AlCl3
CO  HCl   A  HCl
30.

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Answers

n.
1. A = CH3CH2Br ; B = CH3 - CH3
2. A = C2 H6 ; B = C2H5Br ; C = C4H10

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3. A = CH3COONa ; B = CH4 ; C = CH3Br

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4. A = Toluene
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5. A = CH3MgBr ; B = CH3D ; C = CH 2  Cl ; D = CH 2  CH 2
| | |
D D D
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6. A =  CH 3 2 CH  2 LiCu ; B =  CH 3 2 CHCH 2CH  CH 3 2

A =  CH 3 3 CD
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7.

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8. CH 3  CH  C  CH 3
| |
D CH 3
a

9.
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H3C CH3
X= CH - CH
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H3C CH3
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10. X = CH4
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11. A = C2H5Br ; B = C 2 H4
12. A = C2 H5 I ; B = C 3 H8 ; C = CH3CH2 CH2Cl ; D = CH3CH =
CH2
13. A = C2 H 5C  CNa ; B = C2 H 5  C  CCH 3
14. A = CH 3CH 2C  CNa ; B = CH 3CH 2C  CCH 3 ; C = CH3CH2CH2COCH3

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15. A = HCHO ; B = CH3CH2CHO
16. A = CH3CH2CH = CH2 ; B = CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
17. A = CH3CHO ; B = CH3COCH2CH2CH3
18. A = CH3 – CH = CH2; B = CH3CH (OH) CH2Cl
19. A = PhCH(Br) CH2CH3
20. A = C2H4 ; B = CH 2  CH 2 ; C = C2H2 ; D = H2C = CH (CH3COO)

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| |
Br Br

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21. A= Br ; B=

n.
22. A = CH3CHCl2 ; B = H2C = CHCl

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23. A = CH3CH2CH2Br ; B =  CH 3 2 CH  CH  CH 3 2

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24. A = CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 uc ; B = Cis-isomer; C = Trans-isomer
25. X = C2 H 5  C  C  C2 H 5 ; B = cis-isomer ; Z= mesoform
26. A = CaC2; B = C2 H 2 ; C = CH3CHO
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27. A = CH3CH2CH2OH
28. X = alc.KOH followed by NaNH2
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Br Br
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Br
a
.s

NO2 NH2
29. A= ; B= ; C=
30.
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CHO
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