(14) Mouth (7) Breast (7) Lungs and Thorax

1 Herpes Simplex Type I 1 Peud’ orange 1 Barrel Chest

( Cold Sores)
2 Cheilosis of the lips 2 Retracted breast tissue 2 Pectus Excavatum
3 Carcinoma of the lips 3 Mastitis 3 Pectus Carinatum
4 Leukoplakia ( Ventral 4 Paget disease with invasive 4 Kyphosis
Surface) intraductal carcinoma
5 Hairy Leukoplakia 5 Mastectomy 5 Scoliosis
6 Candida Albicans 6 Nipple inversion from breast 6 Patient with chest tube
( Thrush) cancer placement
7 Smooth, Reddish, 7 Mastectomy with Jackson- 7 Patient with tracheostomy
Shiny Tongue without Pratt
papillae due to
Vitamin b 12
deficiency

8 Black hairy tongue

9 Carcinoma of the
tongue
10 Gingivitis
11 Receding Gums
12 Kaposi sarcoma
lesions in the mouth
13 Acute tonsilitis
14 Streptococcal
pharyngitis
15 Nasal polyps
16 Sinusitis

Reminders

1. Please check the number of pictures before you will going to send. There are several students
submitted incomplete pictures. Place a number- each pictures. You need to based it from the
table given to you.
2. Please use separate sheet for each organ/system. Go to the next page. Put label on each items.
3. By this time ‘ALL OUTPUT MUST BE ENCODED”
4. The remaining directions are the same during the prelims.
5. Passing of output after the midterms. It will be collected before the class.
6. Late requirements will be deducted 30 points.
7. Not following the said directions will be subjected for revision and deduction of 20 points.
8. Read carefully before you going to submit your requirements.
9. Students may add more ideas and input for the improvement of this output, but technically you
need to meet the minimum criteria.
 St. Paul College of Ilocos Sur
(Member, St. Paul University System)
St. Paul Avenue, 2727 Bantay, Ilocos Sur

NCM 101: HEALTH ASSESSMENT

A.Y 2023-2024

MIDTERM OUTPUT

“ABNORMALITIES OF THE MOUTH,

BREAST, AND THORAX”

Submitted to:
Melanio P. Rojas Jr, MAN

Subitted by:
Tracy Haduca
BSN I-B

Date of Submission:
INTRODUCTION
MOUTH, THROAT, NOSE, AND SINUSES
INSIGTHS AND LESSONS LEARNED PLEASE PLACE YOUR PICTURE HERE
1. Herpes Simplex Type I (Cold Sores): HSV-1, the herpes simplex virus type 1, causes cold sores or fever blisters.
These are small, fluid-filled blisters that typically appear on or around the lips. The blisters may break open, ooze fluid,
and then crust over. HSV-1 is highly contagious and is usually transmitted through close contact, such as kissing or
sharing utensils.

2. Cheilosis of the lips: Cheilosis is characterized by inflammation and cracking of the lips, especially at the corners of
the mouth. It can be caused by a variety of factors including nutritional deficiencies, particularly of B vitamins like
riboflavin (B2) and niacin (B3). Other causes may include fungal infections, excessive saliva production, or habitual
licking of the lips.

3. Carcinoma of the lips: Carcinoma refers to cancerous growths or tumors. Carcinoma of the lips specifically involves
malignant cells developing on the lips. It is often linked to prolonged sun exposure (UV radiation), tobacco use
(smoking or chewing), and heavy alcohol consumption. Early detection and treatment are crucial for better outcomes.

4. Leukoplakia (Ventral Surface): Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by thickened, white patches or plaques that
develop on the mucous membranes of the mouth, including the inner cheeks, gums, and tongue. These patches are
often caused by chronic irritation, such as tobacco use (smoking or chewing), and can sometimes indicate a
precancerous lesion. Biopsy and monitoring are typically recommended.

5. Hairy Leukoplakia: Hairy leukoplakia is a variant of leukoplakia that primarily affects the lateral borders of the tongue.
It appears as white, raised, hairy-looking lesions and is commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems,
particularly those with HIV/AIDS. It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and usually does not require treatment
unless symptomatic.

6. Candida Albicans (Thrush): Thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. It often manifests as creamy
white lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, and throat. Thrush is more common in infants, elderly
individuals, diabetics, and those with weakened immune systems. Antifungal medications are typically prescribed for
treatment.

7. Smooth, Reddish, Shiny Tongue without papillae due to Vitamin B12 deficiency: This condition, known as glossitis, is
characterized by inflammation of the tongue's surface, resulting in a smooth, reddish appearance. The absence of
papillae (tiny bumps on the tongue) is due to nutritional deficiencies, especially vitamin B12. Glossitis can cause pain,
burning sensations, and difficulty eating.

8. Black hairy tongue: This benign condition is characterized by elongation and discoloration of the filiform papillae on
the tongue, giving it a black or dark brown appearance. Factors contributing to black hairy tongue include poor oral
hygiene, tobacco use, excessive coffee or tea consumption, and certain medications (such as antibiotics).

9. Carcinoma of the tongue: Carcinoma of the tongue refers to cancerous growths or tumors that develop on the
tongue's surface or within its tissues. Risk factors include tobacco use (especially chewing tobacco), heavy alcohol
consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and chronic irritation (e.g., from rough teeth or dental appliances).
Early detection through oral exams and biopsies is essential for treatment planning.

10. Gingivitis: Gingivitis is a common gum disease characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva). It is caused by
plaque buildup, which contains bacteria that irritate the gums, leading to redness, swelling, and tenderness. Symptoms
may include bleeding gums during brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is reversible with proper oral hygiene and
professional dental cleanings.

11. Receding Gums: Receding gums (gingival recession) occur when the gum tissue pulls away from the tooth,
exposing the tooth's roots. This can be caused by several factors, including gum disease (periodontitis), aggressive
tooth brushing, genetics, hormonal changes, and tobacco use. Receding gums can lead to tooth sensitivity, aesthetic
concerns, and increased risk of tooth decay.
12. Kaposi Sarcoma Lesions in the Mouth: Kaposi sarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the blood vessels and
lymphatic system. In the mouth, it can present as purplish or reddish lesions on the gums, palate, tongue, or other oral
tissues. Kaposi sarcoma is often associated with immunocompromised conditions such as HIV/AIDS and may require
multidisciplinary treatment.

13. Acute Tonsillitis: Acute tonsillitis is inflammation and infection of the tonsils, which are located at the back of the
throat. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, with symptoms including sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever,
swollen tonsils with white or yellow patches, and tender lymph nodes in the neck. Treatment depends on the cause and
severity but may include rest, fluids, pain relievers, and antibiotics if bacterial.

14. Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is a bacterial infection caused by
group A Streptococcus bacteria. It is characterized by a sore throat, fever, swollen and red tonsils with white patches,
enlarged lymph nodes, and sometimes headache and abdominal pain. Antibiotics are typically prescribed to treat strep
throat and prevent complications like rheumatic fever.

15. Nasal Polyps: Nasal polyps are noncancerous growths that develop in the nasal passages or sinuses. They are often
associated with chronic inflammation, allergies, asthma, or sinus infections. Nasal polyps can cause nasal congestion,
difficulty breathing, reduced sense of smell, snoring, and facial pain or pressure. Treatment may include medications or
surgical removal.

16. Sinusitis: Sinusitis is inflammation or infection of the sinus cavities, which are air-filled spaces in the skull around
the nose and eyes. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than 12 weeks). Symptoms of sinusitis include
facial pain or pressure, nasal congestion, thick nasal discharge, cough, fatigue, and reduced sense of smell. Treatment
options include antibiotics, nasal decongestants, saline rinses, and sometimes surgery for chronic cases.

These descriptions should provide a comprehensive understanding of each condition, including their causes,
symptoms, and typical treatments. Certainly, here are the detailed descriptions for the remaining conditions:
10. Gingivitis: Gingivitis is a common gum disease characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva). It is caused by
plaque buildup, which contains bacteria that irritate the gums, leading to redness, swelling, and tenderness. Symptoms
may include bleeding gums during brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is reversible with proper oral hygiene and
professional dental cleanings.

11. Receding Gums: Receding gums (gingival recession) occur when the gum tissue pulls away from the tooth,
exposing the tooth's roots. This can be caused by several factors, including gum disease (periodontitis), aggressive
tooth brushing, genetics, hormonal changes, and tobacco use. Receding gums can lead to tooth sensitivity, aesthetic
concerns, and increased risk of tooth decay.

12. Kaposi Sarcoma Lesions in the Mouth: Kaposi sarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the blood vessels and
lymphatic system. In the mouth, it can present as purplish or reddish lesions on the gums, palate, tongue, or other oral
tissues. Kaposi sarcoma is often associated with immunocompromised conditions such as HIV/AIDS and may require
multidisciplinary treatment.

13. Acute Tonsillitis: Acute tonsillitis is inflammation and infection of the tonsils, which are located at the back of the
throat. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, with symptoms including sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever,
swollen tonsils with white or yellow patches, and tender lymph nodes in the neck. Treatment depends on the cause and
severity but may include rest, fluids, pain relievers, and antibiotics if bacterial.

14. Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is a bacterial infection caused by
group A Streptococcus bacteria. It is characterized by a sore throat, fever, swollen and red tonsils with white patches,
enlarged lymph nodes, and sometimes headache and abdominal pain. Antibiotics are typically prescribed to treat strep
throat and prevent complications like rheumatic fever.
15. Nasal Polyps: Nasal polyps are noncancerous growths that develop in the nasal passages or sinuses. They are often
associated with chronic inflammation, allergies, asthma, or sinus infections. Nasal polyps can cause nasal congestion,
difficulty breathing, reduced sense of smell, snoring, and facial pain or pressure. Treatment may include medications or
surgical removal.

16. Sinusitis: Sinusitis is inflammation or infection of the sinus cavities, which are air-filled spaces in the skull around
the nose and eyes. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than 12 weeks). Symptoms of sinusitis include
facial pain or pressure, nasal congestion, thick nasal discharge, cough, fatigue, and reduced sense of smell. Treatment
options include antibiotics, nasal decongestants, saline rinses, and sometimes surgery for chronic cases.

MANAGEMENT
Certainly, let's provide combined management and nursing interventions for each of the conditions listed:

1. **Herpes Simplex Type I (Cold Sores):**

- **Management:** Over-the-counter antiviral creams (e.g., acyclovir) for symptom relief. Avoidance of triggers like
stress and sun exposure.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on transmission, prevention (e.g., avoiding close contact during outbreaks), and
medication adherence. Provide emotional support and counsel on coping strategies.

2. **Cheilosis of the lips:**

- **Management:** Address nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B complex supplementation). Use lip balms or
ointments for moisturizing.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Collaborate with dieticians for dietary assessment and interventions. Educate on lip care,
including avoiding licking lips excessively.
3. **Carcinoma of the lips:**
- **Management:** Surgical excision, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy based on staging. Sun protection and
smoking cessation.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Provide pre- and post-operative care. Educate on sun protection measures and smoking
cessation programs. Offer emotional support and resources.

4. **Leukoplakia (Ventral Surface):**

- **Management:** Biopsy for diagnosis, cessation of irritants (e.g., tobacco), and regular follow-up for monitoring.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on tobacco cessation, oral hygiene, and importance of follow-up appointments.
Monitor for changes and report to the healthcare team.

5. **Hairy Leukoplakia:**
- **Management:** Generally no treatment unless symptomatic. Manage HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral therapy.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on HIV/AIDS management, adherence to medications, and regular healthcare
visits. Monitor for oral health changes.

6. **Candida Albicans (Thrush):**

- **Management:** Antifungal medications (e.g., fluconazole), oral hygiene improvement, and managing underlying
conditions (e.g., diabetes).
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer antifungal medications as prescribed. Educate on oral hygiene, medication
adherence, and lifestyle modifications.

7. **Smooth, Reddish, Shiny Tongue due to Vitamin B12 deficiency:**

- **Management:** Vitamin B12 supplementation, dietary adjustments, and addressing underlying causes.
 - **Nursing Interventions:** Administer vitamin B12 supplements as prescribed. Educate on dietary sources of vitamin
B12 and proper oral hygiene.

8. **Black Hairy Tongue:**

- **Management:** Improving oral hygiene, avoiding contributing factors (e.g., tobacco), and occasional tongue
scraping.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on proper oral hygiene practices, smoking cessation, and tongue care.
Collaborate with the healthcare team for tongue scraping if indicated.

Would you like to continue with the combined management and nursing interventions for the remaining conditions?
Certainly, let's provide combined management and nursing interventions for each of the conditions listed:

1. **Herpes Simplex Type I (Cold Sores):**

- **Management:** Over-the-counter antiviral creams (e.g., acyclovir) for symptom relief. Avoidance of triggers like
stress and sun exposure.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on transmission, prevention (e.g., avoiding close contact during outbreaks), and
medication adherence. Provide emotional support and counsel on coping strategies.

2. **Cheilosis of the lips:**

- **Management:** Address nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B complex supplementation). Use lip balms or
ointments for moisturizing.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Collaborate with dieticians for dietary assessment and interventions. Educate on lip care,
including avoiding licking lips excessively.
3. **Carcinoma of the lips:**
- **Management:** Surgical excision, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy based on staging. Sun protection and
smoking cessation.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Provide pre- and post-operative care. Educate on sun protection measures and smoking
cessation programs. Offer emotional support and resources.

4. **Leukoplakia (Ventral Surface):**

- **Management:** Biopsy for diagnosis, cessation of irritants (e.g., tobacco), and regular follow-up for monitoring.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on tobacco cessation, oral hygiene, and importance of follow-up appointments.
Monitor for changes and report to the healthcare team.

5. **Hairy Leukoplakia:**
- **Management:** Generally no treatment unless symptomatic. Manage HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral therapy.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on HIV/AIDS management, adherence to medications, and regular healthcare
visits. Monitor for oral health changes.

6. **Candida Albicans (Thrush):**

- **Management:** Antifungal medications (e.g., fluconazole), oral hygiene improvement, and managing underlying
conditions (e.g., diabetes).
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer antifungal medications as prescribed. Educate on oral hygiene, medication
adherence, and lifestyle modifications.

7. **Smooth, Reddish, Shiny Tongue due to Vitamin B12 deficiency:**

- **Management:** Vitamin B12 supplementation, dietary adjustments, and addressing underlying causes.
 - **Nursing Interventions:** Administer vitamin B12 supplements as prescribed. Educate on dietary sources of vitamin
B12 and proper oral hygiene.

8. **Black Hairy Tongue:**

- **Management:** Improving oral hygiene, avoiding contributing factors (e.g., tobacco), and occasional tongue
scraping.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on proper oral hygiene practices, smoking cessation, and tongue care.
Collaborate with the healthcare team for tongue scraping if indicated.

Would you like to continue with the combined management and nursing interventions for the remaining conditions?
Certainly, let's continue with the combined management and nursing interventions for the remaining conditions:

9. **Carcinoma of the tongue:**

- **Management:** Surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination based on staging and
individual factors.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Provide pre- and post-operative care. Educate on treatment options, side effects, and self-
care. Monitor for complications and support nutritional needs.

10. **Gingivitis:**
- **Management:** Improved oral hygiene (brushing, flossing), professional dental cleanings, and addressing
contributing factors (e.g., smoking).
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on proper oral hygiene techniques. Encourage regular dental visits and follow-
up. Collaborate with dental professionals for treatments like scaling and root planing.
11. **Receding Gums:**
- **Management:** Gentle oral hygiene practices, periodontal treatments (e.g., scaling, root planing), and addressing
underlying gum disease.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on gentle brushing techniques. Monitor for gum health changes and provide
support for maintaining oral hygiene. Collaborate with dental professionals for periodontal care.

12. **Kaposi Sarcoma Lesions in the Mouth:**

- **Management:** Treatment based on extent and health status (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy).
- **Nursing Interventions:** Provide emotional support and education. Assist with symptom management, wound
care, and coordination of care with the healthcare team.

13. **Acute Tonsillitis:**

- **Management:** Antibiotics for bacterial infections, supportive care (rest, fluids), and pain management.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer medications as prescribed. Educate on infection prevention, symptom
management, and when to seek further medical attention.

14. **Streptococcal Pharyngitis:**

- **Management:** Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) for strep throat, pain relief, and supportive care.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer antibiotics and monitor for improvement. Educate on completing antibiotic
courses, symptom management, and follow-up care.

15. **Nasal Polyps:**

- **Management:** Medications (nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines), saline rinses, and surgical removal for severe
cases.
 - **Nursing Interventions:** Administer medications as prescribed. Educate on medication use, nasal hygiene, and
post-surgical care if applicable.

16. **Sinusitis:**
- **Management:** Treat underlying cause (viral, bacterial, allergic) with medications (antibiotics, decongestants,
corticosteroids), saline rinses, and supportive care.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer medications, educate on proper medication use, and monitor for improvement.
Educate on self-care measures for symptom relief and when to seek medical attention.

These combined management and nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for each condition,
addressing medical treatments, patient education, symptom management, and coordination with the healthcare team for
optimal outcomes. Certainly, let's continue with the combined management and nursing interventions for the remaining
conditions:

9. **Carcinoma of the tongue:**

- **Management:** Surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination based on staging and
individual factors.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Provide pre- and post-operative care. Educate on treatment options, side effects, and self-
care. Monitor for complications and support nutritional needs.

10. **Gingivitis:**
- **Management:** Improved oral hygiene (brushing, flossing), professional dental cleanings, and addressing
contributing factors (e.g., smoking).
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on proper oral hygiene techniques. Encourage regular dental visits and follow-
up. Collaborate with dental professionals for treatments like scaling and root planing.
11. **Receding Gums:**
- **Management:** Gentle oral hygiene practices, periodontal treatments (e.g., scaling, root planing), and addressing
underlying gum disease.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Educate on gentle brushing techniques. Monitor for gum health changes and provide
support for maintaining oral hygiene. Collaborate with dental professionals for periodontal care.

12. **Kaposi Sarcoma Lesions in the Mouth:**

- **Management:** Treatment based on extent and health status (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy).
- **Nursing Interventions:** Provide emotional support and education. Assist with symptom management, wound
care, and coordination of care with the healthcare team.

13. **Acute Tonsillitis:**

- **Management:** Antibiotics for bacterial infections, supportive care (rest, fluids), and pain management.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer medications as prescribed. Educate on infection prevention, symptom
management, and when to seek further medical attention.

14. **Streptococcal Pharyngitis:**

- **Management:** Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) for strep throat, pain relief, and supportive care.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer antibiotics and monitor for improvement. Educate on completing antibiotic
courses, symptom management, and follow-up care.

15. **Nasal Polyps:**

 - **Management:** Medications (nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines), saline rinses, and surgical removal for severe
cases.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer medications as prescribed. Educate on medication use, nasal hygiene, and
post-surgical care if applicable.

16. **Sinusitis:**
- **Management:** Treat underlying cause (viral, bacterial, allergic) with medications (antibiotics, decongestants,
corticosteroids), saline rinses, and supportive care.
- **Nursing Interventions:** Administer medications, educate on proper medication use, and monitor for improvement.
Educate on self-care measures for symptom relief and when to seek medical attention.

These combined management and nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for each condition,
addressing medical treatments, patient education, symptom management, and coordination with the healthcare team for
optimal outcomes.
BREAST

Sure, here are descriptions for each of the terms you've listed:

1. **Breast**: A mammary gland that is composed of glandular tissue and fatty tissue. In females, the breast is primarily
involved in milk production for breastfeeding.

2. **Peau d'orange**: This term refers to the appearance of the skin of the breast, which resembles the dimpled texture
of an orange peel. It can be a sign of inflammatory breast cancer or other conditions affecting the lymphatic drainage of
the breast.
3. **Retracted breast tissue**: This refers to a condition where the breast tissue appears to be pulled inward or
retracted, often due to scarring or changes in the underlying structures of the breast. It can be a sign of breast cancer or
other abnormalities.

4. **Mastitis**: An inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by infection. It commonly occurs in breastfeeding
women and can cause symptoms such as breast pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

5. **Paget disease with invasive intraductal carcinoma**: Paget's disease of the breast is a rare form of breast cancer
that starts in the ducts of the nipple and spreads to the surface of the nipple and areola. When it is associated with
invasive intraductal carcinoma, it means that the cancer has invaded deeper into the breast tissue.

6. **Mastectomy**: Surgical removal of one or both breasts, often performed as a treatment for breast cancer or as a
preventive measure for individuals at high risk of developing breast cancer.

7. **Nipple inversion from breast cancer**: Nipple inversion refers to a condition where the nipple is pulled inward
instead of pointing outward. In some cases, breast cancer can cause nipple inversion due to changes in the underlying
breast tissue or structures.

8. **Mastectomy with Jackson-Pratt**: A Jackson-Pratt drain is a type of surgical drain used to remove fluid buildup
from a surgical site. When combined with a mastectomy, it refers to the use of this drain after the surgical removal of
one or both breasts. Sure, here are descriptions for each of the terms you've listed:

1. **Breast**: A mammary gland that is composed of glandular tissue and fatty tissue. In females, the breast is primarily
involved in milk production for breastfeeding.
2. **Peau d'orange**: This term refers to the appearance of the skin of the breast, which resembles the dimpled texture
of an orange peel. It can be a sign of inflammatory breast cancer or other conditions affecting the lymphatic drainage of
the breast.

3. **Retracted breast tissue**: This refers to a condition where the breast tissue appears to be pulled inward or
retracted, often due to scarring or changes in the underlying structures of the breast. It can be a sign of breast cancer or
other abnormalities.

4. **Mastitis**: An inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by infection. It commonly occurs in breastfeeding
women and can cause symptoms such as breast pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

5. **Paget disease with invasive intraductal carcinoma**: Paget's disease of the breast is a rare form of breast cancer
that starts in the ducts of the nipple and spreads to the surface of the nipple and areola. When it is associated with
invasive intraductal carcinoma, it means that the cancer has invaded deeper into the breast tissue.

6. **Mastectomy**: Surgical removal of one or both breasts, often performed as a treatment for breast cancer or as a
preventive measure for individuals at high risk of developing breast cancer.

7. **Nipple inversion from breast cancer**: Nipple inversion refers to a condition where the nipple is pulled inward
instead of pointing outward. In some cases, breast cancer can cause nipple inversion due to changes in the underlying
breast tissue or structures.

8. **Mastectomy with Jackson-Pratt**: A Jackson-Pratt drain is a type of surgical drain used to remove fluid buildup
from a surgical site. When combined with a mastectomy, it refers to the use of this drain after the surgical removal of
one or both breasts.
MANAGEMENT

Certainly, here are the management and nursing interventions for each of the conditions you've mentioned:

1. **Breast**:
- Management: Regular breast self-exams, mammograms as recommended by healthcare providers, healthy lifestyle
habits (such as maintaining a healthy weight and exercising), and seeking medical attention for any unusual changes in
the breasts.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating patients about breast health, teaching proper breast self-exam techniques,
providing emotional support and counseling regarding breast-related concerns, and assisting with mammography
appointments and follow-up care.

2. **Peau d'orange**:
- Management: Prompt evaluation by a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes, which
may include imaging studies (such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI) and biopsy for confirmation.
- Nursing Interventions: Providing education about the significance of peau d'orange appearance, assisting with
appointments for diagnostic tests, offering emotional support, and facilitating communication between the patient and
healthcare team.

3. **Retracted breast tissue**:

 - Management: Depending on the underlying cause (such as scarring or breast cancer), management may involve
imaging studies, biopsy, and surgical intervention.
- Nursing Interventions: Providing education about retracted breast tissue, assisting with appointments for diagnostic
tests and consultations with surgeons or oncologists, providing wound care if applicable, and offering emotional
support and counseling.

4. **Mastitis**:
- Management: Antibiotics (if infection is present), pain management, warm compresses, rest, adequate hydration, and
continued breastfeeding or pumping to maintain milk flow.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating on proper breastfeeding techniques and positioning, promoting frequent feeding or
pumping to relieve engorgement, assisting with antibiotic administration if prescribed, monitoring for signs of
improvement or complications, and providing support for breastfeeding mothers.

5. **Paget disease with invasive intraductal carcinoma**:

- Management: Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery (such as mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation
therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy depending on the extent and characteristics of the
cancer.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating about the treatment plan and potential side effects, assisting with post-operative
care, managing symptoms and side effects (such as pain, fatigue, and emotional distress), providing wound care,
monitoring for complications, and offering emotional support and counseling.

6. **Mastectomy**:
- Management: Depending on the type of mastectomy (simple, modified radical, or radical), management involves
surgical removal of one or both breasts followed by reconstruction if desired, and post-operative care to promote
healing and recovery.
 - Nursing Interventions: Pre-operative education and preparation, post-operative wound care, pain management,
monitoring for complications (such as infection or hematoma), providing emotional support, assisting with drains if
present, and facilitating rehabilitation and recovery.

7. **Nipple inversion from breast cancer**:

- Management: Treatment may involve surgery to address the underlying breast cancer, which can include
mastectomy, lumpectomy, or nipple-sparing mastectomy depending on the extent of the cancer.
- Nursing Interventions: Providing education about the treatment plan and potential outcomes, assisting with post-
operative care and wound management, supporting emotional well-being, facilitating communication with the
healthcare team, and promoting coping strategies.

8. **Mastectomy with Jackson-Pratt**:

- Management: Surgical removal of one or both breasts followed by the placement of a Jackson-Pratt drain to remove
excess fluid and prevent fluid buildup at the surgical site.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating the patient about the purpose and care of the Jackson-Pratt drain, monitoring
drainage output, assessing for signs of infection or other complications, providing wound care, assisting with drain
removal when appropriate, and supporting the patient's physical and emotional recovery. Certainly, here are the
management and nursing interventions for each of the conditions you've mentioned:

1. **Breast**:
- Management: Regular breast self-exams, mammograms as recommended by healthcare providers, healthy lifestyle
habits (such as maintaining a healthy weight and exercising), and seeking medical attention for any unusual changes in
the breasts.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating patients about breast health, teaching proper breast self-exam techniques,
providing emotional support and counseling regarding breast-related concerns, and assisting with mammography
appointments and follow-up care.
2. **Peau d'orange**:
- Management: Prompt evaluation by a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes, which
may include imaging studies (such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI) and biopsy for confirmation.
- Nursing Interventions: Providing education about the significance of peau d'orange appearance, assisting with
appointments for diagnostic tests, offering emotional support, and facilitating communication between the patient and
healthcare team.

3. **Retracted breast tissue**:

- Management: Depending on the underlying cause (such as scarring or breast cancer), management may involve
imaging studies, biopsy, and surgical intervention.
- Nursing Interventions: Providing education about retracted breast tissue, assisting with appointments for diagnostic
tests and consultations with surgeons or oncologists, providing wound care if applicable, and offering emotional
support and counseling.

4. **Mastitis**:
- Management: Antibiotics (if infection is present), pain management, warm compresses, rest, adequate hydration, and
continued breastfeeding or pumping to maintain milk flow.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating on proper breastfeeding techniques and positioning, promoting frequent feeding or
pumping to relieve engorgement, assisting with antibiotic administration if prescribed, monitoring for signs of
improvement or complications, and providing support for breastfeeding mothers.

5. **Paget disease with invasive intraductal carcinoma**:

- Management: Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery (such as mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation
therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy depending on the extent and characteristics of the
cancer.
 - Nursing Interventions: Educating about the treatment plan and potential side effects, assisting with post-operative
care, managing symptoms and side effects (such as pain, fatigue, and emotional distress), providing wound care,
monitoring for complications, and offering emotional support and counseling.

6. **Mastectomy**:
- Management: Depending on the type of mastectomy (simple, modified radical, or radical), management involves
surgical removal of one or both breasts followed by reconstruction if desired, and post-operative care to promote
healing and recovery.
- Nursing Interventions: Pre-operative education and preparation, post-operative wound care, pain management,
monitoring for complications (such as infection or hematoma), providing emotional support, assisting with drains if
present, and facilitating rehabilitation and recovery.

7. **Nipple inversion from breast cancer**:

- Management: Treatment may involve surgery to address the underlying breast cancer, which can include
mastectomy, lumpectomy, or nipple-sparing mastectomy depending on the extent of the cancer.
- Nursing Interventions: Providing education about the treatment plan and potential outcomes, assisting with post-
operative care and wound management, supporting emotional well-being, facilitating communication with the
healthcare team, and promoting coping strategies.

8. **Mastectomy with Jackson-Pratt**:

- Management: Surgical removal of one or both breasts followed by the placement of a Jackson-Pratt drain to remove
excess fluid and prevent fluid buildup at the surgical site.
- Nursing Interventions: Educating the patient about the purpose and care of the Jackson-Pratt drain, monitoring
drainage output, assessing for signs of infection or other complications, providing wound care, assisting with drain
removal when appropriate, and supporting the patient's physical and emotional recovery.
THORAX
Sure, here are descriptions of each term:

1. **Barrel Chest:** A barrel chest refers to a rounded and bulging shape of the chest, often associated with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or emphysema. It can result from increased lung volume or air trapped in the
lungs, leading to an enlarged appearance of the chest.

2. **Pectus Excavatum:** Pectus excavatum is a congenital condition where the chest wall caves inward, creating a
sunken or depressed appearance of the chest. It can range from mild to severe and may affect breathing and heart
function in severe cases.

3. **Pectus Carinatum:** Pectus carinatum is another congenital chest wall deformity where the sternum protrudes
outward, creating a "pigeon chest" appearance. It can cause cosmetic concerns and sometimes respiratory or
cardiovascular issues depending on its severity.

4. **Kyphosis:** Kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a rounded or hunched back
appearance. It can be caused by various factors, including poor posture, degenerative diseases like osteoporosis, or
developmental issues.

5. **Scoliosis:** Scoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. It can range
from mild to severe and may cause visible asymmetry of the back or shoulders. Scoliosis can be congenital or develop
during growth spurts in adolescence.

6. **Patient with chest tube placement:** A patient with a chest tube placement typically has a flexible tube inserted into
the chest cavity to drain air, blood, or other fluids. This procedure is often done to treat conditions like pneumothorax
(collapsed lung) or pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs).
7. **Patient with tracheostomy:** A patient with a tracheostomy has a surgically created hole in their windpipe (trachea)
to facilitate breathing. A tracheostomy tube is then inserted into this hole to maintain an open airway, often necessary
for patients with severe respiratory issues or those needing long-term ventilator support. Sure, here are descriptions of
each term:

1. **Barrel Chest:** A barrel chest refers to a rounded and bulging shape of the chest, often associated with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or emphysema. It can result from increased lung volume or air trapped in the
lungs, leading to an enlarged appearance of the chest.

2. **Pectus Excavatum:** Pectus excavatum is a congenital condition where the chest wall caves inward, creating a
sunken or depressed appearance of the chest. It can range from mild to severe and may affect breathing and heart
function in severe cases.

3. **Pectus Carinatum:** Pectus carinatum is another congenital chest wall deformity where the sternum protrudes
outward, creating a "pigeon chest" appearance. It can cause cosmetic concerns and sometimes respiratory or
cardiovascular issues depending on its severity.

4. **Kyphosis:** Kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a rounded or hunched back
appearance. It can be caused by various factors, including poor posture, degenerative diseases like osteoporosis, or
developmental issues.

5. **Scoliosis:** Scoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. It can range
from mild to severe and may cause visible asymmetry of the back or shoulders. Scoliosis can be congenital or develop
during growth spurts in adolescence.
6. **Patient with chest tube placement:** A patient with a chest tube placement typically has a flexible tube inserted into
the chest cavity to drain air, blood, or other fluids. This procedure is often done to treat conditions like pneumothorax
(collapsed lung) or pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs).

7. **Patient with tracheostomy:** A patient with a tracheostomy has a surgically created hole in their windpipe (trachea)
to facilitate breathing. A tracheostomy tube is then inserted into this hole to maintain an open airway, often necessary
for patients with severe respiratory issues or those needing long-term ventilator support.

MANAGEMENT

Certainly, here are some management and nursing interventions for the conditions and procedures you mentioned:

1. **Barrel Chest:**
- Management: Treat the underlying cause such as COPD or emphysema with medications (bronchodilators, steroids),
oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle modifications (smoking cessation, exercise).
- Nursing Interventions: Assist with breathing techniques, administer prescribed medications, monitor oxygen levels,
provide education on proper inhaler use and self-care strategies.

2. **Pectus Excavatum:**
- Management: Severe cases may require surgical correction (pectus excavatum repair) to reshape the chest wall.
Non-surgical management includes physical therapy, bracing in adolescence, and monitoring for any cardiac or
respiratory complications.
- Nursing Interventions: Provide emotional support, monitor for respiratory distress, assist with chest physiotherapy,
educate on post-operative care if surgery is performed.
3. **Pectus Carinatum:**
- Management: Treatment options include bracing, physical therapy, and surgery (pectus carinatum repair) for severe
cases. Monitoring for any cardiac or respiratory issues is important.
- Nursing Interventions: Assist with brace application and care, provide education on exercises and breathing
techniques, monitor for complications post-surgery if applicable.

4. **Kyphosis:**
- Management: Treatment depends on the cause and severity. It may include physical therapy, exercises to improve
posture and strength, pain management, bracing, and in some cases, surgery.
- Nursing Interventions: Educate on proper body mechanics and posture, assist with exercises and mobility,
administer prescribed medications, monitor for pain and complications.

5. **Scoliosis:**
- Management: Treatment varies based on the degree of curvature, age, and other factors. Options include
observation, bracing, physical therapy, and surgery for severe cases.
- Nursing Interventions: Assist with brace application and compliance, provide education on exercises and self-care,
monitor for progression of curvature and complications.

6. **Patient with chest tube placement:**

- Management: Ensure proper drainage and functioning of the chest tube, monitor fluid output, assess for signs of
complications (infection, pneumothorax), and provide pain management.
- Nursing Interventions: Monitor tube placement and patency, assess respiratory status, assist with tube care and
dressing changes, educate on signs of infection or complications.
7. **Patient with tracheostomy:**
- Management: Maintain a clear airway, suction as needed, provide humidified oxygen, monitor respiratory status,
prevent complications like infection or tube displacement.
- Nursing Interventions: Perform tracheostomy care, monitor respiratory rate and oxygen saturation, assist with
suctioning, educate on tracheostomy care and emergency procedures, ensure adequate hydration and nutrition.
Certainly, here are some management and nursing interventions for the conditions and procedures you mentioned:

1. **Barrel Chest:**
- Management: Treat the underlying cause such as COPD or emphysema with medications (bronchodilators, steroids),
oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle modifications (smoking cessation, exercise).
- Nursing Interventions: Assist with breathing techniques, administer prescribed medications, monitor oxygen levels,
provide education on proper inhaler use and self-care strategies.

2. **Pectus Excavatum:**
- Management: Severe cases may require surgical correction (pectus excavatum repair) to reshape the chest wall.
Non-surgical management includes physical therapy, bracing in adolescence, and monitoring for any cardiac or
respiratory complications.
- Nursing Interventions: Provide emotional support, monitor for respiratory distress, assist with chest physiotherapy,
educate on post-operative care if surgery is performed.

3. **Pectus Carinatum:**
- Management: Treatment options include bracing, physical therapy, and surgery (pectus carinatum repair) for severe
cases. Monitoring for any cardiac or respiratory issues is important.
- Nursing Interventions: Assist with brace application and care, provide education on exercises and breathing
techniques, monitor for complications post-surgery if applicable.
4. **Kyphosis:**
- Management: Treatment depends on the cause and severity. It may include physical therapy, exercises to improve
posture and strength, pain management, bracing, and in some cases, surgery.
- Nursing Interventions: Educate on proper body mechanics and posture, assist with exercises and mobility,
administer prescribed medications, monitor for pain and complications.

5. **Scoliosis:**
- Management: Treatment varies based on the degree of curvature, age, and other factors. Options include
observation, bracing, physical therapy, and surgery for severe cases.
- Nursing Interventions: Assist with brace application and compliance, provide education on exercises and self-care,
monitor for progression of curvature and complications.

6. **Patient with chest tube placement:**

- Management: Ensure proper drainage and functioning of the chest tube, monitor fluid output, assess for signs of
complications (infection, pneumothorax), and provide pain management.
- Nursing Interventions: Monitor tube placement and patency, assess respiratory status, assist with tube care and
dressing changes, educate on signs of infection or complications.

7. **Patient with tracheostomy:**

- Management: Maintain a clear airway, suction as needed, provide humidified oxygen, monitor respiratory status,
prevent complications like infection or tube displacement.
- Nursing Interventions: Perform tracheostomy care, monitor respiratory rate and oxygen saturation, assist with
suctioning, educate on tracheostomy care and emergency procedures, ensure adequate hydration and nutrition.