Merge Irrigation

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND
CONSIDERATIONS OF PRESSURIZED
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS (PIS)
Drip Irrigation/Trickle irrigation
- Involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 l/h) from the
emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil
in which the roots grow is wetted
Emitter-
- Applicator used in drip, subsurface or bubbler irrigation designed to
dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water
at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of minor
differences in pressure
Emitter spacing
Spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line
Lateral spacing
- Spacing between laterals
Importance of Designing a PIS
• Water Savings 50 to 70%
• Maintain an effective
moisture level in the soil to
maximize crop yield.
• Fertilizer savings 50 to
70%
• Increased in yield more
than 50%
• Meet the crop water and
fertilizer requirements.
REQUIRED DATA IN DESIGNING PIS
1. Topography assessment/ survey

2. Agricultural data
3. Soil Analysis
4. Water Source
5. Climatic data
6. Power source
1. Topography Assessment/ Survey
❖Measurement of Field:
a) Length
b) Width
c) Slope
❖Methods of topography survey:
a) Manual measurement of the field (small
area) using tape measure
b) Mapping areas using GPS, Satellite
c) Aerial Survey/ drone survey
2. Agricultural Data
➢Type of crops to be grown
➢Age of crop (if existing)
➢Root zone of crops
➢Crop Geometry or Spacing of plant (row to
row and plant to plant distance)
➢Crop canopy
2. Agricultural Data
➢Crop geometry
▪ Row to row distance

▪ Plant to plant distance
▪ For each row, provide dripline
▪ For each plant or group of plant provides
drippers to ensure proper wetting of root
zone
3. Soil Analysis
Why soil test is essential?
✓ To identify type of soil
✓ To know the pH & EC, Salinity, NPK
content, Organic Carbon
✓ To know Nematodes & insects
✓ To know water holding capacity
✓ To know infiltration rate of water
SOIL TEST: Squeeze test
❖ When a moist ball ❖when poked, ❖sandy soil will

is squeezed, clay loamy soil will completely fall
soil will retain its break apart apart before
shape, forming into a
ball.
4. Water Source
Details and Assessment of Water Source:
• Kind of water source to be used for design
purpose: Shallow/ deep well, lake , dam, river
• Size and depth of water source and volume,
(lowest water level in summer)
• Yield of water.
• Water availability and duration.
• Location, distance and elevation of water Lake Danao: Leyte
source
• Storage facility if required
San Roque Dam
5. Climate Data
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Rainfall
• Wind Speed or direction
• Evaporation
• Solar Radiation
6. Power Source
• Motor Pump sets are used to generate the
pressure.
• Power is required to run the motor-pump set.
Type of power source is necessary to know
while designing of irrigation system.
• Power source can be gov’t electrical, DG set
or Solar powered or combination of all.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Control Head Unit 2. Distribution Networks

A. Pump A. Mainline pipes
B.Fertigation B. Submain line Pipes
C.Filters C. Lateral lines
D.Control Valves D. Drippers/ drip tapes/ emitters/
E.Pressure Regulator sprinkler nozzle
3. Other: Fittings & Accessories
1. CONTROL HEAD UNIT:
A. PUMP
➢delivers water from the source to

the pipe system at an
adequate capacity
➢These are required to provide
sufficient pressure in the drip &
sprinkler irrigation system.
B. FERTIGATION
Fertigation = fertilizer + irrigation water.
Fertigation use water soluble fertilizers that delivered the fertilizer in
liquid form.
FERTIGATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
➢ Increase nutrient uptake
by plant up to 80 to 90% ➢ Needs proper management
compared to normal and maintenance
fertilizer application
➢ The consumption of ➢ Require high cost to build
water, fertilizer can be the fertigation system.
optimized
➢ Application of nutrients ➢ Need technical support to
can be controlled at any install the fertigation system
time and rate
TYPES OF FERTIGATION EQUIPMENT
Fertilizer tank
Used for chemical fertilizer or
pesticide applications directly to
root region of the plant using
irrigation water of drip or
sprinkler irrigation systems.
TYPES OF FERTILIZER EQUIPMENT
Venturi Injectors
➢ These are utilizes venturi
effect to inject a small amount
of one fluid into the flow of
another fluid.
➢ They work on the principle of
differential pressure.
ADVANTAGES OF FERTIGATION
Dosing Pumps,
➢ These are used to ensure
precise additive injection
directly into the water or fluid
lines under various flow rates,
feed ratios and different
ranges of pressure.
Dosing Pumps Diagram
C. FILTRATION SYSTEM
• Filtering and keeping contaminants out of the system are
the main defense against the clogging caused by mineral
and organic particles.
TYPES OF FILTERS
A. Screen Filter
B. Disc Filters
C. Sand Media Filter:
D. Centrifugal Filter:
TYPES OF FILTERS
A. Screen Filter: Screen filters are fitted just
after the pumping unit and no other filter is
required if source of water is ground water. The
casing is built of metal or plastic material.
B. Disc Filters: This is more suitable for water
with mixed impurities of inorganic solid particles
and organic debris. The casing is made of metal
or plastic material. The filtration element is
made of stacked grooved ring shaped disks,
tightened together by a threaded cap.
TYPES OF FILTERS
C. Sand Media Filter: Use a bed of sand

to collect contaminants. These are cleaned by
backwashing.
D. Centrifugal Filter: The best treatment

of the water containing soil particles is
sedimentation of the particles by means of
sand separators.
WATER QUALITY
Water content
✓Physical Impurities: Silt, clay, suspended solids, particles (TSS), etc.
✓Chemical Impurities: Calcium carbonates, sodium, magnesium, TDS,
Iron, manganese, chloride, etc.
✓Biological Impurities: Algae, bacteria, protozoa, etc.
Factors that influence water quality:
✓Selection of filtration system
✓Selection of crop
✓Application/ dose of fertilizer
✓Treatment to water
D. CONTROL VALVES
❖ Plays key roles in controlling
flow and distribution under
different conditions to optimize
performance, facilitate
management, and reduce
maintenance requirements.
Common types of manual control valves:
1. Ball valve- ball valve is a quarter-turn valve. In a
ball valve the closing mechanism is a sphere (ball)
with a port through the middle, connected to a lever
in line with it that shows the valve's position.
2. Gate valve- The gate (sluice) valve opens by
lifting a gate (wedge) out of the path of the fluid.
When the gate valve is fully open, there is no
obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low
friction loss.
E. Pressure regulators
❖ These are generally used to decrease

the higher system pressure to the
required system pressure. It controls
the pressure in one way only i.e. high to
low. Pressure regulator
2. DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS:
MAIN LINE - converting water from the head control
to the blocks
SUB MAIN LINE - converting water from secondary

head control to the laterals
LATERALS - drip lines or PVC/ PE laterals + emitters

or sprinkler nozzle
➢ MAINLINE & SUBMAIN LINE
-These are used to supply water from the control head into the
fields which are usually made from PVC or polyethylene pipes
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
➢ Laterals for Drip Irrigation: DRIPPERS/ EMITTERS
Two Types of Drippers:
1. Button or On-line Drippers 2. In-line Dripper/ Emitter
• Two Types of Drippers in Irrigation System:
1. Button Dripper/ On-line Drippers - These are
installed on the blind polytube by drilling a hole near the
plants and are easily visible and replaceable.
Non-Pressure compensating, (Non PC) Pressure compensating, (PC)
J-Turbo key plus

J-SC PC dripper
dripper
Click TIF dripper
• Two Types of Drippers in Irrigation System
2. In-line Dripper/ Emitter - These are fixed along with the
lateral line. The pipe is cut and dripper is fixed in between the cut
ends, such that it makes a continuous row after fixing the dripper.
Non-Pressure compensating, (Non PC) Pressure compensating, (PC)
Where should Non-Pressure Compensating (Non PC) &
Pressure Compensating (PC) Drippers be used?
➢ For Flat Terrain: Use Non Pressure ➢ For Hilly Terrain: Use Pressure
Compensating Dripper Compensating Dripper
3. Other: Fittings & Accessories
 Automation System- Irrigation timers can help you run water more efficiently, by
turning on & shutting off the flow within specific time periods.
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DRIP
IRRIGATION SYSTEM
STEPS IN DESIGNING
PRESSURIZED DRIP &
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
Friction Loss - Loss of water pressure due to friction created as water
moves through the pipe.
▪ Flow in pipe is always accompanied by friction loss in the direction of the

water flow.
➢ The amount of friction loss (pressure loss) is due to four conditions:
a) The velocity (speed) of the flow

b) Diameter of the pipe.
c) Length of the pipe.
d)Roughness of the pipe.
▪ Large pipe- water moves very slowly with minimal friction that
has very little effect on the pressure at the end of the pipe.
▪ Small pipe- the water moves quickly and generates a lot of

friction which reduces the pressure at the end of the pipe.
1 Estimate Crop Evapotranspiration
STEPS IN
DESIGNING 2 Selection and Design of Dripline
PRESSURIZED
DRIP 3 Volume of water to be applied
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
(PDIS) 4 Number of beds or plot
5 Total Number of driplines or laterals

6 Calculate the Total Discharge
STEPS IN
DESIGNING Calculate the Irrigation time
7
PRESSURIZED
DRIP
8 Determine the Submain / Main Line
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM 9 Prepare a final Layout
(PDIS)
10 Prepare for Bill of Materials
SAMPLE PROBLEM: PRESSURIZED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Example:
Design an appropriate Drip Irrigation System for a 50m
plot:
Area: 2500𝑚2 (50m x 50m) 2500𝒎𝟐

50m
Crop: Lettuce (planting distance: 0.3m x 0.3m)
Water Source: 300m away from the plot
Availability of Electricity: Assume 8 hours in a day
Soil: Medium
Topography: flat
SAMPLE PROBLEM: PRESSURIZED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Dripline/ drip tape: Taldrip 12mm x 1 Lph x 30cm

Estimated Wetted Area: 60% or 0.6
ETo = 5mm/day Kc = 0.9

Assume:
Raised Bed or plot: 1m width; 0.5m canal or pathway
Number of laterals per plot: 2 laterals per bed/plot
STEPS IN DESIGNING PRESSURIZED DRIP
IRRIGATION SYSTEM (PDIS)
1. Calculation of Crop Evapotranspiration

ET𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 = ET𝑜 x K 𝑐 = (5) x (0.9) = 4.5mm per day per plant
2. Volume of water to be applied

Volume = Area x Wetted Area (%) x ET𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝
1𝑚 1000𝐿
= (50m x 50m) x (0.6) x (4.5mmx 𝑥 3 ) = 6750 L
1000 1𝑚
3. Number of beds or plot

Number of beds or plot = Distance ÷ (width of plot + canal)
= 50m /1.5 = 33.33 approx. 33plots
4. Total Number of driplines or laterals
Total Number of driplines or laterals = Number of beds or plot x
Number of laterals per plot
= 33 x 2 = 66 laterals
5. Total Number of Emitters

Total Number of Emitters = [(Total Number of driplines or laterals
x Length of dripline per plot) ÷ emitter spacing]
= [(66 laterals x 50m) ÷ 0.3m] = 11000 emitters

6. Total Discharge
Total Discharge = Total Number of Emitters x dripline discharge
(based from the specs. of dripline)
= 11,000 x 1Lph = 11,000 Lph
7. Irrigation time
Irrigation time = Volume of water to be applied (from number 2) ÷ Total
Discharge
=6,750L / 11,000Lph = 0.614 hours, or 36.8minutes (in a
day) say, 37 minutes
8. Size of mainline and sub mainline

Total Discharge = 11,000Lph x 1hr / 60min = 183.33 Liter per
minute
8. Size of mainline and sub
mainline
Based from the Table:
Friction Loss in Plastic
Pipe with Standard Inside
Diameter (SIDR) Head
Loss from friction in
vertical m/ft per 100 m/ft
of pipe
http://rolandvere.weebly.com/water-pipe-sizing-chart.html
9. Prepare a final Layout
10. Prepare a Bill of Materials
NO. ITEMS DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT
A. MAINLINE/SUB-MAIN LINE ASSEMBLY & FITTINGS
1 HDPE Pipe 2” x SDR-17 x 60m 3 Roll
2 Compression Joiner 2” 2 Piece
3 Compression Male Adapter 2” 1 Piece
4 Compression Male Elbow 2” mm 1 Piece
5 PVC Ball Valve 2”mm (Threaded) 1 Piece
6 NDJ Super Flow Screen Filter 2” 1 Piece
7 Compression Female Adapter 2” 1 Piece
8 Saddle Clamp 50mm x 32mm 1 Piece
9 IV0134 Air and Vacuum Relief Valve 32mm 1 Piece
10 Compression End Cap 50mm 4 Piece
B. LATERAL ASSEMBLY
Taldrip 12 x 1Lph x 30cm (66laterals x 50m/100 per
1 33 Roll
roll)
2 Barb Take-off 12mm (66 + 10) 76 Piece
3 End Line w/ Ring 12mm 76 Piece
4 Ring Joiner 12mm 10 Piece
D. TOOLS & ACCESSORIES

1 Teflon Tape 1/2" 5 Piece
2 Hose Puncher 7.5mm 1 Piece
D. OTHERS
Delivery of Materials & Mobilization of Installers
1 1 Lot
(Back & Forth)
2 Labor / Installation 1 Lot
3 Miscellaneous 1 Lot
SAMPLE LAYOUT PDIS
SAMPLE BOM OF PDIS
Design
• Make a drip irrigation system design
• Given the following information:
• Area 5000 square meter, field dimension length is twice of the width, Assume
field is flat
• Crop: Tomato, (find information on ETC of tomato), also estimate your own
ETo
• Row spacing 0.75 m, spacing between hills = 0.60 m
• Dripline/ drip tape: Taldrip 12mm x 1 Lph x 60cm
Estimated Wetted Area: 60% or 0.6
1. Compute of Crop Evapotranspiration
2. Compute Volume of water to be applied
3. Compute Total Number of driplines or laterals
4. Compute Total Number of Emitters
5. Compute Total Discharge
6. Compute Irrigation time
7. Compute the Size of mainline/sub mainline
8. Prepare a final Layout
9. Prepare bill of materials
MARAMING
SALAMAT
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017
ICS 65.060.35
Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System –

Part B: Drip Irrigation
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS

BPI Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
Phone (632) 920-6131; (632) 455-2856; (632) 467-9039; Telefax (632) 455-2858
E-mail: bafpsda@yahoo.com.ph
DEPARTMENT OF Website: www.bafps.da.gov.ph
AGRICULTURE
PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 224:2017
Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation
Foreword
The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural

Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled
“Enhancement of Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency Through Standardization of
Engineering Support Systems for Precision Farming” funded by the Philippine
Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCAARRD -
DOST).
As provided by the Republic Act 10601 also known as the Agricultural and
Fisheries Mechanization Law (AFMech Law of 2013), the Bureau of Agriculture
and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) is mandated to develop standard specifications
and test procedures for agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment.
Consistent with its standards development process, BAFS has endorsed this
standard for the approval of the DA Secretary through the Bureau of Agricultural
and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) and to the Bureau of Philippine Standards
(BPS) for appropriate numbering and inclusion to the Philippine National
Standard (PNS) repository.
This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives
Part 3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.
The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.
The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.
iii
CONTENTS Page
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Symbols and Nomenclature 1
4 Definitions 2
5 Components of a Drip Irrigation System 3
6 General Design Criteria 4
7 Data Requirements 4
8 Design Procedure 5
9 Bibliography 13
ANNEXES
A Types of Emitters 15
B Sample Design Computation 18
ii
1 Scope
This standard provides minimum requirements, criteria and procedure for the
design of a drip irrigation system.
2 References
The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through

reference in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:
PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements
3 Symbols and Nomenclature
Parameter Symbol Unit

Area wetted by one emitter Aw m2
Diameter of wetted area D m
Application efficiency Ea
Electrical conductivity of ECw dS/m or mmhos/cm
irrigation water
Lctual evapotranspiration ETa mm/day
Localized evapotranspiration ETcrop-loc mm/day
Gross irrgifation requirement IRg mm/day
Net irrigation requirement IRn mm/day
Ground cover reduction kr
factor
Leaching requirement LR mm/day
Leaching requirement ratio LRt
under drip irrigation
Electrical conductivity of maxECe dS/m or mmhos/cm
saturated soil extract that
will reduce the crop yield to
zero
Number of emitters per plant Np
Percentage ground cover Pd

Percentage wetted area Pw %
Emitter discharge q L/h
Rainfall R mm/day
Emitter Spacing Se m
1
Distance between the plants Sp m
within a row
Row Spacing Sr m
Duration of irrigation per day Ta h
Wetted width W m
4 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms shall apply:
4.1
drip irrigation
trickle irrigation
involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 L/h) from the
emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in
which the roots grow is wetted
4.2
emitters
applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate
pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant
rate that does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure
4.3
emitter spacing
spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line
4.4
lateral spacing
spacing between irrigation laterals
4.5
leaching
deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts
or nutrients
4.6
manifold
portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals
4.7
manufacturer’s coefficient of variation
Cv
measure of the variability of discharge of a random sample of a given make,
model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any field
operations or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a
sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200C
2
4.8
optimal emitter spacing
drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from field
tests
4.9
wetted widths
width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their
optimal spacing along a single lateral line
5 Components of Drip Irrigation System
Figure 1. A typical drip irrigation system and its components

SOURCE: Savva and Frenken. FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation
Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance. 2002.
* drip irrigation illustration with emitter
5.1 Control head - consists of valves to control the discharge and pressure in
the entire system which may have filters and a a fertilizer or nutrient tank.
5.2 Pump unit - takes water from the source and provides the right pressure
for delivery into the pipe system
5.3 Main, submain lines and laterals - supply water from the control head
into the fields which are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should
be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct
solar radiation
3
5.4 Manifold – contains filters, pressure regulators, air and/or vacuum relief
valves
5.5 Filter – removes particle to prevent emitter clogging where its net
diameter is smaller than one-tenth to one-fouth of the emitter opening diameter.
5.6 Emitters – see section 4.2
6 General Design Criteria
6.1 Type of Crop –drip irrigation can be used in high value crops such as row
crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can
be provided for each plant.
6.2 Slope – drip irrigation can be used in any farmable slope where the crop
would be planted along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals)
would be laid along the contour as well.
6.3 Soil Type –drip irrigation may be used for most soils.On clay soils, water
must be applied slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils
higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting
of the soil.
6.4 Irrigation Water –irrigation water shall be free of sediments including

algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved chemicals which precipitate such as
calcium and iron. Otherwise, filtration of the irrigation water will be needed.
6.5 System Layout and Pipe Network
6.5.1 The pipe network shall be designed to deliver water to the emitters at the
appropriate pressure.
6.5.2 The components of the pipe network shall be noncorrosive and non-
scaling such as polybutylene, polyethylene, or PVC.
7 Data Requirements
7.1 Topographic map – the topographic map shall include the following
details:
 the proposed irrigated area, with contour lines
 farm and field boundaries and water source or sources
 power points, such as electricity lines, in relation to water source and
area to be irrigated
 roads andother relevant general features such as obstacles
7.2 Water resources data

 quantity and quality of water resources over time
4
 water rights
 cost of water if applicable
7.3 Climate of the area and its influence on the water requirements of the
selected crop
7.4 Soil characteristics and their compatibility with the crops
8 Design Procedure
Figure 2. Design Procedure for a Drip Irrigation System
8.1 Crop Water Requirement – The water requirement to be considered

shall be the localized evapotranspiration based on the formulae below. This shall
be computed on a monthly or decadal basis.
𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 × 𝑘𝑟
where:
ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration, mm/day

ETa is the actual evapotranspiration, mm/day (estimated
as shown in PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 –
Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements)
kr is the ground cover reduction factor (Table 1)
5
Table 1. Values of kr suggested by different authors
Ground Cover Kr according to

(%) Keller and Freeman and Decroix CTG REF
Karmeli Garzoli
10 0.12 0.10 0.20
20 0.24 0.20 0.30
30 0.35 0.30 0.40
40 0.47 0.40 0.50
50 0.59 0.75 0.60
60 0.70 0.80 0.70
70 0.82 0.85 0.80
80 0.94 0.90 0.90
90 1.00 0.95 1.00
100 1.00 1.00 1.00
SOURCE: Savva and Frenken, FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation
Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance, 2002
Formula by Keller and Bliesner may also be used,
𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 × [0.1(𝑃𝑑 )0.5 ]

where:
ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration, mm/day

ETa is the actual evapotranspiration, mm/day (estimated
as shown in PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 –
Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements)
Pd is the percentage ground cover
8.2 Leaching Requirements
𝐸𝐶𝑤
𝐿𝑅𝑡 =
2 × [𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐸𝐶𝑒 ]
where:
LRt is the leaching requirement ratio under

drip irrigation
ECw is the electrical conductivity of irrigation water
(ds/m or mmhos/cm)
maxECe is the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract
that will reduce the crop yield to zero
(dS/m or mmhos/cm)
6
𝐼𝑅𝑛 = 𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 − 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑅
𝐼𝑅𝑛
𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿𝑅𝑡 × [ ]
𝐸𝑎
where:
LR is the leaching requirement (mm/day)

LRt is the leaching requirement ratio under drip irrigation
IRn is the net irrigation requirement (mm/day)
Ea is the application efficiency (%)
Table 2. Minimum and maximum values of ECe for various crops
ECe (dS/m) ECe (dS/m)

Crop Crop
Min Max Min Max
Field Crops
Cotton 7.7 27 Corn 1.7 10
Sugar beet 7.0 24 Flax 1.7 10
Sorghum 6.8 13 Broad bean 1.6 12
Soya bean 5.0 10 Cow pea 1.3 8.5
Sugarcane 1.7 19 Bean 1.0 6.5
Fruit and Nut Crops
Date palm 4.0 32 Apricot 1.6 6
Fig olive 2.7 14 Grape 1.5 12
Pomegrenate 1.8 14 Almond 1.5 7
Grapefruit 1.7 8 Plum 1.5 7
Orange 1.7 8 Blackberry 1.5 6
Lemon 1.7 8 Boysenberry 1.5 6
Apple, pear 1.7 8 Avocado 1.3 6
Walnut 1.7 8 Raspberry 1.0 5.5
Peach 1.7 6.5 Strawberry 1.0 4
Vegetable Crops
Zucchini 4.7 15 Sweet corn 1.7 10
squash
Beets 4.0 15 Sweet potato 1.5 10.5
Brocolli 2.8 13.5 Pepper 1.5 8.5
Tomato 2.5 12.5 Lettuce 1.3 9
Cucumber 2.5 10 Radish 1.2 9
Cantaloupe 2.2 16 Onion 1.2 7.5
Spinach 2.0 15 Carrot 1.0 8
Cabbage 1.8 12 Turnip 0.9 12
Potato 1.7 10
SOURCE: Keller and Bliesner, Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation, 1990
7
8.3 Irrigation Requirement
𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐
𝐼𝑅𝑔 = − 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑅
𝐸𝑎
where:
IRg is the gross irrigation requirement (mm/day)

ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Ea is the application efficiency (%)
R is the rainfall (mm/day)
LR is the leaching requirement (mm/day)
8.4 Percentage Wetted Area
100 × 𝑁𝑝 × 𝑆𝑒 × 𝑊
𝑃𝑤 =
𝑆𝑝 × 𝑆𝑟
where:
Pw is the percentage wetted area (%)

W is the wetted width or width of wetted strip along
lateral with emitters (m)
Sr is the distance between plant rows or row spacing (m)
8.5 Number of Emitters Per Plant and Emitter Spacing
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑃𝑤

𝑁𝑝 =
𝐴𝑤
where:
Np is the Number of emitters per plant

Pw is the Percentage wetted area/100 (%/100)
Aw is the Area wetted by one emitter (m2)
𝑆𝑝
𝑆𝑒 =
𝑁𝑝
where:
Se is the emitter spacing (m)

Sp is the distance between the plants within a row (m)
Np is the number of emitters per plant
𝜋 × 𝐷2
𝐴𝑤 =
4
where:
Aw is the area wetted by one emitter (m2)

D is the diameter of wetted area (m) (see Table 3)
8
8.6 Irrigation Frequency and Duration
𝐼𝑅𝑔
𝑇𝑎 =
𝑁𝑝 × 𝑞
where:
Ta is the duration of irrigation per day (h)

IRg is the gross irrigation requirement (mm/day)
q is the emitter discharge (L/h)
Table 3. Estimated Areas Wetted by a 4 L/h Drip Emitter Operating Under

Various Field Conditions
Soil or Root Degree of Soil Stratification2 and Equivalent Wetter Soil

Depth and Soil Area3 (Se’ x W), m x m
Texture1 homogeneous stratified layered4
Depth 0.75 m:
Coarse 0.4 x 0.5 0.6 x 0.8 0.9 x 1.1
Medium 0.7 x 0.9 1.0 x 1.2 1.2 x 1.5
Fine 0.9 x 1.1 1.2 x 1.5 1.5 x 1.8
Depth 1.50 m:
Coarse 0.6 x 0.8 1.1 x 1.4 1.4 x 1.8
Medium 1.0 x 1.2 1.7 x 2.1 2.2 x 2.7
Fine 1.2 x 1.5 1.6 x 2.0 2.0 x 2.4
NOTE:
1 Coarse – coarse to medium sands; Medium – loamy sand to loam; Fine – sandy
clay to loam
to clay (if clays are cracked, treat like coarse to medium soils)
2 Stratified – relatively uniform texture but having some particle orientation or
some
compaction layering, which gives higher vertical than horizontal permeability;
Layered – changes in texture with depth as well as particle orientation and
moderate
compaction
3 W – long area dimension, equal to the wetted diameter; Se’wetted area
dimension = 0.8 x W
4 For soils with extreme layering and compaction that causes extensive
stratification, Se’ and
W may be as much as twice as large
8.7 Emitter Selection - The following parameters shall be considered in

selecting the type of emitter
9
8.7.1 Types of Emitters – Different types of emitters are shown in Annex A.
8.7.2 Discharge and Pressure Relationship – a lower value of x indicates that

the flow will be less affected by pressure variations
𝑞 = 𝐾𝑑 × 𝐻 𝑥
where:
q is the emitter discharge (L/h)

Kd is the discharge coefficient that characterizes each emitter
H is the emitter operating pressure head (m)
x is the emitter discharge exponent
Table 4. Emitter Discharge Exponents for Various Types of Emitter
Emitter Type x
Fully-compensating emitter 0
Long-path emitter 0.7-0.8
Tortuous-path emitter 0.5-0.7
Orifice type emitter 0.5
Vortex emitter 0.4
8.7.3 Coefficient of Variation
Table 5. Coefficient of Variation for Different Emitter Types
Emitter Type Cv Range Classification

Point-source <0.05 excellent
0.05 to 0.07 average
0.07 to 0.11 marginal
0.11 to 0.15 poor
>0.15 unacceptable
Line-source <0.10 good
0.10 to 0.2 average
>0.2 marginal to unacceptable
Note: While some literature differentiates between ‘point-source’ and ‘line-
source’, based on the distance between the emitters, in this Module the
difference is based on the material used for the dripline or lateral. The thick wall
material is considered as being ‘point-source’, while the tape type of material is
considered as being ‘line-source’.
8.7.4 Temperature and Discharge Relationship – as an emitter is subjected

to a higher temperature, discharge increases as well, except for vortex-type
emitter
10
8.7.5 Head and Discharge Relationship Between Two Emitters with the
Same Characteristics
𝑞𝑎 1/𝑥
𝐻𝑎 = 𝐻 [ ]
𝑞
where:
qa is the average emitter flow rate obtainable under

pressure Ha (L/h)
q is the emitter flow rate obtainable under pressure H (L/h)
x is the emitter exponent
8.8 Design Emission Uniformity
1 − 1.27𝐶𝑣 𝑞𝑚
𝐸𝑈 = 100 × ×
√𝑁𝑝 𝑞𝑎
where:
EU is the design emission uniformity (%)

Cv is the manufacturer’s coefficient of variation
qm is the minimum emitter discharge for minimum pressure
in the sub-unit (L/h)
qa is the average or design emitter discharge for the
sub-unit (L/h)
8.9 Allowable Pressure Variation
∆𝐻𝑠 = 2.5 × (𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑚 )

1⁄
𝑞𝑚 𝑥
𝐻𝑚 = 𝐻𝑎 × ( )
𝑞𝑎
where:
∆Hs is the allowable pressure variation that will give an

EU reasonably close to the desired design value (m)
Ha is the pressure head that will give the qa required
to satisfy EU (m)
Hm is the pressure head that will give the required qm
to satisfy EU (m)
8.10 Pipe Size Determination - pipe sizes shall be selected depending on the
layout, selected material and number of outlets. These pipes shall not exceed the
allowable pressure variation.
11
8.10.1 Friction Loss in Main Lines – can be determined using Hazen-Williams
Equation, Darcy Weisbach or other friction loss formula. The formula given
below is based on Hazen Williams
𝑄 1.852
1.21 × 1010 𝐿 (𝐶 )
𝐻𝑓 =
𝐷4.87
where:
Hf is the total friction loss in pipe with the same

flow throughout (m)
L is the length of pipe (m)
Q is the total discharge (L/s)
C is the pipe roughness coefficient
145 to 150 for plastic pipe
120 for aluminum pipe with couplers and new
or coated steel pipe
D is the inside diameter of pipe (mm)
8.10.2 Friction Loss in Laterals and Manifolds
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐻𝑓 × 𝐹
where:
hf is the friction loss in the lateral (m)

Hf is the total friction loss in pipe with the same flow
throughout (m)
F is the correction factor depending on the number of outlets
in the lateral or manifold (Table 6)
Table 6. F factors for various number of outlets
Number of F Number of F
outlets outlets
1 1.000 14 0.387
2 0.639 16 0.382
3 0.535 18 0.379
4 0.486 20 0.376
5 0.457 25 0.371
6 0.435 30 0.368
8 0.415 40 0.364
10 0.402 50 0.361
12 0.394 100 0.356
12
8.11 Total Head Requirement - The total head requirement shall be
computed as the sum of the following:
 Suction lift
 Supply line
 Control head
 Mainline
 Manifold
 Laterals
 Operating pressure
 10% of the sum of the above heads for fittings
 Difference in elevation
8.12 Pump and Power Selection – the pump power requirement shall be
computed as follows:
𝑄 × 𝑇𝐷𝐻
𝑃=
360 × 𝐸𝑝
where:
P is the power requirement (kW)

Q is the system capacity (m3/h)
TDH is the total dynamic head against which the pump
is working (m)
Ep is the pump efficiency from the pump performance chart
9 Bibliography
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 2008. ASAE

EP405.1 APR1988 (R2008) Design and Installation of Microirrigation Systems.
Fangmeier, D.D, Elliot, W.J., Workman, S.R., Huffman, R.L. and G.O. Schwab. 2006.
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Fifth Edition
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2001. Irrigation

Manual Volume III – Module 8.
Keller, J. and R.D Bliesner. 1990. Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation.
National Irrigation Administration. 1991. Irrigation engineering manual for

diversified cropping.
National Resources Conservation Service – United States Department of

Agriculture. 1997. Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering Handbook.
National Resources Conservation Service – United States Department of

Agriculture. 2012. Part 623: Irrigation – National Engineering Handbook.
13
Phocaides, A. 2000. FAO Technical Handbook on Pressurized Irrigation
Techniques.
Savva, A.P. and K. Frenken. 2002. FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation
Systems Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance.
Schwab, G.O., et al. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Fourth
Edition
14
ANNEX A
(informative)
Types of Emitters
A.1 Based on pressure dissipation mechanism
A.1.1 Long–path – water is routed through a long, narrow passage at laminar

flow to reduce the water pressure and to create a more uniform flow; flow areas:
1 mm2 to 4.5 mm2.
Figure A.1. Long-Path Emitter

SOURCE: NRCS-USDA, Part 652: Irrigation Guide – National Engineering
Handbook, 1997
A.1.2 Tortuous – have relatively long flow paths with larger path cross-section
with turbulent flow regime
Figure A.2. Tortuous-Path Emitter

Handbook, 1997
A.1.3 Short-path – almost similar with long-path emitters but with shorter
water path; ideal for use in very low pressure systems.
Figure A.3. Short-Path Emitter

Handbook, 1997
15
A.1.4 Orifice – the fully turbulent jet emitted at the outlet of the emitter is
broken and converted into drop by drop flow; flow area: 0.2 mm2 to 0.35 mm2
Figure A.4. Orifice Type Emitter

Handbook, 1997
A.1.5 Vortex – its flow path is a round cell that causes circular flow. The fast
rotational motion creates a vortex which results to higher head losses that allow
for larger openings
A.2 Based on the ability to flush
A.2.1 On-off flushing – flushes for a few moments each time the system is
started and again when turned off
A.2.2 Continuous flushing – eject large particles during operation since this
type has relatively large-diameter flexible orifices in series to dissipate pressure
A.3 Based on the connection to the lateral
A.3.1 On-line – intended for direct or indirect installation in the wall of the
irrigation lateral
Figure A.5. On-Line Emitter

16
A.3.2 In-line – intended for installation between laterals
Figure A.6. On-Line Emitter

A.4 Based on field application
A.4.1 Line-source – water is discharged from closely spaced perforations,

emitters or a porous wall along the lateral line.
A.4.2 Point-source – water is discharged from emission points that are

individually and relatively widely spaced, usually over 1 m (3.3ft). Multiple-
outlet emitters discharge water at two or more emission points.
17
ANNEX B
(informative)
Sample Computation
Parameter Value
Area to be irrigated, A 300 m x 150 m
Soil Loamy
Crop Mature Citrus
Actual Evapotranspiration, ETa 7.1 mm/day
Percentage groundcover 70%
Rainfall 0
Application Efficiency 0.86
Tree spacing, area per plant 6mx6m
Percentage Wetted Area, Pw 50%
Area wetted by one emitter, Aw 4 m2
B.1 Compute for the crop water requirement.
ETcrop−loc = ETa × k r = 7.1 × 0.82 = 5.8 mm/day (Keller and

Karmelli)
6.04 mm/day (Freeman and Garzoli)
5.7 mm/day (Decroix CTGREF)
5.9 mm/day (Keller and Bliesner)
ETcrop−loc = ETa × [0.1(Pd )0.5 ] = 7.1 × [0.1(0.7)0.5 ] = 5.9 mm/day
B.2 Compute for the irrigation requirements.

mm
IR n = ETcrop−loc − R + LR = 6.0 − 0 + LR = 6.04 day + LR
mm
IRn 6.04 +LR mm
day
IR g = = = 7.02 day + LR
Ea 0.86
B.3 Compute for the leaching requirement.

ECw 2
LR t = = = 0.13
2×[maxECe ] 2×[8]
IR
LR = LR t × [ E n] = 0.13 × [7.02] = 0.91
a
B.4 Compute for the irrigation requirements.

mm
IR n = ETcrop−loc − R + LR = 6.0 − 0 + 0.91 = 6.95 day
mm mm
IR g = 7.02 day + LR = 7.93 day
18
B.5 Determine the number of emitters per plant
Area per plant ×Pw (6 x 6) ×0.5

Np = = = 4.5 or 5 emitters
Aw 4
B.6 Determine the emitter spacing.
Sp 6
Se = = 5 = 1.2 m
Np
B.7 Check to see if Pw is within the recommended limit.
100×Np ×Se ×W 100×5×1.2×2.26

Pw = = = 38%
Sp ×Sr 6×6
Lower Pw suggests that one line of emitter is not satisfactory. Because of

this, use two emitter lines. For uniformity, add another emitter. Moreover,
adjust the wetted width between the laterals, where the spacing between the
laterals should not excedd 80% of the wetted width 0.8 × 2.26 = 1.81
100×Np ×Se ×W 100×6×1.2×1.81

Pw = = = 60%
Sp ×Sr 6×6
B.8 Compute for the irrigation frequency and duration. Choose from the
options below for the operation.
m3
mm 0.285 285L
tree
IR g = 7.03 day × 6m × 6m = = /day
day tree
IRg 285 h
Ta = = 6×8 = 5.94 day for 8 L/h drippers
Np ×q
Ta = 7.92 h/day for 6 L/h dripper

Ta = 11.88 h/day for 4 L/h dripper
B.8.1 6 L/h dripper with 2 sub-units operating for 15.8 h/day

B.8.2 8 L/h dripper with 3 sub-units operating for 17.8 h/day, as long as no
runoff occurs
B.8.3 4 L/h dripper with increased discharge by sligtly increasing the pressure
such that Ta=11 h/day, q = 4.32 L/h operating for 22 h/day
B.9 Select a 4 L/h emitter for option B.8.3. From manufacturer’s catalogues,
x = 0.42, q = 4 L/h at H = 10 m, Cv = 0.07.
B.10 Determine the pressure required to deliver 4.32 L/h.
q 1/x 4.32 1/0.42

Ha = H [ qa ] = 10 [ ] = 12.0 m
4
19
B.11 Determine qm such that EU of 90% will be attained.
EU×qa 90×4.32
qm = 1−1.27Cv = 1−1.27×0.07 = 4.03 L/h
100× 100×
√Np √6
1⁄ 1⁄
q x 4.03 0.42
Hm = Ha × ( qm ) = 12 × (4.32) = 10.2 m
a
B.12 Compute for the allowable pressure variation.
∆Hs = 2.5 × (Ha − Hm ) = 2.5 × (12 − 10.2) = 4.5 m
The design process provisions should be made so that the head losses and
elevation difference within each hydraulic unit do not exceed the 4.5 m.
B.13 Compute for the allowable pressure variation when EU = 95%, ∆Hs =
1.0 m.
B.14 Layout the pipe network.
B.15 Determine the size of laterals, manifolds and mainline.
B.15.1 Lateral – Since there are 6 emitters per plant, 3 emitters per lateral will be
considered. The first row of plants will start half the spacing from the boundary.
The emitters are of in-line type which losses are equivalent to 0.22 m per
emitter.
Np L
Q = No. of trees × q a × plant = 25 × 4.32 × 3 = 324 h = 0.09 L/s
L = 148 m; F = 0.358 (75 outlets);
C=150 (soft polyethylene pipe); D = 16mm
0.09 1.852
1.21 × 1010 × 148 × ( 150 )
hf = 0.358 × = 0.946 m
164.87
Adding the losses from the emitter: hf = 0.946 m + 0.156 m = 1.1 m

The selected size for the laterals is acceptable.
The remaining head for maintaining the allowable pressure variation of
4.5m is 3.4 m.
B.15.2 Manifolds – There will be 4 manifolds (M1, M2, M3, M4) where 2 operates
at a time so that the total irrigation duration is 22 hours. M1 and M3 will supply
13 rows (26 laterals) while M3 and M4 will supply 12 rows (24 laterals).
Additional 10% head loss will be added to account for the manifold-to lateral
connection.
20
Parameter M1 M2 M3 M4
Q (L/s) 2.34 2.16 2.34 2.16
L (m) 78 72 78 72
F 0.37 0.372 0.37 0.372
C (uPVC 4) 150 150 150 150
D (mm) 50 50 50 50
hf (m) 0.92 0.74 0.92 0.74
Elevation Difference 0.70 0.70 1.20 0.70
(m)
Total Head 1.62 1.44 2.12 1.44
Since the maximum head in the manifold is less than the remaining allowable
pressure variation, the selected size for the manifolds is acceptable.
B.15.3 Main – It should be sized such that it will allow for the separate use of the
first two manifolds from the last two manifolds. Consider 2 cases:
Case 1: Last 2 manifolds in operation (M3 and M4)

D = 75 mm
L = 150 m (distance between M1 and M3)
C = 150 (uPVC 4)
Q = Q3 +Q4 = 4.5 L/s
Hf = 2.03 m
D = 63 mm
L = 78 m (distance between M3 and M4)
C = 150 (uPVC 4)
Q4 = 2.16 L/s
Hf = 0.63 m
Total Hf = 2.66 m
Case 2: First 2 manifolds in operation (M1 and M2) Since M1 offtake is at

the beginning of the mainline, the flow in the mainline will be the flow
required in M2.
D = 75 mm
L = 75 m
C = 150 (uPVC 4)
Q2 = 2.16 L/s
Hf = 0.34 m
Size the mainline based on Case 1.
21
B.15.4 Compute for the total head requirement.
Component Head (m) Remarks

Suction Lift 2.00 Assumed
Supply Line 0.40 D = 75 mm; L = 25 m
Control Head 7.00 Assumed based on filtration and
chemigation requirement
Mainline 2.66
Manifold 0.92
Laterals 1.1
Operating Pressure 12.00
SUBTOTAL 26.08
Fittings 2.6
Elevation Difference 8.20
TOTAL 36.9
B.15.5 Compute for the power requirement. Assume Ep = 55%
Q×TDH 16.2×36.9
P= = = 3.02 kW
360×Ep 360×0.55
22
Figure B.1. Field Map
23
Technical Working Group (TWG) for the Development of Philippine
National Standard for Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B –
Drip Irrigation
Chair
Engr. Bonifacio S. Labiano

National Irrigation Administration
Members
Engr. Felimar M. Torizo Dr. Teresita S. Sandoval

Board of Agricultural Engineering Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Professional Regulation Commission Department of Agriculture
Dr. Armando N. Espino Jr. Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Central Luzon State University Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers
Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr. Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

University of the Philippines Los Baños Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries
Department of Agriculture
Project Managers
Engr. Darwin C. Aranguren
Engr. Romulo E. Eusebio
Engr. Mary Louise P. Pascual
Engr. Fidelina T. Flores
Engr. Marie Jehosa B. Reyes
Ms. Micah L. Araño
Ms. Caroline D. Lat
Mr. Gerald S. Trinidad
University of the Philippines Los Baños –

Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 601:2016
General Irrigation Terminologies
Foreword
The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancement of Nutrient and
Water Use Efficiency Through Standardization of Engineering Support Systems for Precision
Farming” funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and
Natural Resources Research and Development - Department of Science and Technology
(PCAARRD - DOST).
This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.
The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.
The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.
In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes D. and M. Smith. 1998. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper
No. 56 Crop Evapotranspiration (Guidelines For Computing Crop Water Requirements)
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 2007. ASAE S526.3
SEP2007 Soil and Water Terminology
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 2008. ASAE EP419.1
FEB1993(R2008) Evaluation of Irrigation Furrows
Booher, L.J. 1974. FAO Agricultural Development Paper 95: Surface Irrigation
Brouwer, C. np. Irrigation Water Management Training Manual No. 5: Irrigation Methods
Chow, V.T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. New York.
David, W.P., Firmalino R.B. and L.C. Tecson. Proposed Methodologies/Strategies for the
Development of Location-Specific Irrigation Design Criteria
David, W.P, M.G. Villano, C.U. Collado, Jr., E.B. Razote and A.L. Ecito. 1997. Technical
Bulletin No. 1 Gintong Ani Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Project: Design, Installation and
Development of Shallow Tubewell. DA-UPLBFI STWIP
David, W.P. and M.A. Dorado. n.d. Gintong Ani STWIP: Aquifer Characterization
David, W.P. n.d. Chapter IV: Shallow Tubewell Construction and Development
Department of Agriculture Administrative Order No. 26 Series of 2007: Guidelines on the

Procedures and Technical Requirements for the Issuance of a Certification Allowing the Safe
Re-Use of Wastewater for Purposes of Irrigation and Other Agricultural Uses
A-1
PAES 601:2016
Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 1997. Manual for
Agrohydrology and Engineering Design for Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP)
Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 2013. Training

Presentations.
DENR Administrative Order 35 series of 1990 – Revised Effluent Regulations
Doorenbos, J. and Pruitt, W.O., 1977. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24 Guidelines
for Predicting Crop Water Requirements
Food and Agriculture Organization. 1992. Irrigation and Water Management Training Manual
No.7: Canals
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2001. Irrigation Manual Volume
III – Module 8.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2014. Irrigation Techniques for Small-Scale Farmers:
Key Practices for DRR Implementers
Iglesia, G.N. n.d. Design of Concrete Gravity Dams on Pervious Foundation
Irrigation New Zealand Inc. 2007. Irrigation Code of Practice and Irrigation Design Standards
Izuno, F.T and Haman, D.Z. 1995. Basic Irrigation Terminology
Keller, J. and R.D Bliesner. 1990. Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation
Khanna, M. and H.M. Malano. 2005. Modelling of basin irrigation systems: A review
National Irrigation Administration. n.d. Definition of Technical Terms on Irrigation and

Drainage for Use in the National Irrigation Administration
National Irrigation Administration. 1979. Design Guides and Criteria for Irrigation Canals, O
& M Roads, Drainage Channels & Appurtenant Structures
National Irrigation Administration. n.d. Design Manual on Diversion Dams
National Irrigation Administration – DCIEP – JICA. 1990. Design Manual on Irrigation

Facilities
National Irrigation Administration. 1991. Irrigation Engineering Manual for Diversified

Cropping
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. 1978. The
Philippines Recommends for Irrigation Water Management Vol.1
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. 1978. The
Philippines Recommends for Irrigation Water Management Vol.2
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development - Department of Science and Technology. 1993. Manual on Small Farm
Reservoir (Book Series No. 137)
A-2
PAES 601:2016
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development - Department of Science and Technology. 1986. The Philippine
Recommends for Small Water Impounding Projects
Sarki, A., et al. 2008. Comparison of Different Methods for Computing Seepage Losses in an
Earthen Watercourse. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, Vol. 41 (4)
Savva, A.P. and K. Frenken. 2002. FAO Irrigation Manual – Localized Irrigation Systems
Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance
Sonnichsen, R.P. 1993. Seepage Rates from Irrigation Canals. Water Resources Program:
Open-File Technical Report
Schwab, G.O., et al. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Fourth Edition
Tabbal, D.F, Bouman B.A.M, Bhuiyan S.I., Sibayan, E.B and M.A. Sattar. 2002. On-farm
Strategies for Reducing Water Input in Irrigated Rice: Case Studies in the Philippines
Todd, D.K. and L.W. Mays. 2005. Groundwater Hydrology, Third Edition. Published by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc
United States Bureau of Reclamation. 1967. Design Standards No.3: Canals and Related
Structures.
United States Bureau of Reclamation. 1967. Design of Small Dams.
United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. National Engineering Handbook
United States Department of Agriculture. 1977. Technical Release No. 25: Design of Open
Channels
United States Department of the Interior – Bureau of Reclamation. 1978. Design of Small
Canal Structures
Walker, W.R. 1989. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 45: Guidelines for Designing and
Evaluating Surface Irrigation Systems
World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. Guidelines for the Safe use of Wastewater, Excreta
and Greywater.
A-3
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 601:2016
General Irrigation Terminologies
1 Scope
This standard defines terms used in the general classification, planning, design,
construction and operations involved in irrigation.
2 Definition
2.1
access areas
areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks,
playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial
park landscapes
2.2
active storage
volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal
water level
2.3
actual crop evapotranspiration
rate of evapotranspiration equal to or smaller than predicted crop evapotranpiration as
affected by the level of available soil water, salinity, field size or other causes
2.4
afflux elevation
rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level which result
after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced
2.5
algal bloom
overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water
2.6
application efficiency
ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the root zone to
the average depth of irrigation water applied
2.7
aquifer
geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to be
economically developed for pumping artificially developed well
A-4
PAES 601:2016
2.8
area
cross-sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction of
flow
2.9
basin
field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and
provides an undirected flow of water onto the field
2.10
basin irrigation
type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a gap in the
perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil or the
excess is drained off
2.11
bearing capacity
maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which should
not produce shear failure in the soil
2.12
border irrigation
method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where the water flows
down the slope at a nearly uniform depth
2.13
border strip
area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation stream
from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip
2.14
channel bed slope
inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom
2.15
confined aquifer
groundwater that is confined by relatively impermeable layer
2.16
contamination
introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water that make the
water less desirable or unfit for intended use
2.17
conveyance efficiency
ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to that released at the
project’s headwork
A-5
PAES 601:2016
2.18
conveyance loss
loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and percolation
2.19
critical depth
depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no other
backwater forces are involved
2.20
crop coefficient
ratio of the actual crop evpotranspiration to its potential evapotranspiration
2.21
crop evapotranspiration
rate of evapotranspiration of a disease-free crop growing in a large field (one or more
ha) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and
achieving full production potential of that crop under the given growing environment;
includes water loss through transpiration by the vegetation, and vaporation from the
soil surface and wet leaves
2.22
cropping pattern
sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular field or fields
2.23
crop water requirements
amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum of evapotranspiration or
consumptive use plus seepage and percolation losses
2.24
dam
any barrier constructed to store water
2.25
dam height
vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest
2.26
dead storage
volume below the intake structure; sediment volume based on 25 years of
accumulation in the reservoir
2.27
depth
depth of water in the channel cross-section
A-6
PAES 601:2016
2.28
designed height
actual height of the embankment after settlement
2.29
design irrigable area
maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering the extent of arable
lands and the available water supply
2.30
distribution uniformity
numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural irrigation systems
2.31
diversion dam
structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water level and divert
the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity
2.32
diversion water requirement
the total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake, or reservoir, or removed from
the ground in order to irrigate a crop
2.33
drip irrigation
trickle irrigation
involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from the
emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which
the roots grow is wetted
2.34
drop
in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a lower
level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting from the drop in elevation
2.35
effective rainfall
amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop for growth
and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and interception
2.36
effective rooting depth
soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts most of the water
needed for evapotranspiration
2.37
effective size
particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing
A-7
PAES 601:2016
2.38
effluent
discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or
wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic,
commercial and recreational facilities
2.39
effluent standard
any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations or any
combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which
a person or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land
2.40
elevated flume
water conveying conduit or trough which is supported on abutments by piers
2.41
emitter spacing
spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line
2.42
emitters
applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to disspate pressure
and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does
not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure
2.43
energy grade line
specific energy line
grade line of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels
2.44
equipment crossing
provision for passing of equipment and small machinery
2.45
evapotranspiration
combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated from the soil, water,
and plant surfaces.
2.46
farm ditch
channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field
2.47
filter drain
dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine
materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping
A-8
PAES 601:2016
2.48
finished height
height of the embankment to be attained during construction
2.49
farm water requirement
amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and losses less the effective
rainfall
2.50
freeboard
additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent overtopping by
wave action or other causes
2.51
furrows
small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop
2.52
furrow irrigation
method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels as it moves
down the slope of the field
2.53
head ditch
supply ditch
small channel along one part of a field that is used for distributing water in surface
irrigation
2.54
homogeneous embankment
dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope protection
2.55
hydraulic depth
ratio of flow area to the wetted top width
2.56
hydraulic grade line
hydraulic gradient
profile of the free water surface
2.57
hydraulic jump
occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity strikes water of
sufficient depth
A-9
PAES 601:2016
2.58
hydraulic radius
cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter
2.59
hydrologic frequency analysis
estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given event by determining
the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic data
2.60
inside slope
slope of the upstream face of the embankment
2.61
invert
inside bottom or sill of t the conduit
2.62
inverted siphon
closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running
condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage
channels and local depressions
2.63
irrigation period
time required to cover an area with one application of water
2.64
Karst topography
geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock,
usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite
2.65
land preparation water requirement
amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes water losses
through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking
2.66
land soaking water requirement
amount of water required in lowland rice production which is a function of the initial
soil moisture and the physical properties of the soil
2.67
lateral spacing
spacing between irrigation laterals
A-10
PAES 601:2016
2.68
leaching
deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts or
nutrients
2.69
lined channel
lined canal
canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for channel stabilization and/or
reduced seepage
2.70
loading limit
allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater generator is
permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.
2.71
manifold
portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals
2.72
manufacturer’s coefficient of variation
measure of the variability of discharge of a random sample of a given make, model
and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any field operations
or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a sample of 50
emitters under a set pressure at 200 0C
2.73
natural spillway
spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way
2.74
normal depth
constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a uniform flow
condition
2.75
normal storage elevation
maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or reservoir
without flow in the spillway
2.76
open channel flow
water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is exposed to the
atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes
under partially full flow conditions
A-11
PAES 601:2016
2.77
optimal emitter spacing
drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from field tests
2.78
outside slope
slope at the downstream face of the embankment
2.79
pan coefficient
ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water loss by evaporation from an
open water surface of a pan
2.80
pan evaporation
rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan
2.81
percolation
vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by soil structure,
texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and concentration
2.82
permeability test
method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit
cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient
2.83
pollutant
any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or
indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land
resource so as to affect or tend to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is
hazardous or potentially hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable odor,
temperature change or physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of the
water body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or quality
standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction
prescribed in these guidelines
2.84
pond
sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage and
percolation will be measured
2.85
potential irrigable area
area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to availability of water, suitable
soils, and topography of land
A-12
PAES 601:2016
2.86
reference crop evapotranspiration
rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is a hypothetical reference
crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, a fixed surface resistance of 70 s/m and an
albedo of 0.23
2.87
reservoir
part of the system that impounds the runoff
2.88
residual moisture content
moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which describes the
extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply has been cut-off
restricted areas
areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians and other
similar areas
2.89
re-use
taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in another
process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture
2.90
road crossing
conveys canal water under roads or railroads
2.91
shallow tubewell
tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15 m for
the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps are set above
the water level
2.92
seismicity
occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region
2.93
seepage
water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as open ditches,
canals, natural channels, and waterway
2.94
seepage line
phreatic line
line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs
A-13
PAES 601:2016
2.95
setback distance
distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or area of concern
that is sensitive to contamination
2.96
side slope
ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall
2.97
slope of the energy grade line
slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels
2.98
slope of the hydraulic grade line
slope of the free water surface
2.99
spillway
channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the active
storage space of the reservoir
2.100
sprinkler irrigation
method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where water is
distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air
through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground
2.101
sprinkler spacing
distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral
2.102
storage capacity
total capacity at normal water surface elevation
2.103
storage ratio
ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for embankment
construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of reservoir
2.104
structural height
vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock
2.105
surface irrigation system
application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. Either the entire field
is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips
of land (borders)
A-14
PAES 601:2016
2.106
top width
width of the channel cross-section at the free surface
2.107
unconfined aquifer
aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone of saturation
2.108
uniformity coefficient
ratio of the particle size at 60% pasing to that at 10% passing
2.109
uniform flow
occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity
through a reach of channel
2.110
unimodal rainfall pattern
rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200 mm/month, five dry months of
less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of 100mm-200mm/month and total
annual rainfall above 1500 mm.
2.111
unlined channels
unlined canal
canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the bed are used
to form the embankment
2.112
upstream face
side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water
2.113
waste
any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community
and household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded
2.114
wastewater
waste in liquid state containing pollutants
2.115
water balance
accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and outflows, such as
evaporation, seepage and percolation
A-15
PAES 601:2016
2.116
watershed
area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir
2.117
water right
privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water
2.118
well log
record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness, degree of
consolidation and other aquifer physical characteristics
2.119
well-protected reservoir
reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high mountain barriers
2.120
wetted diameter
diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at a given
pressure and no wind
2.121
wetted perimeter
portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing water
2.122
wetted widths
width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their optimal
spacing along a single lateral line
2.123
zoned embankment
dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more pervious
materials
A-16
Sample SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
SYSTEM DESIGN
System Capacity (Q)
Determining Pipe Size
System Capacity (Q)
Pump and Power Selection
Standard Pipe Size
Standard Pipe Size
Standard Pipe Size
Sample Problem
• Design sprinkler irrigation
– Field dimension 100 m x 60 m
– Assume the field is flat Se = 0
– Sprinkler specification:
• Discharge = 0.57 m^3/h, application rate = 3.96
mm/h
• Pressure = 250 kPa
• Wetted diameter = 25 m
Sample Problem
• Design sprinkler irrigation
– Crop : Tomato
• Eta = 5 mm/day,
– Available moisture = 125 mm/m
– Allowable moisture depletion = 0.40 or 40%
– Soil depth 1.20 m
– Root zone depth = 1.10 m
– Soil infiltration rate = 12 mm/h
– Ea = 86%
Sample Problem
• Make a Design for the following:
Preliminary design:
 Net Depth of Water Application (mm)
 Irrigation Frequency (day)
 Gross Depth of Application (mm)
 Irrigation Period (hr)
 Preliminary system capacity ( cu.m /s)
Sample Problem
• Compute the following:
Final design:
 Number of sprinkler per lateral (Ns)
 Lateral Discharge (Ql)
 Design of lateral Size:
 Hf, hf for lateral pipe
 Average Pressure head (Ha)
 Sprinkler pressure at the inlet to the lateral (Ho)
 Note: hf<0.20Ha
Sample Problem
Final design:
 Design size of main:
 Discharge of main (Qm)
 Length of main (Lm)
 Select size of pipe for main:
 Friction head loss of main pipe (Hf)
 Determine the Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
 Assuming: Hj = 1.5 m, Hs = 3.5 m, Riser height = 1 m
Sample Problem
Final design:
 Design size of pump (Q) :
 Assuming: Pump efficiency = 80 %
 Design size of prime mover (P, Watts, Hp):
 Assuming efficiency = 82 %
Design Problem
Design Problem
Prepare Design for sprinkler irrigation:
– Area of field: 2-Ha., Length is twice of the
width, and the field is flat
– Sprinkler specification:
• Discharge = 0.57 m^3/h, application rate = 3.96
mm/h
• Pressure = 250 kPa
• Wetted diameter = 25 m
Design Problem
– Crop : Tomato
• Eta = 5 mm/day,
– Available moisture = 125 mm/m
– Allowable moisture depletion = 0.40 or 40%
– Soil depth 1.20 m
– Root zone depth = 1.10 m
– Soil infiltration rate = 12 mm/h
– Pump elevation from water source = 2.0 m
– Hj = 1.0 m
Design Problem
• Make a design for the following:
– Number of lateral
– Lateral discharge
– Size of lateral
– Size of main
– Total Dynamic head
– Pump Size with an Efficiency of 80%
– Size of Electric motor prime mover with an
efficiency of 90%
Surface Irrigation
04/11/24
1. Definition of surface irrigation
2. Types and sub-types of surface irrigation and
descriptions of each type
3. Advantages and disadvantages of each type
References:
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id
=2013

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DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND

1. Topography assessment/ survey

▪ Row to row distance

❖ When a moist ball ❖when poked, ❖sandy soil will

1. Control Head Unit 2. Distribution Networks

➢delivers water from the source to

C. Sand Media Filter:

C. Sand Media Filter: Use a bed of sand

D. Centrifugal Filter: The best treatment

❖ These are generally used to decrease

SUB MAIN LINE - converting water from secondary

LATERALS - drip lines or PVC/ PE laterals + emitters

J-Turbo key plus

▪ Flow in pipe is always accompanied by friction loss in the direction of the

a) The velocity (speed) of the flow

▪ Small pipe- the water moves quickly and generates a lot of

5 Total Number of driplines or laterals

Area: 2500𝑚2 (50m x 50m) 2500𝒎𝟐

Dripline/ drip tape: Taldrip 12mm x 1 Lph x 30cm

ETo = 5mm/day Kc = 0.9

1. Calculation of Crop Evapotranspiration

2. Volume of water to be applied

3. Number of beds or plot

5. Total Number of Emitters

= [(66 laterals x 50m) ÷ 0.3m] = 11000 emitters

8. Size of mainline and sub mainline

D. TOOLS & ACCESSORIES

Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System –

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through

PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements

3 Symbols and Nomenclature

Parameter Symbol Unit

Percentage ground cover Pd

5 Components of Drip Irrigation System

Figure 1. A typical drip irrigation system and its components

5.6 Emitters – see section 4.2

6 General Design Criteria

6.4 Irrigation Water –irrigation water shall be free of sediments including

6.5 System Layout and Pipe Network

7.2 Water resources data

7.4 Soil characteristics and their compatibility with the crops

Figure 2. Design Procedure for a Drip Irrigation System

8.1 Crop Water Requirement – The water requirement to be considered

ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration, mm/day

Ground Cover Kr according to

Formula by Keller and Bliesner may also be used,

𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝−𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 × [0.1(𝑃𝑑 )0.5 ]

ETcrop-loc is the localized evapotranspiration, mm/day

8.2 Leaching Requirements

LRt is the leaching requirement ratio under

LR is the leaching requirement (mm/day)

Table 2. Minimum and maximum values of ECe for various crops

ECe (dS/m) ECe (dS/m)

SOURCE: Keller and Bliesner, Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation, 1990