CVE4309 – ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 11:

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

Instructor: Ts. Kishan Gunesegeran

Section: 1CA1

Name: Alan Teo Guo Wei

Student ID: I20019328

 Table of Contents

1. Introduction 3

1.1 SDG 11 4

1.2 Challenges of SDG 11 in Malaysia 5

2. Main Content 7

2.1 Putrajaya 7

2.2 Impacts of Putrajaya toward The World 10

3. Conclusion 12

4. References 14
1.0 Introduction

Sustainable development represents a global imperative, with the United Nations'

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) providing a comprehensive framework to address
pressing environmental issues while promoting social and economic development. This report
centers on SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities, highlighting its relevance to urban
environmental challenges (United Nations, 2023).

As our planet's population surges towards 10 billion by mid-century, urbanization

continues to accelerate. Currently, more than half of the world's population resides in urban
environments, a figure projected to rise to nearly 70% by 2050. This demographic shift brings
with it immense opportunities for innovation, economic growth, and cultural exchange. However,
it also presents profound environmental challenges demanding immediate attention.

In this context, SDG 11 emerges as a beacon of hope, calling for the creation of
Sustainable Cities and Communities that prioritize inclusivity, resilience, and environmental
stewardship. The objectives of SDG 11 encompass a wide array of issues, from affordable
housing and public transportation to green spaces and disaster preparedness. Yet, at its core, this
goal is an environmental imperative, recognizing that urban centers are both epicenters of
environmental degradation and hubs for innovative solutions.

This report, therefore, embarks on a journey to explore the intricate relationship between
urbanization, environmental issues, and the pursuit of Sustainable Cities and Communities.
Recent research findings are unveiled to shed light on the gravity of these environmental
challenges and offer insights into the strategies and initiatives holding the potential to transform
urban landscapes into sustainable oases. Through this lens, SDG 11 serves as a critical nexus,
where environmental preservation, urban development, and social equity converge, offering a
blueprint for a more sustainable and harmonious future.
1.1 SDG 11

Figure 1.1: The logo of SDG 11 (United Nations, 2023).

Resource depletion is the first environmental concern that SDG 12 primarily addresses.
Natural resources including minerals, fossil fuels, and forests have been rapidly depleted because
of unsustainable resource exploitation. In addition to putting future generations' access to these
resources in jeopardy, this also adds to habitat damage and biodiversity loss.

As a result, increasing pollution and waste creation are caused by excessive consumption
and manufacturing. Environmental and health effects of pollution from industrial activities,
agriculture, and transportation are significant. In addition, inappropriate garbage disposal,
particularly for plastics, electronic trash, and hazardous chemicals, presents serious risks to
ecosystems and human health (Siddiqua, A., Hahladakis, J.N. and Al-Attiya, W.A.K.A., 2022).

Therefore, tackling climate change requires responsible production and consumption.

Producing products and services increases greenhouse gas emissions, which causes global
warming and its side effects, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and damaged
ecosystems. This is especially true for energy-intensive sectors (Guivarch, C., Taconet, N. and
Mejean, A., 2021).
1.2 Challenges of SDG 11 in Malaysia

Creating inclusive, secure, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements is the
goal of Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11). Although Malaysia has achieved
tremendous strides in several urban development and sustainability-related areas, it still has
several obstacles to overcome before meeting the SDG 11 objectives (United Nations, 2023).

A sizable majority of Malaysia's population now lives in urban areas because of the
country's recent rapid urbanization. Infrastructure, housing, and public services are now under
more strain because of this. The difficulty is in controlling this urban expansion in a sustainable
way to prevent problems like slums, subpar housing, and depleted resources.

Therefore, ensuring that everyone has access to affordable housing is a key component of
SDG 11. Many Malaysians now find it challenging to get cheap homes due to escalating real
estate costs, particularly in big cities like Kuala Lumpur. The problem for the government is to
close the gap between the supply and demand for affordable housing. The need for transportation
grows along with the growth of metropolitan areas. The Klang Valley is one of Malaysia's
largest cities, which has traffic congestion and subpar public transit. It is difficult to create
sustainable and effective transportation networks that decrease traffic and carbon emissions
(Kathy B., 2023).

Additionally, an emphasis on environmental preservation is necessary for sustainable

urban growth. Malaysia confronts issues with waste management, deforestation, and air and
water pollution. It's still difficult to strike a balance between environmental sustainability and
economic growth, particularly in cities that are urbanizing quickly. Sustainable urban growth
requires effective municipal government and urban planning. Decentralized decision-making and
poor coordination between federal, state, and municipal governments are further problems
Malaysia faces.

In conclusion, Malaysia has made progress toward sustainability and urban development,
but it still faces difficulties in meeting the SDG 11 objectives. Government regulations, public-
private partnerships, community involvement, investments in infrastructure and technology, as
well as a multifaceted strategy will be needed to address these issues. Promoting public
involvement and understanding of urban sustainability initiatives is crucial. The problem of
encouraging individuals, civil society groups, and the commercial sector to actively participate
calls for strong communication and outreach tactics.
2.0 Main Content

2.1 Putrajaya

Cities are increasingly acting as economic growth catalysts in the 21st century. A city's
capacity to compete by providing opportunities for economic growth, social inclusiveness, and
environmental sustainability will be a key factor in determining how long it will remain.
Putrajaya must reevaluate its position and the role it must play to become a magnet for
organizations, institutions, and individuals about 18 years after it began to grow.

Figure 2.1: Putrajaya.

In 2010, the government had the idea that Putrajaya and neighboring Cyberjaya will serve
as the prototype for "green" cities in the future. In addition, the Prime Minister's desire for
Putrajaya to be a culturally, intellectually, and socially active metropolis inspired the notion of
urban renovation to move the city's growth in the direction of being a Green Smart and
Connected city (Landau, E., 2020).
 First and foremost, Putrajaya's urban planning is characterized by its efficient design. The
city was purposefully designed to optimize land use, infrastructure, and transportation networks.
This approach minimizes urban sprawl, reducing the environmental footprint associated with
extensive development. The compact layout encourages efficient land utilization and minimizes
the need for extensive commutes, which is in line with SDG 11's goal of creating sustainable
cities and communities (Moser S., 2009).

Besides, Putrajaya prioritizes green spaces and natural areas within its urban planning.
The city features an abundance of parks, gardens, and recreational areas, which not only enhance
the quality of life for residents but also contribute to environmental sustainability (Kaur D.,2019).
Green spaces help mitigate the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and provide habitat
for local biodiversity.

Moreover, Putrajaya's infrastructure emphasizes pedestrian-friendly design. Wide

sidewalks, pedestrian bridges, and well-planned pathways make it easy for residents and visitors
to walk and cycle within the city. Promoting active transportation not only reduces traffic
congestion but also supports a healthier lifestyle and reduces greenhouse gas emissions,
contributing to SDG 11's objectives of creating sustainable urban environments.

The city has invested in efficient and sustainable public transportation systems, such as
the Putrajaya Monorail and well-connected bus services. These systems encourage the use of
public transport, reducing the reliance on private vehicles, which can lead to reduced traffic
congestion and lower emissions. Putrajaya's urban planning considers environmental
considerations, such as water management and conservation. The design incorporates features
like Putrajaya Lake, which serves multiple purposes, including flood control, recreation, and
water supply. Sustainable stormwater management and landscaping practices are integrated into
the city's development, aligning with SDG 11's objectives to make cities resilient and sustainable
(Moser S., 2009).

Lastly, Putrajaya's urban planning strives for inclusivity by providing amenities and
infrastructure accessible to people of all ages and abilities. Barrier-free pathways, accessible
public buildings, and a focus on universal design principles contribute to an inclusive urban
environment. The city also promotes sustainability education and awareness among its residents.
Educational programs, events, and public outreach initiatives help raise awareness about the
importance of sustainable urban living. This aligns with SDG 11's goal of ensuring sustainable
and inclusive cities through community engagement and education.

In summary, Putrajaya's sustainable urban planning embodies several key principles of

SDG 11, making it a model for inclusive, safe, and sustainable urban development. Its efficient
design, focus on green spaces, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, public transportation,
environmental considerations, inclusivity, and sustainability education all contribute to creating a
city that aligns with the goals of SDG 11. By sharing its experiences and best practices, Putrajaya
can inspire other urban centers to adopt similar approaches to sustainable urban planning and
development.
2.2 Impacts of Putrajaya toward The World

While Putrajaya is primarily the administrative capital of Malaysia, its impact on the
world is not as significant as major global cities or international hubs. However, it does have
some notable impacts and influences, particularly in Southeast Asia and within specific domains.

Putrajaya's sustainable urban planning and design principles can serve as a model for
other cities in Malaysia, Southeast Asia, and beyond. Its focus on green spaces, pedestrian-
friendly infrastructure, and efficient transportation systems contributes to the global discourse on
sustainable urban development. Putrajaya's architecture and cultural elements, including its
Islamic-inspired design, have garnered international attention. The city's iconic landmarks and
buildings, such as the Putra Mosque and Putrajaya International Convention Centre, serve as
symbols of Malaysia's rich heritage and architectural innovation (Moser S., 2009).

On the other hand, Putrajaya's commitment to preserving natural environments, including

wetlands and green spaces, showcases the importance of urban conservation. As the world
grapples with environmental challenges, such efforts can inspire other cities to prioritize
conservation within urban areas.

Besides, Putrajaya frequently hosts regional meetings, conferences, and diplomatic events.
Its modern infrastructure and facilities make it a suitable location for international gatherings,
contributing to Malaysia's role as a diplomatic and economic hub in Southeast Asia (Kaur D.,
2019). The city's educational institutions, including universities and research centers, engage in
knowledge exchange and collaboration with international counterparts. This fosters global
partnerships and contributes to research and academic progress in various fields.

Therefore, Putrajaya's appeal as a tourist destination attracts visitors from around the
world. It offers cultural experiences, recreational activities, and opportunities to witness
sustainable urban planning in action. Tourism contributes to Malaysia's economy and cultural
exchange with international travelers. As the administrative capital, Putrajaya is the center for
diplomatic activities in Malaysia. It hosts foreign embassies and diplomatic missions, facilitating
diplomatic relations between Malaysia and other nations. Putrajaya's initiatives related to
sustainability, including efficient public transportation and environmental conservation, align
with global efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development. The city's
sustainable practices can serve as a reference point for urban planners and policymakers
worldwide.

While Putrajaya's global impact may be more modest compared to major international
cities, its contributions to urban planning, sustainability, culture, and diplomacy resonate within
the region and can inspire positive changes and innovations in various parts of the world.
3.0 Conclusion

As the global community confronts the complex challenges of rapid urbanization, climate
change, and the imperative for inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and communities,
Putrajaya offers a beacon of inspiration and a model worthy of emulation.

Putrajaya's commitment to sustainability is evident in its efficient city layout, where

every element of design serves a purpose. The careful integration of green spaces, water bodies,
and lush landscapes harmoniously coexists with modern infrastructure. This city is a testament to
the possibility of creating urban areas that enrich the quality of life for its inhabitants while
minimizing environmental impact—a central tenet of SDG 11. The pedestrian-friendly
infrastructure and well-planned transportation systems in Putrajaya exemplify the shift toward
sustainable urban mobility, reducing reliance on private vehicles and promoting active
transportation. In doing so, it aligns with SDG 11's call for sustainable and accessible
transportation.

Moreover, Putrajaya's emphasis on inclusivity is evident in its universal design principles,

fostering an environment that welcomes individuals of all abilities. Barrier-free pathways,
accessible public buildings, and amenities that cater to diverse needs reflect a commitment to
making cities accessible for all—a fundamental aspect of SDG 11. The city's environmental
stewardship is equally commendable. Putrajaya's conservation of natural habitats and green
spaces stands as a testament to the harmony that can exist between urban development and
environmental preservation. This commitment aligns with SDG 11's goal to ensure cities are
resilient, sustainable, and environmentally conscious.

On the global stage, Putrajaya's influence reaches beyond its geographical confines. It
serves as a case study and a source of inspiration for urban planners, policymakers, and
communities worldwide grappling with similar urbanization challenges. Putrajaya demonstrates
that with strategic planning, commitment to sustainability, and a dedication to the welfare of its
residents, cities can become beacons of progress.
 In conclusion, Putrajaya's journey toward sustainable urban development embodies the
ethos of SDG 11. Its achievements, ongoing efforts, and enduring commitment to inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable urbanization offer valuable lessons for a world facing the complex task
of urban transformation. By learning from Putrajaya's successes and embracing its vision, the
global community can collectively work towards cities and communities that leave no one
behind, protect the planet, and ensure a sustainable and prosperous future for all.
4.0 References

United Nations Goal 11 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Available
at: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11 (Accessed: 04 October 2023).

Kathy B. (2023) Affordable housing: Issues and potential solutions - new straits times. Available
at: https://www.nst.com.my/property/2023/07/927066/affordable-housing-issues-and-
potential-solutions (Accessed: 03 October 2023).

Siddiqua, A., Hahladakis, J.N. and Al-Attiya, W.A.K.A. (2022) An overview of the
environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open
dumping - environmental science and Pollution Research, SpringerLink. Available at:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z (Accessed: 04 October
2023).

Guivarch, C., Taconet, N. and Mejean, A. (2021) Linking climate and inequality, IMF. Available
at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2021/09/climate-change-and-
inequality-guivarch-mejean-taconet (Accessed: 04 October 2023).

Landau, E. (2020) NST175: From Prang Besar to Putrajaya | New Straits Times. Available at:
https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/09/627093/nst175-prang-besar-putrajaya
(Accessed: 03 October 2023).

Moser, S. (2009) Putrajaya: Malaysia’s new Federal Administrative Capital, Cities. Available at:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275109001139 (Accessed: 04
October 2023).

Kaur, D. (2019) The journey of putrajaya — Malaysia’s Jewel Capital City. Available at:
https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/01/31/the-journey-of-putrajaya-malaysias-jewel-
capital-city/ (Accessed: 03 October 2023).