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Life Process Class 10
Life Process Class 10
Question 1. Why is diffusion not sufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of humans?
Answer 1: In humans, diffusion is insufficient to meet oxygen requirements. Skin is in direct contact with the environment.
Diffusion is a very slow process and will take longer to reach every body cell. This process cannot meet the oxygen
requirements of the body.
Answer 2: Whether an organism is alive or not should match the following characteristics:
Answer 3: All organisms obtain oxygen, water and food from the outside environment. These are the raw materials.
Plants need raw materials such as carbon dioxide and water to prepare their food by photosynthesis.
Answer 4: The processes essential for maintaining life are nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion and sensitivity.
Answer 5:
An organism does not depend on another organism for The organism cannot prepare food and depends
its food. It prepares food of its own. on the other organism for food.
Organic material is prepared from inorganic materials Organic material cannot be prepared from
like water and carbon dioxide in the presence of inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water.
sunlight.
Green plants use this mode of nutrition. Animals use this mode of nutrition.
Answer 6: Plants require carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, water from groundwater and solar energy from the sun.
Answer 7: Hydrochloric acid is found in our stomach. This kills the harmful germs which enter our body via food. The acid
also activates the pepsin enzyme for protein digestion.
Answer 8: The digestive enzymes increase the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones and
absorbable molecules so that body can facilitate their absorption.
Question 9. How does the small intestine absorb digested food?
Answer 9: The innermost layer of the small intestine is the finger-like projections called villi which increase the absorption
surface area. These villi also comprise the blood capillaries to aid in the absorption of simple molecules from food.
Question 10. What advantages does a terrestrial organism have over an aquatic organism in obtaining oxygen
for respiration?
Answer 10: The amount of oxygen in the air is more than the amount dissolved in the water. Therefore, terrestrial
organisms make less effort to get oxygen than aquatic organisms.
Question 11. What are the ways of glucose oxidation to provide energy in different organisms?
Answer 11: There are two types of respiration for oxidising glucose, i.e., aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In aerobic
respiration, the complete oxidation of glucose takes place. The optimum output of energy is obtained. Oxygen is required
for this process.
In anaerobic respiration, the process takes place in the absence of oxygen. The complete oxidation of glucose does not
take place. Bacteria exhibit this process. In our calf muscles, sometimes anaerobic respiration takes place.
Question 12. Explain oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in human beings.
Answer 12: A gas transportation system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in human beings. This system comprises
the lungs, heart, veins and arteries.
The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and distributes it to the various body parts.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. The pulmonary vein is the exception which has oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the heart.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood to various parts of the body from the heart. One exception is the pulmonary artery which
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Question 13. How are the lungs designed to maximise the area for exchanging gases in humans?
Answer 13: The air passage in the lungs is divided into smaller tubes called bronchi which form bronchioles. The
bronchioles terminate in balloon-like structures called alveoli. These alveoli provide maximum area for the gaseous
exchange. The alveoli walls are very thin and contain an extensive network of blood vessels to facilitate the exchange of
gases.
Question 14. What are the components and their function in human beings?
Answer 14: A well-developed circulatory system is present in humans, including the heart, blood vessels and blood.
The heart is responsible for pumping and circulating blood in the whole body.
Blood vessels include arteries, veins and capillaries. The arteries have thick walls and carry oxygenated blood to different
body parts.
Veins are thin-walled blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood from all body parts back to the heart.
Capillaries are thin and narrow blood vessels in which the exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding
cells occurs.
Blood acts as connective tissue and transports food, oxygen, waste material and hormones.
Question 15. Why is the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds necessary?
Answer 15: Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals. They control body temperature and do not depend on the
environment to regulate body temperature. So birds and mammals need optimum oxidation of glucose which is possible
with a good supply of oxygen without mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Question 16. Name components of the transport system in organised plants.
Answer 16: The highly organised components of the transport system in plants are Xylem and phloem. Xylem contains
vessels and tracheids. The phloem comprises sieve tubes and companion cells.
Answer 17: The vessels and tracheids of roots, stems and leaves in xylem tissue are interconnected and form a
continuous water-conducting channels.
The cells of the roots in soil contact actively take up ions, and a difference between ion concentrations is created. A
steady movement of water into the root xylem from the soil creates a column of water that is pushed upwards. The plants
use another strategy to move the water in the Xylem upwards to the highest point of the plant’s body.
The water lost through the stomata is replaced by water from the xylem vessel in the leaf. The evaporation of water
molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction pulling water from the xylem cells of the roots.
This water loss is transpiration, allowing absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from
roots to leaves. Transpiration is the major driving force in the movement of water in the Xylem Xylem during the day when
the stomata are open. This mechanism is also called the cohesion of water theory or transpiration pull.
Answer 18: The food is transported by phloem to the plant parts like roots, fruits, seeds and growing regions. This
process is called translocation. In the phloem, sieve tubes are present, which, together with companion cells, translocate
food in upward and downward directions. ATP is the energy provided for translocation.
Answer 19: Nephron is a long-coiled tubule. It’s one-end cup-shaped and called Bowman’s capsule. The other end
connects to a urine collecting duct of the kidney. The glomerulus is a bundle of blood capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule.
A nephron is a functional unit of the kidney. It aids waste product removal and filters impure blood.
Answer 20: Plants get rid of oxygen and carbon dioxide through diffusion. When the old branches and leaves become
useless, they are shed off. Plants have a mechanism by which the roots release waste products. Raisins or gums are the
waste products accumulated near the bark.
Answer 21: The kidney can reabsorb water from the filtrate. This mechanism depends upon the amount of water left in
the body and the filtrate. The relative water concentration signals the brain based on whether water is reabsorbed or
released. So this is how the kidneys regulate urine formation.
Explanation:
The kidneys are part of the excretory system, and nitrogenous waste like urea is removed from the blood in the kidneys.
Explanation:
The xylem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the soil to the leaves.
10. A large quantity of one of the following is removed from our body by the lungs:
CO2 and H2O
CO2 only
H2O only
Ammonia
Answer 10. (a) CO2 and H2O
11. A biochemical compound combined with oxygen and distributed throughout the human body is
Water
Urea
Haemoglobin
Acetylcholine
Answer 11: ( c) Haemoglobin
12. The process in which water loss takes place in the form of water vapour through stomata is called.
Transportation
Transpiration
Guttation
Translocation
Answer 12: (b) Transpiration
17. Which part of the digestive system receives bile from the liver?
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Oesophagus
Answer 17: (b) Small intestine
18. When air is blown from the mouth into a test tube containing lime water, the lime water turns milky due to
the presence of
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Water vapour
Answer 18: (b) Carbon dioxide
21. The opening and closing of the stomatal pores depends upon
Oxygen
Temperature
Water in guard cells
The concentration of CO2 in stomata
Answer 21: (c ) Water in guard cells
The ________ is where the respiratory and digestive passage come together.
The conditions necessary for photosynthesis are ___________, _________, ___________ and
____________.
The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream is called
___________
The teeth covered with a sticky, yellowish layer of food particles and bacteria are called _______
Iodine turns blue-black on reacting with ________
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for ________
Pyruvic acid is a three-carbon compound which is also known as _________
The rate of breathing in ________ animals in much faster than in ________ animals
The actual exchange of gases takes place in the _________of the lungs.
________ are long, thin, spindle-shaped cells with pits in their thick cell walls.
The liquid part of the blood is called _______
The expansion of an artery each time the blood is forced into it is called _______
Gums and resins are the _________products of plants.
Answer 23:
1. The pharynx is where the respiratory and digestive passages come together.
2. The conditions for photosynthesis are sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water.
3. The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream is
called absorption.
4. The teeth are covered with a sticky, yellowish layer of food particles and bacteria called plaque.
5. Iodine turns blue-black on reacting with starch.
6. The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for Adenosine Tri-phosphate.
7. Pyruvic acid is a three-carbon compound which is also known as pyruvate.
8. The rate of breathing in aquatic animals is faster than in terrestrial animals.
9. The actual exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli of the lungs.
10. Tracheids are long, thin, spindle-shaped cells with pits in their thick cell walls.
11. The liquid part of the blood is called plasma.
12. The expansion of an artery each time the blood is forced into it is called a pulse.
13. Gums and resins are the waste products of plants.
Question 24. Name organisms which have an anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer 25.
Oxidation of food nutrients take place in the presence of Oxidation of nutrients takes place in the
molecular oxygen. absence of oxygen.
The process produces more energy. The process produces less energy.
Takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Takes place in the cytoplasm.
This type of respiration occurs in plants and animals. Unicellular organisms carry out this type of
respiration.
Question 26. How does fat digestion take place in the body? Where does this process occur?
Answer 26: The digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine. The fat which enters the small intestine is in the form
of large globules. The following steps are involved in the process:
Large globules are broken down into small globules by bile salts.
The lipase enzyme, which is present in pancreatic juice breaks emulsified fat.
The pancreas secretes the pancreatic juice.
The walls of the small intestine secrete enzymes that aid in breaking fats into fatty acids.
Question 27. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Answer 27: Saliva contains water, salts, mucin and salivary amylase, which breaks down starch present in the food into
sugar.
Answer 28: The following conditions are necessary for autotrophic nutrition:
Question 30. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Answer 30: The inner surface of the lungs has smaller tubes that terminate in the alveoli, which are balloon-like
structures. The extensive network of blood vessels is present in the walls of the alveoli.
There are millions of alveoli present in the lungs. The alveolus provides a large surface area for the gaseous exchange. If
all the alveoli are unfolded from the two human lungs, it will give an area of about 80 square meters.
Answer 31: Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrier, so its deficiency affects the blood supply of oxygen to tissues. Anaemia
show symptoms like breathlessness and tiredness with a lack of iron.
Answer 32: Humans have double circulation as the blood passes twice through the heart in one complete cycle. There
are two circulations:
Pulmonary circulation begins from the right ventricle, and the blood is expelled into the pulmonary trunk. The blood
reaches the vascular system of the lungs, becomes oxygenated and then returns to the heart, i.e. the left atrium through
pulmonary veins.
Systemic circulation starts from the left ventricle, sending blood to the aorta. The aorta supplies the oxygenated blood to
various parts of the body. The aorta divides into arteries, arterioles and then capillaries. The deoxygenated blood
collected by the venules, join to form veins and vena cava finally and pour back blood into the right auricle of the heart.
The importance of deoxygenated blood is that:
Answer 33: In Xylem, the transportation of water and minerals takes place from the roots to the leaves. The conduction
takes place through xylem vessels and tracheids, which are the dead tissues.
The transportation takes place in phloem from leaves to the other parts of the plant. The process is conducted through
sieve tubes and companion cells.
Question 34. Compare the alveoli and nephron functioning, including structure.
Answer 34: The alveoli are balloon-like structures which are one-celled thick and comprise an extensive network of blood
capillaries. The site of gaseous exchange in the lungs is the alveoli. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
between the blood flowing in the capillaries of the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli.
Nephrons are long tubular structures composed of nephrons, Bowman’s capsule and a long renal tube. The nephrons are
the structural and functional unit of kidneys. Their main function is filtration and removing the nitrogenous blood in the
form of urine.
Question 36. In the experiment ” light is essential for photosynthesis”, why does the uncovered part of the leaf
turn blue-black after contacting iodine solution?
Answer 36: Due to starch production, the uncovered part of the leaf turns blue-black after adding iodine solution.
Answer 37: Emulsification is the breakdown of large fat globules into small fat droplets.
Answer 38: The steps in the nutrition of amoeba are ingestion, digestion, assimilation and egestion.
When amoeba comes in contact with the food, it sends out pseudopodia, which engulfs the food particle forming a food
cup. This process is called ingestion.
When the tips of the encircling pseudopodia touch each other, there is the formation of a food vacuole, a temporary
stomach that secretes digestive juices. This step is known as digestion.
The digested food gets absorbed and diffuses into the cytoplasm and then assimilates.
The egestion of the non-digested food occurs at any point on the body surface.
Question 39. When you chew chapati for a long period, it tastes sweet after some time. Mention the reason.
Answer 39: Starch is present in chapati, converted to simple sugar by the salivary enzyme amylase. The salivary glands,
via the secretion of enzymes, aid in chemical digestion.
Question 40. 1 % of starch in a test tube is added to 1 ml of saliva. After keeping the mixture for an hour, a drop
of iodine solution is added. Mention the change in colour of the test tube. What does this indicate about the
salivary action on starch?
Answer 40: There is no change in colour when adding the iodine solution. Saliva breaks down starch into simple sugar,
which does not react with the iodine solution to produce any colour.
Question 41. How is digestion affected when the bile duct is completely blocked? Explain
Answer 41: On blockage of the bile duct, digestion of fats is affected as the bile juice will not reach the small intestine.
Question 42. Why do the trachea walls not collapse when there is less air in them?
Answer 42: The rings of the soft cartilage bones do not allow the trachea to collapse when air is in it.
Answer 43: Enzymes are the biological catalysts that increase the reaction rate without being used up.
Question 44. Mention the name of one digestive enzyme with its function.
Answer 44: Salivary amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugar in the mouth and small intestine.
Question 45. Explain the cause of cramps after excessive physical exercise.
Answer 45: During excessive physical exercise, aerobic respiration produces energy in our muscles. Anaerobic
respiration provides muscles with some extra energy required under excessive physical activity. Glucose is broken down
into lactic acid due to anaerobic respiration. The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps.
Answer 46: Digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. The process can be explained as follows:
The digestion begins in the mouth. The saliva contains salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.
Stomach stores and mix the food with gastric juices. The gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsin.
Hydrochloric acid dissolves food and creates an acidic medium for the action of pepsin. The pepsin digests protein, and
the mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid.
In the small intestine, there occurs complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The small intestine wall
contains glands which produce intestinal juice. This juice helps in the digestion of the food further. The small intestine
obtains digestive juices from the liver and pancreas, which helps mix food.
The bile juice produced by the liver causes the emulsification of fats. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice for the
digestion of proteins and emulsified fats.
Question 47. Name the site where complete digestion of food takes place in the alimentary canal.
Answer 47: Small intestine is that part of the alimentary canal where complete digestion of food takes place.
Question 48. Explain the breakdown of glucose in a cell in the presence and absence of oxygen.
In the absence of oxygen, like in Yeast, pyruvate is converted to ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. This is called
fermentation.
In the case of insufficient oxygen, like in muscle cells, pyruvate converts to produce lactic acid and energy.
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide, water and energy in mitochondria.
The first step, glucose breakdown in both the presence and absence of oxygen, is the same. More energy is released in
the presence of oxygen.
In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs in the muscle cells. The building of lactic acid in muscle cells
causes painful muscle contraction, called cramps.
Question 49. The breathing cycle is rhythmic, whereas the gaseous exchange is a continuous process. Justify
the statement.
Answer 49: The lungs always have a continuous residual air volume, so oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release
become a constant process.
Question 50. What happens when a leak is developed in the conducting tubes of the circulatory system? How
can this be avoided?
Answer 50: The circulatory system loses it efficiency if it develops a leak. This could be avoided by maintaining normal
blood pressure.
Question 51: What is hypertension? What causes it, and how can it cause damage to the body?
Answer 51: High blood pressure is also called hypertension. It occurs due to the constriction of very small arteries,
resulting in blood flow resistance.
Question 52. In a single-celled organism, diffusion is sufficient to meet all the requirements of food, gas
exchange and waste removal, but it is not the case in multicellular organisms. Explain the reason for this
difference.
Answer 52: In single-celled organisms, there is no specific organ related to food intake, gas exchange or waste removal.
This is because the entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment.
In multicellular organisms, the skin cells directly interact with the environment. Diffusion is a slow process that takes a
very long time to reach all body parts, and it is insufficient to meet oxygen requirements.
Question 53. Mention the three kinds of cells present in blood and write one function of each.
Answer 53: There are three types of cells present in the blood. They are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Red blood cells are biconvex and contain haemoglobin to transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and take carbon
dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
White blood cells are the body’s defence cells and fight against diseases and infections.
Question 54. What are the three types of blood vessels? Mention one important feature of each.
Answer 54: The human circulatory system has three types of blood vessels. These are arteries, veins and capillaries.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to different parts of the body. They are thick-walled.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood from various organs to the heart. Veins are thin-walled.
Capillaries are responsible for exchanging material between the blood and the surrounding cells. They are thin-walled and
narrow tubes which connect arteries to veins.
Blood vessels
Lymph
Heart
Answer 55:
Answer 56: Blood pressure is the force exerted against a vessel’s wall. This pressure is greater in arteries than the veins.
The pressure of blood inside the artery during contraction of ventricular systole is called systolic pressure, and the
pressure in the artery during the relaxation, or ventricular diastole, is the diastolic pressure. The normal systolic pressure
is 120 mm of Hg, and the diastolic is 80 mm of Hg.
Question 57: State the role of following in the human digestive system.
Digestive enzymes
Hydrochloric acid
Villi
Answer 57.
Answer 58: Ventricles must pump blood to all the body parts during the contraction. To counteract the backward
pressure exerted by the blood, it is essential to have thicker walls to prevent the heart’s bursting.
Answer 60: The opening and closing of the stomatal pore is a function of the guard cells. There is swelling of guard cells
when the water flows into them, causing the opening of the stomatal pore. The pore closes if there is shrinkage of the
guard cells. There is a loss of large amounts of water through these stomata. The plant closes these pores when carbon
dioxide is not required for photosynthesis.
Guard cells become turgid and flaccid based on the water entering and leaving.
Question 61. How are pH maintained in the stomach and the small intestine?
Answer 61: HCL is released by the gastric glands present on the walls of the stomach. This creates an acidic medium to
facilitate the action of pepsin. Bile juice makes food alkaline in the small intestine for the pancreatic enzymes to act.
Answer 62: In inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and is pulled down and flattened—the volume of the thorax increases.
In exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and is pushed back to its original position. There is a decrease in the volume of the
thorax.
Answer 63: The liver secretes bile juice to break down fat into fat globules. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice,
which contains protein-digesting and starch-digesting enzymes.
Alveoli are balloon-like structures. They provide a surface area for exchanging gases, and they contain a residual volume
of air and sufficient time for exchanging gases.
Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen through the blood.
Question 66. List four conditions required for efficient gas exchange in an organism.
Answer 67: The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
When the atrium contracts, the blood is transferred to the left ventricle. When the ventricles contract, blood is pushed into
the aorta and through arteries to all body parts.
Question 68. Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
Answer 68: The valves present prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria.
Define excretion
Name the basic filtration unit of kidneys.
State the function of the bile juice.
Mention the end products formed on complete digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
What happens to glucose in the nephron along with the filtrate?
Answer 69:
1. Excretion is the biological process which removes harmful waste products from the body.
2. Nephrons are the basic filtration unit in the kidneys.
3. Bile juice contains bile pigments and bile salts that emulsify fat to the fatty acids. Bile juice also neutralises the
acidic food in the stomach and makes it alkaline so that it can react with the enzyme of the pancreatic juice.
4. The end products formed on complete digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats are amino acids, glucose and
fatty acid with glycerol respectively.
5. The blood capillaries surrounding the nephron reabsorb the glucose that enters the nephron.
Question 70. Name the following:
Answer 71: Yes, this is because respiration occurs throughout the day and night, but photosynthesis occurs only during
the day because one of the most integral components needed for photosynthesis is sunlight. During the day, plants give
out oxygen, a product of photosynthesis. Thus, plants give carbon dioxide during the nighttime, when there is no
photosynthesis.
Question 72. Two green plants kept separately in oxygen-free containers, One in the dark and the other in
continuous light. Which one lives longer? Give reasons.
Answer 72. The plant in continuous light will live longer because, in the presence of light, the plants will undergo
photosynthesis and can convert carbon dioxide to oxygen. The plant in the dark cannot survive longer. This is because, in
the absence of light, the plant cannot perform photosynthesis, and the plant will die.
Answer 73: Fishes die when taken out of water. This is due to the inability to obtain gaseous oxygen. The fish breathe
through gills richly supplied with blood capillaries and readily absorb oxygen dissolved in water.
Answer 74: Yes, nutrition is a necessity for an organism. This is because of the following reasons:
Nutrition provides us with the energy for various metabolic activities of our body.
Question 75. What happens when green plants disappear from the earth?
Answer 75: If the green plants disappear from the earth, the herbivore will die of starvation, followed by carnivores and
decomposers. Green plants play an important role in converting solar and chemical energy. They are the main source of
energy for all heterotrophs. Plant disappearance will create a huge disbalance in the ecosystem.
Question 76. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with Vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for a
long? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer 76: The Vaseline-coated plant will die soon because the layer of Vaseline will prevent the exchange of gases for
respiration.
The coating will close the stomatal openings, and the plant won’t be able to get the necessary raw material for
photosynthesis. Due to the clogging of stomatal pores, the plant will die due to cessation of respiration.
Answer 78: Cellulose is difficult to digest and takes longer for complete digestion, so herbivores need a long small
intestine. Meat is easier to digest; hence, carnivores like tigers have a shorter small intestine.
Question 79. What happens when the gastric glands do not secrete mucus?
Answer 79: If the gastric glands do not secrete mucus, there will be corrosion of the inner lining of the stomach, thereby
causing acidity, ulceration and extreme discomfort. This is because mucus protects the stomach’s inner lining from the
action of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin.
Question 81. Why does absorption of digested food occur in the small intestine?
Answer 82: This is because the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is low compared to the amount of oxygen present in
the air. Aquatic animals take water through their mouth and pass it to the gills, where the blood takes up the dissolved
oxygen.
Answer 83: The advantage of a four-chambered heart is that it prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from
being mixed. The left side of the four-chambered heart is completely separated from the right side of the heart by septa.
This mechanism is useful for animals with high energy needs, like birds and mammals. This mechanism also ensures the
efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all body parts.
Question 84. In each of the following situations, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
Cloudy days
No rainfall in the area
Good manuring in the area
Stomata get blocked due to duct
Answer 84:
Answer 85: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of living organisms. It is produced during respiration
and also during photosynthesis. The site of ATP production is mitochondria during the process of respiration.
Answer 86: They all are parasites and derive their nutrition from the host by harming them but without killing them.
Question 87. What are the functions of the gastric glands present in the walls of the stomach?
Question 89. Water enters continuously into the root xylem. Explain
Answer 89: The root cells are in contact with the soil, so they are active in taking up the ions. These ions pass inward,
increasing osmotic concentrations of Xylem. Because of this, the water continuously passes into the root xylem from the
soil. Water is responsible for photosynthesis, and its continuous flow is related to the transpiration pull.
Question 90. How do the leaves of plants help in the process of excretion?
Answer 90: The waste material in leaves is present in the vacuoles of mesophyll and epidermal cells. When old leaves
fall, the waste material goes along with the leaves. Secondly, the transpiration of gases via stomata helps remove
gaseous waste products of respiration and photosynthesis.
Answer 91: The importance of soil for the growth of plants is:
Anchorage
The base for plant growth and allows root penetration.
Source of organic material, which is essential for plant growth.
Soil provides water and minerals for plants.
It establishes symbiotic associations with microbes.
Aids in the respiration of root cells due to the availability of oxygen in food materials.
Question 92. Describe the alimentary canal of man.
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
The mouth leads to the buccal cavity. The tongue has taste buds. Teeth are present in both jaws. The four types
of teeth present are incisors, canines, premolars and molars. There is a total of 32 teeth in number.
The pharynx is a short and conical region.
The Oesophagus is a narrow, long, muscular tube leading to the stomach.
The small intestine is a convoluted tube, and it has three regions. The first part is the stomach which is curved
and C-shaped. The jejunum is longer and coiled. The last part is the ileum, whose inner surface is folded to form
villi which absorb the products of digestion.
The large intestine is short and wide. It has three regions: caecum, colon and rectum. The caecum is a small and rounded
blind sac which gives rise to the vermiform appendix, the colon is inverted U-shaped, and the rectum opens exteriorly
through the anus.
Explanation:
2. 2. In which of the following groups of organisms are food materials broken down outside the body and
absorbed?
Mushroom, green plants, amoeba
Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
Paramecium, amoeba, Cuscuta
Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm
Answer: (b) Yeast, mushroom and bread mould.
Explanation:
Saprophytes break down the food outside the body, so the correct answer is Yeast, mushroom and bread mould as they
are the saprophytes.
Explanation:
If salivary amylase is absent in saliva, this affects which event in the oral cavity?
Protein breaks down into amino acid
Starch breaking down into sugar
Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
Absorption of vitamins
Answer: (b) starch breaking down into sugar.
Explanation:
Salivary amylase plays an important role in digestion. It breaks down starch into sugar. This digestive function would be
affected in the absence of salivary amylase.
A few drops of iodine solution added to rice water turned the solution into a blue-black colour. What does
this indicate that rice water contains:
Complex proteins
Simple proteins
Fats
Starch
Answer: (d) Starch
Explanation:
Amylose and amylopectin are present in starch. When iodine is added to starch, a blue colour is produced because the
amylose component of starch reacts with iodine. This colour complex indicates that starch is present in the rice water.
Explanation:
The digestion starts in the mouth. In the small intestine, complete digestion takes place, and in the large intestine,
digestion does not occur.
Explanation:
Trypsin digests protein by breaking it down into proteins and polypeptides. Fatty acids and glycerol are produced on fat
emulsification by lipase.
When is air blown from the mouth into a test tube which contains lime water, due to the presence of
which the following, lime water turns milky?
Water vapour
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Answer 8: (b) carbon dioxide
Explanation:
Statement i is wrong due to the outward movement of ribs and lowered diaphragm movement during inhalation. Option iii
is wrong as haemoglobin has more affinity for oxygen than carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
Alveoli are responsible for the exchange of gases during respiration. From the alveoli, there is the diffusion of oxygen into
the blood. The larynx and trachea are passages for air movement.
What prevents the backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?
Valves in heart
Wall of ventricles
Wall of atria
All of these
Answer (a) valves of the heart
Explanation:
The thick walls of ventricles and thin walls of atria are responsible for blood pumping. They have no role in preventing the
backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction.
Single circulation, i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the
body, is exhibited by which of the following groups?
Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander
Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
Hyla, Rana, Draco
Whale, Dolphin, Turtle
Answer 12: (b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
Explanation:
Partial double circulation is present in reptiles and amphibians, which have three-chambered hearts in options a and c. In
option d, the whale is a mammal, and the turtle is a reptile, so it is incorrect.
In which of the following is oxygenated blood not pumped to different body parts?
Pisces and amphibians
Amphibians and reptiles
Amphibians only
Pisces only.
Answer: (d) Pisces only.
Explanation:
Deoxygenated blood from all body parts is pumped into the heart through single circulation. The heart pumps this blood
into the gills, where it gets oxygenated.
Answer 94: The leaf surface is flat to increase light exposure. To trap sunlight, chlorophyll is present. Transpiration takes
place through stomata.
Question 95. What will happen if the platelets are absent in the blood?
Answer 95: Platelets are responsible for the clotting of blood. In the absence of platelets, the blood will not clot. This will
increase the severity in cases of injury and may prove to be life-threatening.
Inhalation
Exhalation
Inhalation is the process in which oxygen is taken in. Ribs come out in this process. The diaphragm moves down. There
is an increase in the volume of the lungs and a decrease in pressure. Due to this, the air moves towards the lungs.
Exhalation is the process in which carbon dioxide is given out. The ribs go down, and there is an upward movement of the
diaphragm: the pressure increases, and the volume of the lungs decreases. As a result of this, the air moves out of the
lungs.
Answer 99: Heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where an organism derives its food from another living organism.
In saprophytic nutrition, nutrients are obtained from dead and decaying organic matter. Examples are fungi, Yeast and
bacteria.
In parasitic nutrition, the mode of obtaining food is synthesised by the others. The parasite is the organism which obtains
food. This type of nutrition is seen in fungi, bacteria, plants like Cuscuta and animals like roundworms and plasmodium.
Holozoic nutrition is seen in amoeba, frogs and human beings. In this, complex organic matter in the form of solid food is
ingested, digested and absorbed into the cells utilised by the body.
Question 100. Name the sources from which plants obtain nitrogen to synthesise proteins and other compounds.
Answer 100: The two sources are inorganic nitrates or nitrites and organic compounds prepared by bacteria from
atmospheric nitrogen.
Question 101. Amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts and can tolerate mixing oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood. Why?
Answer 101: The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends upon the environment’s temperature. They do not
require much energy as they do not maintain their body temperature. The energy produced is less when oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood is mixed. This is seen in amphibians and reptiles.
Question 102. What is the function of the ureter, urinary bladder and urethra?
Answer 102: Urine formation is carried by the ureter to the urinary bladder in each kidney. The glucose, amino acid, salt
and water is reabsorbed in the ureter.
The urinary bladder store urine, so it is a reservoir. The urine passes out from the body through the urethra.
Answer 103: ATP is a nitrogenous compound used as a fuel in various cell activities.
The large intestine walls absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food.
Answer 106: Urine is yellow due to urea, uric acid and ammoniacal salts.
1. The systemic circulation circulates oxygen and removes waste materials from the body.
2. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm between the two lungs.
3. Heartbeat refers to the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart.
4. The largest artery is the aorta.
5. High blood pressure is also called hypertension.
6. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.
7. Platelets are responsible for clot formation.
8. Transpiration means water loss in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant.
9. Translocation is food transport from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
10. Phloem transports soluble products of photosynthesis.
11. Xylem transports water and minerals in a plant.
12. Resins and gums are the excretory products of the plant.
13. An artificial kidney is a device which removes the nitrogenous waste products from the blood of a person whose
kidneys are damaged with a process called dialysis.
14. Digestion does not occur in the large intestine of the alimentary canal.
15. The small intestine is the site where the digestion of fat occurs.
Question 108. State whether true or false:
1. True.
2. False. Bowman’s capsule is present in the kidneys.
3. False. Peristaltic movement bring food down the pipe into the stomach.
4. False. The energy released in aerobic respiration is more than in anaerobic respiration.
5. True.
6. False
7. False. The site for aerobic respiration is mitochondria.
8. False. The rate of respiration is fast in animals compared to plants.
9. True
10. False.The small intestine is long when compared to large intestine. The length is about 6.5meters in a human
adult.
Question 109: What are stomata?
Answer 109: Stomata are the tiny pores or opening present on the surface of the leaf. They are responsible for
exchanging gases between plants and the atmosphere.
Answer 110: There is an incomplete breakdown of glucose in anaerobic respiration, so less energy is produced.
Therefore it is less efficient.
Question 111. What are the consequences of the diaphragm rupture of a person in an accident?
Answer 111: This will lead to immediate death due to respiratory failure.
Answer 112: Cilia are tiny hair-like structures present in the upper part of the respiratory system. They remove dust and
other particles which enter the body via inhalation. These cilia are damaged by smoking. Due to this, harmful substances
like smoke, dust and chemicals enter the lungs and cause cough and respiratory infections. Smoking causes lung cancer.
In lung cancer, the lungs erode faster and fail to perform their normal functions.
Answer 113: The heart of fish contains one atrium and one ventricle. Gills carry out the function of oxygenation. The
heart supplies blood to the gills, where the blood gets oxygenated and is provided to the rest of the parts of the body.
Answer 114: Paramoecium, a unicellular organism, has a definite shape. The food particle moves into the mouth by
moving thin hair-like structures called cilia on the entire surface of the paramecium cell.
Answer 124: This is defined as the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the food pipe. This brings food pipe food
down into the stomach.