UNIT 3
Q.1 Features of UART in LPC2148
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs •
Register locations conform to ‘550 industry
standard. • Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1,
4, 8, and 14 bytes. • Built-in fractional baud
rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
• Mechanism that enables software and
hardware flow control implementation.
UART0 Registers-
1.U0RBR (UART0 Receive Buffer
Register)
1. It is an 8-bit read only register.
2. This register contains the received data.
3. It contains the “oldest” received byte in
the receive FIFO.
4. If the character received is less than 8
bits, the unused MSBs are padded with
zeroes.
5. The Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB) in
U0LCR must be zero in order to access
the U0RBR. (DLAB = 0)
2. U0THR (UART0 Transmit Holding
Register)
1. It is an 8-bit write only register.
2. Data to be transmitted is written to this
register.
3. It contains the “newest” received byte in
the transmit FIFO.
4. The Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB) in
U0LCR must be zero in order to access
theU0THR. (DLAB = 0)
3. U0DLL and U0DLM (UART0 Divisor
Latch Registers)
U0DLL is the Divisor Latch LSB.
U0DLM is the Divisor Latch MSB.
These are 8-bit read-write registers.
UART0 Divisor Latch holds the value by
which the PCLK(Peripheral Clock) will be
divided. This value must be 1/16 times the
desired baud rate.
A 0x0000 value is treated like a 0x0001 value
as division by zero is not allowed.
The Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB) in
U0LCR must be one in order to access the
UART0 Divisor Latches. (DLAB = 1)
4. U0FDR (UART0 Fractional Divider
Register)
It is a 32-bit read write register.
It decides the clock pre-scalar for baud rate
generation.
If fractional divider is active (i.e.
DIVADDVAL>0) and DLM = 0, DLL must
be greater than 3.
U0FDR (UART0 Fractional Divider
Register)
U0FDR (UART0 Fractional Divider
Register)
If DIVADDVAL is 0, the fractional baudrate
generator will not impact the UART0
baudrate.
Reset value of DIVADDVAL is 0.
MULVAL must be greater than or equal to 1
for UART0 to operate properly, regardless of
whether the fractional baudrate generator is
used or not.
Reset value of MULVAL is 1.
The formula for UART0 baudrate is given
below
MULVAL and DIVADDVAL should have
values in the range of 0 to 15. If this is not
ensured, the output of the fractional divider is
undefined.
The value of the U0FDR should not be
modified while transmitting/receiving data.
This may result in corruption of data.
5. U0IER (UART0 Interrupt Enable
Register)
It is a 32-bit read-write register.
It is used to enable UART0 interrupt sources.
DLAB should be zero (DLAB = 0).
U0IER (UART0 Interrupt Enable Register)
U0IER (UART0 Interrupt Enable Register)
Bit 0 - RBR Interrupt Enable. It also controls
the Character Receive Time-Out interrupt.
0 = Disable Receive Data Available interrupt
1 = Enable Receive Data Available interrupt
Bit 1 - THRE Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable THRE interrupt
1 = Enable THRE interrupt
Bit 2 - RX Line Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable UART0 RX line status interrupts
1 = EnableUART0 RX line status interrupts
Bit 8 - ABEO Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable auto-baud time-out interrupt
1 = Enable auto-baud time-out interrupt
Bit 9 - ABTO Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable end of auto-baud interrupt
1 = Enable the end of auto-baud interrupt
6. U0IIR (UART0 Interrupt
Identification Register)
It is a 32-bit read only register.
U0IIR (UART0 Interrupt Identification
Register)
U0IIR (UART0 Interrupt Identification
Register)
It provides a status code that denotes the
priority and source of a pending interrupt.
It must be read before exiting the Interrupt
Service Routine to clear the interrupt.
Bit 0 - Interrupt Pending
0 = At least one interrupt is pending
1 = No interrupts pending
Bit 3:1 - Interrupt Identification
Identifies an interrupt corresponding to
theUART0 Rx FIFO.
011 = Receive Line Status (RLS) Interrupt
010 = Receive Data Available (RDA)
Interrupt
110 = Character Time-out Indicator (CTI)
Interrupt
001 = THRE Interrupt
Bit 7:6 - FIFO Enable These bits are
equivalent to FIFO enable bit in FIFO
Control Register,
0 = If FIFOs are disabled
1 = FIFOs are enabled
Bit 8 - ABEO Interrupt
If interrupt is enabled,
0 = No ABEO interrupt
1 = Auto-baud has finished successfully
Bit 9 - ABTO Interrupt
If interrupt is enabled,
0 = No ABTO interrupt
1 = Auto-baud has timed out
7. U0LCR (UART0 Line Control
Register)
It is an 8-bit read-write register.
It determines the format of the data character
that is to be transmitted or received.
U0LCR (UART0 Line Control Register)
U0LCR (UART0 Line Control Register)
Bit 1:0 - Word Length Select
00 = 5-bit character length
01 = 6-bit character length
10 = 7-bit character length
11 = 8-bit character length
Bit 2 - Number of Stop Bits
0 = 1 stop bit
1 = 2 stop bits
Bit 3 - Parity Enable
0 = Disable parity generation and checking
1 = Enable parity generation and checking
Bit 5:4 - Parity Select
00 = Odd Parity
01 = Even Parity
10 = Forced “1” Stick Parity
11 = Forced “0” Stick Parity
Bit 6 - Break Control
0= Disable break transmission
1 = Enable break transmission
Bit 7 - Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB)
0 = Disable access to Divisor Latches
1 = Enable access to Divisor Latches
8. U0LSR (UART0 Line Status Register)
It is an 8-bit read only register.
U0LSR (UART0 Line Status Register)
U0LSR (UART0 Line Status Register)
It provides status information on UART0 RX
and TX blocks.
Bit 0 - Receiver Data Ready
0 = U0RBR is empty
1 = U0RBR contains valid data
Bit 1 - Overrun Error
0 = Overrun error status inactive
1 = Overrun error status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
Bit 2 - Parity Error
0 = Parity error status inactive
1 = Parity error status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
Bit 3 - Framing Error
0 = Framing error status inactive
1 = Framing error status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
Bit 4 - Break Interrupt
0 = Break interrupt status inactive
1 = Break interrupt status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
Bit 5 - Transmitter Holding Register
Empty
0 = U0THR has valid data
1 = U0THR empty
Bit 6 - Transmitter Empty
0 = U0THR and/or U0TSR contains valid
data
1 = U0THR and U0TSR empty
Bit 7 - Error in RX FIFO (RXFE)
0 = U0RBR contains no UART0 RX errors
1 = U0RBR contains at least one UART0 RX
error
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
9. U0TER (UART0 Transmit Enable
Register)
It is an 8-bit read-write register.
The U0TER enables implementation of
software flow control. When TXEn=1,
UART0 transmitter will keep sending data as
long as they are available. As soon as TXEn
becomes 0, UART0 transmission will stop.
Software implementing software-
handshaking can clear this bit when it
receives an XOFF character (DC3). Software
can set this bit again when it receives an XON
(DC1) character.
Bit 7 : TXEN
0 = Transmission disabled
1 = Transmission enabled
If this bit is cleared to 0 while a character is
being sent, the transmission of that character
is completed, but no further characters are
sent until this bit is set again.
Q.2 features of ON chip ADC of LPC2148
• 10 bit successive approximation analog to
digital converter (two in LPC2148) • Input
multiplexing among 6 or 8 pins (ADC0 and ADC1).
• Power-down mode. • Measurement range 0 V for(AoutValue = 0 ; AoutValue < 1024 ;
to VREF (typically 3 V; not to exceed VDDA AoutValue ++)
voltage level). • 10 bit conversion time 2.44 s. {
LPC2148 has two inbuilt ADC Modules, • DACR = AoutValue << 6 ;
named as ADC0 & ADC1. • ADC0 has 6- }
Channels • ADC1 has 8-Channels • ADC for(AoutValue = 1023 ;
operating frequency is 4.5 MHz (max.), AoutValue > 0 ; AoutValue --)
operating frequency decides the conversion {
time. • Supports power down mode. • Burst DACR = AoutValue << 6 ;
conversion mode for single or multiple }
inputs. }
}
Q.3 Write features of DAC in LPC2148.
•LPC2148 has 10-bit DAC with resistor string Algorithm of Square wave-
architecture. •It also works in Power down 1. Initialize the DAC by configuring the
mode. • The DAC has a single analog output pin P0.25/AOUT pin as a DAC output using the
(AOUT) that can be used to output the converted PINSEL register.
analog voltage. • The DAC has a voltage 2. Set the DACR register to output the maximum
reference pin (VREF) that provides the reference voltage.
voltage for the conversion process. •The DAC 3. Start a timer with a frequency of the desired
has two analog power and ground pins (VDDA square wave frequency.
and VSSA) that provide the power and ground 4. In the timer interrupt handler, toggle the
for the DAC circuitry. • The DAC uses a resistor DACR register.
string to convert digital values to analog 5. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the desired number
voltages. This architecture is relatively simple of square waves have been generated.
and inexpensive to implement. Program-
Algorithm – Triangular waveform #include <Philips\LPC2148.h>
1. Initialize the DAC by configuring the DACR #define DACR
register. unsigned int AoutValue = 0 ;
2. Set the DAC output to the minimum voltage. void Delay(void)
3. Repeat the following steps: {
* Increase the DAC output by 1 step. int k,j;
* Wait for the DAC to settle. for(k = 0 ; k < 5 ; k ++)
4. Repeat step 3 until the DAC output reaches {
the maximum voltage. for(j = 0 ; j < 100 ; j ++);
5. Repeat steps 2-4 continuously. }
Program- }
#include <Philips\LPC2148.h> int main (void)
#define DACR {
unsigned int AoutValue = 0 ; PINSEL1 = 0x00080000 ;
int main (void) while(1)
{ {
PINSEL1 = 0x00080000 ; AoutValue =1023;
while(1) DACR = AoutValue << 6 ;
{ Delay();
 AoutValue =0; rates to communicate via one serial bus. • Serial
DACR = AoutValue << 6 ; clock synchronization can be used as a
Delay(); handshake mechanism to suspend and resume
} serial transfer. • The I2C bus may be used for test
Algorithm for staircase- and diagnostic purposes.
1. Initialize the DAC.
2. Set the DAC output pin as an output.
3. Create a loop that iterates from 0 to 1023.
4. In each iteration of the loop, write the current
value to the DAC register.
5. Wait for the DAC to settle.
6. Repeat steps 3-5 until the desired number of
samples have been generated.
7. Disable the DAC.
Algorithm for positive ramp waveform
1. Initialize the DAC register to 0.
2. Set a timer to trigger every millisecond.
3. In the timer interrupt handler, increment the Algorithm - 1) Start 2) Initialize I2C bus interface
value of the DAC register by 1. 3)Transmit the slave address 4)Enable I2C bus
4. If the value of the DAC register reaches 1023, interface 5)Master (LPC2148) will transmit
reset it to 0. START signal 6) Transmit slave address 7) Wait
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 indefinitely. for acknowledgement 8) Tansmit Page address
Algorithm for negative ramp waveform and page offset at which data is to be written 9)
1. Initialize the DAC registers. Wait for acknowledment 10) Transmit data using
2. Set the DAC output voltage to the maximum I2CDAT register 11) Wait for acknowledge
value. 12)After successful transmission of data , master
3. Start a timer. will transmit STOP condition 13)Disable I2C
4. While the timer is running: interface 14) END
* Decrement the DAC output voltage by 1. Q.5 Draw and explain interfacing of DHT11with
* Update the DAC registers. LPC2148. Write algorithm/ flowchart to display
5. Stop the timer. temperature and humidity
6. Repeat steps 3-5 until the DAC output voltage
reaches 0.
Q.4 Explain interfacing of EEPROM using I2C &
Features
Features of EEPROM • Standard I2C compliant
bus interfaces that may be configured as Master,
Slave, or Master/Slave. • Arbitration between
simultaneously transmitting masters without
corruption of serial data on the bus. •
Programmable clock to allow adjustment of I2C
transfer rates. • Bidirectional data transfer
between masters and slaves. • Serial clock
synchronization allows devices with different bit
The DHT11 sensor sends its data in a single-
wire, half-duplex format. The sensor starts by
sending a 80 microsecond low pulse,
followed by a 80 microsecond high pulse.
This is the start signal. After the start signal,
the sensor sends 40 bits of data, 8 bits for the
humidity and 8 bits for the temperature. Each
bit is represented by a high pulse of 50
microseconds or a low pulse of 26
microseconds. To receive the data from the
DHT11 sensor, the LPC2148 microcontroller
must poll the P0.2 pin. When the pin is high,
the microcontroller should store the data bit
as a 1. When the pin is low, the
microcontroller should store the data bit as a
0. The temperature and humidity values can
be calculated from the received data using the
following formulas:
Temperature = (data[15] * 16 + data[14]) *
0.1
Humidity = (data[7] * 16 + data[6]) * 0.1
The temperature and humidity values can be
displayed on a serial terminal or LCD display
Algorithm-
1. START
2. Initialize the DHT11 sensor.
3. Send a start signal to the DHT11 sensor.
4. Receive the 40-bit data from the DHT11
sensor.
5. Calculate the temperature and humidity
values from the received data.
6. Display the temperature and humidity
values on a serial terminal or LCD
display.
7. END
Q.6 Draw interfacing diagram of GSM using
UART with LPC 2148. Write algorithm to send
message using GSM Module
The GSM module communicates with the
LPC2148 microcontroller through a UART
interface. The UART TXD pin of the
LPC2148 is connected to the TXD pin of the
GSM module. The UART RXD pin of the
LPC2148 is connected to the RXD pin of the
GSM module.
Steps To interface the GSM module with the
LPC2148
1.Configure the UART0 peripheral in the
LPC2148 microcontroller. 2.Configure the
GSM module to use UART mode. 3.Send AT
commands to the GSM module to initialize it.
4. Send the text message to the GSM module.
5. Wait for the GSM module to send an
acknowledgement.
Algorithm to send message
1. Initialize the UART0 peripheral in the
LPC2148 microcontroller.
2. Configure the GSM module to use UART
mode.
3. Send AT commands to the GSM module to
initialize it.
4. Get the phone number of the recipient.
5. Send the AT command to send a message.
6. Enter the recipient's phone number.
7. Enter the text message.
8. Send the AT command to end the message.
9. Wait for the GSM module to send an
acknowledgement.
Q.7 Write algorithm/flowchart to display 3. Set the PWM frequency to the desired
location received from GPS interfaced with frequency.
LPC2148. 4. Set the PWM duty cycle to the desired position
1. Initialize the GPS module. of the servo motor.
2. Wait for the GPS module to acquire a signal. 5. Start the PWM timer.
3. Read the latitude and longitude data from the 6. Wait for the servo motor to reach the desired
GPS module. position.
4. Convert the latitude and longitude data to 7. Stop the PWM timer.
decimal format.
5. Display the latitude and longitude data on a
serial terminal or LCD display.
Q.8 Draw and explain interfacing of servomotor
with LPC2148. Write algorithm/flowchart to
rotate the motor.

Interfacing Servo Motor With LPC2148

The servo motor's signal wire is typically

connected to the LPC2148's P0.1 pin. The PWM
frequency is typically set to 50 Hz. The PWM duty
cycle is typically set between 1 ms and 2 ms. The
PWM duty cycle determines the position of the
servo motor. For example, a PWM duty cycle of
1 ms will cause the servo motor to rotate to 0
degrees, while a PWM duty cycle of 2 ms will
cause the servo motor to rotate to 180 degrees.
Once the PWM timer has been started, the servo
motor will rotate to the position determined by
the PWM duty cycle. The servo motor will
continue to rotate until the PWM timer is
stopped.
Algorithm-
1. Initialize the PWM peripheral in the LPC2148
microcontroller.
2. Configure the P0.1 pin as a PWM output pin.
UNIT – 4
Q.1 Write features of STM32F4XX processor.
All devices offer three 12-bit ADCs, two DACs, a
low-power RTC, twelve general-purpose 16-bit
timers including two PWM timers for motor
control, two general-purpose 32-bit timers. a
true random number generator (RNG). They also
feature standard and advanced communication
interfaces. 1) Up to three I2Cs 2) Three SPIs, two
I2Ss full duplex. To achieve audio class accuracy,
the I2S peripherals can be clocked via a
dedicated internal audio PLL or via an external
clock to allow synchronization. 3) Four USARTs
plus two UARTs 4) An USB OTG full-speed and a
USB OTG high-speed with full-speed capability
(with the ULPI), 5) Two CANs 6) An SDIO/MMC
interface 7) Ethernet and the camera interface.
STM32F40XX Applications –
 STM32F407xx microcontroller family suitable
for a wide range of applications:  Motor drive
and application control  Medical equipment 
Industrial applications: PLC, inverters, circuit
breakers  Printers, and scanners  Alarm
systems, video intercom, and HVAC  Home
audio appliances
Q.2 Explain CMSIS standard.
CMSIS is stands for Cortex Microcontroller
Software Interface Standard. It is a set of
software libraries and tools that simplify the
development of software for microcontrollers
based on the ARM Cortex-M processor line.
CMSIS provides a consistent and portable
interface to the processor's core and
peripherals, making it easier to write software
that can be reused across different
microcontrollers.
CMSIS includes the following components:
CMSIS-Core: This is the core of the CMSIS
standard, and it provides a portable interface to
the Cortex-M processor core. CMSIS-Core
includes definitions for the processor's registers,
interrupts, and exception handling.
CMSIS-Device: This component provides a
hardware abstraction layer (HAL) for a specific
microcontroller device. The HAL provides a set of
functions that abstract the hardware details of
the device, making it easier to write software
that can be reused across different devices.
CMSIS-RTOS: This component provides a
software abstraction layer for real-time
operating systems (RTOSes). The RTOS
abstraction layer provides a consistent interface
to different RTOSes, making it easier to write
software that can be reused across different
RTOSes.
CMSIS-Pack: This component is a package
manager for CMSIS components. CMSIS-Pack
makes it easy to find, download, and install
CMSIS components. CMSIS is a valuable tool for
developers of microcontroller software. It can
help to simplify the development process,
improve code portability, and reduce the time to
market for new products.
Q.3 How CMSIS Standard is used for firmware
development?
1) The CMSIS is a set of tools, APIs, frameworks,
and work flows that help to simplify software re-
use, reduce the learning curve for
microcontroller developers, speed-up project
build and debug, and thus reduce the time to
market for new applications. 2) CMSIS started as
a vendor-independent hardware abstraction
layer Arm® Cortex®-M based processors and was
later extended to support entry-level Arm
Cortex-A based processors. To simplify access,
CMSIS defines generic tool interfaces and
enables consistent device support by providing
simple software interfaces to the processor and
the peripherals. 3) CMSIS is defined in close
cooperation with various silicon and software
vendors and provides a common approach to
interface to peripherals, realtime operating
systems, and middleware components. It is
intended to enable the combination of software
components from multiple vendors. 4) CMSIS is
open-source and collaboratively developed on
GitHub.
5) The aims of CMSIS include: 1) Enhanced
software reusability - makes it easier to reuse
software code in different Cortex-M projects,
reducing time to market and verification efforts.
2) Enhanced software compatibility - by having a
consistent software infrastructure (e.g., API for
processor core access functions, system
initialization method, common style for defining Q.5 Explain programmer model of ARM CORTEX
peripherals), software from various sources can M4.
work together, reducing the risk in integration.  Operation states :  Debug state: When the
3) Easy to learn - the CMSIS allows easy access to processor is halted (e.g., by the debugger, or
processor core features from the C language. In after hitting a breakpoint), it enters debug state
addition, once you learn to use one Cortex-M and stops executing instructions.
microcontroller product, starting to use another  Thumb state: If the processor is running
Cortex-M product is much easier because of the program code (Thumb instructions), it is in the
consistency in software setup. 4) Toolchain Thumb state.
independent - CMSIS-compliant device drivers
can be used with various compilation tools,
providing much greater freedom. 5) Openness -
the source code for CMSIS core files can be
downloaded and accessed by everyone, and
everyone can develop software products with
CMSIS.
Q.4 Describe Memory Map of ARM CORTEX M4.

 Operation modes
 Handler mode: When executing an exception
handler such as an Interrupt Service Routine
(ISR). When in handler mode, the processor
always has privileged access level.
 Thread mode: When executing normal
application code, the processor can be either in
privileged access level or unprivileged access
level. This is controlled by a special register
 The 4GB address space of the Cortex-M called “CONTROL.”
processors is partitioned into a number of Programmer’s model : Registers
memory regions . The partitioning is based on
typical usages so that different areas are
designed to be used primarily for:  Program
code accesses (e.g., CODE region)  Data
accesses (e.g., SRAM region)  Peripherals (e.g.,
Peripheral region)  Processor’s internal control
and debug components (e.g., Private Peripheral
Bus)  The architecture also allows high
flexibility to allow memory regions to be used for
other purposes. For example, programs can be
executed from the CODE as well as the SRAM
region, and a microcontroller can also integrate
SRAM blocks in CODE region.
The register bank in the Cortex-M4 processors (e.g., using data transfer/processing
has 16 registers. Thirteen of them Parikrama instructions) causes a branch operation.  Since
COE are purpose general 32-bit registers, and the instructions must be aligned to half-word or
the other three have special uses. word addresses, the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of
 R0 - R12  Registers R0 to R12 are general the PC is zero.
purpose registers.  The first eight (R0 - R7) are Programmer’s model : Special registers
also called low registers.  Due to the limited  Program status registers  The Program Status
available space in the instruction set, many 16- Register is composed of three status registers: 
bit instructions can only access the low registers. Application PSR (APSR)  Execution PSR (EPSR) 
 The high registers (R8 - R12) can be used with Interrupt PSR (IPSR)
32-bit instructions, and a few with 16-bit
instructions, like MOV (move). The initial values
of R0 to R12 are undefined.
 R13, stack pointer (SP)  It is used for
accessing the stack memory via PUSH and POP
operations.  Physically there are two different
Stack Pointers: the Main Stack Pointer (MSP, or
SP_main in some ARM documentation) is the
default Stack Pointer. It is selected after reset, or
when the processor is in Handler Mode.  The
other Stack Pointer is called the Process Stack
Pointer (PSP, or SP_process in some ARM
documentation). The PSP can only be used in
Thread Mode. The selection of Stack Pointer is
determined by a special register called
Q.6 What are different exceptions and nested
CONTROL.
Vector interrupt Controller in STM32F4xx
 R14, link register (LR)  R14 is also called the controller?
Link Register (LR). This is used for holding the
return address when calling a function or
subroutine.  At the end of the function or
subroutine, the program control can return to
the calling program and resume by loading the
value of LR into the Program Counter (PC). 
When a function or subroutine call is made, the
value of LR is updated automatically.  If a
function needs to call another function or
subroutine, it needs to save the value of LR in the Exceptions—
stack first.  Otherwise, the current value in LR  In Cortex-M processors, there are a number of
will be lost when the function call is made. exception sources:  Exceptions are processed
 R15, program counter (PC)  It is readable and by the NVIC. The NVIC can handle a number of
writeable: a read returns the current instruction Interrupt Requests (IRQs) and a Non-Maskable
address plus 4 (this is due to the pipeline nature Interrupt (NMI) request.  Usually IRQs are
of the design, and compatibility requirement generated by on-chip peripherals or from
with theARM7TDMI processor).  Writing to PC external interrupt inputs though I/O ports.  The
NMI could be used by a watchdog timer or
brownout detector (a voltage monitoring unit
that warns the processor when the supply
voltage drops below a certain level).  Inside the
processor there is also a timer called SysTick,
which can generate a periodic timer interrupt
request, which can be used by embedded OSs for
timekeeping, or for simple timing control in
applications that don’t require an OS.
 The processor itself is also a source of
exception events.  These could be fault events
that indicate system error conditions, or
exceptions generated by software to support
embedded OS operations.  As opposed to
classic ARM processors such as the ARM7TDMI,
there is no FIQ (Fast Interrupt) in the Cortex-M
processor. However, the interrupt latency of
Corex-M4 is very low, only 12 clock cycles, so this
does not cause problems.
Vector interrupt Controller—
 Nested exception/interrupt support  Each
exception has a priority level. Some exceptions,
such as interrupts, have programmable priority
levels and some others (e.g., NMI) have a fixed
priority level.  When an exception occurs, the
NVIC will compare the priority level of this
exception to the current level.  If the new
exception has a higher priority, the current
running task will be suspended.  Some of the
registers will be stored on the stack memory, and
the processor will start executing the exception
handler of the new exception.  This process is
called “preemption.” When the higher priority
exception handler is complete, it is terminated
with an exception return operation and the
processor automatically restores the registers
from stack and resumes the task that was
running previously.  This mechanism allows
nesting of exception services without any
software overhead.
 The NVIC has the following features:
 Flexible exception and interrupt management
 Nested exception/interrupt support 
Vectored exception/interrupt entry  Interrupt
masking.
Q. 7 Reset and resetsequence
 In typical Cortex-M microcontrollers, there can
be three types of reset:  Power on reset - reset
everything in the microcontroller. This includes
the processor and its debug support component
and peripherals.  System reset - reset just the
processor and peripherals, but not the debug
support component of the processor. 
Processor reset - reset the processor only.  The
duration of Power on reset and System reset
depends on the microcontroller design.  In
some cases the reset lasts a number of milli
seconds as the reset controller needs to wait for
a clock source such as a crystal oscillator to
stabilize.
 The setup of the MSP is necessary because
some exceptions such as the NMI or HardFault
handler could potentially occur shortly after the
reset, and the stack memory and hence the MSP
will then be needed to push some of the
processor status to the stack before exception
handling.
Q.8 What are advantages & disadvantages of
ARM Cortex over ARM Processor?
Advantages:
Higher performance: ARM Cortex processors
typically have a higher clock speed than ARM
processors, which can lead to improved
performance in applications that are CPU-
intensive.
More features: ARM Cortex processors typically
have more features than ARM processors, such
as a floating-point unit (FPU), which can be used
for high-precision mathematical operations.
Lower power consumption: ARM Cortex
processors typically have lower power
consumption than ARM processors, which can
extend the battery life of devices that use them.
Smaller size: ARM Cortex processors typically
have smaller size and silicon footprint than ARM
processors, which can make them suitable for
use in devices with limited space, such as
wearables and Internet of Things (IoT) devices
Disadvantages:
More expensive: ARM Cortex processors
typically cost more than ARM processors.
Less compatibility: ARM Cortex processors may
not be compatible with some older ARM
processors or software.
Higher learning curve: ARM Cortex processors
may have a higher learning curve than ARM
processors, due to their more complex features.
Q.9 With the block diagram explain the
STM32F4xx Architecture.
Adaptivereal
timememoryaccelerator(ARTAccelerator™)
The ART Accelerator™ is a memory accelerator
which is optimized for STM32 industry-standard
ARM® Cortex®-M4 with FPU processors. It
balances the inherent performance advantage of
the ARM Cortex-M4 with FPU over Flash memory
technologies, which normally requires the
processor to wait for the Flash memory at higher
frequencies.
Memory protection unit
The memory protection unit (MPU) is used to
manage the CPU accesses to memory to prevent
one task to accidentally corrupt the memory or
resources used by any other active task. This
memory area is organized into up to 8 protected
areas that can in turn be divided up into 8
subareas. The protection area sizes are between
32 bytes and the whole 4 gigabytes of
addressable memory
Embedded Flash memory
 The STM32F40xxx devices embed a Flash
memory of 512 Kbytes or 1 Mbytes available for
storing programs and data.  CRC (cyclic
redundancy check) calculation unit  The CRC
(cyclic redundancy check) calculation unit is used
to get a CRC code from a 32-bit data word and a
fixed generator polynomial.
Embedded SRAM
All STM32F40xxx products embed:  Up to 192
Kbytes of system SRAM including 64 Kbytes of
CCM (core coupled memory) data RAM RAM
memory is accessed (read/write) at CPU clock
speed with 0 wait states.
Multi-AHB bus matrix
The 32-bit multi-AHB bus matrix interconnects
all the masters (CPU, DMAs, Ethernet, USB HS)
and the slaves (Flash memory, RAM, FSMC, AHB
and APB peripherals) and ensures a seamless
and efficient operation even when several high-
speed peripherals work simultaneously
DMAcontroller (DMA)
 The devices feature two general-purpose dual-
port DMAs (DMA1 and DMA2) with 8 streams
each. They are able to manage memory-to-
memory, peripheral-to-memory and memory-
to-peripheral transfers. They feature dedicated
FIFOs for APB/AHB peripherals, support burst
transfer and are designed to provide the
maximum peripheral bandwidth (AHB/APB)
DMAcontroller (DMA)
Each stream is connected to dedicated hardware
DMA requests, with support for software trigger
on each stream. Configuration is made by
software and transfer sizes between source and
destination are independent.
Clocks and startup
On reset the 16 MHz internal RC oscillator is
selected as the default CPU clock. The 16 MHz
internal RC oscillator is factorytrimmed to offer
1% accuracy over the full temperature range. 
The application can then select as system clock
either the RC oscillator or an external 4-26 MHz
clock source. Boot modes
At startup, boot pins are used to select one out
of three boot options:  Boot from user Flash 
Boot from system memory  Boot from
embedded SRAM
Q.10 ARM Processor Families
Cortex-A series (Application) – High
performance processors capable of full
Operating System (OS) support; – Applications
include smartphones, digital TV, smart books,
home gateways etc.
Cortex-R series (Real-time) – High performance
for real-time applications; – High reliability –
Applications include automotive braking system,
powertrains etc.
Cortex-M series (Microcontroller) – Cost-
sensitive solutions for deterministic
microcontroller applications; – Applications
include microcontrollers, mixed signal devices,
smart sensors, automotive body electronics and
airbags;
Q.11 features of ARM cortex Series
1) Advanced three stage pipeline.
2) harvard Architecture
3)Two operating modes (thread & handler)
4) single cycle multiply & hardware divide
5) Thumb-2 instruction set.
6) Nested vectored interrup controller (NVIC)
7) integrated debug & trace
8) MPU (Memory protection Unit)
9) working smarter to sleep longer.
10) power management through NVIC
Q.12 Explain different peripherals in
STM32F4XX.
CPU: The STM32F4xx is powered by a 32-bit ARM
Cortex-M4 CPU, which can run at up to 168 MHz.
The Cortex-M4 CPU is a high-performance
processor that can be used for a variety of
applications, including real-time control,
embedded vision, and audio processing.
FPU: The STM32F4xx also has a floating-point
unit (FPU), which can be used for high-precision
mathematical operations. The FPU is especially
useful for applications that require complex
calculations, such as digital signal processing
(DSP) and image processing.
Memory: The STM32F4xx has up to 2 MB of
Flash memory and 1 MB of RAM. The Flash
memory is used to store the program code and
data, while the RAM is used to store temporary
data and variables.
I/O ports: The STM32F4xx has 16 general-
purpose I/O ports, which can be used to control
a variety of external devices. The I/O ports can
be configured to operate in a variety of modes,
including digital input, digital output, analog
input, and analog output.
Serial communication peripherals: The
STM32F4xx has a variety of serial
communication peripherals, including:
UARTs: The STM32F4xx has up to 10 UARTs,
which can be used for serial communication with
other devices. UARTs are a simple and efficient
way to transmit and receive data between
devices.
SPI: The STM32F4xx has up to 3 SPI peripherals,
which can be used for high-speed serial
communication with external devices. SPI is
often used for communication with devices such
as memory cards, sensors, and displays.
I2C: The STM32F4xx has up to 2 I2C peripherals,
which can be used for low-speed serial
communication with external devices. I2C is
often used for communication with devices such
as sensors and displays.
USB: The STM32F4xx has a USB 2.0 Full Speed
controller, which can be used to connect the
device to a host computer or other USB device.
The USB controller can be used to transfer data,
connect to the internet, and control external
devices.
Q.13 Explain different clocks of STM32F4XX
The STM32 has an internal clock circuit that has
the objective of generating and distributing the
clock signal for the CPU and all the peripherals
The clock circuit is programmable, meaning that
it can use different clock source and may apply
division and multiplication factors
Each family of STM32 MCUs has a different clock
circuit with different features: here we consider
the clock of STM32F4
The STM32F4 manages two different clock
signals
 HS: High Speed Cortex-M4 processors have:  Three-stage
LS: Low Speed pipeline design  Harvard bus architecture with
Each clock signal is generated by clock source unified memory space: instructions and data use
that can be: the same address space  32-bit addressing,
Internal: Generated by a Resistor-Capacitor net supporting 4GB of memory space  On-chip bus
External: Generated by a quartz crystal interfaces based on ARM AMBA (Advanced
resonator Microcontroller Bus Architecture) Technology,
Therefore, we have the following signal names: which allow pipelined bus operations for higher
HSI: High Speed Internal throughput  An interrupt controller called NVIC
HSE: High Speed External supporting up to 240 interrupt requests and
LSI: Low Speed Internal from 8 to 256 interrupt priority levels .
LSE: Low Speed External Support for various features for OS (Operating
Low Speed Clock (LSI and LSE) must run at a fixed System) implementation such as a system tick
frequency of 32.768 KHz timer, shadowed stack pointer  Sleep mode
It is used to feed the Real-Time Clock circuit HSI support and various low power features 
(Internal High Speed) runs at a fixed frequency of Support for an optional MPU (Memory
16 MHz HSE (External High Speed) can run at a Protection Unit) to provide memory protection
frequency that goes from 4 MHz to 26 MHz. features like programmable memory, or access
The frequency of the HSI or HSE can be speed-up permission control  Support for bit-data
by using a circuit called PLL = Phase Locked Loop accesses in two specific memory regions using a
It is a standard circuit that can act as a frequency feature called Bit Band  The option of being
multiplier/divisor used in single processor or multi-processor
List of Clock: designs.
1. CPU Clock The ISA used in Cortex-M4 processors provides a
2. HCLK to AHB BUS, CORE, MEMORY, DMA
wide range of instructions:  General data
3. FCLK Cortex free running clock
processing, including hardware divide
4. APB peripheral clock
instructions  Memory access instructions
5. APB Timer clock
supporting 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit data,
6. RTC
as well as instructions for transferring multiple
Q.14 ARM Cortex M4Architecture
32-bit data  Instructions for bit field processing
 MultiplyAccumulate (MAC) and saturate
instructions  Instructions for branches,
conditional branches and function calls 
Instructions for system control, OS support, etc.
UNIT – 5
Q.1 Draw an interfacing diagram and algorithm
to interface push button and LED using
STM32F4XX.
Algorithm –
Start
1. Initialize the push button and LED pins as
inputs and outputs, respectively.
2. Set the pull-up resistor on the push button pin.
3. Start a loop.
4. Read the state of the push button pin.
5. If the push button is pressed, turn on the LED.
6. If the push button is not pressed, turn off the
LED.
7. Repeat step 4 until the user exits the program.
END
Q.2 Write an algorithm to display 0 to 9 on 7
segment display
START
1. Initialize the 7 segment display pins as
outputs.
2. Create a lookup table that maps each digit
from 0 to 9 to a 7 segment display pattern.
3. Start a loop.
4. Read the current digit from the user.
5. Use the lookup table to get the 7 segment
display pattern for the current digit.
6. Set the 7 segment display pins to the 7
segment display pattern for the current digit.
7. Repeat step 4 until the user exits the program.
END
Q.3 Draw and explain interfacing diagram of
seven segment display with STM32F4xx.
The seven segment display is connected to the
STM32F4XX's GPIOA pins. The A through G
segments of the seven segment display are
connected to GPIOA.1 through GPIOA.7,
respectively. The common cathode of the seven
segment display is connected to ground. To
display a number on the seven segment display,
you need to set the corresponding GPIO pins to
HIGH or LOW. For example, to display the
number 0, you would set GPIOA.1, GPIOA.3,
GPIOA.4, GPIOA.6, and GPIOA.7 to HIGH, and set
the remaining GPIO pins to LOW.
Algorithm:- 1) Configure Port D as output port to
drive the segments, 2) Configure PortB0-1 as
output port to select the digits, 3) Write the
pattern of numeral 7 on Port D, 4) Turn on the
select pin to HIGH to activate the tens digit, 5)
Delay for some time, 6) Write the pattern of
numeral 5 on Port D, 7) Turn on the select pin to
HIGH to activate the ones digit, 8) Delay for some
time, 9) Repeat from step 3 to 8
Q.4 Draw and explain interfacing diagram of
LDR and MQ3 sensor with ARM Cortex
Microcontroller.
MQ3 interfacing
To interface the MQ3 sensor (alcohol gas sensor)
with the STM32F4xx microcontroller, follow
these steps: 1. **Hardware Connections:**
Connect the MQ3 sensor to the STM32F4xx
microcontroller. The MQ3 sensor typically has
four pins: Vcc (power supply), GND (ground),
Analog Out (analog output), and Digital Out
(digital output). Connect the Vcc pin of the
sensor to a suitable power supply voltage (e.g.,
5V), the GND pin to ground, and the Analog Out
pin to an analog input pin of the microcontroller.
2. **GPIO Configuration:** Configure the GPIO
pin connected to the Analog Out pin of the MQ3
sensor as an analog input. Set the
GPIOx_MODER register bits to the analog mode
for the corresponding pin.
3. **ADC Configuration:** Configure the ADC
(Analog-to-Digital Converter) peripheral in the
STM32F4xx microcontroller to read the analog
voltage from the MQ3 sensor. Set the desired
resolution, sampling rate, and conversion mode.
4. **ADC Channel Selection:** Select the ADC
channel associated with the GPIO pin connected
to the MQ3 sensor. This is done by configuring
the ADC's channel selection register
(ADCx_SQR3 or ADCx_SQR1).
5. **Start Conversion:** Enable the ADC and
initiate the conversion process. Set the
appropriate bits in the ADC's control registers
(e.g., ADCx_CR2) to start the ADC conversion.
6. **Read ADC Value:** Read the converted
analog value from the ADC's data register. The
converted value represents the alcohol
concentration detected by the MQ3 sensor. The
ADC conversion result can be obtained from the
ADC's data register (ADCx_DR).
7. **Process Data:** Process the ADC value as
per your requirements. The MQ3 sensor output
is typically linearly proportional to the alcohol
concentration. You may need to calibrate the
sensor readings based on your application
requirements and the sensor datasheet
LDR interfacing –
1. **Hardware Connections:** Connect one leg
of the LDR to a GPIO pin of the STM32F4xx
microcontroller and the other leg to a voltage
source (Vcc) and a ground (GND). Use a pull-up
or pull-down resistor depending on the circuit
configuration. 2. **GPIO Configuration:**
Configure the GPIO pin connected to the LDR as
an analog input. Set the GPIOx_MODER register
bits to the analog mode for the corresponding
pin. 3. **ADC Configuration:** Configure the
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) peripheral in
the STM32F4xx microcontroller to read the
analog voltage from the LDR. Set the desired
resolution, sampling rate, and conversion mode.
4. **ADC Channel Selection:** Select the ADC
channel associated with the GPIO pin connected
to the LDR. This is done by configuring the ADC's
channel selection register (ADCx_SQR3 or
ADCx_SQR1). 5. **Start Conversion:** Start the
ADC conversion by enabling the ADC and
initiating the conversion process. This can be
done by setting the appropriate bits in the ADC's
control registers (e.g., ADCx_CR2).
6. **Read ADC Value:** Read the converted
analog value from the ADC's data register. The
converted value represents the intensity of light
detected by the LDR. The ADC conversion result
can be obtained from the ADC's data register
(ADCx_DR). 7. **Process Data:** Process the
ADC value as per your requirements. You can use
the ADC value to determine the intensity or
brightness of light, implement threshold
detection, or any other necessary logic.
Q.5 Explain an algorithm to send “SPPU” serially
via STM32F4XX controller to desktop PC with
baudrate 9600.
1) Enable the Clock to GPIOA.
2) Enable the Clock to USART2.
3) Select the peripheral function AF7 for PA2
(USART2_TxD) pin using the
GPIO_MODER and GPIO_AFRL registers.
4) Set the baud rate for USART2 using
USART2_BRR register.
5) Configure the CR1 (Control 1) register for
oversampling rate, character
size (8-bit or 9-bit) and enabling transmit (TE).
6) Configure the CR2 (Control 2) register for
number of stop bit(s) and so on.
7) Configure the CR3 (Control 3) register for no
hardware flow control and
so on.
8) Enable USART2 after configuration complete.
9) Wait until the TXE (Transmit Empty) bit of the
USART_SR
register is set.
10) Write a byte to DR Register to be
transmitted.
11) To transfer the next character, go to step 9.
Q. 6 Enlist various registers required to
configure serial communication of STM32F4XX
Microcontroller. Explain any two registers with
suitable example.
1. **USART/UART Control Register 1
(USARTx_CR1):** This register is used to
configure various parameters related to the
USART/UART communication. It includes
settings such as enabling the transmitter and
receiver, selecting the word length (8 bits, 9
bits), enabling parity, configuring the stop bits,
enabling hardware flow control, and enabling
interrupt generation. Example: The USART_CR1
register can be used to enable the transmitter
and receiver by setting the TE (Transmit Enable)
and RE (Receive Enable) bits.
- Example usage: To enable the USART
transmitter and receiver, you can set the TE
(Transmit Enable) and RE (Receive Enable) bits in
this register. This can be done as follows:
code ```c
USARTx>CR1|=USART_CR1_TE|USART_CR1_RE;
```
2. **USART/UART Control Register 2
(USARTx_CR2):** This register is used to
configure additional parameters of the
USART/UART communication. It includes
settings such as configuring the number of stop
bits (1 bit, 0.5 bit, 2 bits), enabling the receiver
timeout feature, and enabling the LIN (Local
Interconnect Network) mode. Example: The
USART_CR2 register can be used to configure the
number of stop bits by setting the STOP[1:0] bits.
3. **USART/UART Control Register 3
(USARTx_CR3):** This register is used to
configure more advanced features of the
USART/UART communication. It includes
settings such as enabling the DMA (Direct
Memory Access) mode, enabling the Smartcard
mode, enabling the IrDA (Infrared Data
Association) mode, and configuring the RTS
(Request to Send) and CTS (Clear to Send) pins.
Example: The USART_CR3 register can be used to
enable the DMA mode for both transmission and
reception by setting the DMAT and DMAR bits.
4. **USART/UART Baud Rate Register
(USARTx_BRR):** This register is used to set the
baud rate for USART/UART communication. The
baud rate determines the rate at which data is
transmitted and received. Example: The
USART_BRR register can be configured to set the
baud rate by writing the appropriate value
calculated based on the desired baud rate and
the system clock frequency.
- Example usage: To configure the baud rate to
115200, assuming the system clock frequency is
16 MHz, you can calculate and set the value in
the BRR register as follows:
code ```c
uint32_t baudRate = 115200;
uint32_t systemClock = 16000000;
uint32_t baudRateDivisor = (systemClock +
(baudRate / 2 )) / baudRate;
USARTx->BRR = baudRateDivisor;
```
5.**USART/UART Data Register
(USARTx_DR):** This register is used to read or
write data during USART/UART communication.
When writing, data is transmitted through the
USART/UART interface, and when reading,
received data is read from this register. Example:
The USART_DR register can be used to write data
to be transmitted by assigning the data value to
this register.
Q.7 Write note on a different types of registers
of STM32F4XX.
1. **Control Registers (CR):** Control registers
are used to configure and control the overall
behavior of a peripheral or a specific feature
within it. They typically provide control bits or
flags to enable/disable features, set operational
modes, and configure other parameters.
2. **Status Registers (SR):** Status registers
provide information about the current status or
condition of a peripheral or a specific feature.
They often contain flags or bits that indicate the
occurrence of specific events, errors, or
conditions. Reading these registers allows you to
monitor the status of the corresponding
peripheral or feature. 3. **Data Registers
(DR):** Data registers are used for data transfer
or storage within a peripheral. They hold the
data to be transmitted or received through the
peripheral. Reading from or writing to these
registers allows you to transfer data between the
microcontroller and the peripheral.
4. **Configuration Registers (CFGR):**
Configuration registers store various
configuration parameters or settings related to a
peripheral or a specific feature. These registers
allow you to customize the behavior, timing, and
other characteristics of the peripheral or feature
according to your specific requirements.
5. **Interrupt Registers (IR):** Interrupt
registers are used to configure and control the
interrupts associated with a peripheral. They
often contain interrupt enable/disable bits,
interrupt status flags, and priority settings.
Reading from or writing to these registers allows
you to handle interrupts generated by the
peripheral. 6. **Address Registers (AR):**
Address registers are used in certain peripherals
that require memory-mapped access or
addressing, such as DMA controllers. These
registers hold the memory addresses or pointers
used for data transfer between the peripheral
and the memory. 7. **Prescaler Registers
(PSR):** Prescaler registers are used in some
peripherals, like timers or ADCs, to divide the
clock frequency before it is used for specific
operations. These registers allow you to adjust
the clock frequency and thus control the timing
or performance of the corresponding peripheral.
Q.8 How to program UART in the STM32F4xx
microcontroller
1. **Peripheral Clock Configuration:** Enable
the clock for the UART peripheral you intend to
use. For example, to use USART1, you need to
enable the USART1 clock by configuring the
corresponding RCC register. 2. **GPIO
Configuration:** Configure the GPIO pins for
UART communication. You need to configure the
UART's TX (transmit) and RX (receive) pins as
alternate function mode and select the
appropriate alternate function for each pin.
 3. **UART Configuration:** Configure the
UART peripheral by setting the desired
parameters such as baud rate, data bits, parity,
and stop bits. The configuration is done by
modifying the registers of the UART peripheral.
4. **Enable UART and
Transmission/Reception:** Enable the UART
transmitter and/or receiver by setting the
appropriate bits in the UART's control registers.
This enables the UART to start transmitting
and/or receiving data.
5. **Data Transmission:** To transmit data via
UART, you can use the UART's data register (DR)
to write the data to be transmitted. You can
either use blocking or non-blocking methods to
transmit data. In blocking mode, you wait until
the transmission is complete before proceeding
with the next data. In non-blocking mode, you
can use interrupts or polling to check the
transmission status. 6. **Data Reception:** To
receive data via UART, you can read the UART's
data register (DR) to obtain the received data.
Similar to transmission, you can use blocking or
non-blocking methods for receiving data. In
blocking mode, you wait until data is available in
the receive buffer before reading it. In non-
blocking mode, you can use interrupts or polling
to check for received data. 7. **Interrupt
Handling:** If you are using interrupts for UART,
you need to configure the NVIC (Nested Vector
Interrupt Controller) to handle UART interrupts.
Implement the corresponding interrupt handler
function to process UART interrupts and handle
data transmission and reception.
Q.9 on chip ADC and Onchip DAC for waveform
generation.
1. **On-Chip ADC (Analog-to-Digital
Converter):** The ADC allows you to convert
analog signals into digital values that can be
processed by the microcontroller. To generate
waveforms using the ADC, you can follow these
steps: - Configure the ADC peripheral by setting
the resolution, sampling rate, and conversion
mode. - Select the appropriate ADC input
channel(s) to connect to the analog signal
source. - Set up any necessary GPIO pins for the
ADC input channel(s) and configure them as
analog inputs. - Enable the ADC and start the
conversion process. - Read the converted digital
values from the ADC's data register. - Process the
digital values to generate the desired waveform
or perform any required calculations. The
specific configuration and usage of the ADC
depend on the STM32F4xx microcontroller
variant and the specific ADC module being used.
It's important to consult the microcontroller's
reference manual and datasheet for detailed
information on configuring and using the ADC, as
well as the available features and limitations.
2. **On-Chip DAC (Digital-to-Analog
Converter):** The DAC allows you to convert
digital values into analog signals. To generate
waveforms using the DAC, you can follow these
steps: - Configure the DAC peripheral by setting
the output voltage range, trigger source, and
conversion mode. - Set up any necessary GPIO
pins for the DAC output and configure them as
analog outputs. - Enable the DAC and start the
conversion process by writing digital values to
the DAC's data register. - The DAC will convert
the digital values into analog voltages that can be
used to generate waveforms. - Adjust the digital
values being written to the DAC to generate
different amplitudes or wave shapes. - Use
timers or software delays to control the timing
and frequency of the generated waveform.
Q.10 Timers in STM32F4xx
1. **General-Purpose Timers (TIM2-TIM5):**
These timers are versatile and can be used for a
wide range of applications. They feature multiple
channels for generating PWM signals, capturing
input signals, or generating output waveforms.
They also support various operating modes, such
as up-counting, down-counting, or center-
aligned counting. These timers are suitable for
general-purpose timing applications.
2. **Advanced-Control Timers (TIM1 and
TIM8):** These timers provide additional
features compared to the general-purpose
timers. They include advanced control features
such as advanced PWM generation,
synchronization, and complementary PWM
outputs. These timers are suitable for motor
control, power conversion, or any application
that requires advanced timing control.
3. **Basic Timers (TIM6 and TIM7):** These
timers are simple 16-bit timers that can be used
for basic timing or periodic interrupt generation.
They are particularly useful for generating
interrupts at fixed time intervals without
complex configurations. 4. **Low-Power Timers
(TIM9-TIM14):** These timers are low-power,
16-bit timers designed for power-constrained
applications. They offer basic timing and event
counting functionality and are often used for
low-power applications or for generating simple
periodic interrupts.
Q.11 counters in STM32F4xx
1. **General-Purpose Timers (TIM2-TIM5):**
These timers can function as counters in addition
to their timer capabilities. They can count
external events or input pulses and provide a
flexible solution for measuring frequency,
period, or pulse width. These timers offer
multiple capture/compare channels to capture
input events and can generate interrupts upon
specific counting conditions. 2. **External
Interrupt Event Controller (EXTI):** The EXTI
module allows for external event counting. It is
primarily used to handle external interrupts from
GPIO pins, but it can also be configured as a
counter to count external events. The EXTI
module provides linebased counting, where
each line can be individually enabled and
configured for rising edge, falling edge, or both
edge detection. 3. **Quadrature Encoder
Interface (QEI):** The QEI module is specifically
designed for decoding rotary encoders. It can
count the number of pulses generated by an
encoder and determine the direction of rotation.
The QEI module supports both incremental and
absolute encoders and provides advanced
features such as velocity measurement and
position capture.
Q.12 features of GPIO
• Up to 16 I/Os under control • Output states:
push-pull or open drain + pull-up/down • Output
data from output data register (GPIOx_ODR) or
peripheral (alternate functionoutput) • Speed
selection for each I/O • Input states: floating,
pull-up/down • Input data to input data register
(GPIOx_IDR) or peripheral (alternate
functioninput) • Bit set and reset register
(GPIOx_BSRR) for bitwise write access to
GPIOx_ODR • Each I/O port bit is freely
programmable
Q.13 Write the two common methods for timer
and delay generation in the STM32F4xx
microcontroller
1. **Timer Interrupt Method:** - Configure the
desired timer peripheral in the appropriate
mode (e.g., one-shot or periodic). - Set the
desired timer prescaler and period values to
achieve the desired timing interval. - Enable the
timer interrupt. - Implement the timer interrupt
handler function, which will be executed when
the timer reaches the desired period. - In the
interrupt handler, perform the required actions
or set flags to indicate that the desired delay or
timing interval has elapsed. - Start the timer by
enabling the timer peripheral. - The
microcontroller will automatically generate an
interrupt when the timer reaches the
programmed period, allowing you to execute
code or perform actions at the desired timing
interval.
2. **Busy-Wait/Delay Method:** - Configure
the desired timer peripheral in the appropriate
mode (e.g., one-shot). - Set the desired timer
prescaler and period values to achieve the
desired delay duration. - Start the timer by
enabling the timer peripheral. - Implement a
busy-wait loop or use the microcontroller's delay
function to continuously check the timer status
until the timer reaches the desired period. - Once
the timer reaches the programmed period, the
microcontroller will exit the busywait loop,
indicating that the desired delay has elapsed. -
Perform the required actions or proceed with
the code execution after the delay has
completed.
Q.14 Enlist the features of on chip ADC of
STM32F4xx controller.
• The 12-bit ADC is a successive approximation
analog-to-digital converter. • It has up to 18
multiplexed channels allowing it to measure
signals from 16 external sources, two internal
sources. • 12-bit, 10-bit, 8-bit or 6-bit
configurable resolution • Single and continuous
conversion modes • Interrupt generation at the
end of conversion • The STM32F4xxArm chip has
three on-chip ADC modules: theADCs are
designated asADC1 (master),ADC2 (slave) and
ADC3 (slave).
Q.15 Algorithm FOR Configuring ADC and
reading ADC channel
1. Enable ADC clock to ADC in
RCC_APB2ENRregister. 2.Configure ADC right
adjusted result (ALIGN), free running conversion
(CONT, continuous conversion)using ADC_CR2
register. 3. Using ADC_CR1 register, select the
resolution and the analog input channel. 4. Use
GPIOx_MODER register to configure input pin for
analog input channel. 5. Using ADC_CR2 register
Enable the ADC (ADON) and START (SWSTART) to
start theconversion. 6. Monitor the EOC flag in
the ADC_SR register forend-of-conversion. 7.
When the EOC flag goes HIGH, read the ADC data
result from theADC_DR register and save it. 8.
Repeat steps 6 through 7 for the next conversion
Q.16 Features of DAC
• Two DAC converters: one output channel each
as DAC1 and DAC2. • They are available at the
analog out pins “PA4 and PA5” for chan1 and
chan2 • Left or right data alignment in 12-bit
mode • Synchronized update capability • Noise-
wave generation • Triangular-wave generation •
Dual DAC channel for independent or
simultaneous conversions • DMA capability for
each channel • DMA underrun error detection.
Block dig of DAC
The DAC integrates two output buffers that can
be used to reduce the output impedance, and to
drive external loads directly without having to
add an external operational amplifier.
Vref should be at 1.8 V ≤ VREF+ ≤ VDDA
The output voltage from the DAC can be
calculated using the following formula
DAC REGISTER
1.DAC_CR (DAC Control Register): The most
important bit in DAC_CR is the enable bit. Bit 0
EN1: DAC channel1 enable ; where 0: DAC
channel1 disabled, 1: DAC channel1 enabled Bit
1 BOFF1: DAC channel1 output buffer disable
Bits 5:3 TSEL1[2:0]: DAC channel1 trigger
selection
2. DAC Data Holding Registers (DAC_DHR):
• There are 8 registers according to Data Holding
Position • For eg: - DAC channel1 12-bit right-
aligned data holding register (DAC_DHR12R1)
• DAC channel1 12-bit left aligned data holding
register (DAC_DHR12L1)• Writing new data into
DAC holing register starts a conversion. • Data
stored in the DAC_DHRx register are
automatically transferred to the Data Output
registers (DAC_DOR) register after one clock
cycle.
3. DAC- Data Output registers
(DAC_DOR)register
• Data stored in the DAC_DHRx register are
automatically transferred to the Data Output
registers (DAC_DOR) register after one clock
cycle. • The Digital inputs are converted to 3. Write the characters "NUMBER" to the UART
output voltages on a linear conversion between transmit buffer.
0 and VREF+ 4. Start the UART transmit.
5. Wait for the UART transmit to complete.
Q.17 What are different SFRs related with GPIO. 6. Close the UART.
The STM32F4XX microcontroller has a number of
special function registers (SFRs) that are related
to the GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output)
peripheral. These SFRs are used to configure the
GPIO pins, read and write data to the GPIO pins,
and control the GPIO interrupts.
GPIOx_MODER: This SFR is used to configure the
mode of the GPIO pins. The mode of a GPIO pin
can be set to input, output, alternate function, or
analog input.
GPIOx_OTYPER: This SFR is used to configure the
output type of the GPIO pins. The output type of
a GPIO pin can be set to push-pull or open-drain.
GPIOx_OSPEEDR: This SFR is used to configure
the output speed of the GPIO pins. The output
speed of a GPIO pin can be set to low speed,
medium speed, or high speed.
GPIOx_PUPDR: This SFR is used to configure the
pull-up/pull-down resistor of the GPIO pins. The
pull-up/pull-down resistor of a GPIO pin can be
set to pull-up, pull-down, or no pull-up/pull-
down.
GPIOx_IDR: This SFR is used to read the input
data of the GPIO pins.
GPIOx_ODR: This SFR is used to write data to the
output pins.
GPIOx_AFR[0:1]: These SFRs are used to
configure the alternate function of the GPIO
pins. The alternate function of a GPIO pin can be
set to a variety of peripherals, such as UART, SPI,
I2C, and CAN.
GPIOx_BSRR: This SFR is used to clear the output
data of the GPIO pins.

Q.18 Write algorithm/flowchart to transmit

serially. ‘NUMBER’ on hyper terminal using
UART of STM32F4xx.
1. Initialize the UART peripheral.
2. Set the baudrate of the UART to 9600.
UNIT – 6
Q.1 Advantages & Disadvantages of ultrasonic
proximity sensor
ADVANTAGES- 1) Ultrasonic proximity sensors
are not affected by atmospheric dust, snow,
rain..etc 2) Can work in adverse conditions
3)Sensing distance is more compared to
inductive or capacitive proximity sensors. 4) Can
measure distance to objects in all weather
conditions. 5) Can measure distance to objects
over a wide range. 6) Ultrasonic sensors are
relatively inexpensive.
DISADVANTAGES1) Ultrasonic sensors Has
More Difficulties Reading Reflections From Soft,
Curved, Thin Or Small Objects. 2) Ultrasonic
sensors can be affected by noise. 3)Ultrasonic
sensors can be slow to respond. 4)Not suitable
for measuring distance to transparent objects.
Q.2 Explain CAN bus & its application.
CAN is a communication protocol that connects
all devices can communicate with each other.
CAN stands for ControllerArea Network. This
technology developed by Bosch Automotive
company to reduce cabling loads and make
systems separates from each other. Because if
there is a problem in any sensor, this problem
will harm all system. The development of CAN
began when more and more electronic devices
were implemented into modern motor vehicles.
Examples include engine management
systems, ABS, gear control, lighting control, air
conditioning, and airbags. All this means more
safety and more comfort. This was usually done
by point to point wiring. The requirement is that
a cable network with a length of up to several
miles. High speed, real-time communication,
Error detecting mechanism and retransmission
of faulty massages.
APPLICATIONS –
Automotive: CAN bus is used in most modern
vehicles to communicate between electronic
control units (ECUs).
Industrial automation: CAN bus is used in
industrial automation to communicate between
sensors, actuators, and controllers.
Medical devices: CAN bus is used in medical
devices to communicate between different
components.
Building automation: CAN bus is used in building
automation to communicate between sensors,
actuators, and controllers.
Transportation: CAN bus is used in
transportation systems, such as trains and buses,
to communicate between different components.
Features of CAN-
1)11 or 29 bit ID and from zero to 8 data bytes.
These attributes can be dynamically changed “on
the fly”. 2. Peer to Peer network. Every node can
see all messages from all other nodes but it
normally can’t see its own. 3. Nodes are really
easy to add. Just attach one to the network with
two wires plus a ground. 4. Higher priority
messages are sent. The lower ID has a higher
priority. 5. Automatic retransmission of
defective frames. A node will “bus-off” if it
causes too many errors. 6. Speeds from
approximately 10 Kbps to 1 Mbps. TIP:All nodes
must operate at the same frequency.
The CAN Frame—
The CAN frame has many fields but we can
simplify this to a Programming Model as shown.
These fields are accessed by your software
through the CAN controller registers. The
configuration registers are not included here. 
IDE: Identifier Extension: 1 bit - specifies if the ID
field to be transmitted is 11 or 29 bits:  If IDE =
0, then the ID is 11 bits. If IDE = 1, then the ID is
29 bits  ID: Identifier: 11 or 29 bits as set by the
IDE field. This part of the CAN frame sets the
priority.  DLC: Data Length Code: 4 bits -
specifies number of data bytes in the frame from
0 through 8.  Data Bytes: 0 through 8 bytes
SOF – Start of Frame, Identifier – Tells the
content of message and priority, RTR – Remote
Transmission Request, DLC – Data Length Code,
CRC – “Cyclic Redundant Check” sum, IDE –
Identifier extension, Data – holds up to 8 bytes
of data, ACK –Acknowledge, EOF – End of
Frame, IFS –intermission Frame Space.
The sequence of transmitting and receiving a
character on CAN bus :
1)The sender node prepares the message to be
sent. This includes setting the message header
and the data payload. 2)The sender node
transmits the message on the bus. 3)All nodes on
the bus receive the message. 4)The receiver
node checks the message header to see if it is
intended for it. 5)If the message is intended for
the receiver node, it decodes the data payload.
5) The receiver node acknowledges the message
to the sender node.
Q.3 Draw and Explain interfacing diagram of
STM32F4XX with accelerometer MPU 6050.
Accelerometers • When the object it's
integrated into goes from a standstill to any
velocity, the accelerometer is designed to
respond to the vibrations associated with such
movement. • Gyroscopes can produce a better
estimate of orientation than obtained using
accelerometer data alone. • Digital
accelerometers give information using a serial
protocol like I2C , SPI or USART.
MPU-6050 • The MPU 6050 is the world’s first
integrated 6- axis Motion Tracking device • It
combines a 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis
accelerometer, and a Digital Motion Processor™
(DMP) all in a small 4x4x0.9mm package. • It uses
a standard I2C bus for data transmission. – With
it’s I2C bus, it can accepts inputs from an
external 3-axis compass to provide a complete 9-
axis Motion Fusion output. • The objective is to
measure Tilt Angle using MPU6050 &
STM32F4XX Microcontroller by simply
interfacing MPU6050 6 axis Gyro/Accelerometer
Sensor with STM32. • The Accelerometer sends
X, Y, and Z acceleration forces. We need to
convert the forces into X, Y, Z 3D angle to
determine the 3D Orientation of the sensor. •
The gyroscope measures rotational velocity or
rate of change of the angular position over time,
along the X, Y and Z-axis. The sensor uses the I2C-
bus to interface with the STM32F4XX
Microcontroller.
Algorithm for interfacing MPU 6050
1.Include Header files. 2. Configure System Clock
3. Initialize SPI Bus SFR Registers. 4. Initialize/
Configure GPIO Pins. 5. Read the X, Y and Z
parameters from MPU 6050. 6. Display it in
variable or Serial Terminal.
Q.4 Draw and explain an interfacing of
STM32F4xx with Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04.
To interface an ultrasonic sensor, the HC-SR04
with the CortexM4 based micro-controller, we
are reading and writing individual bits of some
registers present on the micro-controller known
as Special Function Registers (SFRs). Now, these
acoustic bursts sent out by the transmitter of the
sensor module travel at the rate of 340m/s in air.
To calculate the distance we will be using simple,
Distance = Speed x Time formula
In this formula, the time taken by the receiver to
receive the signal back is divided by 2, since the
total time includes the time required by the
signal to travel both to and back from the object.
Clock default. on the STM32F407 runs on a
frequency of 16MHz by So, time is given as
0.0625 micro-seconds which is 1/16MHz. Finally,
the distance in cm can be calculated by,
Time = ((Clock Cycles x 0.0625 x 0.000001)/2)
Distance = (340*100)xTime
Algorithm for interfacing HCSR 04
1.Include Header files. 2. Configure System Clock
3. Initialize Timers through SFR Registers. 4.
Initialize/ Configure GPIO Pins. 5. Send the
trigger pulse. 6. Wait for echo pulse. 7. Calculate
from time and formula. 8. Display it in variable or
Serial Terminal.
Q.5 Explain how PWM of STM32F4xx used to
control the speed of DC motor.
 PWM signal is a modulated digital logic (0 and
1). PWM signal have a duty cycle. Duty cycle is
measured in percentage.  PWM signal that has
100% duty cycle would be the same as setting to
fully on. 0% duty cycle would be the same as
ground. Duty cycle in between 0% and 100% are
illustrated on these graphics
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a technique
for generating analog voltage (average value) by
using microcontroller's digital outputs. PWM is
used in DC motor speed control, servo motor
control, dimming LED, audio generation and
many more.
To generate PWM with STM32F4, we can use
timer.  Timer can count from 0 to a given value
and triggering some events.  When the timer
counter reach 0, max, or compared value, the
output channel value can be changed to create a
PWM signal.  First, we have to setting the timer
on STM32F4. We will use TIM4 because the
output channel (TIM4_CH1) is connected to
PD12 (green LED) that we want to control the
brightness.
Q.5 Explain how PWM of STM32F4xx used to
control the diretion of DC motor.
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) can be used to
control the direction of a DC motor by changing
the polarity of the PWM signal. The polarity of
the PWM signal refers to whether the signal is
positive or negative. A positive polarity signal will
cause the motor to rotate in one direction, and a
negative polarity signal will cause the motor to
rotate in the opposite direction.
To control the direction of a DC motor using
PWM
Configure the PWM peripheral to generate a
square wave signal with a variable duty cycle.
Connect the PWM output to the motor.
Reverse the polarity of the PWM signal to change
the direction of the motor.
Q.6 Write an algorithm to rotate the motor in
clockwise direction using PWM of STM32F4xx.
1. START
2. Initialize the PWM peripheral.
3. Set the PWM frequency to 100 Hz.
4. Set the PWM duty cycle to 50%.
5. Connect the PWM output to the motor.
6. Start the PWM signal.
7. Wait for 5 seconds.
8. Stop the PWM signal.
9. END
Q.7 Write an algorithm to rotate the motor in
Anticlockwise direction using PWM of
STM32F4xx.
1. START
2. Initialize the PWM peripheral.
3. Set the PWM frequency to 100 Hz.
4. Set the PWM duty cycle to 50%.
5. Reverse the polarity of the PWM signal.
6. Start the PWM signal.
7. Wait for 5 seconds.
8. Stop the PWM signal.
9. END
Q.8 Explain MPU 6050
• The MPU 6050 is the world’s first integrated 6-
axis Motion Tracking device • It combines a 3-
axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, and a
Digital Motion Processor™ (DMP) all in a small
4x4x0.9mm package. • It uses a standard I2C bus
for data transmission. – With it’s I2C bus, it can
accepts inputs from an external 3-axis compass
to provide a complete 9-axis Motion Fusion
output.
• The objective is to measure Tilt Angle using
MPU6050 & STM32F4XX Microcontroller by
simply interfacing MPU6050 6 axis
Gyro/Accelerometer Sensor with STM32. • The
Accelerometer sends X, Y, and Z acceleration
forces. We need to convert the forces into X, Y, Z
3D angle to determine the 3D Orientation of the
sensor. • The gyroscope measures rotational
velocity or rate of change of the angular position
over time, along the X, Y and Z-axis. The sensor
uses the I2C-bus to interface with the
STM32F4XX Microcontroller.
• The MPU 6050 Module is Micro Electro
Mechanical System (MEMS) which consists of a 3
axis accelerometer and a 3 axis Gyroscope inside
it. • This helps to measure acceleration, Velocity
, orientation, displacement and many other
motion related parameters of a system or object.
Q.9 The Pinout of MPU 6050
INT: Interrupt digital output pin. AD0: I2C Slave
Address LSB pin. This is 0th bit in 7-bit slave
address of device. XCL: Auxiliary Serial Clock pin.
used to connect other I2C interface XDA:
Auxiliary Serial Data pin. SCL: Serial Clock pin.
Connect this pin to controllers SCL pin. SDA:
Serial Data pin. Connect this pin to controllers
SDA pin. GND: Ground pin. Connect this pin t
9oground connection.
Q.10 pin configruration of HCSR 04
As shown in the timing diagram, , we will need to
send a 10-microsecond pulse to the Trig pin of
the sensor and detect the pulse width of the
pulse sent from the Echo pin of the module.
Firstly to generate a pulse we will set PA5 low
for some time and then set it to high for the
desired duration of pulse which happens to be
10 microseconds in this case and then set to PA5
low again. Next, to detect the pulse coming in
from the Echo pin, we will configure PA6 as an
input pin and continuously monitor it for the
duration of time it remains high.
Q.11 Network Topology of CAN
 CAN is a broadcast system. Any node can
“broadcast” a message using a CAN frame on a
bus. Multiple controllers tend to start their
messages at the same time.  Every node will
see this message. A “message” can be
considered the same as a CAN frame until you
need to use more than one frame to send a long
message
 This transceiver IC1 connects to the STM32
microprocessor IC2 which contains an integral
CAN controller via two pins: D (Driver input) and
R (Receiver output).  The corresponding
nomenclature on the STM32 is CAN Rx and CAN
Tx. CAN Tx connects to D. CAN Rx connects to R.
Compare ARM Cortex A, M and R
Parameters Cortex A Cortex R Cortex M
Performance Highest Very good Medium
Response time Very good Best Medium
Power Consumption 80µW/MHz 120µW/MHz 8µW/MHz
Processor Application based RTOS based Embedded system
based
Pipeline Long pipeline Medium pipeline Short pipeline
Clock High High Less Relative
Memory Cache memory with Cache memory + Cache memory with
more size tightly coupled less size
memory
ISA ARM ARM Thumb

Compare ARM cortex M3 with ARM7TDMI.

Parameters ARM7TDMI cortex M3
Architecture ARMv4T (von Neumann) ARMv7 –M (Hardvard)
ISA support Thumb / ARM Thumb
Pipeline 3 - stage 3 – stage + branch
speculation
Interrupts FIQ / IRQ NIM + 1 to 240 physical
interrupts
Interrupt latency 24 – 42 cycles 12 cycles
Sleep modes None Integrated
Memory protection None 8 region memory protection
unit
Dhrystone 0.95 DMIPS / MHz 1.25 DMIPS / MHz
Power consumption 0.28 mW/MHz 0.86 mW/MHz

Compare ARM Cortex M3 with ARM cortex M4 and M0

Parameters Cortex M0 Cortex M3 cortex M4
Architecture version V6M V7M V7ME
Bus interface 1 3 3
DMIPS/ MHz 0.9 1.25 1.25
Maximum no. of 32 240 480
interrupts
Power consumption Low Moderate High
Cost Low Moderate High
Floating point unit No Optional optional
(FPU)
Clock speed Up to 48 MHz Up to 120 MHz Up to 168 MHz
block diagram of STM32F4xx