Strength of Materials 1st Edition R.K.

Kaushik
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/strength-of-materials-1st-edition-r-k-kaushik/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Strength of Materials 2nd Edition Dr. R.K. Kaushik

https://ebookmeta.com/product/strength-of-materials-2nd-edition-
dr-r-k-kaushik/

Strength of Materials 19th Edition S. Ramamrutham And

R. Narayanan

https://ebookmeta.com/product/strength-of-materials-19th-edition-
s-ramamrutham-and-r-narayanan/

Engineering Mechanics 2: Strength of Materials: An

introduction with many examples 1st Edition Christian
Mittelstedt

https://ebookmeta.com/product/engineering-mechanics-2-strength-
of-materials-an-introduction-with-many-examples-1st-edition-
christian-mittelstedt/

Nanomaterials in the Battle Against Pathogens and

Disease Vectors (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
1st Edition Kaushik Pal (Editor)

https://ebookmeta.com/product/nanomaterials-in-the-battle-
against-pathogens-and-disease-vectors-emerging-materials-and-
technologies-1st-edition-kaushik-pal-editor/
Statistical Mechanics: Fourth Edition R.K. Pathria

https://ebookmeta.com/product/statistical-mechanics-fourth-
edition-r-k-pathria/

Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures Using

High-Strength Materials (Woodhead Publishing Series in
Civil and Structural Engineering) 1st Edition Richard
Liew
https://ebookmeta.com/product/design-of-steel-concrete-composite-
structures-using-high-strength-materials-woodhead-publishing-
series-in-civil-and-structural-engineering-1st-edition-richard-
liew/

CNC Programming for Machining 1st Edition Kaushik Kumar

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cnc-programming-for-machining-1st-
edition-kaushik-kumar/

Introduction to Advanced Electrodynamics 1st Edition

Kaushik Bhattacharya

https://ebookmeta.com/product/introduction-to-advanced-
electrodynamics-1st-edition-kaushik-bhattacharya/

Thermal Engineering 10th Edition Er. R.K. Rajput

https://ebookmeta.com/product/thermal-engineering-10th-edition-
er-r-k-rajput/
 Strength of Materials

Dr. R.K. Kaushik

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Gangs Institute of Technology & Management
Kablana, Dist. Jhajjar (Haryana), India

gl

I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

NEW DELHI
Published by
I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
5-25, Green Park Extension
Uphaar Cinema Market
New Delhi-110 016 (india)
E-mail: info@ikinternational.com
Website: www.ikbooks.com

ISBN: 978 93-84588 43-4

© 2016 I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher.

Published by Krishan Makhijani for I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 5-25,
Green Park Extension, Uphaar Cinema Market, New Delhi-110 016 and Printed by Rekha
Printers Pvt. Ltd., Okhla industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi-110 020.
Dedicated to my wife dear Saroj Gaur Kaushik
 Preface

Though in my 48 years experience, 28 years is in MNC ABB (earlier Taylor), but for 20
years I taught various subjects to Higher Diploma (equivalent to B.Tech, Mech), B.Tech
subjects. Strength of Materials, Material Science and Machine Design (Mech) have been
my favourite subjects.
This book covers the syllabuses of most universities of B.Tech as well as Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering. Enough solved examples and problems for exercise are given in
the book.
I wish to express my special thanks to my wife Saroj Gaur Kaushik who assisted me a
lot during preparation of the book.
I request students and teachers to point out mistakes, if any to give me opportunity to
correct the same in next edition.

R.K. Kaushik
 Contents

Preface vii
1. Introduction
2. Stress and Strains 4
Stress 4
Deformation of a Body Due to Self Weight 11
Extension of Tapered Rectangular Strip 17
Bar of Uniform Strength 20
Exercise 26
3. Temperature Stress and Strain 29
Composite Tube or Bar 30
Thermal Stresses in a Bar of Tapering Section 32
Exercise 38
4. Elastic Constants 40
Relation between Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity 43
Relation between Modulus of Elasticity and Bulk Modulus 44
Exercise 45
5. Principal Stresses and Strains 47
Stresses on a Oblique Section 47
Material Subjected to Two Perpendicular Stresses 50
Material Subjected to Shear Stresses 54
Material Subjected to Direct and Shear Stresses 55
Graphical Method (Mohr's Circle of Stresses) 59
Graphical (Mohr's) Method 69
Exercise 77
6. Shearing Force and Bending Moment 79
Shearing Force 79
Bending Moment 80
x • Contents

Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 82

Cantilevers 89
Exercise 94
7. Centre of Gravity 97
Centroid for Plane Figures 97
Centre of Gravity for Solid Bodies 99
Centroid of Different Sections 101
Exercise 106
8. Moment of Inertia 111
Rectangular Section 111
Radius of Gyration 112
Theorem of Parallel Axis 113
Theorem of the Perpendicular Axis 113
Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Rectangular Section 114
Moment of Inertia of a Circular Section 114
Moment of Inertia of a Triangle 115
Moment of Inertia of Semi-circular Lamina about its Centroidal Axis 116
Product of Inertia of Rectangle 122
Exercise 122
9. Bending of Beams 125
Relationship Between Curvature and Strain 125
Moment of Resistance 126
Modulus of Section 128
Beams of Uniform Strength 136
Composite Beams or Flitched Beams 138
Combined Bending and Direct Stresses 142
Conditions for No Tension in the Section 146
Exercise 151
10. Shear Stresses in Beams 157
(A) Shear Stress Distribution for Beam of Rectangular Section 159
(B) Shear Stress Distribution of a Solid Circular Section 160
(C) Shear Stress Distribution in an I Section 162
Exercise 170
11. Torsion 175
Assumptions 175
Torsional Moment of Resistance 176
Twist of the Shaft 182
Composite Shaft 185
Twisting Beyond the Limit of Proportionality 185
 Contents • xi

Torsion of a Tapering Shaft 187

Thin Circular Tube Subjected to Torsion 190
Exercise 193
12. Thin Cylindrical and Spherical Shells 196
(i) Hoop Stress or Circumferential Stress 196
(ii) Longitudinal Stress 197
Change in Volume 198
Wire-Bound Thin Cylindrical Shells 205
Exercise 212
13. Thick Cylinders and Spheres 214
Solid Circular Shaft Subjected to External Pressure 219
Thick Spherical Shells 229
Exercise 231
14. Deflection of Beams 234
Relation between Slope, Deflection and Radius of Curvature 234
(A) Double Integration Method 235
(B) Macaulay's Method 251
(C) Moment Area Method 259
(D) Conjugate Beam Method 266
(E) Superposition Method 277
(F) Strain Energy Method 278
Props 285
Exercise 286
15. Strain Energy, Impact Loading and Deflection Due to Bending 291
(A) Strain Energy Stored in a Body When the Load is Gradually Applied 291
(B) Suddenly Applied Load 292
(C) Strain Energy Stored in a Body, When the Load is Applied with Impact 294
Strain Energy in Pure Shearing 305
Strain Energy in Torsion 306
Strain Energy Due to Bending 307
Maxwell's Reciprocal Theorem 311
Beth's Theorem of Reciprocal Deflections 312
Exercise 318
16. Theories of Elastic Failure 320
1. Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine's Theory) 320
2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest or Teresa's Theory) 321
3. Maximum Principal Strain Theory (St. Venant's Theory) 322
an • Contents

4. Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Haigh's Theory) 323

5. Maximum Shear Strain Energy Theory (Von Mises and Henkey's Theory) 324
Exercise 339
17. Combined Stresses (Direct, Bending, Torsion) 342
Combined Bending and Twisting 343
Exercise 355
18. Fixed Beams 357
Fixed Beam with a Point Load at the Centre 357
Fixed Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load Over the Span 359
By Area Moment Method 361
Deflection for a Fixed Beam with Concentrated Load Anywhere
on the Span 362
Exercise 375
19. Continuous Beams 377
Clapeyron's Equation of Three Moments 377
Exercise 387
20. Springs 388
Wahl's Correction Factor 390
Close-coiled Helical Spring with Axial Couple 391
Springs in Series and Parallel 396
Open-coiled Helical Spring 402
Composite Action of Axial Load and Couple 404
Flat Spiral Spring 405
Leaf, Laminated or Carriage Springs or Semi-elliptic Spring 408
Quarter-Elliptic Leaf Spring 410
Exercise 421
21. Columns and Struts 424
(a) Both Ends Hinged 426
(b) Column with One End Fixed and the Other Free 427
(c) Both Ends Fixed 428
(d) One End Fixed, Other End Hinged 429
Limitation for the Use of Euler's Theory 437
Rankine's Formula 438
Columns Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Secant Formula) 446
Perry's Formula for Eccentrically Loaded Column 449
Exercise 452
 Contents • xiii

22. Bending of Curved Bars 456

Beams with Large Radius of Curvature (or Small Curvature) 456
Beam with Small Initial Radius of Curvature (or Large Curvature) 459
Rectangular Section 464
Circular Section 464
Triangular Section 465
Trapezoidal Section 466
Stress in a Chain Link 484
Exercise 488
23. Unsymmetrical Bending 491
Determination of Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia 492
Beam with Unsymmetrical Bending Moment 493
Momenta] Ellipse 495
Deflection of Beams due to Unsymmetrical Bending 496
Method for Finding Bending Stream is Unsymmetrical Bending 497
Shear Centre for Channel Section 508
Exercise 516
24. Rotating Discs and Cylinders 520
Rotating Ring 520
Rotating Disc of Constant Thickness 524
Solid Disc 526
Hollow Disc 527
Rotating Long Cylinder 542
Solid Cylinder 545
Disc of Uniform Strength 554
Exercise 557
25. Frameworks 559
Bow's Notation for Graphical Solution 560
The Method of Sections 580
Exercise 587
26. Dams 591
Rectangular Dams 591
Trapezoidal Dams with Water Face Vertical 596
Rule of Middle Third 599
Trapezoidal Dams with Water Face Inclined 603
Exercise 608
 C HAPTER 2
STRESS AND STRAINS

Stress
Stress can be classified broadly in three types as described below:

dl
1. Tensile stress: It is illustrated in Fig. 2.1
where a tensile load W is applied to a uni- W
form rod fixed at one end. Figure 2.1

W W
Tensile stress, σ = =
Cross-sectional area of rod A

unit is N/mm2 or MN/m2 , σ (Greek letter sigma).

2. Compressive stress: As shown in Fig. 2.2 W

when load W tends to compress a rod
of cross-section area A, then compressive
W
stress = .
A

Figure 2.2
3. Shear stress: If two plates are joined
together with rivet as shown in Fig. 2.3.
F
The stress in rivet is known as shear stress,
it is denoted by τ (Greek letter tau), shear F
F
stress in rivet, τ = .
A Figure 2.3
6 • Strength of Materials

It may be noted that point A is the limit of proportionality and B is the elastic limit. Between point
A and B it is a curve thus not linear relationship. Therefore, actually E is constant within the limit
of proportionality, though in Hooke’s law, we had mentioned, within ‘elastic limit’, because A and
B are very close to each other. Let us name the important points on the graph:
A: Limit of proportionality
B: Elastic limit: It may be noted that on removal of load up to elastic limits, specimen comes
back to its original dimension.
C: Higher yield point: This is the point where yielding of the material begins.
C� : Lower yield point: The stress associated with the lower yield point is known as yield strength.
D: Maximum stress: Here the stress is maximum because due to plastic behaviour of the mate-
rial, area of cross section is very low.
E: Point of fracture: At this point ‘waisting occurs’ as shown in Fig. 2.5.

Cone
Waisting
Cap

Figure 2.5

If the material is loaded beyond the elastic limit and then load is removed, a permanent extension
remains, called permanent set.
Proof Stress: For engineering purposes it is desirable to know the stress to which a highly
ductile material such as aluminium can be loaded safely before a permanent extension takes place.
This stress is known as the proof stress or offset stress and is defined as the stress at which
a specified permanent extension has taken place in the tensile test. Proof stress is found from the
stress-strain curve as given in Fig. 2.6. The extension specified is usually 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 per cent of
gauge length.

0.1%
Proof
stress
Stress

0 0.001 Strain

Figure 2.6
 Stress and Strains • 7

The proof stress here is found on the basis of 0.1 per cent strain.
Procedure: Draw a line parallel to the initial slope of the curve. The stress at the point where this
line cuts the curve is the 0.1% proo f stress. The 0.2 per cent proof stress is also found in the same
manner.
Note: Though we define Hooke’s law to be taken without elastic limit, but strictly speaking it is
applicable up to the point of proportionality B in Fig. 2.4.
Brittle Materials: Fig. 2.6 shows that the stress-strain graph for brittle materials such as cast iron.
The metal is almost elastic and up to fracture but does not obey Hooke’s law. A material such as
this which has little plasticity or ductility and does not neck down before fracture is termed ‘brittle’.
The modulus of elasticity for cast iron is not constant but depends on the portion of the curve from
which it is calculated.

Fracture

Stress

Strain

Figure 2.7 Cast iron in tension

The following table is very useful for mechanical properties:

Percentage Yield stress 0.1% proof stress Ultimate tensile stress

Material elongation MN/m2 MN/m2 MN/m2

Copper annealed 60 − 60 220

Copper hard 4 − 320 400
Aluminium soft 35 − 30 90
Aluminium hard 5 − 140 150
Black mild steel 25–26
Bright mild steel 14–17
⎧ Structural steel 20 220–250 − 430–500
⎪
⎪
⎪ Cast iron −
⎨
Spheroidal
⎪
⎪ Graphite
⎪
⎩ Cast iron (annealed) − − − 280–340
Stainless steel 60 230 – 600
8 • Strength of Materials

stress
Now E =
strain
Let F, L, A, dl be the force, length, area of cross section, and extension or contraction
respectively,
F.L
then E =
A.dl
E XAMPLE 2.1: A bar of mild steel has an overall length of 2.1 m. The diameter up to 700 mm
length is 56 mm, the diameter of the remaining 1.4 m is 35 mm. Calculate the extension of the bar
due to a tensile load of 55 kN.
E = 200 GN/m2 .

S OLUTION :
∴ Remember 1 GN/m2 = 1 kN/mm2
E = 200 kN/mm2
∴
Fl F.l
We know E = ∴ dl =
Adl A.E
Therefore, for portion of 700 mm,

55000 × 700 × 7 × 4 5
the extension dl1 = = mm = 0.0178 mm
200000 × 22 × 56 × 56 64

Now dl2 for 1400 mm length of 35 mm dia,

55000 × 1400 × 7 × 4
dl2 = = 0.4 mm
200000 × 22 × 35 × 35
Total extension = dl1 + dl2 = 0.0178 + 0.4 = 0.4178 mm

Compound bars: When two or more materials (members) are rigidly fixed together so that they
share the same load and extend or compress by same amount, the two members form compound
bar. Let us say that in Fig. 2.7 we have to find stress in each material and amount of compression.
P Material A
of ES
Let the outer tube of material A has outside
dia as d1 and inside dia as d2 and inner tube of
material B has outside dia as d3 and inside dia
as d4 . Both ends are joined rigidly to make com-
Material B
l of EB pound bar of length l.

Figure 2.8
10 • Strength of Materials

Hence, d 2 = 5630 mm2

or d = 75 mm

E XAMPLE 2.3: A steel bar of 20 mm diameter and 400 mm long is placed concentrically inside
a gunmetal tube (Fig. 2.9). The tube has inside diameter 22 mm and thickness 4 mm. The length of
the tube exceeds the length of the steel bar by 0.12 mm. Rigid plates are placed on the compound
assembly. Find: a) the load which will just make tube and bar of same length and b) the stresses in
the steel and gunmetal when a load of 50 kN is applied. E for steel = 213 GN/m2 , E for gunmetal =
100 GN/m2 .

S OLUTION :

0.12 mm π
Area of gunmetal tube, Ag = (0.032 − 0.0222 )
4
= 0.000327 m2
π
Area of steel bar As = (0.02)2 = 0.0003142 m2
4

Figure 2.9

a) For tube to compress 0.12 mm:

0.12
strain = = 0.0003, Let σ1 be the stress in the tube
400
σ1 σ1
= 0.0003, = 0.0003
Eg 100
∴ σ1 = 0.0003 × 100 = 0.03 GN/m2 = 30000 kN/m2
Hence, load = 30000 × 0.000327 = 9.81 kN

b) Load available to compress bar and tube as a compound bar is given by, let σ2 be the addi-
tional stress produced in the gunmetal tube due to this load and σs be the corresponding stress
in the steel bar, then

Load on compound bar = 50 − 9.81 = 40.19 kN

P = σ2 Ag + σs As
40.19 = σ2 × 0.000327 + σ3 × 0.0003142 (i)
 Stress and Strains • 11

Also
σ2 σs 100
= , ∴ σ2 = σs (ii)
Eg Es 2100
From Eqns. (i) and (ii)

σ2 = 40, 600 kN/m2 = 40.6 MN/m2

σs = 85300 kN/m2 = 85.3 MN/m2
Final stress in gunmetal = σ1 + σ2
= 40600 + 30000 = 70, 600 kN/m2
= 70.6 MN/m2

Deformation of a Body Due to Self Weight

B Let us consider a bar AB which is hanging freely under its

own weight (see Fig. 2.10)
l dx
Let w = specific weight of the bar material
x Now consider a small section dx at a distance x from A.
A
Weight of the bar for a length = w× volume
Figure 2.10
= wAx (A is cross section of the bar)

Now elongation of the elementry length dx due to weight of the bar for length x, (wAx)
pl (wAx) dx wx.dx
= = =
A.E A.E E
l l
wxdx w
Total elongation = = x.dx
E E
0 0
 2 l
w x
=
E 2 0

wl 2
∴ elongation, dl =
2E

Because total weight of bar, W = wA.l.

wAl.l
Now elongation dl can be written as
2AE
Wl
Hence, dl =
2AE
12 • Strength of Materials

This result also proves that the extension due to own weight is half if same weight is applied at
the end (of course neglecting extension due to self weight).

E XAMPLE 2.4: A steel bar ABC 18 m long is having cross-sectional area 4 mm2 weighs 22.5 N
(Refer Fig. 2.11). If modulus of elasticity of wire is 210 GN/m2 , find the deflections at C and B.

A Deflection at C due to self weight of wire AC = dlc

9m Wl 22.5 × 18000
dlc = = = 0.241 mm
2AE 2 × 4 × 210000
B Deflection at B:
Now deflection at B is due to two reasons: i) due to self
9m weight of AB and ii) due to weight of BC.

C W /2 × l/2 W /2 × l/2
dlB = +
Figure 2.11 2AE A.E
 
W /2 × l/2 1
∴ dlB = +1
AE 2
22.5 × 9000
= (1.5) = 0.181 mm
2 × 4 × 210000

Sometimes a machine member is a acted upon by a number of forces, some acting at outer edges
while some are acting inside the body. In such cases in order to find out the total extension or
contraction, the principle of superposition is applied. This has been very well made clear by the
following examples:

E XAMPLE 2.5: A steel bar ABC of 400 mm length and 20 mm diameter is subjected to a point
load as shown in Fig. 2.12. Determine the total change in the length of bar. Take E = 200 GPa.

A B C

60 kN 20 kN 40 kN

200 mm 200 mm

Figure 2.12
 Stress and Strains • 13

S OLUTION :
For simplification split it into two parts as under:

A C
40 kN 40 kN

400 mm

A B C
20 kN 20 kN Pl
δ=
AE
200 mm

π
A= (20)2 = 314 mm2
4
40 × 103 × 400
δAC = = 0.255 mm
314 × 200000
20 × 103 × 200
δAB = = 0.064 mm
314 × 200000
Total δ = 0.255 + 0.064 = 0.319 mm Ans.

E XAMPLE 2.6: A copper rod ABCD of 800 mm2 cross-sectional area and 7.5 m long is subjected
to forces as shown in Fig. 2.13. Find the total elongation of the bar. Take E = 100 GPa

3.5 m 1.5 m 2.5 m

A B C D
40 kN 30 kN 20 kN 50 kN

3.5 m 1.5 m 2.5 m

S OLUTION :
Splitting into three figures as shown below:

A D
40 kN 40 kN
7.5 m
B C
20 kN 20 kN
1.5 m
B D
10 kN 10 kN
4m

Figure 2.13
 Stress and Strains • 15

π d �2 π
Hence, cross-sectional area at distance x from larger end A� = = (d1 − kx)2
4 4
P 4P
Stress at this section, σ� = =
A � π (d1 − kx)2
σ� 4P
∴ Strain = ε � = =
E π E(d1 − kx)2

4P dx
Extension of elementary length dx = ε � dx =
π E(d1 − kx)2

l  l
4P dx 4P (dl − kx)−1
Total extention of the bar = δ = =
πE (d1 − kx)2 π E −1 × −k o
0

 l
4P 1
=
π Ek d1 − kx 0
 
4P 1 1 d1 − d2
= − but k =
π Ek d1 − kl d1 l
 
4P 1 1
∴ = −
π E(d1 − d2 ) d1 − d1 + d2 d1
 
4Pl 1 1
= −
π E(d1 − d2 ) d2 d1

4Pl d1 − d2
= ·
π E(d1 − d2 ) d1 d2

4Pl
∴ δ=
π Ed1 d2

If both the diameters are equal to d.

4Pl
Then δ=
π Ed 2

E XAMPLE 2.7: A round steel rod of different cross-sections is loaded as shown in Fig. 2.15. Find
the maximum stress induced in the rod and its deformations. Take E = 210 GPa.
 Stress and Strains • 17

Extension of Tapered Rectangular Strip

P a P b

x dx
x
t

Figure 2.16

Consider any section x − x distant x from the bigger end

Width of the section = t

P
∴ Area of the section =
t(a − kx)
Pdx
∴ Extension of an elemental length dx =
t(a − kx)E
l
P dx
∴ Total extension of the rod = δ =
tE a − kx
0

P 1
=− · − loge [(a − kx)]l0
tE k
P
= − [loge (a − kl) − loge a]
tE
 
P a
=
tkE a − k
a−b
But k=
l
P.l a
δ= log e
Et(a − b) b
18 • Strength of Materials

E XAMPLE 2.8: A straight bar of steel rectangular in section is 3 m long and of thickness of 12 mm.
The width of rod varies uniformly from 110 mm or one end to 35 mm at the other end. If the rod is
subjected to an axial load (tensile) of 25 kN, find the extension of the rod. Take E = 200000 N/mm2 .

Pl a
Extension of the rod, δ = log e
Et(a − b) b
P = 25000 N, l = 3000 mm, t = 12 mm

a = 110 mm, ab = 35 mm & E = 200000 N/mm2

25000 × 3000 110
∴ δ= 5
loge
2 × 10 × 12(110 − 35) 35
25000 × 3000
= × 1.1452
2 × 105 × 12 × 75
= 0.477 mm Ans

E XAMPLE 2.9: A rigid bar AB is attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. 2.17 is horizontal
before the load is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if it is of magnitude 60 kN.

Steel

Aluminium
For aluminium C For steel
L=3m A B L=4m
A = 500 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 75 GPa E = 210 GPa
3.5 m 2.5 m

60 kN

Figure 2.17
 Stress and Strains • 19

S OLUTION :
For Al, ∑ MB = 0, 6PAl = 2.5 × 60

2.5 × 60
∴ PA = = 25 kN = 25000 N
6
PL 25000 × 3000
δAl = = = 2 mm
A.E 500 × 75000

For steel ∑ MA = 0 gives

Pst = 3.5 × 60
3.5 × 60
Pst = = 35 kN
6
35000 × 4 × 1000
σST = = 2.33 mm
300 × 200000

A C B

2 mm
C1 B1
2.33 mm
A1 Y
C2
B2

Figure 2.18

Now from similar triangles A1 C1 C2 and A1 , B1 , B2

Y B1 B2 Y 2.33 − 2
= ; =
A1C1 A1 B1 3.5 6
∴ Y = 0.1925 mm

Now vertical movement of

P = CC2
= CC1 +Y
= 2 + 0.1925 = 2.1995 mm Ans
20 • Strength of Materials

Bar of Uniform Strength

As we have seen earlier that the stress due to self weight is not constant. It increases with the
increase of distance from the lower end.
We wish to find the shape of the bar of which the self weight is considered and is having uniform
stress on all sections when subjected to an axial P. Figure 2.19 shows such a bar of uniform stress
in which the area increases from the lower end to the upper end.

Area A1

σ(A+dA)
Area A1
A dA

dx L

A
x
σA+wAdx
A2

Area A2

P
(a) (b)

Figure 2.19

Let L be the length of bar, having area A1 , and area A2 be cross-sectional areas of the bar at top
and bottom, respectively.
Let w be the specific weight of the bar material (1.2. weight per unit volume of the bar).
The forces acting on the elementary stripe are:
i) Weight of the strip acting downward and is equal to w× volume of strip.
ii) Force on section AB due to uniform stress is equal to σ × A. This is acting downward. A is
area of elementary stripe.
iii) Force on section CD due to uniform (σ ) is equal to σ (A + dA). This is acting upwards.

Total force acting upwards = Total force acting downwards

σ (A + dA) = σ × A + wA dx
σA + σ dA = σ A + wA.dx
dA w
or = dx
A σ
22 • Strength of Materials

Using equation,

wL
A1 = A2 e
σ
0.000075 × 22000
−4
A1 = 450 e 1777.8 = 450e9.28×10
A1 = 450.4 mm2 Ans

E XAMPLE 2.11: A steel rod of 25 mm dia passes centrally through a copper tube of 30 mm inside
diameter and 40 mm outside diameter. Copper tube is 850 mm long and is closed by rigid washers of
negligible thickness, which are fastened by nut threaded on the rod as shown in Fig. 2.20. The nuts
are tightened till the load on the assembly is 20 kN. Calculate: i) the initial stresses on the copper
tube and steel rod and ii) also calculate increase in the stresses, when one nut is tightened by one-
quarter of a turn relative to the other. Take pitch of the thread as 1.5 mm. E for copper = 100 GPa,
E for steel = 100 GPa

S OLUTION :
Washer
Steel rod on each side

Copper tube

Figure 2.20

Let σs = Stress in steel rod

σc = Stress in copper rod

i) π π
As = (Ds )2 = (25)2 = 156.25π mm2
4 4
π 2 π
Ac = (D − d 2 ) = (402 − 302 ) = 175π mm2
4 4
Tensile rod on steel = Compressive load on copper tube

Ac 175π
σs = × σc = × σc
As 156.25π
24 • Strength of Materials

Steel

Brass Brass

10 kN

Figure 2.21
S OLUTION :

σs × 100 + 100σb + 100σb (i)

100σs + 200σb = 10000

σs + 2σb = 100 N/mm2 (ii)

σs σb
3
=
200 × 10 100 × 103
∴ σs = 2σb (iii)

substituting for σs in (ii)

2σb + 2σb = 100;

100
σb = = 25 MPa Ans.
4
σs = 2 × 25 = 50 MPa Ans.

E XAMPLE 2.13: Two steel rods and one copper rod each of 20 mm diameter together support a
load of 50 kN as shown in Fig. 2.22. Find the stress in each rod. Take Es = 200 GPa, Eb = 100 GPa

50 kN

Copper 1.5 m
2m Brass Brass

Figure 2.22
 Stress and Strains • 25

π
Ac = As = (20)2 = 314 mm2
4
Total area of steel A� s + 314 × 2 = 628 mm2
σs A�s + σc Ac = 50000
628σs + 314σc = 50000
2σs + σc = 159.24 (i)
σs ls σc lc
= ;
Es Ec
σs × 2000 σc × 1500
=
200000 100000
σs = 1.5σc (ii)

Substituting for σs from Eqn. (ii) in Eqn. (i)

2 × 1.5σc + σc = 159.24
∴ σc = 39.81 MPa Ans.
σs = 1.5 × 39.81 = 59.7 MPa Ans.

E XAMPLE 2.14: A uniform bar ABCD has built-in ends A&D. It is subjected to two point loads
P1 and P2 equal to 80 kN and 40 kN at B and C as shown in Fig. 2.23. Find values of reactions at
A and D.

A B C D
P1 P2

500 mm 1000 mm 500 mm

S OLUTION :
A B
RA RA

500 mm
RB RB
1000 mm
RC RC

500 mm

Figure 2.23
28 • Strength of Materials

2.10 Figure 2.26 shows a rigid bar ABC hinged at A and suspended at two points B and C by two
bars BD and CE, made of aluminium and steel, respectively. The bar carries a load of 20 kN
midway between B and C. The cross-sectional area of aluminium bar BD is 3 mm2 and that
of steel bar CE is 2 mm2 . Determine the loads taken by the two bars BD and CE.

D E
1000 mm

B C
500 mm

1000 mm 1000 mm

20 kN
Figure 2.26 [Ans Pa = 3.481 kN, Ps = 13.26 kN]
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sea curse
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Sea curse

Author: Robert E. Howard

Release date: January 13, 2024 [eBook #72707]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: Weird Tales, 1928

Credits: Al Haines

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SEA CURSE

***
 Sea Curse
ROBERT E. HOWARD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Sea Curse, copyright 1928 by Popular Fiction Publishing Company for

Weird Tales, May 1928.

Sea Curse

And some return by the failing light

And some in the waking dream,
For she hears the heels of the dripping ghosts
That ride the rough roofbeam.
—Kipling
 They were the brawlers and braggarts, the loud boasters and hard
drinkers, of Faring town, John Kulrek and his crony Lie-lip Canool. Many a
time have I, a tousled-haired lad, stolen to the tavern door to listen to their
curses, their profane arguments and wild sea songs; half fearful and half in
admiration of these wild rovers. Aye, all the people of Faring town gazed on
them with fear and admiration, for they were not like the rest of the Faring
men; they were not content to ply their trade along the coasts and among
the shark-teeth shoals. No yawls, no skiffs for them! They fared far, farther
than any other man in the village, for they shipped on the great sailing-ships
that went out on the white tides to brave the restless gray ocean and make
ports in strange lands.

Ah, I mind it was swift times in the little sea-coast village of Faring
when John Kulrek came home, with his furtive Lie-lip at his side,
swaggering down the gang-plank, in his tarry sea-clothes, and the broad
leather belt that held his ever-ready dagger; shouting condescending
greeting to some favored acquaintance, kissing some maiden who ventured
too near; then up the street, roaring some scarcely decent song of the sea.
How the cringers and the idlers, the hangers-on, would swarm about the
two desperate heroes, flattering and smirking, guffawing hilariously at each
nasty jest. For to the tavern loafers and to some of the weaker among the
straight-forward villagers, these men with their wild talk and their brutal
deeds, their tales of the Seven Seas and the far countries, these men, I say,
were valiant knights, nature's noblemen who dared to be men of blood and
brawn.

And all feared them, so that when a man was beaten or a woman
insulted, the villagers muttered—and did nothing. And so when Moll
Farrell's niece was put to shame by John Kulrek, none dared even to put in
words what all thought. Moll had never married, and she and the girl lived
alone in a little hut down close to the beach, so close that in high tide the
waves came almost to the door.

The people of the village accounted old Moll something of a witch, and
she was a grim, gaunt old dame who had little to say to anyone. But she
minded her own business, and eked out a slim living by gathering clams,
and picking up bits of driftwood.
 The girl was a pretty, foolish little thing, vain and easily befooled, else
she had never yielded to the shark-like blandishments of John Kulrek.

I mind the day was a cold winter day with a sharp breeze out of the east
when the old dame came into the village street shrieking that the girl had
vanished. All scattered over the beach and back among the bleak inland
hills to search for her—all save John Kulrek and his cronies who sat in the
tavern dicing and toping. All the while beyond the shoals, we heard the
never-ceasing droning of the heaving, restless grey monster, and in the dim
light of the ghostly dawn Moll Farrell's girl came home.

The tides bore her gently across the wet sands and laid her almost at her
own door. Virgin-white she was, and her arms were folded across her still
bosom; calm was her face, and the gray tides sighed about her slender
limbs. Moll Farrell's eyes were stones, yet she stood above her dead girl and
spoke no word till John Kulrek and his crony came reeling down from the
tavern, their drinking-jacks still in their hands. Drunk was John Kulrek, and
the people gave back for him, murder in their souls; so he came and laughed
at Moll Farrell across the body of her girl.

"Zounds!" swore John Kulrek; "the wench has drowned herself, Lie-lip!"

Lie-lip laughed, with the twist of his thin mouth. He always hated Moll
Farrell, for it was she that had given him the name of Lie-lip.

Then John Kulrek lifted his drinking-jack, swaying on his uncertain legs.
"A health to the wench's ghost!" he bellowed, while all stood aghast.

Then Moll Farrell spoke, and the words broke from her in a scream
which sent ripples of cold up and down the spines of the throng.

"The curse of the Foul Fiend upon you, John Kulrek!" she screamed.
"The curse of God rest upon your vile soul throughout eternity! May you
gaze on sights that shall sear the eyes of you and scorch the soul of you!
May you die a bloody death and writhe in hell's flames for a million and a
million and yet a million years! I curse you by sea and by land, by earth and
by air, by the demons of the oceans and the demons of the swamplands, the
fiends of the forests and the goblins of the hills! And you—" her lean finger
stabbed at Lie-lip Canool and he started backward, his face paling, "you
shall be the death of John Kulrek and he shall be the death of you! You shall
bring John Kulrek to the doors of hell and John Kulrek shall bring you to
the gallows-tree! I set the seal of death upon your brow, John Kulrek! You
shall live in terror and die in horror far out upon the cold grey sea! But the
sea that took the soul of innocence to her bosom shall not take you, but
shall fling forth your vile carcass to the sands! Aye, John Kulrek—" and she
spoke with such a terrible intensity that the drunken mockery on the man's
face changed to one of swinish stupidity, "the sea roars for the victim it will
not keep! There is snow upon the hills, John Kulrek, and ere it melts your
corpse will lie at my feet. And I shall spit upon it and be content."

Kulrek and his crony sailed at dawn for a long voyage, and Moll went
back to her hut and her clam gathering. She seemed to grow leaner and
more grim than ever and her eyes smoldered with a light not sane. The days
glided by and people whispered among themselves that Moll's days were
numbered, for she faded to a ghost of a woman; but she went her way,
refusing all aid.

That was a short, cold summer and the snow on the barren inland hills
never melted; a thing very unusual, which caused much comment among
the villagers. At dusk and at dawn Moll would come up on the beach, gaze
up at the snow which glittered on the hills, then out to sea with a fierce
intensity in her gaze.

Then the days grew shorter, the nights longer and darker, and the cold
grey tides came sweeping along the bleak strands, bearing the rain and sleet
of the sharp east breezes.

And upon a bleak day a trading-vessel sailed into the bay and anchored.
And all the idlers and the wastrels flocked to the wharfs, for that was the
ship upon which John Kulrek and Lie-lip Canool had sailed. Down the
gang-plank came Lie-lip, more furtive than ever, but John Kulrek was not
there.

To shouted queries, Canool shook his head. "Kulrek deserted ship at a

port of Sumatra," said he. "He had a row with the skipper, lads; wanted me
to desert, too, but no! I had to see you fine lads again, eh, boys?"
 Almost cringing was Lie-lip Canool, and suddenly he recoiled as Moll
Farrell came through the throng. A moment they stood eyeing each other;
then Moll's grim lips bent in a terrible smile.

"There's blood on your hand, Canool!" she lashed out suddenly—so

suddenly that Lie-lip started and rubbed his right hand across his left sleeve.

"Stand aside, witch!" he snarled in sudden anger, striding through the

crowd which gave back for him. His admirers followed him to the tavern.

Now, I mind that the next day was even colder; grey fogs came drifting
out of the east and veiled the sea and the beaches. There would be no
sailing that day, and so all the villagers were in their snug houses or
matching tales at the tavern. So it came about that Joe, my friend, a lad of
my own age, and I, were the ones who saw the first of the strange thing that
happened.

Being harum-scarum lads of no wisdom, we were sitting in a small

rowboat, floating at the end of the wharfs, each shivering and wishing the
other would suggest leaving, there being no reason whatever for our being
there, save that it was a good place to build air-castles undisturbed.

Suddenly Joe raised his hand. "Say," he said, "d'ye hear? Who can be out
on the bay upon a day like this?"

"Nobody. What d'ye hear?"

"Oars. Or I'm a lubber. Listen."

There was no seeing anything in that fog, and I heard nothing. Yet Joe
swore he did, and suddenly his face assumed a strange look.

"Somebody rowing out there, I tell you! The bay is alive with oars from
the sound! A score of boats at the least! Ye dolt, can ye not hear?"

Then, as I shook my head, he leaped and began to undo the painter.

"I'm off to see. Name me liar if the bay is not full of boats, all together
like a close fleet. Are you with me?"
 Yes, I was with him, though I heard nothing. Then out in the greyness we
went, and the fog closed behind and before so that we drifted in a vague
world of smoke, seeing naught and hearing naught. We were lost in no time,
and I cursed Joe for leading us upon a wild goose chase that was like to end
with our being swept out to sea. I thought of Moll Farrell's girl and
shuddered.

How long we drifted I know not. Minutes faded into hours, hours into
centuries. Still Joe swore he heard the oars, now close at hand, now far
away, and for hours we followed them, steering our course toward the
sound, as the noise grew or receded. This I later thought of, and could not
understand.

Then, when my hands were so numb that I could no longer hold the oar,
and the forerunning drowsiness of cold and exhaustion was stealing over
me, bleak white stars broke through the fog which glided suddenly away,
fading like a ghost of smoke, and we found ourselves afloat just outside the
mouth of the bay. The waters lay smooth as a pond, all dark green and silver
in the starlight, and the cold came crisper than ever. I was swinging the boat
about, to put back into the bay, when Joe gave a shout, and for the first time
I heard the clack of oar-locks. I glanced over my shoulder and my blood
went cold.

A great beaked prow loomed above us, a weird, unfamiliar shape against
the stars, and as I caught my breath, sheered sharply and swept by us, with a
curious swishing I never heard any other craft make. Joe screamed and
backed oars frantically, and the boat walled out of the way just in time; for
though the prow had missed us, still otherwise we had died. For from the
sides of the ship stood long oars, bank upon bank which swept her along.
Though I had never seen such a craft, I knew her for a galley. But what was
she doing upon our coasts? They said, the far-farers, that such ships were
still in use among the heathens of Barbary; but it was many a long, heaving
mile to Barbary, and even so she did not resemble the ships described by
those who had sailed far.

We started in pursuit, and this was strange, for though the waters broke
about her prow, and she seemed fairly to fly through the waves, yet she was
making little speed, and it was no time before we caught up with her.
Making our painter fast to a chain far back beyond the reach of the swishing
oars, we hailed those on deck. But there came no answer, and at last,
conquering our fears, we clambered up the chain and found ourselves upon
the strangest deck man has trod for many a long, roaring century.

"This is no Barbary rover!" muttered Joe fearsomely. "Look, how old it

seems! Almost ready to fall to pieces. Why, 'tis fairly rotten!"

There was no one on deck, no one at the long sweep with which the craft
was steered. We stole to the hold and looked down the stair. Then and there,
if ever men were on the verge of insanity, it was we. For there were rowers
there, it is true; they sat upon the rowers' benches and drove the creaking
oars through the gray waters. And they that rowed were skeletons!

Shrieking, we plunged across the deck, to fling ourselves into the sea.
But at the rail I tripped upon something and fell headlong, and as I lay, I
saw a thing which vanquished my fear of the horrors below for an instant.
The thing upon which I had tripped was a human body, and in the dim gray
light that was beginning to steal across the eastern waves I saw a dagger hilt
standing up between his shoulders. Joe was at the rail, urging me to haste,
and together we slid down the chain and cut the painter.

Then we stood off into the bay. Straight on kept the grim galley, and we
followed, slowly, wondering. She seemed to be heading straight for the
beach beside the wharfs, and as we approached, we saw the wharfs
thronged with people. They had missed us, no doubt, and now they stood,
there in the early dawn light, struck dumb by the apparition which had
come up out of the night and the grim ocean.

Straight on swept the galley, her oars a-swish; then ere she reached the
shallow water—crash!—a terrific reverberation shook the bay. Before our
eyes the grim craft seemed to melt away; then she vanished, and the green
waters seethed where she had ridden, but there floated no driftwood there,
nor did there ever float any ashore. Aye, something floated ashore, but it
was grim driftwood!

We made the landing amid a hum of excited conversation that stopped

suddenly. Moll Farrell stood before her hut, limned gauntly against the
ghostly dawn, her lean hand pointing seaward. And across the sighing wet
sands, borne by the grey tide, something came floating; something that the
waves dropped at Moll Farrell's feet. And there looked up at us, as we
crowded about, a pair of unseeing eyes set in a still, white face. John Kulrek
had come home.

Still and grim he lay, rocked by the tide, and as he lurched sideways, all
saw the dagger hilt that stood from his back—the dagger all of us had seen
a thousand times at the belt of Lie-lip Canool.

"Aye, I killed him!" came Canool's shriek, as he writhed and groveled

before our gaze. "At sea on a still night in a drunken brawl I slew him and
hurled him overboard! And from the far seas he has followed me—" his
voice sank to a hideous whisper, "because—of—the—curse—the—sea—
would—not—keep—his—body!"

And the wretch sank down, trembling, the shadow of the gallows already
in his eyes.

"Aye!" Strong, deep and exultant was Moll Farrell's voice. "From the
hell of lost craft Satan sent a ship of bygone ages! A ship red with gore and
stained with the memory of horrid crimes! None other would bear such a
vile carcass! The sea has taken vengeance and has given me mine. See now,
how I spit upon the face of John Kulrek."

And with a ghastly laugh, she pitched forward, the blood starting to her
lips. And the sun came up across the restless sea.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SEA CURSE ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.