2013

1. Explain the meaning of scientific research.

Same

2. Define normative research

3. Explain what is meant by value free research

4. What is meant by non probability

In non probability sampling the probability of any particular element of the population
being chosen is unknown. The selection of unit in non-probability sampling is quite
arbitrary, as researcher rely heavily on personal Judgment.

5. What is the difference between census survey and sampling survey?

• Sample survey and census survey are method to gather information from people

• Census survey takes each and every individual whereas sample survey takes a
representative sample.

• Census survey is much bigger in proportion than sample survey

• Census survey takes more time and money

• However, there is margin for error in sample survey while census survey is more
accurate.

6. What do you understand by hypothesis formulation

Hypothesis formulation helps in formulating the research problem. Hypothesis

formulation is not a necessary but an important step of the research.

7. . not visible
8. .not visible
 9. Give two merits of mode.

Easy to Locate

Simple to Understand

10. List the sources of deriving hypothesis?

Cultural values of society
Past research
Folk wisdom
Discussion and conversation
Personal experience
Intuition
Theories

2014
1. Define scientific research ?
Scientific researches are studies that should be systematically planned before performing
them. In this review, classification and description of scientific studies, planning stage
randomisation and bias are explained.

2. What is mean by pure research?

 Pure research, also known as fundamental or basic research, is conducted without any
specific goal in mind. The main aim of pure research is to advance knowledge and to
identify or explain the relationship between variables.

3. Give the meaning of sampling unit?

A sampling unit is that element or set of element considering for the selection in some
stages of sampling.

4. Explain the meaning of bibliography?

A bibliography is a list of works (such as books and articles) written on a particular
subject or by a particular author.

5. What do you mean by null hypothesis?

done
6. What is the difference between primary and secondary data?
Main difference is that primary research data collection involves conducting research
oneself, or using the data for the purpose it was intended for. Secondary research data on
the other hand was collected by the third party or for some other purposes.

7. What is meant by sampling design?

Done

8. Explain case study method?

In a social life and life science ,a case study is a research method involving an up-close,
in dept, and detailed examination of the subject of study (the case),as well as it related
contextual condition.

9. Define mode?
Mode is the value that appears the most. A given set of data can contain more than one
mode, or it can contain no mode at all.

10. Give two merit of median

very simple to understand and Easy to Calculate

Not Affected by Extreme Values

11. Difference between method and technique.

Here is the main difference:

Method: a settled kind of procedure, usually according to a definite, established, logical,

or systematic plan: the open-hearth method of making steel; one method of solving a
problem.

Technique: the manner and ability with which an artist, writer, dancer, athlete, lawyer, or
the like employs the technical skills of a particular art or field of endeavor so as to effect
a desired result..

12. What are the step in social survey?

13. What are the merits and demerits of participant observation?

Participant observation is a very useful method of research and has the following merits :
1. A researcher is able to observe the real behaviour being very near to natural
environment can note these which people cannot express or do not want to express and
this cannot be done in non-participant observation.

2. It consists of long time and the researcher being part of the group, he can observe the
behaviour which other researchers ignore.
3. Its merit lies in the fact that the researcher is very near to the problem or social
condition under study in a natural environment and can get details on the basis of a
relation of basic nature and can record on audio tape and can observe again in case of
need.

4. A researcher provides such an importance to a research as to lessen the possibility of

any complication for its generalization because they do not consist of interview or 'survey
superficial answer of an artificial environment.

5. Interviews and experiments are done rapidly in an artificial environment and in the
state' of anger, haste, mental tension on the part of an interviewee making the response
affected and polluted affecting the consequences negatively whereas a researcher in
participant observation collects data in a natural and real environment and extraordinary
condition can be ignored which is an additional facility.

Demerits:-
 1. A researcher may ignore certain activities of the subject under study thinking them
natural and common.

2. He may influence the members of the group under study thus changing their attitude
making it artificial.

3. Participant observation provides a qualitative data and this data is not gained which
makes different the study of analysis of relationship of variables.

4. Participant observation has the defect of not being repeatable because :

i. The behaviour of the members of a group changes with time.
ii. A researcher also changes. Different researchers note different things and behaviour so
their repetition becomes difficult.

5. Participant observation requires much money and time which is not available always.

14. Discuss the main difficulty in formulation of hypothesis.

1. Absence of clear theoretical Framework :

Generally, theoretical knowledge is found as unclean and ambiguous which presents difficulty in
understanding, therefore, useful hypotheses cannot be derived from these.

2. Lack of ability to utilize theoretical framework :

There is a need of intelligence and observation ability to avail the theoretical knowledge so that
through deduction, the formulation of hypothesis be done from theoretical knowledge but
because of lack of this ability theoretical knowledge cannot be availed and there is difficulty in
meeting useful hypotheses.

3. Lack of Acquaintance with available research techniques :

Scientific research procedure is so complicated and vast that complete knowledge and its correct
use is difficult and to formulate useful hypothesis, there is a hesitation and Worry in the minds
that how to test them.

15. Discuss the significance of use of computer in sociological research ?

Done in previous papers but incomplete

16. Examine the role of law as an agent of socio change?

17. Elaborate the basic ingredients of social change.

No content available
18. Make a comparison of mean median mode as measurement of central tendency?
No content available
 2015
1. Define research.
Research in simplified term means searching for the facts searching for the replies to the
various queries and also for the solution to the various problems.

2. What is a normative research?

Normative research is data that represents normal responses to stimuli in a defined

population at a specific time.

3. What is hypothesis?
Hypothesis is an assumption that is made on the basis of some evidence. This is the initial
point of any investigation that translates the research questions into a prediction. It
includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A
research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or
more variables.

4. What do you mean by research design?

Research design defines the study type, research question, hypotheses variable and data
collection method. Some examples are descriptive co-relational and experimential.
Another distinction can be made between quantitative and qualitative methods.

5. What is scientific data?

The scientific method is a standardized way of making observations, gathering data,
forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results. Researchers make
observations in order to describe and measure behavior.
 6. What is theory?
A set of statement or principal devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena. Most
theories that accept a group have been repeatedly tested by experiment and can be used to
make prediction about natural phenomena.

7. What do you understand by primary data?

A primary data is a original research that is obtained through first hand investigation. it
includes interviews experiment observation.

8. Define sampling ?
Sampling methods is the process or method of drawing a definite number of individual,
cases, or the observation from the particular universe selecting part of a total group for
investigation.

9. What is null hypothesis.

Null hypothesis is use fro testing the hypothesis formulation by the researcher.
Researcher treats evidence that support a hypothesis differently from the evidence that
opposes it.

10. Give two merits of means.

Simple to Understand and Calculate

All Data is Used

11. Discuss the main step of research proposal.

1. To give the introduction:- the introduction should capture the attention of the reader.
2. Stating the problem :-have to show whether research will be descriptive in nature,
exploratory ,explanatory or theoretical and what will it contribute to academics or to
understanding society.
3. Review of literature :- that is going through the findings hypothesis or theories
developed by other disciplines (what are gaps strong points weakness one get to know
after literature review ) research on farmers ,can review sociologist work &
economics too.
4. Provide background :-give some background information on the issue you are going
to research to substantiate the need for problem resolution (how the problem came
out)
5. Declare the purpose:-what is the purpose of doing of purpose hoe will it affect the
knowledge (need for research will it sharpen the knowledge)
12. Explain the main characteristic of scientific research.

Done in 2017

13. Explain the importance of hypothesis in research.

• It ensures the entire research methodologies are scientific and valid.
• It helps to assume the probability of research failure and progress.
• It helps to provide link to the underlying theory and specific research question.
• It helps in data analysis and measure the validity and reliability of the research.
• It provides a basis or evidence to prove the validity of the research.
• It helps to describe research study in concrete terms rather than theoretical terms.

14. Explain the relationship between theory and research.

• Theory frames what we look at, how we think and look at it.
• it provides basic concepts and direct us to the important questions.
• it suggests ways for us to make sense of research data.
• Theory enables us to connect a single study to the immense base of
knowledge to which other researchers contribute.
• It helps a researcher see the forest instead of just a single tree.
• Theory increases a researcher's awareness of interconnections and of the
broader significance of data.

• Theories are, by their nature, abstract and provide a selective and one-
sided account of the many-sided concrete social world.
• Theory allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the
concrete, the theoritical and the empirical, thought statements and
observational statements etc.

• There is a two-way relationship between theory and research. Social

theory informs our understanding of issues, which, in turn, assists us in
making research decisions and making sense of the world.

• Theory is not fixed; it is provisional, open to revision and grows into

more accurate and comprehensive explanations about the make-up and
operation of the social world. Theory makes the most significant progress
by interacting with research findings (empirical data).
 Part C

15. Discuss in detail the different types of research design.

Research design for exploratory or formulative studies-

• In this type of design, a vague problem is selected and understood and is then
followed by an exploratory research find a new hypothesis and then carrying out
conclusion research decisions to finally get new ideas.

• Aims at finding a new hypothesis.

• Individual surveys, referring to secondary sources of data etc. play an important

role in such research designs.

• Reviewing related literature, following or surveying people having practical

experience in the problem related field act as very important and most commonly
used methods by an exploratory researcher.

2. Research design for conclusive studies

Also referred to as the research design for the descriptive studies and iş further divided
as follows-

a. Case Study method-

• Finds extensive use in commerce and industry.
• Very respectable method of teaching and research in management. Helps
greatly in knowing the causes and the results of the incident of the
phenomenon. .

b. Statistical method-
• Also trying to find its place in commerce and industry.
• Act as method of correlation and regressions, analysis, chi square etc.
• Has been made very rigorous and sophisticated by coming up of the
computers.

3. Research design for experimental studies-

• Explains the structure of an experiment. Involve plans for the testing of the causal
hypothesis.
• Decides the number of observations to be taken and also the order in which experiments
are to be carried out.
• Which randomization method to be used.
• Which mathematical model to be used for explaining the experiment.

This research design can be further categorized into the following-

a. Informal experimental design-

• After only design.
• After only with control design.
• Before and after without control design.
• Before and after with control design.
b. Formal experimental design-
• Completely randomized design.
• Randomized block design.
• Latin square design.
• Factorial design.

16. Explain the main characteristic of primary and secondary data.

incomplete

The most important characteristics of the primary data is that it is original and first-
hand, whereas the secondary data is the interpretation and analysis of the primary data.

17. Highlight the used and significance of computer in sociological research ?

Incomplete

Computers are indispensible throughout the research process. The role of computer
becomes more important when the research is on large sample. Data can be stored in
computer for immediate use or can be stored in memory like compact disk pen drive
memory card etc. so that the computer assist the researcher throughout different phase of
the research process.

18. Discuss the main methods of data collection in social research?

1. Observation:
Observation method has occupied an important place in descriptive sociological research.
It is the most significant and common technique of data collection. Analysis of
questionnaire responses is concerned with what people think and do as revealed by what
they put on paper. The responses in interview are revealed by what people express in
conversation with the interviewer. Observation seeks to ascertain what people think and
do by watching them in action as they express themselves in various situations and
activities.

2. Interview:
Interview as a technique of data collection is very popular and extensively used in every
field of social research. The interview is, in a sense, an oral questionnaire. Instead of
writing the response, the interviewee or subject gives the needed information verbally in
a face-to-face relationship. The dynamics of interviewing, however, involves much more
than an oral questionnaire.

3. Schedule:
Schedule is one of the very commonly used tools of data collection in scientific
investigation. P.V. Young says “The schedule has been used for collection of personal
preferences, social attitudes, beliefs, opinions, behaviour patterns, group practices and
habits and much other data”. The increasing use of schedule is probably due to increased
emphasis by social scientists on quantitative measurement of uniformly accumulated
data.

4. Questionnaire:
Questionnaire provides the most speedy and simple technique of gathering data about
groups of individuals scattered in a wide and extended field. In this method, a
questionnaire form is sent usually by post to the persons concerned, with a request to
answer the questions and return the questionnaire.

5. Projective Techniques:
The psychologists and psychiatrists had first devised projective techniques for the
diagnosis and treatment of patients afflicted by emotional disorders. Such techniques are
adopted to present a comprehensive profile of the individual’s personality structure, his
conflicts and complexes and his emotional needs. Adoption of such techniques is not an
easy affair. It requires intensive specialized training.

6. Case Study Method:

According to Biesanz and Biesenz “the case study is a form of qualitative analysis
involving the very careful and complete observation of a person, a situation or an
institution.” In the words of Goode and Hatt, “Case study is a way of organizing social
 data so as to preserve the unitary character of the social object being studied.” P.V. young
defines case study as a method of exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit, be that
a person, a family, an institution, cultural group or even entire community.”

2016

1. Define Historical Research.

2. Write two characteristics of research.

Research is based on scientific method
Helps in answering various pertinent questions.

3. What do you mean by data collection?

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variable of
interest, in established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
question ,tested hypotheses and evaluate outcomes.

4. What is observation?
Observation is a systematic data collection approach researcher use all of their
senses to examine people in natural setting or naturally occurring situation. Observation
of a field setting involved prolonged engagement in setting or social situation.

5. What do you mean by schedule?

6. What do you understand by 'questionnaire'?

A paper form, yet to be filled in by the respondent. A questionnaire is research instrument
consisting of series of question and other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondent.
7. What do you mean by Sampling?
 The process of using a small number of items or part of a larger population to make
conclusion about the whole population. It enables the researcher to estimate unknown
characteristics of the population.

8. What do you understand by Research problem?

A research problem is a statement about an area of concern ,condition to be improved
upon ,a difficulty to be eliminated or troubling question that exist in scholarly literature in
theory or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation.

9. Explain the term 'Research methods'.

Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data.
Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design.

10. Define the term 'Interview.

Interviews can be defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting

intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their
perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation.

Part-B

11. Explain merits and demerits of sampling methods.

Merits

1. Economical:
It is economical, because we have not to collect all data. Instead of getting data from 5000
farmers, we get it from 50-100 only.

2. Less Time Consuming:

As no of units is only a fraction of the total universe, time consumed is also a fraction of total
time. Number of units is considerably small, hence the time.
3. Reliable:
If sample is taken judiciously, the results are very reliable and accurate

4. Organisational Convenience:
As samples are taken and the number of units is smaller, the better (Trained) enumerators can be
employed by the organisation.

5. More Scientific:
According to Prof R.A. Fisher, “The sample technique has four important advantages over
census technique of data collection. They are Speed, Economy, Adaptability and Scientific
approach.”

6. Detailed Enquiry:
A detailed study can be undertaken in case of the units included in the sample. Size of sample
can be taken according to time and money available with the investigator.

7. Indispensable Method:
If universe is bigger, there remains no option but to proceed for this method. It is specially used
for infinite, hypothetical and perishable universes.

Demerits:-

1. Absence of Being Representative:

Methods, such as purposive sampling may not provide a sample, that is representative.

2. Wrong Conclusion:
If the sample is not representative, the results will not be correct. These will lead to the wrong
conclusions.

3. Small Universe:
Sometimes universe is so small that proper samples cannot be taken not of it. Number of units
are so less.

4. Specialised Knowledge:
It is a scientific method. Therefore, to get a good and representative sample, one should have
special knowledge to get good sample and to perform proper analysis so that reliable result may
be achieved.
5. Inherent defects:
The results which are achieved though the analysis of sampling data may not be accurate as this
method have inherent defects. There is not even a single method of sampling which has no
demerit.

6. Sampling Error:
This method of sampling has many errors.

7. Personal Bias:
As in many cases the investigator, chooses samples, such as convenience method, chances of
personal bias creep in.

12. Discuss the steps to be taken for conduction of Interview.

No content available

13. Make distinction between terms' Research 'and' Applied Research and explain the
importance of Applied Research.
No content available

14. Mention any four essentials of a good schedule.

No content available

Part-C

15. What do you mean by 'Hypothesis' in research? How would you make analysis of
an ideal hypothesis in a research Discuss with relevant examples.
Hypothesis is an assumption that is made on the basis of some evidence. This is the
initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into a prediction.

How to design a good hypothesis- A good hypothesis is one which-

• Clearly defines the assumption will all operational definitions which are easy to
understand and communicate.
 • Should be brief so that it meaningfully describes the concept involved in the
assumption.
• Requires limited assumption and conditions to testify it.
• It should meet the criteria, or disprove or add new knowledge to the theory.
• Based on phenomena which are easily observed or else it is difficult to test it
empirically.
• Explaining and expected relationship between the variables.
• Initially researcher should make one hypothesis which is significant and can be
easily tested. If he finds a need of designing or formulating number of
hypothesis, he should do it.
16. What are various modes of data collection? Discuss a make difference between primary
and secondary source of Data collection. How would you use them?

Done 1st part

The fundamental differences between primary and secondary data are discussed in the following
points-

• The term primary data refers to the data originated by the researcher for the first time.
Secondary data is the already existing data, collected by the investigator agencies and
organizations earlier.
• Primary data is a real-time data whereas secondary data is one which relates to the past.
• Primary data is collected for addressing the problem at hand while secondary data is
collected for purposes other than the problem at hand.
• Primary data collection is a very involved process. On the other hand, secondary data
collection process is rapid and easy.
• Primary data collection sources include surveys, observations, experiments,
questionnaire, personal interview, etc. On the contrary, secondary data collection sources
are government publications, websites, books, journal articles, internal records etc.
• Primary data collection requires a large amount of resources like time, cost and
manpower. Conversely, secondary data is relatively inexpensive and quickly available.
• Primary data is always specific to the researcher's needs, and he controls the quality of
research. In contrast, secondary data is neither specific to the researcher's need, nor he
has control over the data quality.
• Primary data is available in the raw form whereas secondary data is the refined form of
primary data. It can also be said that secondary data is obtained when statistical methods
are to the primary data.
• Data collected through primary sources are more reliable and accurate compared to the
secondary sources.
 17. What is scientific method of Research? Discuss the assumptions and characteristics of
scientific method. How would you apply and incorporate it in social research?

The Scientific method is a process with the help of which scientists try to investigate,
verify, or construct an accurate and reliable version of any natural phenomena. They are
done by creating an objective framework for the purpose of scientific inquiry and
analyzing the results scientifically to come to a conclusion which either supports or
contradicts the observation made at the beginning.

The Scientific Method: Assumptions. Realism. Objects exist apart from our ability to see
them. Rationality. Verified through direct observation. Regularity. When all antecedent
conditions are in place, the same outcome would occur. Discoverability. Causes are
discoverable. Causality. Every event has a cause.

2nd part done

16. Discuss the concept of Research problem. How would you find a research problem in
social field and discuss the methods which you would prefer for your proposed work?

research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher
wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research
process.

2017
1. What is scientific research ?

Same
2. What does bibliography?

Same

3. State the basic assumption of legal research.

4. Define data

Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research
question. The data collection methods you use depend on the type of data you need.

5. What do you mean by the term case in research.

According to H. Odum, “The case study method of data collection is a technique by

which individual factor whether it be an institution or just an episode in the life of an
individual or a group is analysed in its relationship to any other in the group.

6. What is primary research.

Primary research is a methodology used by researchers to collect data directly, rather

than depending on data collected from previously done research.

7. Define theory ?
Theory can be defined as “a formal logical explanation of some events that includes
predictions of how things relate to one another”

8. What is the meaning of measure of central tendency

The central tendency measure is defined as the number used to represent the center or
middle of a set of data values. The three commonly used measures of central tendency are
the mean, median, and mode.

9. What is a research problem?

research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a
researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first
step of the research process.

10. What do you mean by null hypothesis.

 The null hypothesis is the proposition that there is no effect or no relationship between
phenomena or populations. If the null hypothesis is true, any observed difference in
phenomena or populations would be due to sampling error (random chance) or experimental
error.

Part B
11. Mention the conditions to be conducive to the formulation of significant research
problem.
An extensive study of the existing literature on the subject by the researcher will be
helpful in knowing the problem. He should also discuss the matter with experienced
people in the field, with deep thinking about the problem.

1. Systematic Immersion in the Subject Matter through First-Hand Observation:

The first and foremost essential condition for the formulation of a research problem is the
systematic immersion in the subject matter through first-hand observation.

2. Study of Relevant Literature on the Subject:

As we have already discussed that to be able to pose a problem, the researcher must be
well-equipped to experience some difficulty or challenge. This requires that the
researcher should be well-conversant with the relevant theories in the field, reports and
records, etc. This would help the researcher to know whether there are certain gaps in the
theories or whether the prevailing theories applicable to the problem are inconsistent with
each other. All these will afford for formulation of the problem. This is an aspect of
exploration.
3. Field Observation:
Sometimes, field observation may be of immense help to a researcher. He may make a
preliminary study or an exploration. He must be well acquainted with the relevant
theories and empirical generalization in the area of research. The researcher should be
familiar with the result of the findings in the similar area. He can find out the gaps in the
theory or inadequacy or loophole etc. All these things will give him an insight for the
formulation of a research problem.
4. Discussion with Learned Minds:
This is known as an experience survey, which is again an exercise in exploration. The
researcher may undertake an experience survey and discuss the matter with the learned
people. Administrators, social workers, community leaders, etc. are persons who have a
 rich practical experience in different fields of social life. He may seek a comment on his
proposed topic and thus these learned people are in a position enlighten the researcher in
formulating the problem. Their advice, comments, information and judgements are
usually invaluable to the researcher. The researcher should have his mind open, flexible,
critical and curious.

5. Research Topic Manageable:

While formulating the research problem the researcher should see that the topic itself must
be of manageable magnitude. This is an initial step in the formulation of a research problem.
Defining a research problem properly and clearly is a crucial part of a research study and
special attention and care needed. The technique for the purpose involves the undertaking of
the following steps:

(i) Statement of the problem in a general way,

(ii) Undertaking the nature of the problem;
(iii) Surveying the available literature;
(iv) Developing the ideas through discussion;
(v) Rephrasing the research problem.

Besides, a researcher should also define technical terms and words clearly, stating the
assumptions of the problem, criteria for the selection of the problem, suitability of the time-
period and the sources of data available, the scope of investigation while formulating a
research problem.

Thus now we know that research begins with a problem. The purpose of enquiry or
investigation is to find a solution of the problem.

12. Discuss the sources of Hypothesis.

A good hypothesis can only be derived from experience in research. Though hypothesis
should precede the collection of data, but some degree of data collection, literature review or
a pilot study will help in the development and gradual refinement of the hypothesis. A
researcher should have quality of an alert mind to derive a hypothesis and quality of critical
mind of rejecting faulty hypothesis.

The following sources can help the researcher in coming up with a good hypothesis: -
Review of literature.
 • Discussion with the experts in the given field to understand the problem, its origin
and objectives in seeking a solution.
• Intuition of the researcher also sometimes helps in forming a good hypothesis.
• Previous empirical studies done on the given area.

13. Mention the types of questions.

Qualitative Research Questions

A qualitative research question is a type of systematic inquiry that aims at collecting qualitative
data from research subjects. The aim of qualitative research questions is to gather non-statistical
information pertaining to the experiences, observations, and perceptions of the research subjects
in line with the objectives of the investigation.

Types :-

1. Ethnographic Research Questions

2. Case Studies
3. Interviews

Quantitative Research Questions

Quantitative research questions are questions that are used to gather quantifiable data from
research subjects. These types of research questions are usually more specific and direct because
they aim at collecting information that can be measured; that is, statistical information.

• Descriptive Research Questions

• Comparative Research Questions
• Relationship-based Research Questions

14. Describe the characteristics of scientific research.

1. Purposiveness:- Scientific research must have some specific purpose for conducting the
research. The main characteristic of scientific research is that there must be some purpose
involved in conducting the research. In conducting further research process, all the activities to
be carried out are directly influenced by the purpose of the research ie; the purpose of the
research forms the basis of your procedures which influences your methods of executing it and
affects the interpretation of your findings yith scientific reasoning as well. Therefore, if your
research has followed some major purpose, meaningful results can be obtained but if your
research is without purpose it will lead your study nowhere.

2. Testability In scientific research, there is an important need to test the hypothesis to

understand and find out the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
Therefore, testability is one of the important characteristics of scientific research.

3. Replicability Scientific research must be replicable as the research results which are replicable
have more acceptability and confidence as being scientific. Replicability means that if we use
similar methods and procedures of data collection and analysis as compared to the previous
study, the other research studies must also come out with similar results.

4. Objectivity Scientific research must be objective in nature. Objectivity is one of the important
characteristics of scientific research. Scientific research must deal with facts rather than
interpretations of facts. The data that is collected for research should be free from all biases and
vested interests ie; observation should be unaffected by the observer's values, beliefs and
preferences to the extent possible and he/she should able to see and accept facts as they are, not
as he/she might wish them to be.

5. Rigor Scientific research must be carried out carefully with proper thought-out methodology.
In order to make a meaningful and worthwhile contribution to the field of knowledge, research
must be carried out rigorously. Conducting rigorous research requires good theoretical
knowledge and a clearly laid out methodology. This will eliminate the bias; facilitate proper data
collection and analysis, which in turn would lead to sound and reliable research findings.

6. Parsimony Scientific research must have the feature of parsimony ie; the research should be
conducted in a simple and economic manner. There should be simplicity in explaining the
problems and generalizing solutions for the problems. Vague ideas should be converted into
simple concepts.

7. Generalizability Scientific research must have the characteristics of generalizability. The

results obtained from the research must be applicable and acceptable worldwide. Generalizability
refers to the scope of applying the research findings of None organizational setting to other
settings of almost similar nature. The more generalizable the research, the greater will be its
usefulness and value. However, it is not always possible to generalize the research findings to
other settings, situations or organizations.

Part C
15. Discuss the meaning and important features of a research design. Also discuss the
procedure adopted for designing a socio-legal problems.

Not complete

Research design denotes the research planning. A blue print of whole research work is designed
by the researcher. If man makes planning to perform any task whether picnic, party, travelling,
future planning, business planning or building construction. Before initiating the task he plans or
designs certain strategy to complete the task from beginning till last. It includes certain steps,
methods, tools and techniques required for successful completion of such task. Similarly,
research planning is required before every research work.

Features of a Good Research Design A research design appropriate for a particular research
problem, usually involves the consideration of the following factors.

• The means of obtaining information.

• The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any.

• The objective of the problem to be studied.

• The nature of the problem to be studied .

• The availability of time and money for the research work.

16. Mention the procedure to select a sample. Also state the merits and demerits of
sampling method.

Merits:

1. Economical:

It is economical, because we have not to collect all data. Instead of getting data from 5000
farmers, we get it from 50-100 only.

2. Less Time Consuming:

As no of units is only a fraction of the total universe, time consumed is also a fraction of total
time. Number of units is considerably small, hence the time.

3. Reliable:
If sample is taken judiciously, the results are very reliable and accurate.

4. Organisational Convenience:

As samples are taken and the number of units is smaller, the better (Trained) enumerators can be
employed by the organisation.

5. More Scientific:

According to Prof R.A. Fisher, “The sample technique has four important advantages over
census technique of data collection. They are Speed, Economy, Adaptability and Scientific
approach.”

It is based on certain laws such as:

(a) Law of Statistical Regularity

(b) Law of Inertia of Large numbers

(c) Law of Persistence

(d) Law of Validity.

6. Detailed Enquiry:

A detailed study can be undertaken in case of the units included in the sample. Size of sample
can be taken according to time and money available with the investigator.

7. Indispensable Method:

If universe is bigger, there remains no option but to proceed for this method. It is specially used
for infinite, hypothetical and perishable universes.

Demerits:

1. Absence of Being Representative:

Methods, such as purposive sampling may not provide a sample, that is representative.

2. Wrong Conclusion:

If the sample is not representative, the results will not be correct. These will lead to the wrong
conclusions.

3. Small Universe:

Sometimes universe is so small that proper samples cannot be taken not of it. Number of units
are so less.
4. Specialised Knowledge:

It is a scientific method. Therefore, to get a good and representative sample, one should have
special knowledge to get good sample and to perform proper analysis so that reliable result may
be achieved.

5. Inherent defects:

The results which are achieved though the analysis of sampling data may not be accurate as this
method have inherent defects. There is not even a single method of sampling which has no
demerit.

6. Sampling Error:

This method of sampling has many errors.

7. Personal Bias:

As in many cases the investigator, chooses samples, such as convenience method, chances of
personal bias creep in.

17. How is a field observation study organised? Discuss the types of observation.
Not complete

Types of Observation:-

Participant observation is a method in which the investigation becomes a part of the

situation which he is studying. he involves himself in the setting and group likes:-of the
research subjects. .he shares the activities of the community observing what is going on
around him supplementing this by conversation and interviews.

In-non participating observation the observer remains detached and does not participate in
the activities of those he is observing. He only observes their behavior. This types of
observation is more useful as tool of data collection because the observer can chose the
situation to be observes and can record the data freely.

18. Mention the general guidelines for report writing. What precautions should be taken
by a researcher while writing a report?
1. Knowledge of the research material :-The comprehensive and adequate knowledge of the
research area by the researcher cannot be understated. It forms the backbone of the entire
research process and is of vital importance at the time of analysis, interpretation and report
writing.

2. Organizing of research material :-Material collected must be organized and the notes
made on them manageable and properly arranged with sufficient information which may be
required. The research information must be logically analyzed and represented in the correct
sequence of time or occurrence.

3. Continuous report reflective thinking:- Researcher constantly reflects on the material and
data collected for a more comprehensive legal research report.

4. Rough drafts:- Prepare rough drafts which will help him with research interpretation and
generalizations to be more accurate and relevant to the research questions or hypothesis.

5. Rewrite and polish the rough drafts:- Careful revision of the drafts helps in checking the
development of the arguments in the report, representation of the material as well as the
cohesiveness of the entire report.

6. Preparation of the final bibliography :-It is essential that from the very beginning of the
research, the researcher must maintain a bibliography of the literature read, consulted and
incorporated in the research process. This bibliography is generally appended to the research
project. It should be arranged alphabetically and be divided into various parts like name of
the books, articles, reports and legislations consulted.

6. Footnotes and head notes :-The researcher must whenever citing another author’s work
make due footnotes or endnotes to add authenticity and reference to the report. There are
various methods of writing bibliography and footnotes like the blue book method,
OSCOLA method etc

Precautions for writing research reports :-

Research report is a channel of communicating the research findings to the readers of the
report. A good research report is one which does this task efficiently and effectively. As
such it must be prepared keeping the following precautions in view- While determining the
length of the report (since research reports vary greatly in length), one should keep in view
the fact that it should be long enough to cover the subject but short enough to maintain
interest. The layout of the report should be well thought out and must be appropriate and in
accordance with the objective of the research problem. Towards the end, the report must also
 state the policy implications relating to the problem under consideration. It is usually
considered desirable if the report makes a forecast of the probable future of the subject
concerned and indicates the kinds of research still needs to be done in that particular field.

2018

Part A

1. What is scientific method?

Ans The Scientific method is a process with the help of which scientists try to investigate,
verify, or construct an accurate and reliable version of any natural phenomena. They are
done by creating an objective framework for the purpose of scientific inquiry and analyzing
the results scientifically to come to a conclusion which either supports or contradicts the
observation made at the beginning.

2. State any two types of scientific methods.

a. The Inductive-Deductive Method.
b. Analytic-Synthetic Method.

3. What is a research proposal?

A research proposal is a simply a structured, formal document that explains

1. what you plan to research (i.e. your research topic),

2. why it’s worth researching (i.e. your justification),
3. how you plan to investigate it (i.e. your practical approach).

4. State the aims for literature review.

 • To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can
address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

5. Define research problem.

A research problem can be defined as a gap or uncertainty in the decision makers’ existing
body of knowledge which inhibits efficient decision making. The gap could be academic
&theoretical (basic) or real time and action oriented (applied)

6. What are the primary sources of legal research.

Statutes constitution Law regulation and cases

7. Why are theories formulated?

Theories are formulated to explain predict and understand phenomena nd in many case to
challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumption.

8. What do you mean by bibliography?

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the
process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:

9. Mention any two types of descriptive research methods.

Survey Method
Case Study Method

10. What is a mode of data?

The mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data.

Part B

11. Mention the elements of research problem.

1. Objective or aim of the problem which is to be investigated. This answers the

question “Why?” Why is there a need for investigation, inquiry or study?
 2. The topic or theme which needs to be investigated. This answers the question “What?”
What is to be researched or studied?” For example: What would a rival company do if we
decrease our prices by 25%? What would sales be if prices were Rs. 89 ? Rs. 99 ? How
would a rival firms action influence our sales and profits? The right question needs to be
addressed if research is to help decision makers. The decision maker can’t acquire all the
information, but it is often feasible to identify the factors that are critical to the existing
problem. These factors are then included in the problem definition.

3. The time dimension of a decision problem is always the future. The period or time of
the study when the data are to be gathered. This answers the question “When?” When is the
research to be performed?” Managers frequently run the risk of making the correct decision
at incorrect time. It is essential that the decision maker as well as the researcher determine
the right time reference for-the decision.

4. The area or location in which the study is to be conducted. This answers the question
“Where?” Where we need to conduct the study? The space coordinates give you the
geographic boundaries within which the action is to be taken. In the problem definition,
these lines are hardly ever neat political divisions or subdivisions. The universe of
interest should be defined either conceptually or by enumeration.

5. Population or universe from whom the data needs to be gathered. This answers the
question “Who?” or “from whom?” Who are the respondents? From who are the data to
be collected?” They may include persons, groups of persons, business establishments.

12. What are the stages of data analysis.

▪ Descriptive Analysis (For Insights on what is happening?)

Descriptive analysis provides a complete view of the key measures and metrics that are used
within the company. It is the most common analysis done by a data analyst. An example of
descriptive analysis can be the monthly profit and loss statement. The analyst can even have
data on a huge population of customers. Using the data of customers and understanding their
demographic information is categorized as descriptive analysis. Using good visualization
tools can enhance the message of this type of analysis.

▪ Diagnostic Analysis (For Insights on why it is happening?)

The second step in solving the complexities of data is diagnostic analysis. After assessing
the descriptive analysis of data, diagnostic analysis tools help the analyst in finding the root
cause of the problem that the enterprise is facing. Well-designed business
information dashboards that are incorporated with featuring filters and real-time reading of
data at multiple successive points help analysts in drilling down the problems and isolating
them.
▪ Predictive Analysis (For Insights on what will likely happen?)
Predictive analysis helps the data analysts in forecasting the problems that an enterprise is
likely to face. It can be the likelihood of an event happening in future or estimating the point
of time when the event might occur. In the predictive analysis, a variety of variable data is
 used to make predictions with the help of predictive models. The variability of the
component data is important for good predictions, taking all components and compiling
them together helps in better predictions. The market is filled with uncertainties and being
able to make predictions can help enterprises in better growth.

▪ Prescriptive Analysis (For Insights on what can be done?)

In a prescriptive analysis, the data analyst utilizes the complete stages – beginning from
what has happened, why it has happened and what will happen – to determine the best
course of action to take for an enterprise. The prescriptive analysis is not just to find the best
course of action but also to eradicate the complexities of the future; thus, helping the
organizations in achieving their business objectives.

The importance of data analysis in the achieving the business objectives is growing day by
day. With the increase in the amount of data usage, the jobs for data analysts and scientists
will rise even higher. So if you are looking for a good career choice, the data analyst can be
an important one. To learn how to become a good data analyst, you can opt for python
training in Gurgaon or Noida according to your preference and take the first step towards
your career.

13. Describe the techniques of data interpretation.

1. Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analysis is an important first step for conducting statistical analysis. It provides
us with an idea of the distribution of data, helps detect outliers, and enables us to identify
associations among variables, thus preparing the data for conducting further statistical
analysis. Descriptive analysis of a huge data set can be made easy by breaking down it into
two categories, they are descriptive analysis for each individual variable and descriptive
analysis for combinations of variables.

2. Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is one of the dominant data analysis techniques that is being used in the
industry right now. In this kind of technique, we can see the relationship between two or
more variables of interest and at the core, they all study the influence of one or more
independent variables on the dependent variable. To see if there is any relationship between
the variables or not we first need to plot the data on a chart and it will be evident if there is
any relation. For example, consider the graph plotted below to have a clear understanding.

In data mining, this technique is used to predict the values of a variable, in that particular
dataset. There are different types of regression models in usage. A few of them are Linear
regression, logistic regression, and multiple regression.

3. Dispersion Analysis
Dispersion is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. In the mathematical
approach, the dispersion can be defined in two ways, fundamentally the difference of values
among themselves and secondly the difference between the average value. If the difference
 between the value and average is very low, then we can say that dispersion is less in this
case. And some of the common measures of dispersion are variance, standard deviation, and
interquartile range.

4. Factor Analysis
Factor analysis is a kind of data analysis technique, which helps in finding the underlying
structure in a set of variables. It helps with finding independent variables in the data set that
describes the patterns and models of relationships. It is the first step towards clustering and
classification procedures. Factor analysis is also related to Principal Component
Analysis(PCA) but both of them are not identical we can call PCA as the more basic version
of exploratory factor analysis

5. Time Series
Time series analysis is a data analysis technique, that deals with the time-series data or trend
analysis. Now, let us understand what is time-series data? Time series data is data in a series
of particular time intervals or periods. If we see scientifically, most of the measurements are
executed over time.

14. Describe the sampling errors in research

A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample
that represents the entire population of data. As a result, the results found in the sample do
not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population.

Sampling is an analysis performed by selecting a number of observations from a larger

population. The method of selection can produce both sampling errors and non-sampling
errors.

Types of Sampling Errors

There are different categories of sampling errors.

Population-Specific Error
A population-specific error occurs when a researcher doesn't understand who to survey.

Selection Error
Selection error occurs when the survey is self-selected, or when only those participants who
are interested in the survey respond to the questions. Researchers can attempt to overcome
selection error by finding ways to encourage participation.

Sample Frame Error

A sample frame error occurs when a sample is selected from the wrong population data.
 Non-response Error
A non-response error occurs when a useful response is not obtained from the surveys
because researchers were unable to contact potential respondents (or potential respondents
refused to respond).

15. What are the characteristics of standard research report. Outlines of Research
Report.

• It is a detailed presentation of research processes and findings, and it usually includes tables
and graphs.
• It is written in a formal language.
• A research report is usually written in the third person.
• It is informative and based on first-hand verifiable information.
• It is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points.
• It always includes recommendations for future actions.

Outlines:-

• Title

This is the title of your systematic investigation. Your title should be concise and point to
the aims, objectives, and findings of a research report.

• Table of Contents

This is like a compass that makes it easier for readers to navigate the research report.

• Abstract

An abstract is an overview that highlights all important aspects of the research including the
research method, data collection process, and research findings. Think of an abstract as a
summary of your research report that presents pertinent information in a concise manner.

An abstract is always brief; typically 100-150 words and goes straight to the point. The
focus of your research abstract should be the 5Ws and 1H format – What, Where, Why,
When, Who and How.

• Introduction

Here, the researcher highlights the aims and objectives of the systematic investigation as
well as the problem which the systematic investigation sets out to solve. When writing the
report introduction, it is also essential to indicate whether the purposes of the research were
achieved or would require more work.
 In the introduction section, the researcher specifies the research problem and also outlines
the significance of the systematic investigation. Also, the researcher is expected to outline
any jargons and terminologies that are contained in the research.

• Literature Review

A literature review is a written survey of existing knowledge in the field of study. In other
words, it is the section where you provide an overview and analysis of different research
works that are relevant to your systematic investigation.

It highlights existing research knowledge and areas needing further investigation, which
your research has sought to fill. At this stage, you can also hint at your research hypothesis
and its possible implications for the existing body of knowledge in your field of study.

• An Account of Investigation

This is a detailed account of the research process, including the methodology, sample, and
research subjects. Here, you are expected to provide in-depth information on the research
process including the data collection and analysis procedures.

In a quantitative research report, you'd need to provide information surveys, questionnaires

and other quantitative data collection methods used in your research. In a qualitative
research report, you are expected to describe the qualitative data collection methods used in
your research including interviews and focus groups.

• Findings

In this section, you are expected to present the results of the systematic investigation.

• Discussion

This section further explains the findings of the research, earlier outlined. Here, you are
expected to present a justification for each outcome and show whether the results are in line
with your hypotheses or if other research studies have come up with similar results.

• Conclusions

This is a summary of all the information in the report. It also outlines the significance of the
entire study.

• References and Appendices

This section contains a list of all the primary and secondary research sources.

16. Describe the importance and limitation offer case study methods.
 A case study helps in bringing the understanding of a complex issue or object. It can
extend experience or add strength to the existing knowledge through previous
research. Their contextual analysis revolves around a limited number of events or
conditions and how they relate.

The case study has been used by researchers for a long time and has been applied in
different disciplines. It has been widely used in social sciences as a qualitative
research method to investigate contemporary real-life situations and has provided a
foundation of application of ideas and extension of methods.

List of the Advantages of the Case Study Method

1. It turns client observations into useable data.

Case studies offer verifiable data from direct observations of the individual entity involved.
These observations provide information about input processes. It can show the path taken
which led to specific results being generated. Those observations make it possible for others,
in similar circumstances, to potentially replicate the results discovered by the case study
method.

2. It turns opinion into fact.

Case studies provide facts to study because you’re looking at data which was generated in
real-time. It is a way for researchers to turn their opinions into information that can be
verified as fact because there is a proven path of positive or negative development. Singling
out a specific incident also provides in-depth details about the path of development, which
gives it extra credibility to the outside observer.

3. It is relevant to all parties involved.

Case studies that are chosen well will be relevant to everyone who is participating in the
process. Because there is such a high level of relevance involved, researchers are able to stay
actively engaged in the data collection process. Participants are able to further their
knowledge growth because there is interest in the outcome of the case study. Most
importantly, the case study method essentially forces people to make a decision about the
question being studied, then defend their position through the use of facts.

4. It uses a number of different research methodologies.

The case study method involves more than just interviews and direct observation. Case
histories from a records database can be used with this method. Questionnaires can be
distributed to participants in the entity being studies. Individuals who have kept diaries and
journals about the entity being studied can be included. Even certain experimental tasks,
such as a memory test, can be part of this research process.

5. It can be done remotely.

Researchers do not need to be present at a specific location or facility to utilize the case
study method. Research can be obtained over the phone, through email, and other forms of
remote communication. Even interviews can be conducted over the phone. That means this
method is good for formative research that is exploratory in nature, even if it must be
completed from a remote location.

6. It is inexpensive.

Compared to other methods of research, the case study method is rather inexpensive. The
costs associated with this method involve accessing data, which can often be done for free.
Even when there are in-person interviews or other on-site duties involved, the costs of
reviewing the data are minimal.

7. It is very accessible to readers.

The case study method puts data into a usable format for those who read the data and note its
outcome. Although there may be perspectives of the researcher included in the outcome, the
goal of this method is to help the reader be able to identify specific concepts to which they
also relate. That allows them to discover unusual features within the data, examine outliers
that may be present, or draw conclusions from their own experiences.

List of the Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

1. It can have influence factors within the data.

Every person has their own unconscious bias. Although the case study method is designed to
limit the influence of this bias by collecting fact-based data, it is the collector of the data
who gets to define what is a “fact” and what is not. That means the real-time data being
collected may be based on the results the researcher wants to see from the entity instead. By
controlling how facts are collected, a research can control the results this method generates.
2. It takes longer to analyze the data.

The information collection process through the case study method takes much longer to
collect than other research options. That is because there is an enormous amount of data
which must be sifted through. It’s not just the researchers who can influence the outcome in
this type of research method. Participants can also influence outcomes by given inaccurate
or incomplete answers to questions they are asked. Researchers must verify the information
presented to ensure its accuracy, and that takes time to complete.

3. It can be an inefficient process.

Case study methods require the participation of the individuals or entities involved for it to
be a successful process. That means the skills of the researcher will help to determine the
quality of information that is being received. Some participants may be quiet, unwilling to
answer even basic questions about what is being studied. Others may be overly talkative,
exploring tangents which have nothing to do with the case study at all. If researchers are
unsure of how to manage this process, then incomplete data is often collected.

4. It requires a small sample size to be effective.

The case study method requires a small sample size for it to yield an effective amount of
data to be analyzed. If there are different demographics involved with the entity, or there are
different needs which must be examined, then the case study method becomes very
inefficient.

5. It is a labor-intensive method of data collection.

The case study method requires researchers to have a high level of language skills to be
successful with data collection. Researchers must be personally involved in every aspect of
collecting the data as well. From reviewing files or entries personally to conducting personal
interviews, the concepts and themes of this process are heavily reliant on the amount of
work each researcher is willing to put into things.

These case study method advantages and disadvantages offer a look at the effectiveness of
this research option. With the right skill set, it can be used as an effective tool to gather rich,
detailed information about specific entities. Without the right skill set, the case study method
becomes inefficient and inaccurate.
17. Describe the components of research design in details.

➢ Goals: Why is your study worth doing? What issues do you want it to clarify, and
what practices and policies do you want it to influence? Why do you want to conduct
this study, and why should we care about the results?
➢ Conceptual framework: What do you think is going on with the issues, settings, or
people you plan to study? What theories, beliefs, and prior research findings will
guide or inform your research, and what literature, preliminary studies, and personal
experiences will you draw on for understanding the people or issues you are
studying?
➢ Research questions: What, specifically, do you want to learn or understand by doing
this study? What do you not know about the things you are studying that you want to
learn? What questions will your research attempt to answer, and how are these
questions related to one another?
➢ Methods: What will you actually do in conducting this study? What approaches and
techniques will you use to collect and analyze your data, and how do these constitute
an integrated strategy?
➢ Validity: How might your results and conclusions be wrong? What are the plausible
alternative interpretations and validity threats to these, and how will you deal with
these? How can the data that you have, or that you could potentially collect, support
or challenge your ideas about what’s going on? Why should we believe your results?

18. describe the meaning,types,characters of hypothesis.

Hypothesis is an assumption that is made on the basis of some evidence. This is the initial
point of any investigation that translates the research questions into a prediction. It includes
components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research
hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.

At its initial stage, a hypothesis may be an imagined idea or a hunch or a mere guess. It is in
the form of a declarative sentence and always indicates relation of one or more variable (s)
with other variable (s) in a general or specific way. It is mostly based on accumulated
knowledge.

➢ Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of hypothesis:

• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.

• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between
variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be
understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.

➢ Types of hypothesis.

Simple Hypothesis
It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable.
For example – If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, eating more
vegetables is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.

Complex Hypothesis
It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more
independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin,
reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure and some
cancers.

Directional Hypothesis
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The
relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For example- children aged
four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than
children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of effect.

Non-directional Hypothesis
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists
between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.

Null Hypothesis
It provides the statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and
there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is
denoted by “HO”.

Associative and Causal Hypothesis

Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in
the other variable. Whereas, causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction
between two or more variables.