CE-201

BRICKS

Lt Col G M Faruque
CE Dept, MIST
e-mail: faruquegm@yahoo.com
 Review

 Manufacturing of Bricks (5 steps)

 Burning of Bricks (Various kiln)

 Operation of Hoffman Kiln

 Causes of deterioration of Bricks

 Different types of problem of Bricks

 Advantages of Bricks
 Disadvantages of Bricks
 Not as strong as other materials such as stone.

 Not as durable compared to stone.

 Brick masonry needs plastering done to finish a

project which can raise construction costs.

 Brick absorbs water which will cause dampness and

damage overtime.

 Less aesthetic appeal with brick as there is limited

sizes and colors
 The Hoffman kiln
 A Hoffmann kiln consists of a main fire passage surrounded
on each side by several small rooms. Each room contains a
pallet of bricks. In the main fire passage there is a fire
wagon, that holds a fire that burns continuously. Each room
is fired for a specific time, until the bricks are fired
properly, and thereafter the fire wagon is rolled to the next
room to be fired.

 This kind of kiln is particularly efficient. This efficiency is

a principle advantage of the Hoffmann kiln, and is one of
the reasons for its original development and continued use
throughout history. Each room also has an outside door,
through which recently-fired brick is removed, and
replaced with wet brick to be dried and then fired in the
next firing cycle.
Operation of Hoffman kiln

C – Chimney
F – Fuel Holes

D1, D2 ……D12 - Communication Doors

O1, O2 ...….O12 - Outer Doors
R1 , R2 ...….R12 - Radial Flues
 Operation of Hoffman kiln

At any Stage
Chamber 1 : Loading
Chambers 2,3,4,5 : Drying and Preheating
Chambers 6,7 : Burning
Chamber 8,9,10,11 : Cooling
Chamber 12 : Unloading

Next Stage
Chamber 12 : Loading
Chamber 1,2,3,4 : Preheating
Chamber 5,6 : Burning
Chamber 7,8,9,10 : Cooling
Chamber 11 : Unloading
 Operation
With this arrangement, the circulation of flue gas is as follows:
• Cool air enters the kiln through open doors of chambers 1 & 12 (i.e.,
O1 & O12) and passes through chambers 11,10, 9,8 (using D11, D10,
etc.) and gets heated while performing cooling of hot burnt bricks in
these chambers.
• The heated air or gases enter the burning chambers 7 & 6 (through
D7 and D6); Fuel is dropped in these chambers from the top to
perform burning.
• Aftermath, the hot gases are led to the chambers 5,4,3,2 to perform
drying & preheating of freshly loaded bricks. The communicating
door of chamber 2 with that of chamber 1(i.e., D1) is closed and the
cool gases are lead to chimney through the radial flue R2.
• Note that for this particular arrangement, all the radial flues except
R2 remain closed and all the communicating doors except D1 remain
opened. Outer loading and unloading doors remain closed except for
the two chambers, which are being loaded (O1) and unloaded (O12).
 Types of Bricks
 Building Bricks
– Structural element
– Strength and durability important

 Facing Bricks
– Used as wall facing element
– Appearance important

 Floor Bricks
– Used in finished floor surface
– Abrasion resistant

 Paving Bricks
– Used in road, sidewalks & driveways
 Fair-faced Brick
This becoming increasingly popular as an internal surface finish to
walls of living rooms or sun lounges in domestic premises. The
bricklayer has to exercise a great deal of skill in erecting these walls so
that they are pleasing to the eye. Small defects which would not be
noticed on external walls may be very conspicuous in a living room
and can easily create an objectionable finish. Extra special care in
building is, therefore, essential and the following points should be
observed:
1. The walling must be kept perfectly clean and free from mortar
stains.
2. If multicoloured bricks are used, the various colours should be
evenly distributed throughout the wall face.
3. No chipped bricks should be visible on the face of the wall.
4. Joints must be kept to an even thickness, make it easier to clean.
 Fair-faced Brick
5. The pointing must be of a high standard. Recessed joints are the
most popular form of finishing off and the recesses should be of same
depth. The colour of the mortar must be even throughout the wall.
6. Perpends must all be kept truly plumb.
7. The correct bond must be maintained throughout the wall.
8. The wall must be kept truly plumb, level and straight along its
face.
9. On completion, the wall is sometimes sealed against the
penetration of dust by applying a coat of transparent silicone sealing
compound or a solution of linseed oil and turpentine 1:2 or 1:3 which
will have both a sealing effect and enhance the colouring of the
bricks. The solution may be applied with a small paint brush.
10. The walls must be protected from staining when other tradesmen,
such as painters and plasterers, are working nearby. Any accidental
staining must be removed at once.mak
 Fair-faced Brick
Technical characteristics of the material
 Fair-faced brick is a way of using bricks to cover walls where the
material is left on view with no further work or finishing layers.

 Especially used for exteriors, this technique can also be applied

to interior walls.

 Fair-faced brick is highly porous and therefore very absorbent. It

is therefore indispensable to protect the surfaces with water-
repellent or stain protecting products that prevent graffiti, smog
or dust sticking to the wall.

 Indoors, finishing waxes may be used that prevent the natural

crumbling of the material and make it easier to clean.
 Over Burnt Bricks

 Over-burnt bricks are a waste material which cannot be

used in construction directly because of their irregular shape
and dark colour.

 Therefore this type of brick is known as over burnt brick.

These bricks are also known as Jhama bricks.

 Jhama Bricks are rejected bricks which are either over

burned or not shaped according to the specification. The best
way to recycle these bricks is by using them as coarse
aggregates.in making concretes.
 Bricks- Used in wall
• Bricks will categorized with different used:
– load bearing wall
– Non-Load bearing wall
– Insulation wall
– Covering wall.
• Selection of bricks based on their using.
• Brick shape : 4 side geometric with length 2 x from width. The
thickness is 2/3 of width
• Standard size of bricks is 215 x 102.5 x 65 mm
• It’s can made from clay, sand & lime, cement mortar
 Special Bricks
Perforated Bricks
Hollow Bricks
Checkered Bricks
Stalle Brick
Plinth Brick
Jamb Brick
Paving Bricks
Holed Bricks
Special Purpose Bricks
 Properties of Bricks
Density
 Brick, common red weighs 1.922 gm / cubic cm or 1922 kg
/cubic meter, i.e. density of brick is equal to 1922 kg/m³. In
Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density
is equal to 120 pound /cubic foot [lb/ft³]

Weight
 The unit weight determined in accordance with STP 7.8.
3 of 1st class bricks shall not be less than 1,100 kg/m3 and the
unit weight of Jhama bricks shall not be less than 1,200 kg/m3.
 Compressive Strength of Bricks
 Compressive strength test, mechanical test measuring the
maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before
fracturing. The test piece, usually in the form of a cube, prism, or
cylinder, is compressed between the platens of a compression-
testing machine by a gradually applied load.
 Compressive strength test The compressive strength is calculated
by using the equation,
F= P/A
Where, F = Compressive strength of the specimen (in MPa).
P = Maximum load applied to the specimen (in N).
A= Cross-sectional area of the specimen (in mm²)
 The units are pound-force per square inch (psi) in US Customary
units or megapascals (MPa) in SI units.
Rate of Loading
 Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per
minute till the Specimens fails.
 Compressive Strength of Bricks
 Compressive strength test on bricks are carried out to
determine the load carrying capacity of the bricks
under compression with the help of compression testing
machine.

 Bricks are generally used for construction of load

bearing masonry walls, columns and footings.

 The minimum crushing / compressive strengths of

burnt bricks tested flat-wise prescribed are:
(i) Common building bricks - 500 psi (35 kg/sq. cm)
(ii) Second class bricks - 1000 psi (70 kg/sq. cm)
(iii) First class bricks - 1500 psi(105 kg/sq. cm)
 Units of Compressive Strength
 1 Mpa equals 1,000,000 pascals which is the SI unit for
pressure. Primarily used for higher range pressure
measurement due to its larger value.
 1 Pascal is equal to 1 N / m2, which means that 1 MPa equals
1,000 kN/m2. If you know the pressure exerted on a barrier
of known area in MPa, multiply by the area in square
meters, and then multiply by 1,000 to get the total force
exerted on the barrier in kN.
 1 Mpa = 145.037737797 psi
 1 kg or kilogram-force (kg or kgf) = 9.80665 Newtons (N)

 1 kN = 101.9716005 kg
Compressive Strength Testing Machine

Compressive Strength Testing Machine in MIST Concrete Lab

 Calculation of Brickworks
Dimension Length Width Height Volume Volume
(cu inch) (Cft)
Normal
9.5 ´´ 4.5 ´´ 2.75 ´´ ---- 0.0680

With
10.0 ´´ 5.0 ´´ 3.0 ´´ 150 0.0868
Mortar

Prob. Find out the number of bricks required for the masonry wall
5 ´´

10 ft

20 ft
 Calculation of Brickworks
Prob. Find out the number of bricks required for the masonry wall
5 ´´

10 ft

20 ft
Soln.
Volume of brickworks in the wall = L x W x D
= 20 x 10 x (5/12)
= 83.33 cft
Volume of 1 brick = 0.0868 cft
Hence, no of bricks required for the wall = (83.33/0.0868)
= 960 nos
 Schedule of Rates

Rate of Bricks per thousand ( varies on quality and season)

No 1 bricks 8,000 - 10,000 Tk
No 2 bricks 6,500 - 8,000 Tk

Khoa/ Brick chips 100 – 120 Tk / cft

 Basic Brickwork Terminology

Head
Joint

Bed
Joint

Course - horizontal layer of brick

Basic Brickwork Terminology

Header - Bonds two wythes together

Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick

Rowlock -
laid on face,
end visible

Stretcher - long dimension horizontal

& face parallel to the wall

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

 Grades of Building Bricks

Grade Description
SW (Severe Weathering) High resistance to frost action

MW (Moderate Moderate resistance to frost

Weathering) action. Used in relatively dry
location
NW (Negligible Used in interior construction,
Weathering) where no freezing occurs
ASTM C62 Strength Requirements for
Building Brick

Minimum Compressive
Grade Strength, gross area, MPa (psi)
Average of 5 Individual
bricks
SW 20.7 (3000) 17.2 (2500)

MW 17.2 (2500) 15.2 (2200)

NW 10.3 (1500) 8.6 (1250)
Typical Brickwork
The Modern Brickwork
The Modern Brickwork
Query ?
Thank You