hazardous because of its flammable, corrosive, poisonous nature or other properties. Q) What is IMDG code and what are the general precautions when carrying dangerous goods? IMDG code (Intemational Maritime dangerous goods code) Is a code containing details of all the numerous dangerous cargoes offered for carriage by sea and includes solid liquid and gaseous substances. Explosive, flammable, oxidizing and radioactive substances are also included and recommended means of their containment or packing are listed OBJECTIVE: + Enhance the safe transport of dangerous goods; + Prevent harm to the marine environment; + Facilitate the free unrestricted movement of dangerous goods. APPLICATION: The IMDG code applies to all ships carrying dangerous goods which are covered by the code, in packaged form i.e. perform of containment specified in the code except ship stores and equipment GENERAL PRECAUTIONS WHEN CARRYING DANGEROUS GOODS > All documents relating to dangerous goods shall be determined to be in order (e.g. Dangerous Goods Transport Document, the Shipper’s Declaration, the Container or Vehicle Packing Certificate, the Cargo Manifest & Stowage Plan); > No packaged goods shall be accepted onboard the ship unless a Dangerous good/marine pollutant declaration has been provided to the master or operator. >Prior loading, ship's Officers shall make reference to the IMDG Code & determine the cargo particulars w.r: the likely hazards, stowage, compatibility, segregation, etc.; > All cargo operations shall be supervised by a responsible Officer who must be in possession of the operational & emergency information.; >No unauthorized person shall be allowed near the loading / discharging areas; >The compartment or deck area shall be inspected and determined to be dry, clear and suitable for loading operations; >Suitable emergency equipment including fire-fighting equipment shall be readily available >Correct signals (Bravo flag/ red flashing light) shall be displayed as per International Code of Signals >No bunkering operations shall be permitted; >Wireless transmissions exceeding 50V shall not be permitted; >Radars shall be kept switched off & tagged; >All packaging, labelling, placarding, stowage and segregation of the goods shall be in accordance with the IMDG Code; >Packages shall be identified and stowed appropriately to avoid accidents; >All hazardous parcels should be tallied in and tallied out of the ship; >Defective parcels shall be rejected: >Loading/discharging shall be suspended if there is threat of inclement weather; 38>Cargoes requiring special ventilation should be appropriately stowed to benefit from the designated ventilation system; > MFAG to be consulted to treat for any medical injury/skin contact. EMS to be consulted in case of fire/spillage > Emergency contact number to be maintained in readiness. Reporting to parties in case of accidents involving DGs to be done as per IMDG supplement. >Some packages may require daylight movement. Some others may be affected by sunlight. Appropriate loading schedules should reflect related hazards; >Port regulations shall be adhere Q) What precautions have to be observed wi packaged form. > All documents relating to dangerous goods shall be determined to be in order (e.g. Dangerous Goods Transport Document, the Shipper’s Declaration, the Container or Vehicle Packing Certificate, the Cargo Manifest & ‘Stowage Plan); >Prior loading, ship's Officers shall make reference to the IMDG Code & determine the cargo particulars w.rt. the likely hazards, stowage, compatibility, segregation, etc.; > All cargo operations shall be supervised by a responsible Officer who must be in possession of the operational & emergency information.; >No unauthorized person shall be allowed near the loading / discharging areas; >The compartment or deck area shall be inspected and determined to be dry, clear and suitable for loading operations; >Suitable emergency equipment including fire-fighting equipment shall be readily available >Fire wires shall be rigged & maintained F &A of the vessel; >Correct signals (e.g. 'B’ flag during daylight hours) shall be displayed as per International Code Of Signals. >No bunkering operations shall be permitted; >Wireless transmissions exceeding 50V shall not be permitted; >Radars shall be kept switched off & tagged; >All packaging, labelling, stowage and segregation of the goods shall be in accordance with the IMDG Code; >Packages shall be identified and stowed appropriately to avoid accidents; >All hazardous parcels should be tallied in and tallied out of the ship; >Defective parcels shall be rejected; >Loading/discharging shall be suspended if there is threat of inclement weather; >Cargoes requiring special ventilation should be appropriately stowed to benefit from the designated ventilation system; >Some packages may require daylight movement, Some others may be affected by sunlight. Appropriate loading schedules should reflect related hazards; >Port regulations shall be adhered; >Suitable security should be given to special cargoes such as explosives. loading/dischar 1g explosives in 39> Certain categories of explosives must be stowed in a magazine which a wood or wood lined compartment or a steel compartment specially constructed to stow explosives safely >Explosives should be placed as far as possible away from living accommodation and should not be over-stowed. In case of certain explosives, deck stowage is preferred >No electric cables should pass through a magazine. If this is unavoidable, cables should be sheathed by an approved, sealed, non-combustible barrier & tested before loading >Electric fittings shall so far as possible be disconnected, and ventilation fans to such spaces must be flame-proof; >Explosive are unstable when wet & should be stowed in a cool dry & well ventilated space. >Masts must be fitted with lightning conductors as lighting presents a grave danger; >Defective cargo packages must be rejected. >Cargo handling equipment to be used should in good condition. >Dangerous cargo should not be handled under adverse weather condition >All packaging labelling & segregation of goods are carried out as per the IMDG Code >Emergency Equipment should be kept readily available >Combustible material should be stowed away from all source of ignition. >Port Authority to be informed of all movements of Hazardous Cargo >All accommodation flaps to be closed & air conditioning should be in recirculation mode. Q) a) With respect to IMDG Code, how will you find the hazards associated with packaged goods, Information regarding the hazards and nature of the cargo can also be obtained from the transport document (Dangerous goods note) and IMDG code. The officer on watch should be familiar with the layout of the code and supplement to enable extract information relevant to the cargo quickly. Additionally, he may refer to the accompanying documents like MSDS sheets to know the exact nature of the cargo. Hazards can also be identified from the labels or placards posted on the containers or packages. b) State the shipper’s responsibility under IMDG code: Responsibility of shipper: The shipping documents prepared by the shipper shall include a signed certificate or declaration that the shipment offered for carriage is properly packaged and marked labelled or recorded and in proper condition for carriage In all transportation documents the correct technical name of the goods and the correct description with the classification in the code shall be given. Q. a) State the various classes of dangerous goods as per IMDG code. 40Class Description Example 1 Explosives Fireworks, Ammunition, Gelignite 24 Flammable Gases Acetylene, Hydrogen LPG 22 Non-flammable, Non | Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, refrigerant gases toxic gases 23 Toxic Gases Chlorine (gas), Ammonia 3 Flammable Liquids Ethanol, Methanol, Hexane 44 Flammable Solids Sulphur 42 ‘Spontaneously White phosphorous, Activated carbon ‘Combustible 43 Dangerous whenwet | Sodium metal, Calcium carbide 51 ‘Oxidizing Substances —_| Sodium peroxide, Calcium hypochlorite (poo! chlorine) 52 (Organise Peroxides Methyl Ethyl Ketone peroxide 61 Toxic substances ‘Sodium cyanide 62 Infectious Substances —_| Clinical or medical waste Radioactive substances | Tritium Corrosives Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide Miscellaneous “Asbestos, dry ice dangerous goods b) Describe the use of segregation table as per IMDG. Segregation is the process of separating two or more substances or articles which are considered mutually incompatible because there packing or stowage together may result in undue hazards due to leakage, spillage or any other accident. Segregation is maintained by keeping them a certain distance apart or having a bulkhead/bulkheads or deck/ decks between them or both as per the segregation table. The intervening spaces may be filled with other compatible cargo. The type of segregation depends on the extent of hazard between substances. To determine the segregation requirements between 2 or more dangerous goods, the segregation provisions, including the seqregation table and column 16 of the dangerous goods list shall be consulted, In case of conflicting provisions, the provisions of column 16 of the dangerous goods list always take precedence. Q) How are various classes of dangerous goods segregated. OR with respect to IMDG code explain the following with sketches as applicable a)Away from. b) separated from. c) separated by a complete compartment or hold from d) separated longitudinally by an intervening complete compartment or hold from 41Various classes of dangerous goods are segregated as follows: Away from: Prohibited Gre m 3m Prohibited i stoweg i area Effectively segregated so that the incompatible materials cannot interact dangerously in the event of an accident but may be transported in the same compartment or hold or on deck provided a minimum horizontal separation of 3 m, projected vertically, is provided. Separated from: a S] SS To be carried in different compartments or holds when stowed under deck, A vertical separation, ie., in different compartments, may be accepted as equivalent to this segregation provided the intervening deck is resistant to fire and liquid. For on deck stowage, this segregation means a separation by a distance of at least 6 meters. Separated by a complete compartment or hold from: pede S Z NOTE: Gm oF te two Greke 42There must be either a vertical or a horizontal separation by a complete compartment or hold from. If the decks are not resistant to fire and liquid, then only a longitudinal separation, i.e. by an intervening complete compartment is acceptable. For on deck stowage, this segregation means a separation by a distance of at least 12m horizontally. The same distance has to be applied if one package is stowed on deck, and the other one in an upper compartment. Separated longitudinally by an intervening complete compartment or hold from: A vertical separation is not allowed. The packages must be horizontally separated by a complete compartment. Between a package under deck and one on deck, a minimum distance of 24meters, including a complete compartment must be maintained longitudinally. For on deck stowage, this segregation means a separation by a distance of at least 24m longitudinally. EFERENCE PACKAGE is) PACKAGE OF INCOMPATIBLE GOODS - DEOK RESISTANT TO FIRE AND LIQUIDS - mnt Q) With respect to IMDG code explain following: a) IMDG code supplement: The Supplement to the IMDG Code provides useful and relevant guidance on the following. Contents of IMDG code supplement Emergency Response Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods; Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG} Reporting Procedures; IMO/ILO/ECE Guidelines for Packing Cargo Transport Units 43Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships, Cargo Holds and CTUs International Code for the Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships. b) MFAG:: It is a supplement of the IMDG Code. The purpose of the guide is to provide medical advises and treatment with whatever facilities that are available on board for accidents involving dangerous goods in the IMDG code. It also gives information on the symptoms, treatment and suggest treatment in case of skin contact, eye contact or inhalation of certain DG. This Guide should be used in conjunction with the information provided in the IMDG Code, the IMSBC Code, IBC Code (Chemicals in Bulk) and IGC Code (Liquefied Gases in Bulk). The treatment recommended in this Guide is specified in the appropriate tables (20 tables) which give brief instructions for special circumstances and more comprehensive in the appropriate sections of the 15 Appendices which provide comprehensive information Treatments in this guide cater for the accidental human consequences of the carriage of dangerous goods at sea. The guide does not cover ingestion by intention. c) EMS: It is a supplement of the IMDG Code. EMS (Emergency response procedures for ships carrying dangerous goods guide) provides guidance on emergency situations including fire and spillage of DG. This guidance is for shipboard use where master and crew have to respond to a fire or a spillage without extemal assistance. The purpose of this Guide is to provide guidance for dealing with fires and spillages (Leakages) emergencies on board ships involving in transporting of dangerous goods in accordance with the provisions of the IMDG Code. The guidance should be integrated into the contingency plan for shipboard emergencies, which should be specific to the individual ship and should take into account the equipment on board. This Guide has separate advice for Fire and Spillage emergencies and should be used as follows: In the event of an emergency involving packaged dangerous goods, consult the GENERAL GUIDELINES each for fire and spillage as a first step; and obtain detailed advice for the specific cargo(es) involved by reading the relevant EMERGENCY SCHEDULE(S) (EMS) for the cargo(es). FOR FIRE There are 10 fire schedules (F-A to F-J) based on the type of dangerous goods. Under each EMS Schedules for FIRE contains following advise General comments, Cargo on fire on deck and under deck, Cargo exposed to fire. FOR SPILLAGE There are 26 spillage schedules (S-A to S-Z) based on the type of dangerous goods. The EMS schedules for spillage contains advice under the following headings: General comments, spillage on deck and under deckQ) Write short notes on the following with respect to IMDG code: a) Subsidiary risk: ‘A dangerous good may have one or more risks whereby one is classified as primary and the other is classified as a subsidiary risk. Such goods are assigned to a class according to their primary hazard. The subsidiary risk label is affixed next to the primary risk label. The class number will be as of primary risk. If there is one subsidiary risk and its segregation provisions are more stringent then, they shall take precedence over that of primary hazard. If there are two or more subsidiary risk labels the segregation provisions are given in column 16 of Dangerous goods list. c) Segregation table: To determine the segregation requirements between 2 or more dangerous goods, the segregation provisions, including the searegation table and column 16 of the dangerous goods list shall be consulted. In case of conflicting provisions, the provisions of column 16 of the dangerous goods list always take precedence. There are 3 segregation tables for dangerous goods; 1. For goods of class 1 (Explosives) in packaged form, 2. For goods of class 1-9 in packaged form. 3. For bulk materials possessing chemical hazards (MHB) and dangerous good in packaged form class 1-9. c) UN no: Itis a four-digit number assigned by the UN sub committee of experts on transport of dangerous goods in the IMDG code. It helps in identification of the dangerous goods IMDG code. UN number should be marked on the package of the IMDG cargo. Each dangerous good in the IMDG code has its own UN number. d) Dangerous Goods Manifest: Every ship when carrying dangerous goods and Marine pollutants should have a dangerous goods manifest. Dangerous goods manifest is a basic document required under FAL convention for providing public authorities with the information regarding dangerous goods that is being carried on the ship at the time. A copy of one of these documents shall be made available before departure to the person or organization of Port state authorities. Dangerous Goods Manifest contains the following information: 1, Name of the Ship, IMO Number, Call Sign, Voyage Number, 2. Flag State of Ship, 3, Port of Loading,Port of Discharge, Stowage Position, Reference Number, Marks and Numbers : Freight container no, vehicle registration. Proper Shipping Name (Technical Specifications), Class/Subsidiary Risk(s)), 10, UN Number, 11, Packing Group, 12. Additional Information/Marine PollutantFlash Point/Ete 13. Number and Kind of Packages, 14, Mass (kg) or Volume (L) 15. EMS 16. Shipping Agent - Place and Date - Signature of Agent. A detailed stowage plan which identifies by class and mentioning the class and the location of all dangerous goods and Marine pollutants may be used in place of dangerous goods manifest. OONOaR ¢) Index and dangerous goods list >INDEX: lists the entire contents of IMDG code (vol1 &vol 2) >DG LIST: Dg list is given in the volume 2 of IMDG code. The DGL is the first point of reference for all enquiries about classification or technical details of a substances or article. The DGL is a list containing an entry for all dangerous goods and is presented across 2 pages of the IMDG Code. It is divided into 18 columns, Much of the information contained in the DGL is coded to make it easier to present in a table. The DGL is arranged in UN Number order, column‘ and column 18 contains the UN Number. To look up an entry, you just need the UN Number or Proper Shipping Name (PSN). Q) Explain the following requirements as per IMDG Code. OR Explain requirements of dangerous goods in packed form with respect to IMDG Code: i)Stowage: Stowage means the proper placement of dangerous goods on board a ship in order to ensure safety and environmental protection; Stowage may be on the weather deck, or under deck and this information is available for all cargoes. Dangerous good should be stowed as per stowage categories given in the IMDG code. There are separate stowage categories for class 1 goods and for class 2 to 9; 46These define whether the stowage shall be on deck, or under deck and in some cases stowage in a particular space or type of vessel may be prohibited; Where stowage of marine pollutants is permitted on deck or under deck, under deck stowage is preferred. Dangerous goods of Class 1, other than division 1.4 compatibility group S, packed in limited quantities shall be stowed in cargo and passenger ships in one of five stowage categories (01 to 05) which specifies if, where and how the dangerous goods can be stowed. Where required to be stowed, on deck only, these goods should be stowed 12m away from living quarters, life-saving appliances and public access areas, B/8 or 2.4m away from the shipside whichever is greater and 6m away from sources of ignition. Dangerous goods of Classes 2 - 9 shall be stowed in cargo and passenger ships in one of five stowage categories (A to E) which specifies if and where the dangerous goods can be stowed. Marine Pollutants should preferably be stowed under deck, but if required to be stowed on deck then they should be stowed inboard in sheltered areas on well protected decks. (ii) Marking (iii) labelling and (iv) Placarding. >The proper shipping name & the corresponding 4-digit UN number preceded by the letters UN shall be marked on each package corresponding with the size of the package; >Salvage packages & salvage pressure receptables (used to carry damaged, defective goods) shall be additionally marked SALVAGE; >Class 7 (radioactive) packages shall be marked with name of consignor or consignee or both & if over 50kg shall contain the gross mass; >Packages containing marine pollutants (shall be marked with the environmentally hazardous substance mark (a withered tree and a fish grounded) adjacent to the other required markings; >Units which are fumigated shall have a fumigation sign with name of fumigant & date & time when applied mentioned; >Labels which are 100mm x 100mm in size, show the class number & dangerous properties of the goods in pictorial symbols. They are affixed to individual packages near the markings; > Large packaging & IBCs shall be labelled on two opposing sides. >Subsidiary risk labels where required shall be also affixed. e.g. a poisonous substance which is also corrosive shall bear the label for corrosive substances but without the class number in the bottom comer. >Placards which are larger, 250mm x 250mm in size, show the same information. >They are affixed to cargo transport units; placards on a CTU shall be affixed on four sides; >These markings, labels & placards shall be readily visible on a contrasting coloured background on the external surface of the package & not clustered with other markings which may reduce their effectiveness; >The markings, labels & placards must be of such a durable nature as to withstand 3 months immersion in sea water; 47>A package containing goods of a low degree of danger may be exempted from labelling requirements, but must be indicated in the vessels, Dangerous Goods Manifest. v) Packing: >IBC & other packaging should be of good quality, capable of withstanding shocks during transport and manual or mechanical handling; >Packaging should be closed to prevent loss of contents during transport by vibration, changes in temperature, humidity or pressure; >Packaging to be successfully tested for vibration, drop test, etc.; >Parts of packaging in direct contact with dangerous goods should not be affected or react or allow contents to permeate; >No dangerous residue to adhere to outside of packages whether new, re-used, reconditioned or remanufactured; >Outer packaging shall be such that inner packaging cannot be punctured, broken or leaked. Inner packaging that is fragile shall be separated from the outer packaging with cushioning material; >Cushioning material should be inert and suited to the nature of contents >The nature and thickness of outer packaging should withstand friction during transport & not generate heat which may alter the chemical stability of the contents; >Spacelullage shall be provided which will allow for expansion at temperatures likely during transport & prevent leakage or distortion of the packaging; >Dangerous goods or other substances shall not be packed together if they react dangerously with each other; >Dangerous goods which evolve flammable, toxic, corrosive gases or vapours may react dangerously with the atmosphere shall be stowed in hermitically sealed packages i.e. vapour- tight closure; >Effectively sealed or closed packages are not the same as hermetically sealed packages. Though the concept is similar, the sealing is not vapour-tight but is nevertheless effective and economical for carriage of most dangerous goods; >Gas cylinders under pressure should be adequately constructed, tested, maintained & correctly fille >Emply uncleaned receptacles shall be treated as filled, unless measures are taken to nullify hazards. Q) A Container loaded ‘on deck’ containing IMDG cargo was found to be dripping some of its cargo. A deck hand, who went to clean the same, inhaled toxic fumes and collapsed. What actions are required to be taken on board with respect to safety, health and pollution prevention? >The general response to spillage involving dangerous goods can be subdivided into the following objectives: >identification >rescue >isolation >response 48Actions >Raise alarm. >Muster in an area away from the fumes (consider within accommodation) >it may be necessary to turn the ship to ensure that the accommodation spaces are up-wind >ventilation system for living quarters and working spaces should be shut off closed and secured to reduce the possibility of smoke, dust, fumes and gases from entering these areas. >Full protective clothing resistant to the effects of the specific dangerous substance involved should be worn. >Wearing self-contained breathing apparatus is essential to protect against inhalation of toxic or corrosive dusts vapours or gases. >Bring the affected person to fresh air and carry out actions as per MFAG along with information in the IMDG code. >Decontamination and Medical first aid also need to be considered. Arrange for the decontamination station to be set up at a suitable safe location >Master to obtain radio medical advice. > Arrange for medical assistance from nearest land and also request assistance for containment of spillage from nearest port. >Spillage containment team should also ensure that any chemical protective clothing is used with other suitable protection against the specific hazards involved >The likelihood of the development of an explosive, flammable or toxic atmosphere should be considered. Suitable fire fighting equipment should be kept ready. Q) Write short notes on: Document of Compliance: DOC is issued to a ship by flag state which allows various listed classes of DGs' to be carried on board, Eg if class 7 DG are not listed in DOC, same would be not carried on board. Document of Compliance shall be provided to the ship as evidence of compliance that a ship is suitably constructed and equipped for carriage of listed DG of construction and equipment with requirements of regulation of SOLAS 1974. For compliance, the following functional requirements shall be met: 4.Fire protection systems shall be provided to protect the ship from the added fire hazards associated with carriage of dangerous goods; 2,Dangerous goods shall be adequately separated from ignition sources; and 3.Appropriate personnel protective equipment shall be provided for the hazards associated with the carriage of dangerous goods. Q) Differentiate between following: a) Effective closed and hermetically closed Effectively closed: liquid tight closure Hermetically closed: vapour tight closure Unless otherwise specified for a particular substance in IMDG code, packages containing dangerous goods which evolve flammable gases or vapour, evolve corrosive gases or vapour or may react dangerously with the atmosphere should be hermetically sealed For certain substances IMDG code packing provisions require package to be hermetically sealed BULK CARGOES: GRAIN/ HIGH DENSITY/COAL CARGOES (Question no:6)