1.

In what year AD was the 'Stockholm Conference'

held?
Answer: The 'Stockholm Conference' was held in the
year 1972.

2. What is the Green Tribunal Act?

Answer: Green Tribunal Act: The National Green
Tribunal Act is an Act of the Parliament of India passed
in 2010, which enables the creation of a special tribunal
to expeditiously dispose of or settle and deal with
various pending cases about environmental issues. This is
why the tribunal was constituted.

3. What is the Montreal Protocol?

Answer: Montreal Protocol: On September 16, 1987, 11
countries from all over the world signed an agreement in
the city of Montreal, Canada, which is called the
Montreal Protocol. The conditions of this agreement are-
(i) reduction in use of CFCs, (ii) reduction in use of
carbon tetrachloride, (iii) reduction in use of methyl
chloroform, chlorine etc. Thus, the agreement is made to
prevent the depletion of the ozone layer.

4. What is the Kyoto Protocol?

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Answer: Kyoto Protocol: The agreement signed by the
world's environmentalists at a meeting in Kyoto, Japan in
Short Question Answer: ~ (Marks -1) December 1997 to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas
emissions in the world is called Kyoto Protocol. It is the
next step in the Montreal Protocol. According to the
September 2005 report, 156 countries have signed the
treaty.
5. What is a Carbon Tax?
Answer: Carbon Tax: The tax system on carbon
expenditure is called carbon tax. It is an international
measure for pollution control. The greenhouse gases
produced by the burning of fossil fuels and the price
paid based on them is called a carbon tax.
6. What is a Green Bench?
Answer: Green Bench: The Calcutta High Court on 16th
April 1986, constituted a judicial bench called The Green
Bench, which hears and adjudicates disputes relating to
the preservation of forests and the protection of the
environment and also decides various cases related to
the environment in compliance with the directions of the
Supreme Court. As a result common people can file any
pollution related complaints here. For this reason, the
Green Bench is the court for the Green or nature. The
word green bench was coined by the Supreme Court in
the 'Madras Tanneries' case, on August 28, 1996.
7. What do you mean by green muffler?
Answer: Green Muffler: Green muffler is one step to
prevent noise pollution by afforestation or planting of
trees. Normally 4–5 rows of plants are grown near noisy
places like roadsides or where there is heavy traffic on
the roads and industrial areas so that they can obstruct
the noise from reaching the citizens and the level of
noise pollution is reduced.
8. What is Agenda 21?
Answer: Agenda 21: The Earth Summit or Bashundhara
Conference on the International Environment was held in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from June 1992 to June 14, where
a 21-point program was adopted to address the global
environmental crisis. This program is called Agenda 21.
9. Give two examples of cases settled in Green
Bench.
Answer: The two cases disposed of by the Green Bench
are (i) Waste disposal cases and (ii) Deforestation cases.
10. The 'Ministry of Environment' of the
Government of India was established in which
year?
Answer: The 'Ministry of Environment' of the
Government of India was established on 1st November
1980.
11. 'National Biodiversity Authority' was
established in which year?
Answer: The National Biodiversity Authority was
established on 1st October 2003.

12. When are World Forest Day, World
Meteorological Day, and World Wetlands Day
celebrated?
Answer: World Forest Day is observed on the 21st of
March, World Meteorological Day is observed on the 23 rd
of March, and World Wetlands Day is observed on the
2nd of February.
13. When did the Act on Ancient Monuments,
Ruins, Historical Materials, etc. come into force?
Answer: In 1958, the Act dealing with all these ancient
monuments, ruins, historical elements, etc. was
introduced.
14. The 'Bengal Smog Pollution Act' came into
force in which year?
Answer: The 'Bengal Smoke Pollution Act' was
introduced in 1905.
15. When was the 'River Boards Act' promulgated?
Answer: The 'River Boards Act' was enacted in 1956.
16. When did the Calcutta High Court's 'Noise
Pollution Prevention Policy' come into force?
Answer: The 'Noise Pollution Prevention Policy' came
into effect on 1st April 1996.
17. 'Factories Act' was introduced in which year?
Answer: 'The Factories Act' was introduced in 1948.
18. When did the 'Industrial Development and
Regulation Act' come into force?
Answer: The 'Industrial Development and Regulation
Act' came into force in 1951.
19. When did the 'Flammable or Combustible
Substances Act' come into force?
Answer: The 'Flammable or Combustible Substances
Act' was introduced in 1952.
20. What laws are introduced to prevent
adulteration of food?
Answer: The 'Prevention of Food Adulteration Act' was
introduced in 1954.
21. When was the 'Coastal Zone Management
Directive' issued?
Answer: 'The Coastal Zone Management Directive' was
issued in 1991.
22. When was the 'Public Petition Hearing Order'
issued?
Answer: The 'Public Petition Hearing Order' was issued
in 1997.
23. In which year was the 'Pesticide Act' enacted?
Answer: The 'Pesticides Act' was enacted in 1968.
24. In which year the 'Motor Vehicle Act' was
promulgated in India?
Answer: In India, the 'Motor Vehicles Act' was enacted
in 1938, which was amended in 1988.
25. 'Mines and Minerals Act' was promulgated in
India in which year?
Answer: The 'Mines and Minerals Act' in India was
enacted in 1947.
26. The Indian 'Forest Act' was enacted in which
year AD?
Answer: The Indian 'Forest Act' was promulgated in
1927.
27. When was Green Peace established in India?
Answer: Greenpeace was formed in 2001 in India.
28. When was the 'Jalday Insurance Act'
introduced?
Answer: The 'Jalday Insurance Act' was introduced in
1991.
29. When was the 'Oriental Gas Company Act'
promulgated?
Answer: The 'Oriental Gas Company Act' was
promulgated in 1857.
30. In which year was the Indian 'Petroleum Act'
enacted?
Answer: The Indian 'Petroleum Act' was enacted in
1934.
31. What is the permissible limit of chloride in
drinking water according to IS: 10500?
Answer: The permissible limit of chloride in drinking
water is 250 mg/L as per IS: 10500.
32. What is meant by the 'hardness' of drinking
water?
Answer: Hardness of drinking water: 'Hardness' of
drinking water refers to lime matter present in the
water.
33. What is the maximum permissible level of
'hardness' in drinking water according to IS:
10500?
Answer: The maximum permissible level of 'hardness'
(limestone) in drinking water is 300 mg/L.
34. According to IS: 10500, what should be the
level of nitrate in drinking water?
Answer: As per IS: 10500 nitrate level in drinking water
should be 45 mg/L.
35. Name any two devices for measuring noise
pollution.
Answer: (i) Sound analyzer and (ii) Sound level meter
are noise pollution measuring devices.
36. What is the RSPM?
Answer: RSPM: Respiratory Suspended Particulate
Matter (RSPM) is the airborne respirable particulate
matter or pollutants made up of soot, dust, or smoke
particles, with a diameter of less than 10 - 2.5 μm.
37. What is the maximum value of the annual
average concentration of Respiratory Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM) in the air of a
residential area?
Answer: The maximum value of the annual mean
concentration of Respiratory Suspended Particulate
Matter (RSPM) in the air of a residential area is 60
μg/m³.
38. What is the maximum value of the annual
mean concentration of Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM) in an environmentally sensitive
area?
Answer: The maximum value of the annual mean
concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in
environmentally sensitive areas is 70 μg/m³.
39. What is the maximum value of the annual
average concentration of Respiratory Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM) in the air of an
industrial area?
Answer: The maximum value of the annual mean
concentration of respirable Respiratory Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM) in air in industrial areas is
120 μg/m³.
40. What is the maximum permissible level of
noise during daytime in industrial areas?
Answer: The maximum permissible level of sound during
the day in industrial areas is 75 dB.
41. What is the maximum value of the annual
average concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air
of an environmentally sensitive area?
Answer: The maximum value of the annual average
concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air of
environmentally sensitive areas is 15 μg/m³.
42. What is the maximum value of the annual
average concentration of nitrogen oxide in the air
of residential areas?
Answer: The maximum value of the annual mean
concentration of nitrogen oxides in the air of residential
areas is 60 μg/m³.
43. What kind of pollution is caused by 'fossil
fuels'?
Answer: Fossil fuels cause air pollution.
 seawater. As a result, aquatic animals die due to lack of
44. What is the control of smoke and particulate oxygen. Eutrophic waters can eventually become “dead
matter in industrial areas?
zones” that are incapable of supporting life.
Answer: Industrial smoke and particulate matter are
controlled by catalytic converters and electrostatic 48. Write two sources of Green House Gas.
precipitators. Answer: The two sources of Green House Gas are
respectively- (i) Combustion of fossil fuels and (ii)
45. Name the harmful substances present in the
smoke emitted by smoking. Electronic items such as refrigerators, air conditioners,
Answer: Chlorobenzene is a harmful substance present etc.
in the smoke emitted by smoking.
49. Which gas was responsible for the Bhopal gas
accident?
46. What is the form of arsenic in drinking water?
Answer: The gas responsible for the Bhopal gas
Answer: Arsenic is present in drinking water in the form
accident is Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas.
of arsenic hydride, arsenic oxide, arsenic sulfide, arsenic
trichloride, etc. compounds. 50. What are aerosols?
Answer: Aerosols: Aerosols are very fine particles, less
47. What is Eutrophication?
than 1µm in size that float in the air.
Answer: Eutrophication: Eutrophication, is the
E.g. - Pollutant particles, dust particles, mineral
phenomenon of an increase in the nutrient level of water
particles, ash, fog, soil particles, etc.
(the inorganic nutrient enrichment of natural waters) or
51. Write one harmful effect of fluoride pollution.
the addition of ‘excess’ nutrients to a water body due to
Answer: Fluoride pollution causes the disease fluorosis.
anthropogenic activities, that is a widespread serious
Fluoride reacts with the calcium in the teeth and bones,
environmental problem since it often results in the
making them weak and brittle.
deterioration of water quality and the depletion of
dissolved oxygen in water bodies. Aquatic plants like 52. Itai Itai disease is caused by an excess of
algae and macrophytes continue to grow when there is an which element?
excess of phosphorus and nitrogen in freshwater and
Answer: Itai Itai disease is caused by an excess of
cadmium element.
53. What is Biological Oxygen Demand or BOD?
Answer: Biological Oxygen Demand: Biochemical
Oxygen Demand is the amount of oxygen present per
liter of water required by microorganisms and bacteria
for the decomposition of organic matter present in
water or the dead remains of plants and animals under
aerobic conditions (under the presence of oxygen) at a
specified temperature.
High BOD means less oxygen is available in the water,
which is lesser for the oxygen-demanding species.
Hence, it indicates low water quality and vice versa. BOD
is inversely related to the quality of water.
54. What is Chemical Oxygen Demand or COD?
Answer: Chemical Oxygen Demand: Chemical Oxygen
Demand is the amount of oxygen present per liter of
water required to chemically oxidize organic matter by
strong oxidants like Potassium dichromate or capable of
oxidizing non-biodegradable chemicals.
High chemical oxygen demand in water indicates that
higher amounts of pollutants are present in the water
and decreased availability of Dissolved Oxygen (DO). In
wastewater treatment plants, COD is used to measure
the amount of oxygen required to break down the
pollutants (organic matter).
55. Give examples of any two hazardous wastes.
Answer: Two examples of hazardous waste are
radioactive waste and heavy metals.
56. What is a natural kidney?
Answer: Wetlands are called nature’s kidneys.
57. Who is associated with the term 'Heat Island'?
Answer: The term 'Heat Island' is associated with air
pollution.
58. What is the 'Polluter Pays' Principle?
Answer: 'Polluter Pays' Principle: According to the
Carbon Trading Act, if a natural or man-made disaster
occurs in a region due to environmental pollution at the
national or international level, the country has to pay
compensation for that region. This is the 'polluter pays'
principle.
59. What are the elements that cause smog?
Answer: The smog-generating substances are PAN, CO,
unsaturated hydrocarbons nitrogen oxides, etc.
60. Which natural calamities are tackled by
mangrove forest conservation?
Answer: Cyclones are prevented by conserving mangrove
forests.
61. What does Article '8b' of the Constitution
state?
Answer: Article '8b' of the Constitution states- "The
State shall endeavor to protect and develop the
environment and shall take measures to protect forests
and wildlife."
62. How long did the Bashundhara conference of
1992 AD last?
Answer: The Bashundhara Conference of 1992 AD was
held from June 3 to June 14.
63. What types of water pollution can be caused by
falling groundwater tables?
Answer: Depletion of the groundwater table leads to
arsenic contamination and heavy metal pollution.
64. What is meant by environmental index?
Answer: Environmental Index: The environmental index
is the measurement index used to determine the level of
sustainable development and environmental pollution of
each country at the international level.
65. Name one quality determining the index of
soil.
Answer: A quality indicator of soil is pH.
66. What is the role of 'Bureau of Indian
Standards'?
Answer: The role of BIS is to determine the quality
level of a product and reduce the level of health damage
to consumers.
67. What is the full form of EMP?
Answer: The full form of EMP is Electromagnetic Pulse.
68. Which country introduced carbon tax to
reduce greenhouse gas?
Answer: Australia introduced a carbon tax to reduce
greenhouse gases.
69. What is the full form of NAEB?
Answer: The full form of NAEB is National
Afforestation and Eco-Development Board
70. What is the full form of JFM?
Answer: The full form of JFM is Joint Forest
Management.
71. What is the full form of FSI?
Answer: The full form of FSI is the Forest Survey of
India.
72. What is the full form of IGNFA?
Answer: The full form of IGNFA is Indira Gandhi
National Forest Academy.
73. What is the full form of WEDO?
Answer: The full form of WEDO is Women's
Environmental and Development Organization.
74. What is the full form of NRCD?
Answer: The full form of NRCD is the National River
Conservation Directorate.
75. What is the full form of ICRP?
Answer: The full form of ICRP is the International
Commission on Radiological Protection.
76. What is the full form of BIS?
Answer: The full form of BIS is Bureau of Indian
Standards.
77. What is the full form of WCED?
Answer: The full form of WCED is the World
Commission on Environment and Development.
78. What is the full form of UNCED?
Answer: The full form of UNCED is the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development
79. What is the full form of EPA?
Answer: The full form of EPA is Environmental
Protection Agency.
80. What is the full form of CDM?
Answer: The full form of CDM is Clean Development
Mechanism.
81. What is the full form of WCMC?
Answer: The full form of WCMC is World Conservation
Monitoring Centre.
82. What is the full form of EIS?
Answer: The full form of EIS is Environmental Impact
Statement.
83. What is the full form of CEE?
Answer: The full form of CEE is Centre for Environment
Education.
84. What is the full form of RSPM?
Answer: The full form of RSPM is Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter.
85. What is the full form of UNDP?
Answer: The full form of UNDP is the United Nations
Development Programme.
86. What is the full form of EOSE?
Answer: The full form of EOSE is Environmental
Orientation to School Education.
87. What is the full form of NCEP?
Answer: The full form of NCEP is National Centres for
Environmental Prediction.
88. What is the full form of GAP?
Answer: The full form of GAP is Ganga Action Plan.
89. What is the full form of EIA?
Answer: The full form of EIA is Environmental Impact
Assessment.
90. What is the full form of DDT?
Answer: The full form of DDT is dichlorodiphenyl
trichloroethane.
91. What is the full form of CPCB?
Answer: The full form of CPCB is Central Pollution
Control Board.
92. What is the full form of NMNH?
Answer: The full form of NMNH is the National
Museum of Natural History.
93. What is the function of EIA?
Answer: Before implementing any project, it is known
whether there is any loss or not. The task of EIA is to
maintain the balance of the environment.
94. Where is the head office of the Forest Survey
of India located?
Answer: The head office of the Forest Survey of India
is located in Dehradun.
95. What is the limit of noise tolerance?
Answer: The tolerable noise limit is 65 dB.
96. Which plants can absorb radioactive
substances?
Answer: Pinus sp. and Ginkgo sp. Absorbs radioactive
substances.
97. What can be used as a substitute for petroleum
in vehicles?
Answer: CNG or compressed natural gas, biodiesel, solar
power, etc. can be used instead of petroleum in vehicles.
98. What is the Silent Zone?
Answer: Silent Zone or Quiet Zone: Hospitals,
educational institutions, and court precincts have fixed
noise levels over an area of 100m distance, which is 50db
during the day time i.e. 6 am - 10 pm, and 40db during
night time i.e. 10 pm - 6 am. This zone is called a Silent
Zone or Quiet Zone.
99. What is the Blue Baby Syndrome?
Answer: Blue Baby Syndrome: Blue baby syndrome is a
disease that occurs in infants due to soil pollution.
Blue baby syndrome is used to describe newborns born
with cyanotic conditions. It is a harmful pathological
condition in which blood’s capacity for oxygen transport
is reduced, resulting in bluish skin in infants. Blue baby
syndrome begins when large amounts of nitrates in water
are ingested or after consuming crops grown in nitrogen-
polluted soil by an infant and converted to nitrite by the
digestive system. (Excessive use of fertilizers,
pesticides, and other nitrogen compounds increases the
level of nitrates in soil or water. From the soil, it enters
the vegetation. When nitrate-containing vegetable or
fruit is eaten by human beings, it enters the gut. Nitrate
also enters through drinking water). The nitrite then
reacts with oxyhemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying blood
protein to form methemoglobin, which cannot carry
oxygen). This even leads to the death of the child after
birth.
100. What does JFM mean?
Answer: JFM: Joint forest management (JFM) is a
program in which there is a partnership between the
state forest departments and the local communities that
depend upon the forest for their living. The JFM was
formed in 1971 AD to jointly improve the forest service
system. It was developed by the Environment and Forest
Ministry of the Indian Government to develop forests in
barren soil. In this, there is one forest protection
committee that is in agreement with the forest
department. The committee also maintains the balance
of ecosystems and protection of the climate. JFM or
Joint Forest Management programs are social forestry,
agroforestry, forest, and wildlife conservation. There
are 22 states that are implementing JFM or Joint
Forest Management programs.
Example - Joint Forest Management (JFM) in India
originated from West Bengal at the Arabari Forest
Research Range in West Midnapur District in 1971 as an
experiment.
101. Mention the importance of information
exchange in environmental management.
Answer: The state pollution control board of the State
Pollution Control and the Central Pollution Control Board
can maintain communication between them and the
mobility of various environmental conditions by
exchanging information by exchanging accurate
information for environmental management of a
geographical region.