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MONOGRAPHS ON ANTIQUITY
Edited by
J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram (†)
and A. Podossinov
PEETERS
2022
CONNECTING THE ANCIENT WEST AND EAST
Prof. Gocha Tsetskhladze at a degree ceremony, Melbourne, August 2012.
CONNECTING THE ANCIENT
WEST AND EAST
STUDIES PRESENTED TO PROF. GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE
edited by
J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram (†) and A. Podossinov
PEETERS
LEUVEN - PARIS - BRISTOL, CT
2022
MONOGRAPHS ON ANTIQUITY
EDITED BY
VOL VIII
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint,
microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission from the publisher
1. Sümer ATASOY
Burial grounds at Tios ................................................................................... 51
2. Eka AVALIANI
The Roman cult of emperor worship: Was the Roman emperor revered as a
god amongst Caucasian Iberians? .................................................................. 67
3. Alexandru AVRAM (†)
519 BC: Persians occupy the North Pontic coast.......................................... 75
4. Staša BABIĆ
‘Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes’: Biography of a collection of Pontic pottery
in the National Museum, Belgrade ................................................................ 109
5. Luis BALLESTEROS PASTOR
The land of the Sun and the Moon: An interpretation of the emblem on
Pontic royal coins .......................................................................................... 123
6. Alexey BELOUSOV
One forgotten Greek inscription from the Rostov region.............................. 137
7. Lucrețiu MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA
Salt administration in Roman Dacia: An overview........................................ 145
8. Dorel BONDOC
A new stamped Roman amphora from Cioroiu Nou .................................... 157
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODERN TIMES
I am contributing this brief Preface on behalf of my co-editors. Others who have edited
Festschriften will understand the difficulties, not least whom to invite, whom else to invite
if space were unlimited, how many to invite, whom not to invite (a short but particular
list of half a dozen or so), etc.
The Tabula Gratulatoria includes the names of several from whom submissions were
sought (but who were unable to fall in with the proposed timescale through pressure of
other work), and others who, in an ideal world, would have been welcome participants,
as well as former colleagues in other disciplines, etc. A target of 80–90 papers had been
agreed at an early stage. Gocha’s links with Georgia, Kharkov, Moscow, Oxford (though
alas not Linacre), Royal Holloway and Melbourne are all on display; so too his excava-
tions in Phanagoria and Pessinus.
We should like to thank all those who have submitted papers, some of which are very
substantial pieces, many of them promptly delivered. Alas, Charon has been busy of late.
We remember the late Maria Bărbulescu, Larissa Bonfante, Jan Bouzek, Viktor Kopylov
and Fergus Millar, all of whom sent papers which must rank among their last works for
publication. Jan Bouzek had known Gocha in the old East as well as the West for 35 years.
We remember too Paul Peeters, our publisher, who died suddenly and young in March
2021. It was he who brought Gocha to Peeters.
Even more devastating has been the equally sudden death of our dear colleague
Alexandru Avram – the youngest of us – at Histria on the night of August 4th, an inaus-
picious date. He was busily planning what promised to be a fruitful retirement, freed
from the time-consuming and -wasting life of a modern-day university professor, and was
working on the proofs of the present volume at the time of his departure. A fine scholar
and a warm individual; a bright light snuffed out.
Not among the angels: one unwilling even to respond, another providing evidence
of oddness in the Fens, a third undiplomatic. We are, however, safe from one who has
interfered mendaciously with the dedicatee’s contacts in Germany and whose scurrilous
babblings are little short of actionable.
A strictly alphabetical arrangement of so many contributions would have been cumber-
some. The Black Sea is the predominant theme, and papers concerning its four shores
and their hinterland are contained in Part 1. Part 2 houses the remaining papers, with a
short coda of three focused on modern times in East, West and South. A few papers from
Part 2 might just as easily have gone in Part 1, and a brace from Part 1 might have been
placed in Part 3, but to edit is to choose.
A word on conventions: on balance, the Latinised forms of ancient proper names have
been preferred where different authors opted for different spellings. In the biblio graphies,
the standard (not necessarily the latest) English forms of modern place names are used.
But in all a degree of flexibility has been observed. There will be some minor inconsistencies
in transliteration from Cyrillic etc., not least because the present work is trilingual.
XII PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Whereas Festschriften are often produced by former pupils of the honorand, here all
the editors are his seniors in years, and one was his supervisor in Oxford. This underscores
the nature of Gocha’s achievements. The intention was to mark his 30 years in the West,
i.e. a 30-year pursuit of East and West. We have missed the target; the fault is ours, or
rather it arises from our indulgence of some late-running submissions (and then the
disruption wrought by a nasty virus belting down the new Silk Road – plus the lamen-
table public policy responses to it); delay owes nothing to our publishers, Peeters, to whom
we owe a great deal and give our warmest thanks, particularly to Bert Verrept. Likewise,
we are much obliged to the Editors of Monographs on Antiquity, especially to Bouke van
der Meer, for including this work in their series. It will now appear as a very early birthday
present for Gocha at the start of his 60th year.
James Hargrave
TABULA GRATULATORIA
FRONTISPIECE
Gocha Tsetskhladze at a degree ceremony, Melbourne, August 2012 .................. II
WHY A FESTSCHRIFT ?
Fig. 1. Medal awarded by Charles University, Prague, May 2015 ..................... 11
Fig. 2. Gocha Tsetskhladze installed as a professor honoris causa, University of
Bucharest, October 2015 ....................................................................... 14
Fig. 3. Gocha Tsetskhladze at Pessinus with the Australian Ambassador to Turkey,
Mr Ian Biggs, and Dr Christine Biggs, summer 2011 ........................... 25
CHAPTER 1
Fig. 1. The Black Sea Region settlements .......................................................... 55
Fig. 2. The burial grounds at Tios..................................................................... 55
Fig. 3. Tile-covered grave .................................................................................. 56
Fig. 4. Sarcophagus burial ................................................................................. 56
Fig. 5. Lekythos ................................................................................................. 57
Fig. 6. Lekythos ................................................................................................. 57
Fig. 7. Acropolis of Tios, remains of the church and the temple....................... 58
Fig. 8. Lid of sarcophagus at the seaside ............................................................ 59
Fig. 9. The graves in the narthex of the church................................................. 59
Fig. 10. Three graves in the naos of the church ................................................... 60
Fig. 11. The grave from the Sefercik district ....................................................... 61
Fig. 12. The grave in Hıdırlık/Ören Tepesi ........................................................ 62
Fig. 13. The grave in Hıdırlık/Ören Tepesi ........................................................ 63
Fig. 14. Grave with two chambers in Öteyüz, Filyos........................................... 64
Fig. 15. Grave with two chambers in Öteyüz, Filyos........................................... 65
CHAPTER 3
Fig. 1. The Achaemenid inscription from Phanagoria ....................................... 76
Fig. 2. Drawing of the same inscription ............................................................ 76
CHAPTER 4
Fig. 1. Black-figure cup, Col. Milosavljević Collection...................................... 114
Fig. 2. Lekythos, Col. Milosavljević Collection ................................................. 118
CHAPTER 5
Fig. 1. Stater of Mithridates Eupator ................................................................. 124
Fig. 2. Athenian stater issued in 87/6 BC.......................................................... 125
XX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 6
Fig. 1. Newspaper article on the finds from Melikhovskaya village ................... 137
CHAPTER 8
Fig. 1. Roman fortress at Cioroiu Nou and the civilian settlement ................... 161
Fig. 2. The stamped amphora handle from Cioroiu Nou.................................. 161
Fig. 3. The stamped amphora handle from Cioroiu Nou.................................. 162
Fig. 4. The stamped amphora handle from Sarmizegetusa ................................ 162
Fig. 5. The stamped amphora handle from Histria ........................................... 163
Fig. 6. The three stamps of the producer Quartus ............................................ 163
Fig. 7. The distribution of Quartus’ amphorae ................................................. 163
CHAPTER 9
Fig. 1. The two silver casseroles ......................................................................... 165
Fig. 2. Detail with the inscription ..................................................................... 166
Fig. 3. ISM I 327 .............................................................................................. 167
Fig. 4. Istros and vicus Quintionis ...................................................................... 170
CHAPTER 10
Fig. 1. La Phrygie, avec le toponyme Oinân et sa région ................................. 174
Fig. 2. La Phrygie Parorée et le Taurus méridional ........................................... 177
Fig. 3. La Pisidie centrale .................................................................................. 180
CHAPTER 12
Fig. 1. Selected finds from the Late Archaic necropolis of Myrmekion: 1 – glass
amphoriskos (inv. P.1885.26); 2 – glass alabastron (inv. P.1885.28);
3 – Corinthian exaleiptron (inv. P.1888.3); 4–7 – Attic black-figured
lekythoi (inv. P.1885.18, P.1885.20, P.1885.22, P.1888.2); 8–11 – Attic
red-figured lekythoi (inv. P.1885.19, P.1885.23, P.1889.8, P.1889.8).
Collection of the State Hermitage Museum ........................................... 197
Fig. 2. Myrmekion. Sector B. Late Archaic grave .............................................. 198
Fig. 3. Selected finds from the sector M Archaic necropolis of Myrmekion:
1 – grey-glazed grey clay jug (Grave 8, inv. M.2018-337); 2 – bronze
bracelet (Grave 8, inv. M.2018-523); 3 – grey-glazed grey clay vessel
(Grave 7, inv. M.2018-310); 4 – one-handed Ionian cup (Grave 9, inv.
M.2019-245); 5 – guttus (Grave 9, inv. M.2019-247); 6 – Ionian olpe (near
Grave 10, inv. M.2019-272); 7 – Ionian askos (Grave 12, inv. M.2019-
368). Collection of the East Crimean Historical-Cultural Museum ....... 200
Fig. 4. Myrmekion. Graves from the necropolis in sector M: 1 – Grave 6;
2 – Grave 3; 3 – Grave 7; 4 – Grave 8; 5 – Grave 9; 6 – Grave 10 .... 201
Fig. 5. Scheme of Myrmekion site with sectors B and M sections: 1 – part of
necropolis of the second half of the 6th century BC; 2 – part of necropolis
of the first half of the 5th century BC ................................................... 203
CHAPTER 14
Fig. 1. Possible reconstruction of the street network of Berezan settlement (in
accordance with the data of 2018). Numbers of the excavation sectors
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXI
CHAPTER 15
Fig. 1. Ancient Colchian littoral from Apsarus to Herakleion ........................... 244
Fig. 2. Rivers and cities of the Colchian plain ................................................... 245
CHAPTER 16
Fig. 1. South Ionian oinochoai (SiA Id) and a Villard-Vallet A1 cup from the
island of St Kirik, late 7th century BC................................................... 262
Fig. 2. North Ionian bird bowls from the island of St Kirik, late 7th–early 6th cen-
tury BC .................................................................................................. 263
Fig. 3. The island of St Kirik and the peninsula of the Old Town of Sozopol,
view from the north-west ....................................................................... 264
Fig. 4. A cup with a dedication to Apollo Ietros from a man from Cnidus, found
on the island of St Kirik, early second quarter of the 6th century BC ...... 264
Fig. 5. Early Iron Age Thracian pottery from the New Town of Sozopol ......... 265
Fig. 6. Copper smelting furnaces at Propadnala Voda site on the west slope of
Medni Rid, second half of the 6th century BC ...................................... 267
Fig. 7. Graphic reconstruction of a ceramic plaque with battle between hoplites
and cavalrymen from the island of St Kirik, late 6th century BC .......... 270
Fig. 8. Tunnel dug for laying water main in the limestone to the south of
Sozopol, first half of the 5th century BC(?) ........................................... 272
XXII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 9. The site of Mesarite (in the foreground) on a hill above Sozopol (ancient
Apollonia), view from the south-west ..................................................... 273
Fig. 10. The hill of the ancient fortress at the village of Ravadinovo, with Sozopol
visible in the background, view from the west ....................................... 273
Fig. 11. Map of the near chora of Apollonia with Antheia(?), the site at Mesarite
and the metallurgical site and the fortress at the village of Ravadinovo .... 274
Fig. 12. Map of the surroundings of Apollonia with toponyms designating various
parts of the necropolis ............................................................................ 275
Fig. 13. Phases in the spatial development of the necropolis of Apollonia, 6th–
3rd centuries BC .................................................................................... 276
Fig. 14. The stele of Deines, son of Anaxander, ca. 500 BC ............................... 278
Fig. 15. The polyandrion in the necropolis of Apollonia, second quarter or mid-
4th century BC ...................................................................................... 280
CHAPTER 17
Fig. 1. Chaton de l’anneau (iconographie et inscription A) (Bucarest, inv. 10616) 293
Fig. 2. Jonc de l’anneau (inscription B) (Bucarest, inv. 10616) ......................... 293
Fig. 3. Jonc de l’anneau (fin de l’inscription B) (Bucarest, inv. 10616) ............ 293
Fig. 4. Jonc de l’anneau (détail de l’inscription B) (Bucarest, inv. 10616) ........ 293
Fig. 5. Lécythe attribué à Syriskos ..................................................................... 297
Fig. 6. Lécythe attribué au «Peintre d’Icare» ..................................................... 297
Fig. 7. Pyxis attique attribuée à Pistoxénos ........................................................ 298
Fig. 8. Carte des espaces nord-pontique et thrace.............................................. 300
CHAPTER 18
Fig. 1. Julia Maesa from Tios ............................................................................ 331
Fig. 2. Julia Maesa from Amastris...................................................................... 331
Fig. 3. Julia Maesa from Creteia-Flaviopolis ...................................................... 331
Fig. 4. Julia Paula from Tios ............................................................................. 331
Fig. 5. Julia Paula from Tios ............................................................................. 332
Fig. 6. Julia Paula from Tios ............................................................................. 332
Fig. 7. Julia Paula from Tios ............................................................................. 332
Fig. 8. Julia Paula from Bithynium ................................................................... 332
Fig. 9. Julia Paula from Bithynium ................................................................... 333
Fig. 10. Julia Paula from Bithynium ................................................................... 333
Fig. 11. Julia Paula from Creteia-Flaviopolis ....................................................... 333
Fig. 12. Teios (Pseudo-autonomous) from Tios .................................................. 333
Fig. 13. Marcus Aurelius as Caesar from Tios ..................................................... 334
Fig. 14. Antoninus Pius from Nicaea .................................................................. 334
Fig. 15. Domitian from Tios ............................................................................... 334
Fig. 16. Trajan from Tios .................................................................................... 334
Fig. 17. Trajan from Tios .................................................................................... 335
Fig. 18. Trajan from Tios .................................................................................... 335
Fig. 19. Antoninus Pius from Tios ...................................................................... 335
Fig. 20. Marcus Aurelius from Tios..................................................................... 335
Fig. 21. Domitian from Tios ............................................................................... 336
Fig. 22. Trajan from Tios .................................................................................... 336
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXIII
CHAPTER 19
Fig. 1. Map of Burgas Bay................................................................................. 343
Fig. 2. ‘Crown’ of settlements ........................................................................... 344
Fig. 3. Map of Thracian tribes and some sites with Greek imports ................... 348
Fig. 4. Locally produced amphorae at Apollonia Pontica .................................. 353
CHAPTER 21
Fig. 1. Map of the archaeological sites of Mtskheta........................................... 390
Fig. 2. The Svetitskhoveli site ........................................................................... 392
Fig. 3. The composite orders ............................................................................. 393
Fig. 4. Late Antique houses ............................................................................... 394
Fig. 5. Bebristsikhe ............................................................................................ 395
Fig. 6. Map of Mtskheta, Armazi and Tsitsamuri ............................................. 400
Fig. 7. Distribution of archaeological features within historical Mtskheta. ........ 402
CHAPTER 22
Fig. 1. Oluz Höyük and the fertile Geldingen plain. General view ................... 410
Fig. 2. Oluz Höyük, architectural layer 2B (450–300 BC), Persian road, Zoroas-
trian sanctuary, Atashkadeh, colonnaded hall ......................................... 411
Fig. 3. Oluz Höyük. Lead sling bullets (5th–4th centuries BC) ........................ 412
Fig. 4. Harşena Fortress and Yeşilırmak (Iris) .................................................... 413
Fig. 5a–c. Oluz Höyük. Serpentine vessel, architectural layer 2B (450–300 BC) 414
Fig. 6a–b. Oluz Höyük. Fragment of serpentine vessel, architectural layer 2B (450–
300 BC) .............................................................................................. 415
Fig. 7a–c. Harşena Fortress. Fragment of serpentine vessel (5th century BC) ..... 416
CHAPTER 23
Fig. 1. Iron swords of Maeotian and Sarmatian types from the cultural and leisure
centre of Rodnikovskaya......................................................................... 421
Fig. 2. Details of iron akinakes-sword from Rodnikovskaya .............................. 422
Fig. 3. Iron swords of Maeotian type, their details and fragments from the school
museum of Voznesenskaya ..................................................................... 424
CHAPTER 24
Fig. 1. Map of Roman Oltenia, with the location of the Roman fort at Răcari
marked with an arrow in the central area of the Oltenia plain............... 430
XXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 26
Fig. 1. Map of the Cimmerian Bosporus ........................................................... 442
Fig. 2. Excavations of the Seven Brothers barrows. View from the south .......... 443
Fig. 3. Plan of mud-brick tomb in the Seven Brothers barrow 2 ...................... 444
Fig. 4. Plan of Labrys with data of geomagnetic survey 2006–09 ..................... 446
Fig. 5. Silver coin with legend ΣΙΝΔΩΝ .......................................................... 447
Fig. 6. Some finds from the Seven Brothers barrow 2: 1–2. Silver objects (phiale
and gilded plate of a gorytos); 3–4. Golden objects (torque and necklace) 449
Fig. 7. Some finds from the Seven Brothers barrow 4: 1. Silver rhyton; 2–4. Gold
details of rhytons; 5. Gold anklet ........................................................... 450
Fig. 8. Some finds from the Seven Brothers barrow 6: 1–2. Gold rings............ 450
Fig. 9. Fragments of red-figure pelike from the Seven Brothers barrow 1 ......... 451
CHAPTER 28
Fig. 1. Map of the earliest bronze metallurgical sites in Ajara ........................... 472
Fig. 2. Stone pans from Chaisubani, Gantiadi, Ombolo and Maradidi............. 473
Fig. 3. Stone pans from Maradidi...................................................................... 474
Fig. 4. Stone pans from Maradidi...................................................................... 475
Fig. 5. Chirukhi, Kapnistavi, Sarpi, Tkhilnaris Agara, Simoneti and Kveda Chkhu-
tuneti waterfalls ...................................................................................... 476
Fig. 6. Kveda Chkhutuneti, Simoneti, Maradidi and Kapnistavi waterfalls ....... 477
Fig. 7. Gogadzeebi and Kinkisha waterfalls ....................................................... 478
Fig. 8. Tkhilnari, Sagoreti, Tetrobi and Simoneti waterfalls .............................. 479
Fig. 9. Tkhilnari waterfall .................................................................................. 480
Fig. 10. Artefacts found at Sarpi waterfall ........................................................... 481
Fig. 11. Bronze Age artefacts found during the archaeological excavations in Ajara 482
Fig. 12. Model of mechanism to maximise the effect of the use of water energy ... 483
Fig. 13. Dagva waterfall ....................................................................................... 484
Fig. 14. Dagva waterfall ....................................................................................... 485
Fig. 15. Artefacts found at Dagva waterfall ......................................................... 486
Fig. 16. Artefacts found at Dagva waterfall ......................................................... 487
Fig. 17. Dagva waterfall ....................................................................................... 488
Fig. 18. Bronze Age artefacts found by chance in Ajara ...................................... 489
CHAPTER 29
Fig. 1. Umbos provenant de tombes sarmates du Don inférieur. 1: Sadovyi;
2: Vysochino .......................................................................................... 492
Fig. 2. Tanaïs, tumulus 2. 1964 ........................................................................ 493
Fig. 3. Tombe de Shaumyanovka ...................................................................... 495
Fig. 4. Umbo de la tombe d’Iulius Kallisthénès................................................. 496
Fig. 5. Mobilier du tombeau d’Iulius Kallisthénès ............................................. 497
Fig. 6. Umbos de tombes de chefs militaires de Mésie. 1: Dimitrievo; 2: Sadovo;
3: Karaagach........................................................................................... 498
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXV
CHAPTER 31
Fig. 1. Bythinia. Calchedon. Valerian I (AD 253–268) .................................... 516
Fig. 2. Paphlagonia. Amastris. Domitian (AD 81–96) ...................................... 516
Fig. 3. Lydia. Blaundus. 2nd–1st centuries BC ................................................. 517
Fig. 4. Phrygia. Cotiaeum. Philip I (AD 244–249) ........................................... 517
Fig. 5. Phrygia. Sibidunda. Julia Domna (AD 193–217) .................................. 518
Fig. 6. Cappadocia. Tyana. Nero (AD 54–68) .................................................. 518
Fig. 7. Cilicia. Mopsuestia. Maximinus I (AD 235–238) .................................. 519
Fig. 8. Arabia. Medaba. Septimius Severus (AD 193–211) ............................... 519
CHAPTER 32
Fig. 1. Location of Phanagoria on the Taman Peninsula (satellite image) ......... 522
Fig. 2. Aerial view of Phanagoria (Acropolis in the centre) ............................... 523
Fig. 3. 3D landscape model and the boundaries of the Phanagoria city-site...... 523
Fig. 4. Graffito with the name of Phanagoras.................................................... 527
Fig. 5. ‘Upper City’ excavation site at the Acropolis ......................................... 530
Fig. 6. Plan of the ‘Upper City’ excavation site (levels of Archaic times) .......... 530
Fig. 7. Building no. 294 (altar?) ........................................................................ 531
Fig. 8. Protome found inside building no. 294 near the altar(?) ....................... 532
Fig. 9. Building no. 300, thymiaterion ............................................................... 532
Fig. 10. Temples in antis over cellar no. 835....................................................... 532
Fig. 11. Cellar no. 835 with traces of fire............................................................ 534
Fig. 12. Reconstruction of cellar no. 835 (axonometric projection) .................... 534
Fig. 13. Finds from cellar no. 835: 1. Terracotta figurine; 2. Rim of a louterion;
3. Lamp; 4. Marble louterion handle; 5. Ionian bowl; 6. Golden finger
ring ......................................................................................................... 535
Fig. 14. Cellar no. 783 ........................................................................................ 536
Fig. 15. Basin standing at the edge of the altar (at the time of discovery) ........... 536
Fig. 16. Plan of cellar no. 783 ............................................................................. 538
Fig. 17. Cellar no. 783, axonometric projection .................................................. 538
Fig. 18. Athenian black-figure cup ...................................................................... 539
Fig. 19. Athenian black-figure krater ................................................................... 539
Fig. 20. View of the city wall (from the south-east) ............................................ 540
Fig. 21. View of the city wall (from the north-east) ............................................ 540
Fig. 22. Altar and basin in room no. 4 of the city fortifications .......................... 541
Fig. 23. Stones under of the wall of the earliest fortifications.............................. 541
Fig. 24. Ionian oinochoe found beneath the city walls ........................................ 543
Fig. 25. Ionian, Athenian and Clazomenian pottery............................................ 544
Fig. 26. Furnace made of Chian amphora fragments .......................................... 545
Fig. 27. Fragment of a clay mold for a hand of a bronze statue .......................... 546
Fig. 28. Old Persian cuneiform inscription ......................................................... 547
XXVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 33
Fig. 1. 1. General plan of the fort of Apsarus; 2. General view of the fort of
Apsarus ................................................................................................... 565
Fig. 2. 1. Plan of sectors 12 and 13; 2. South-west view of sectors 12 and 13.. 566
Fig. 3. 1. North-west view of sectors 12 and 13; 2. North-east view of sec-
tors 12 and 13 ........................................................................................ 567
Fig. 4. 1. Fragments of pithos body; 2. Fragments of Colchian amphora foot;
3. Feet of Italic amphora; 4. Fragments of amphora handle; 5–6. Frag-
ments of Romanised pot ........................................................................ 568
Fig. 5. 1. Fragments of terra sigillata lamp; 2–3. Fragments of terra sigillata cup;
4–5. Fragments of louterion mouth and body; 6. Fragment of perfume
vessel; 7. Fragment of glass cup; 8. Fragments of glass jug mouth and
body; 9. Bronze ring .............................................................................. 569
Fig. 6. 1. Fragment of foot of hornlike stand; 2. Fragments of pithos body; 3.
Fragments of amphora mouth and handle; 4. Fragments of amphora
foot; 5. Fragments of Italic amphora foot; 6. Fragments of amphora
mouth and handle; 7. Fragments of amphora mouth and body; 8. Frag-
ments of pot mouth and handle; 9. Cover; 10. Fragment of terra sigillata
lamp; 11–12. Fragment of terra sigillata cup ......................................... 570
Fig. 7. 1–3. Fragments of louterion mouth and body; 4–6. Fragments of folded
tile; 7. Fragment of glass perfume vessel; 8. Foot of glass cup; 9. Frag-
ments of glass jug mouth and handle; 10. Bronze items; 11. Bronze
ring ......................................................................................................... 571
Fig. 8. Avgia church. Plan and photograph ....................................................... 572
Fig. 9. Artefacts found at Avgia church: 1. Large vessel (dergi) fragment; 2. Pot
fragment; 3. Cross; 4. Amphora handle; 5. Glass lamp-handle; 6. Tile
fragment; 7. Cross stone adornment ...................................................... 573
CHAPTER 35
Fig. 1. Map of Asia Minor ................................................................................ 594
Fig. 2. Map of Amorium ................................................................................... 595
Fig. 3. Map of excavated sectors at Pessinus ...................................................... 596
Fig. 4. Plan of Ankara ....................................................................................... 598
Fig. 5. Pessinus. Plan of the Roman Temple Area............................................. 600
CHAPTER 36
Fig. 1. Konsulovskoe hillfort. Topographical plan ............................................. 617
Fig. 2. Konsulovskoe hillfort. Ortophotomap with the localisation of trenches. 618
Fig. 3. Konsulovskoe hillfort. Digital Terrain Model ........................................ 619
Fig. 4. Konsulovskoe hillfort. Topographical plan made in 2015 ...................... 620
Fig. 5. Magnetic map of the site: A – map of the values of the pseudo-gradient
of the horizontal component of total vector of magnetic field intensity
within the range between -3 and +3 nT/m; B – map of the values of total
vector of magnetic field intensity within the range between 49710–49810
nT; C – Interpretation of the result of magnetic measurements ............ 621
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXVII
CHAPTER 37
Fig. 1. The Sinop promontory and its offshore areas, including the shipwrecks
discovered by scientific expeditions in 2000 and 2011........................... 634
Fig. 2. Left: Side-scan sonar record of the Sinop I shipwreck. Right: Partial
acoustic multibeam map......................................................................... 636
Fig. 3. A–C: Amphorae of Vnukov type Sin Ic (SI.001, SI.002, SI.003) from the
Sinop I shipwreck. D: Amphora of Vnukov type Sin Ic found in Cherso-
nesus....................................................................................................... 637
Fig. 4. A: Imitation of a Late Hellenistic Rhodian amphora (SI.004) from the
Sinop I shipwreck. B: Drawing of a Heraclean imitation of a Rhodian
amphora, found at Chersonesus ............................................................. 638
Fig. 5. A: Amphora (SI.005) of Vnukov Sin II type from the Sinop I shipwreck.
B: Amphora found at necropolis Sovkhoz 10 near Chersonesus ............ 639
Fig. 6. A: Amphora (SI.006) of Vnukov type Sin III from the Sinop I shipwreck.
B–D: Urn 227 from necropolis Sovkhoz 10 near Chersonesus .............. 640
CHAPTER 38
Fig. 1. Location of the graves with musical instruments in the necropolis of
Apollonia in the Kalfa locality ................................................................ 657
Fig. 2. Reconstructed double aulos from Apollonia Pontica .............................. 657
Fig. 3. Grave-goods in grave no. 162, Zoned Property 5518 ............................ 658
Fig. 4. Sections of the aulos from grave no. 162, Zoned Property 5518 ........... 658
XXVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 39
Fig. 1. Grave stele of Sannion, son of Megakles; found re-used in the so-called tower
of Zeno in Tauric Chersonesus. Chersonesus Museum, inv. 36847/5.
About 300 BC........................................................................................ 667
Fig. 2. Middle part of a man-and-dog stele from Marmaris, Archaeological
Museum Bodrum, inv. 6004. Late 6th/early 5th century BC ................ 671
Fig. 3. Lower half of a man-and-dog stele (amphiglyphon) from Kelenderis/
Cilicia(?); Sadberk Hanım Museum Istanbul, inv. no. unknown. Early
5th century BC ...................................................................................... 671
Fig. 4. Grave stele with man and dog from Sinope; Kastamonu Museum, inv. 377.
Mid-5th century BC(?)........................................................................... 672
Fig. 5. Detail of a fragmented grave stele with man and dog; Izmir, Basmane
Museum, inv. no. unknown. Early 5th century BC ............................... 672
Fig. 6. Grave stele from Orchomenos, Boeotia; sculpted by Alxenor from Naxos.
Athens, National Museum, inv. 39. Early 5th century BC .................... 673
Fig. 7. Grave stele (amphiglyphon) of Deines, son of Anaxander. Sofia, National
Museum, inv. 727. Early 5th century BC .............................................. 673
Fig. 8. Grave stele with man and dog, said to have been found in Sardis. Naples,
Mus. Naz., inv. 6556. Early 5th century BC ......................................... 673
Fig. 9. Classical Attic gravestone of Ktesileos and Theano. Athens, National
Museum, inv. 3472. Early 4th century BC ............................................ 674
Fig. 10. Parthenon, detail of the east frieze with some of the so-called Eponymous
Heroes; British Museum, London; plaster cast at the University of Göt-
tingen ..................................................................................................... 675
Fig. 11. Detail of a red-figure kylix attributed to the Foundry Painter; Staatliche
Museen zu Berlin F 2294. Early 5th century BC ................................... 675
Fig. 12. Detail of the grave stele from Orchomenos, Boeotia; sculpted by Alxenor
from Naxos. Athens, National Museum, inv. 39 ................................... 678
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXIX
CHAPTER 42
Fig. 1a–b. Fragmentary Athenian black-figure skyphos, from Berezan. St Petersburg,
State Hermitage Museum B84.139. Medusa and her sisters, ca. 500 BC 705
Fig. 2. Athenian black-figure skyphos, from Morgantina. Aidone, Archaeological
Museum 69-149. Medusa and her sisters, ca. 500 BC ........................... 708
Fig. 3. Fragment of Athenian black-figure skyphos, from the Athenian Agora.
Athens, Agora Museum P 3988. Gorgon, early 5th century BC ............ 710
Fig. 4. Fragment of Athenian black-figure cup interior, from Berezan. St Peters-
burg, State Hermitage Museum B73.210. Pegasus, late 6th century BC 712
Fig. 5. Athenian black-figure disc, from Berezan. St Petersburg, State Hermitage
Museum B67.123. Overlapping dolphins, third quarter of the 6th cen-
tury BC .................................................................................................. 717
Fig. 6. Bronze dolphin-shaped coin from Berezan, found in layer of the 5th cen-
tury BC .................................................................................................. 717
CHAPTER 43
Fig. 1. Ravnogor. Layout and cross-section of Tomb 1 ..................................... 725
Fig. 2. Frontal view of Tomb 1 ......................................................................... 726
Fig. 3. The dromos of Tomb 1........................................................................... 726
Fig. 4. Side view of Tomb 1 .............................................................................. 727
Fig. 5. Back view of Tomb 1 ............................................................................. 727
Fig. 6. The entrance in the tholos chamber of Tomb 1 ..................................... 728
Fig. 7. The tholos chamber of Tomb 1 .............................................................. 728
Fig. 8. A gold border strip of a disc pendant from Tomb 1 .............................. 731
Fig. 9a–b. A provincial bronze coin of the emperor Tiberius from Tomb 1........ 731
Fig. 10. A terracotta spindle-whorl from Tomb 1 ............................................... 731
Fig. 11. Layout and cross-section of Tomb 2 ...................................................... 735
Fig. 12. The tholos chamber and the dromos of Tomb 2 ..................................... 736
Fig. 13. The dromos of Tomb 2........................................................................... 736
Fig. 14. The sealing of the dromos of Tomb 2..................................................... 737
Fig. 15. The tholos chamber of Tomb 2 .............................................................. 738
Fig. 16. The tholos chamber of Tomb 2 .............................................................. 738
Fig. 17. A piece of iron chain-mail from Tomb 2 ............................................... 740
CHAPTER 44
Fig. 1. Schematic map of Greek sites on the Cimmerian Bosporus ................... 744
Fig. 2. ‘Small’ Bosporan town Porthmion (view from the west, Kerch Strait in
the background) ..................................................................................... 744
Fig. 3. Socle of the eastern Archaic defensive wall. 1 – south-eastern area (view
from the north-east); 2 – fragment of the masonry (view from the east) 745
Fig. 4. 1 – remains of the Archaic drainage system (view from the north);
2 – bed of the drain; 3 – remains of the socle of the western Archaic defen-
sive wall, incorporated in Hellenistic dwelling (view from the east) ....... 746
Fig. 5. Remains of the southern line of Archaic defensive system (view from
south-east) .............................................................................................. 747
XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 46
Fig. 1. Vicinity of Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum). Part of the map of 1837 ..... 770
Fig. 2. Excavations of Yuz-Oba necropolis in 1859 ........................................... 770
Fig. 3. Crypt 48 of Tumulus 5 of Yuz-Oba ...................................................... 771
Fig. 4. Crypt 21 of Tumulus 15 ........................................................................ 772
Fig. 5. Crypt of the Mirza Kekuvatskii tumulus ................................................ 773
Fig. 6. Crypt of Tumulus 6 ............................................................................... 774
Fig. 7. Excavations of the Ostryi (Sharp) tumulus. The staircase of the eastern
revetment ............................................................................................... 775
Fig. 8. Section of the Ostryi tumulus ................................................................ 775
Fig. 9. Excavations of the mine of the Ostryi tumulus ...................................... 776
Fig. 10. Entrance to the catacomb of the Ostryi tumulus ................................... 777
CHAPTER 47
Fig. 1. Route of the ‘Pilgrim’s Road’ between Chalcedon and Nicaea .............. 784
Fig. 2. Route of the ‘Pilgrim’s Road’ between Nicaea and Iuliopolis ................ 786
CHAPTER 48
Fig. 1. Map of the Black Sea area ...................................................................... 796
Fig. 2. Map of Colchis and environs ................................................................. 824
CHAPTER 50
Fig. 1. View of the Acropolis and the Billaios river valley ................................. 856
Fig. 2. Tios Acropolis ........................................................................................ 858
Fig. 3. The pit-houses on the Acropolis ............................................................ 859
Fig. 4. Pit-houses of circular plan ...................................................................... 860
Fig. 5. Plan of pit-houses P2 and P3 and the iron workshop ............................ 860
Fig. 6. Archaic iron workshop ........................................................................... 862
Fig. 7. Slag fragments from iron workshop ....................................................... 862
Fig. 8. The example of Middle Wild Goat 2 pottery from the first layer of struc-
ture P2 ................................................................................................... 864
Fig. 9. Ionian bowl from the Archaic houses ..................................................... 864
Fig. 10. Archaic eyed kylix from the second layer of structure P1 ....................... 864
Fig. 11. Piece of Archaic Ionian bowl.................................................................. 865
Fig. 12. Phrygian pottery pieces from the Acropolis ............................................ 866
Fig. 13. Pottery sherd inscribed in Old Phrygian ................................................ 867
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXI
Fig. 14. Terracotta horse figurines from the first layer of structure P1 ................ 869
Fig. 15. Phrygian fibula from the Gökçebey-Üçburgu emporion ......................... 871
Fig. 16. Phrygian bronze bowl from Gökçebey ................................................... 871
CHAPTER 51
Fig. 1. North Ionian plate from the barrow 1/1965 of the Skorobir burial ground 878
Fig. 2. Plan of the Bilsk fortified settlement and burial mounds ....................... 880
Fig. 3. Greek pottery of the second half of the 7th–first half of the 6th century BC
from excavations at the Bilsk fortified settlement ................................... 884
Fig. 4. Greek pottery from a household pit 6 zolnik (ash-hill) 5, Western For-
tification of Bilsk fortified settlement ..................................................... 886
Fig. 5. Attic pottery found on the Bilsk fortified settlement.............................. 887
CHAPTER 52
Fig. 1. Lighthouse Peninsula (aerial photograph, 2000). Stronghold on the isthmus:
1 – Western wall, 2 – Eastern wall, 3 – Excavation site ......................... 894
Fig. 2. Plan of the Stronghold on the isthmus of the Lighthouse Peninsula...... 899
Fig. 3. Lighthouse Peninsula. Fragments of plans. 1 – Strulov’s map (1786);
2 – Map drawn by Pepelev and signed by Hablitz (1786); 3 – Map of
1786 published by Metropolitan Evgenii (Bolkhovitinov) in 1822 and
1828; 4 – Die Herakleotische Halbinsel. Nach Clarke und Dubois (Neu-
man 1855); 5 – Plan of land division of the Lighthouse Peninsula by
N.M. Pechenkin (1910) ......................................................................... 900
* * *
CHAPTER 53
Fig. 1. Composition on the phalera from tomb 20 at Noin Ula, northern Mon-
golia........................................................................................................ 909
Fig. 2. Nymph and satyr. Detail of composition ............................................... 909
Fig. 3. Head of ‘Bactrian Aphrodite’. Detail. Gold ........................................... 910
Fig. 4. Nymph and satyr. Detail of composition ............................................... 913
Fig. 5. Head of nymph. Detail of composition ................................................. 913
Fig. 6. Figure of ‘Bactrian Aphrodite’. Winged female deity. 1st century AD. Gold.
Tillya Tepe ............................................................................................. 914
Fig. 7. Nymph and satyr. Cameo. Cornelian and onyx (inserted in gold ring).
Berlin State Museum. Found in Petescia (Italy). Ca. 50 BC–AD 20 ..... 914
Fig. 8. Sculptural group with hermaphrodite and satyr. Pompeii. National
Archaeological Museum, Naples ............................................................ 916
Fig. 9. Hermaphrodite and satyr. Wall painting from Pompeii. National Archae-
ological Museum of Naples (inv. 110878) ............................................. 916
Fig. 10. Calenian ceramic bowl with relief depiction of nymph and satyr on the
bottom ................................................................................................... 917
Fig. 11. Gold model of Persian chariot from Oxus Treasure. 4th century BC .... 919
Fig. 12. Painted clay sculpture from Khalchayan archaeological site in situ. Figure
of a horse decorated with phalerae ......................................................... 921
XXXII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 13. Fragment of clay sculpture representing a horse with phalera. Khalchayan.
Late 2nd–early 1st century BC ............................................................... 921
Fig. 14. Plaster cast with depiction of Aphrodite’s toilet. Middle of 3rd century BC.
Pelizaeus Museum of Hildesheim (inv. 1128) ........................................ 926
Fig. 15. Aphrodite’s toilet. Composition on the cover of mirror from Tarentum 926
Fig. 16. Composition with Aphrodite’s toilet. Ivory disc. Bactria ....................... 928
Fig. 17. Composition with Dionysos and Ariadne. Getty Museum .................... 930
CHAPTER 55
Fig. 1. Silver tetradachm of Attic standard of the Graeco-Bactrian king Plato
(ca. 145–140 BC)................................................................................... 949
Fig. 2. Silver tetradachm of Attic standard of Graeco-Bactrian king Plato (ca.
145–140 BC) ......................................................................................... 949
Fig. 3. Bronze coin of Indo-Greek king Amyntas (ca. 95–90 BC) .................... 949
Fig. 4. Bronze coin of Indo-Greek king Hermaios (ca. 90–70 BC)................... 950
Fig. 5. Silver tetradrachm of Indian standard of Indo-Greek king Hermaios (ca.
90–70 BC) ............................................................................................. 950
Fig. 6. Sūrya riding a chariot driven by four horses. Stone railing of the Mahā-
bodhi temple in Bodhgayā Museum ...................................................... 951
Fig. 7. Sūrya riding in a chariot between his two wives and Indra riding on an
elephant. Relief at Bhājā Vihāra near Pune/Poona in the Western Ghats 952
Fig. 8. Sūrya standing erect, holding a lotus blossom in each of his raised hands.
Eastern porch ceiling of the Virūpākṣa temple in Paṭṭadakal ................. 953
Fig. 9. Toilet tray depicting the Sun God standing frontally in a quadriga.
Originally from Gandhāra now in a private collection, Japan ................ 954
Fig. 10. Toilet tray depicting the Sun God in a quadriga standing frontally holding
a sceptre with a makara dhvaja. Originally from Begram now in a private
collection in Pakistan ............................................................................. 954
Fig. 11. Silver tetradachm of Attic standard of Indo-Greek king Menander I (ca.
165–130 BC) ......................................................................................... 954
Fig. 12. Toilet tray depicting the Sun God holding a sceptre and a thunderbolt
in a biga. Originally from Gandhāra now in the Hirayama Ikuo Museum
of Art...................................................................................................... 954
CHAPTER 56
Fig. 1. The beginnings of more sophisticated phases of human and animal repre-
sentations in the sense of the Subgeometric (Orientalising) koine .......... 960
Fig. 2. The areas of Europe that participated in the Subgeometric (Orientalising)
koine ....................................................................................................... 960
Fig. 3. The stylisation of some mythical beings characteristic of the Subgeo-
metric (Orientalising) koine: 1. Gorgoneion, antefix, North Ionia or
Aeolis; 2. Sphinxes by the Polos Painter; 3. Early Corinthian pitcher
by the Royal Library Painter: Sphinxes and Sirens; 4. Bronze peacock,
‘Flächenstil’. All Charles University, Prague ........................................... 961
Fig. 4. Isolated heads with flowers in Thracian (Rogozen) and Celtic (Hořovičky)
art ........................................................................................................... 962
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXIII
CHAPTER 57
Fig. 1. Lefkandi, ‘Heroon’. East Room.............................................................. 968
Fig. 2. Naxos, cemetery of Grotta. Circular platforms....................................... 971
Fig. 3. Mende, Cape Poseidi sanctuary. The sacrificial area south and east of
the apsed building ΣT............................................................................ 973
Fig. 4. Eretria, sanctuary of Apollo Daphnephoros. Structure St12, in front of
the large apsed building Ed2 .................................................................. 974
Fig. 5. Incoronata, terrace from the 8th century BC (US 70) around the dep-
osition of pebbles (US 203) that surround the stone altar (WS). To the
north, the new terrace from the late 8th–early 7th century BC (US 38),
resting on the obliteration/substruction layers of stone (US 68) and earth
(US 45) .................................................................................................. 976
Fig. 6. Incoronata. Planimetry of the apsed building area (BT1), containing the
ritual deposition surrounded with micro-pebbles. To the north, the com-
plex of three bothroi dug one inside the other. In front of the entrance,
the large bothros surrounded by a carpet of pebbles. North of the bothros,
the area with the two small kilns ............................................................ 980
Fig. 7. Incoronata. Aureole of micro-pebbles surrounding the ritual deposition in
the middle of the apse of building BT1. On the background, the bothros,
still filled in situ with part of the obliterative fill of red earth, and sur-
rounded with an aureole of pebbles........................................................ 981
Fig. 8. Incoronata. Bothros in front of the apsed building (BT1), surrounded with
an aureole of pebbles. The inner walls are covered with micro-pebbles.
On the north side, note the layer of small pebbles covering and obliterating
the two small kilns of Fig. 6................................................................... 982
Fig. 9. Incoronata. Ritual chthonic complex north of the apsed building, compris-
ing the stone altar (C), a bothros (B, partially excavated), and the aureole
of pebbles with the remains of ritual practices (A) ................................. 982
Fig. 10. Incoronata. Ritual chthonic space from the second half of the 9th–8th cen-
tury. Triangular enclosure with the ‘White Sandy Stone’ (WS) on the
eastern corner; border of small pebbles (A) around the perimeter of the
pit (B); ‘seal’ of large pebbles (C)........................................................... 984
Fig. 11. Alicante, cemetery of Les Casetes. Tomb 9, surrounded with a carpet of
pebbles ................................................................................................... 986
Fig. 12. Timpone della Motta, Athenaion. Local painted vase of local production 987
Fig. 13. Incoronata. Large obliterative layers of the terrace from the late 8th–
early 7th century BC (US 38), comprising a first layer of large pebbles
(US 23), sealed in turn with a layer of grey earth (US 8) ...................... 989
Fig. 14. Tenos, Xobourgo. Pebble platform (a) above the large shaft grave (c),
and the boulder (b) ................................................................................ 991
Fig. 15. Oropos, cemetery. Tomb XXVI ............................................................. 992
Fig. 16. Incoronata, cemetery. Tomb 147 ........................................................... 993
Fig. 17. Incoronata, cemetery. Tomb 182 ........................................................... 994
XXXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 58
Fig. 1. Eretrian Late Geometric oinochoe. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum
inv. 1503 ................................................................................................ 1014
Fig. 2. Eretrian Late Geometric oinochoe. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum
inv. 1503 ................................................................................................ 1015
Fig. 3. Eretrian Late Geometric oinochoe. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum
inv. 1503 ................................................................................................ 1016
Fig. 4. Eretrian Late Geometric oinochoe. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum
inv. 1503 ................................................................................................ 1017
CHAPTER 60
Fig. 1. Reconstruction sketch of the ‘Yannai Line’ from Antipatris to the Hill
Country .................................................................................................. 1056
Fig. 2. ‘Abd el Nabi/Meẓad HaYarqon, site plan .............................................. 1059
Fig. 3. Arlozorov Street, drawing of the wall discovered .................................... 1061
Fig. 4. Central sites along the Yarqon river (Nahr el ‘Auja) .............................. 1065
CHAPTER 63
Fig. 1. Cult Place 2 at Elea-Velia, from the east (situation of 2002) ................. 1098
Fig. 2. Plan of Cult Place 2 ............................................................................... 1099
Fig. 3. Southern hall with the higher level of the rock in correspondence with
the possible early wall in the east ........................................................... 1101
Fig. 4. Early Wall MK2-1 and the Trench MK2-2 (photograph from the west) 1102
Fig. 5. West section of Trench 9/06N with Wall MK2-5 of the early sanctuary
and – on the higher level – the eastern wall of the northern hall of the
sanctuary of the 2nd century BC ........................................................... 1103
Fig. 6. Circular Structure MK2-3 and Trench 9/06N from the west ................ 1104
CHAPTER 66
Fig. 1. Map of some trade routes and pirate geography of the Late Bronze and
Iron Age Mediterranean, with sites mentioned in the text ..................... 1149
CHAPTER 67
Fig. 1. Contour map of the site of Jebel Khalid ................................................ 1161
Fig. 2. Plan of the room Z1 in its excavated state ............................................. 1162
Fig. 3. Site of Z1 dump in T36, showing bedrock floor and blocked doorway
in south-east ........................................................................................... 1164
Fig. 4. Pan/Silenus head from Z1 dump, front and side view ........................... 1167
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXV
CHAPTER 68
Timbres amphoriques
Fig. 1. E1 – RHO 4: Timokleidas (éponyme) .................................................. 1197
Fig. 2. E2 – RHO 9: Kallikratidas (éponyme) .................................................. 1197
Fig. 3. E3 – RHO 13: Archilaïdas (éponyme)................................................... 1197
Fig. 4. E4 – RHO 3: Kallianax (éponyme) ....................................................... 1197
Fig. 5. E5 – RHO 11: Non identifié (éponyme)............................................... 1198
Fig. 6. F1 – RHO 1: Aristôn (fabricant) ........................................................... 1198
Fig. 7. F2 – RHO 10: Kalliô (fabricante) ......................................................... 1198
Fig. 8. F3 – RHO 8: Sarapiôn (fabricant) ......................................................... 1198
Fig. 9. F4 – RHO 6: Hérakleitos (fabricant)..................................................... 1199
Fig. 10. F5 – RHO 2: Pistos (fabricant) ............................................................. 1199
Fig. 11. F6 – RHO 12: Diodôros (fabricant) ...................................................... 1199
Fig. 12. F7 – RHO 7: Polémôn (fabricant) ........................................................ 1199
Fig. 13. F8 – RHO 5: Hiéroklès (fabricant) ....................................................... 1199
Fig. 14. Non identifié .......................................................................................... 1200
Fig. 15. Non identifié .......................................................................................... 1200
Fig. 16. Non identifié .......................................................................................... 1200
Fig. 17. Non identifié .......................................................................................... 1200
CHAPTER 69
Fig. 1. Nave mosaic of the church at Hazor-Ashdod, Israel, detail of a gazelle .. 1206
Fig. 2. Hall mosaic of a chapel at Beth Guvrin, Israel, detail of a stag .............. 1206
Fig. 3. Outer south aisle mosaic of the Synagogue at Gaza Maiumas, detail of
a lioness .................................................................................................. 1207
Fig. 4. Nave mosaic of the church at Hazor-Ashdod, detail of a lion ................ 1208
Fig. 5. Detail of Erotes mosaic, Shatby, Egypt .................................................. 1210
Fig. 6. Nave mosaic east panel of the Church of SS Lot and Procopius, Khirbet
al-Mukhayyat ......................................................................................... 1217
Fig. 7. Hall mosaic of the Upper Chapel of the Priest John, Khirbet al-
Mukhayyat ............................................................................................. 1218
Fig. 8a–d. Nave mosaic east panel of the Church of SS Lot and Procopius,
Khirbet al-Mukhayyat, detail of human heads .................................... 1219
Fig. 9a–d. Hall mosaic of the Upper Chapel of the Priest John, Khirbet al-
Mukhayyat, (a–c) detail of heads; (d) detail of a hunter ..................... 1220
Fig. 10. Bema mosaic of the Church of the Lions, Umm ar-Rasas, detail of a
gazelle ..................................................................................................... 1223
Fig. 11. Bema mosaic of the Theotokos Chapel, Basilica of Moses, Mt Nebo,
detail of a gazelle .................................................................................... 1223
Fig. 12. Bema mosaic of the New Baptistery Chapel, Basilica of Moses, Mt Nebo,
detail of a gazelle .................................................................................... 1224
XXXVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 13. Presbytery mosaic of the New Baptistery Chapel, Basilica of Moses,
Mt Nebo, detail of a tree ....................................................................... 1224
Fig. 14. Bema mosaic of the Church of the Lions, Umm ar-Rasas, detail of a tree 1224
Fig. 15. Apse mosaic of the Crypt of St Elianus, Madaba, detail of the tree ....... 1226
Fig. 16. Apse mosaic of the Crypt of St Elianus, Madaba ................................... 1227
Fig. 17. Nave mosaic of the church at Horbat Berakhot ..................................... 1229
Fig. 18. Nave mosaic of the church at Horbat Berakhot, detail of a lion ............ 1230
Fig. 19. Nave mosaic of the church at Horbat Berakhot, detail of an ox ............ 1230
Fig. 20. Nave mosaic of the church at the Monastery of Martyrius, detail of the
donkey.................................................................................................... 1230
Fig. 21. Nave mosaic of the church at Horbat Berakhot, detail of the tesserae
arrangement in a medallion .................................................................... 1231
Fig. 22. Nave mosaic of the church at the Monastery of Martyrius, detail of the
tesserae arrangement in a medallion ....................................................... 1231
Fig. 23. Nave mosaic of the church at Horbat Berakhot, detail of the tesserae
arrangement in a section of rainbow cable ............................................. 1232
Fig. 24. Nave mosaic of the church at the Monastery of Martyrius, detail of the
tesserae arrangement in a section of rainbow cable................................. 1232
CHAPTER 73
Fig. 1. Archaeological Park of Naxos in Sicily. Survey data and reconstruction
of the ancient city superimposed on an aerial orthomosaic of the site ... 1281
Fig. 2. Start of excavations of the pithos covering the Classical well in 2015 .... 1282
Fig. 3. Excavations at crossroads of Plateia A and Stenopos 11. 3D total station
survey superimposed over photogrammetry orthomosaic ....................... 1283
Fig. 4. Section of the well with superimposed total station data ....................... 1284
Fig. 5. Astragals discovered in the well, most with dorsal side facing up ........... 1285
Fig. 6. Pottery from Layer 43 ............................................................................ 1286
Fig. 7. Late 5th-century bronze hemilitron from Piakos excavated in Layer 43 1286
Fig. 8. Cup (425–400 BC) from Layer 43, punctured with a sharp blow ......... 1287
Fig. 9. Type B3 Silenus antefix from Layer 41 .................................................. 1287
Fig. 10. Astragals discovered in the well, most with plantar side facing up ......... 1288
Fig. 11. Astragals discovered in the well, with lateral and medial sides facing up 1289
Fig. 12. Lead weight F024 fitting the lateral depression of large astragal B008 ... 1290
CHAPTER 79
Fig. 1. Map 1. Bronze hammered cauldrons of the 4th–1st centuries BC in
Asian Sarmatia and Kuban area. Map 2. Bronze hammered cauldrons of
the first centuries AD in Asian Sarmatia and Kuban area ...................... 1388
Fig. 2. Averino, chance find in burial mound, 1979. Small cauldron. General
views. Ostrogozhsk, Historical and Art Museum named after I.N. Kram-
skoi, inv. 4357/2, A-800......................................................................... 1390
Fig. 3. Averino, chance find in burial mound, 1979. Small cauldron. Details.
Ostrogozhsk, Historical and Art Museum named after I.N. Kramskoi,
inv. 4357/2, A-800................................................................................. 1391
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXVII
Fig. 4. Averino, chance find in burial mound, 1979. Big cauldron. General views.
Ostrogozhsk, Historical and Art Museum named after I.N. Kramskoi,
inv. 4357/1, A-801................................................................................. 1392
Fig. 5. Averino, chance find in the burial mound, 1979. Big cauldron. Details.
Ostrogozhsk, Historical and Art Museum named after I.N. Kramskoi,
inv. 4357/1, A-801................................................................................. 1393
Fig. 6. Averino, chance find in the burial mound, 1979. Big cauldron. Separate
fragments. Ostrogozhsk, Historical and Art Museum named after
I.N. Kramskoi, inv. 4357/1, A-801 ........................................................ 1394
Fig. 7. Zhutovo, mound 27/1964, burial no. 4. Bronze cauldron. General view.
Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 1216 ............................. 1395
Fig. 8. Valovyi-I, mound 6/1987, burial no. 3. Bronze cauldron. 1–3 – details,
4–7 – general views. Azov, Historical-Archaeological and Palaeonto-
logical Museum Reserve, inv. 25309/176............................................... 1396
Fig. 9. Bronze cauldrons with inscriptions. 1 – Sosnovka, chance find, 1972. Volgo-
grad, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 8081/4; 2 – Bazki, mound 1/2017.
Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 34064/1; 3 – Novolugan-
skoe, mound 1/1967, burial no. 5. Donetsk, State University, Archaeo-
logical Museum ...................................................................................... 1397
Fig. 10. Bazki, mound 1/2017. Bronze cauldron. 1 – detail, 2–5 – general views.
Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 34064/1........................ 1398
Fig. 11. Levaya Rossosh Hoard. Bronze cauldron. 1–2 – details, 3–6 – general views.
Voronezh, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 12108. A-253 ................ 1399
Fig. 12. Novocherkassk, Sadovyi mound, 1961. Bronze cauldron. General views.
Rostov-on-Don, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 2564..................... 1400
Fig. 13. Novocherkassk, Sadovyi mound, 1961. Bronze cauldron. Details. Rostov-
on-Don, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 2564................................. 1401
Fig. 14. Zhutovo, mound 75/1974. Bronze cauldron. General views. Volgograd,
Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 14261/3 .......................................... 1402
Fig. 15. Lebedevka, mound 1/1967. Bronze cauldron. Astana, National Museum
of the Republic of Kazahkstan, ҒОМА no. 276. ҚРҰМ УҚ ТК2-766 .. 1403
Fig. 16. Krep-II, mound 2/1993. Bronze cauldron. General views. Volgograd,
Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 29159/1 .......................................... 1404
Fig. 17. Valovyi-I, mound 4/1987, burial no. 2. Bronze cauldron. 1 – general view,
2–3 – details. Azov, Historical-Archaeological and Palaeontological Museum
Reserve, inv. 25309/123 ......................................................................... 1405
Fig. 18. Berezhnovskii-II, mound 67/1954, burial no. 1. Bronze cauldron. General
views. Saratov, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 5899 ....................... 1406
Fig. 19. Bronze cauldrons of the Debelt group. 1 – Solyanka-I, mound 3/2000,
burial no. 2. Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. HB-9313/1.
2 – Staritsa, mound 26/1961, burial no. 2. Astrakhan, State United
Historical-Architectural Museum Reserve, inv. 11989/238 .................... 1407
Fig. 20. Staritsa, mound 26/1961, burial no. 2. Bronze cauldron. General views.
Astrakhan, State United Historical-Architectural Museum Reserve,
inv. 11989/238....................................................................................... 1408
XXXVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 21. Berdiya, mound 3/1991, burial no. 1. Bronze cauldron. General views.
Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 28007/2........................ 1409
Fig. 22. Shcherbakovka. Chance find, 1899. Bronze cauldron. General views.
St Petersburg, State Hermitage, inv. 2198/2 .......................................... 1410
Fig. 23. Krasnogor, mound 1/1936. Bronze cauldron. 1–2, 4–5 – general views,
3 – detail. Orenburg, Governor’s Historical and Local Lore Museum,
inv. 307/1............................................................................................... 1411
Fig. 24. Bolshaya Dmitrievka, mound 13/1988, burial no. 2. Bronze cauldron.
General views. Saratov, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 51963 ........ 1412
Fig. 25. Sosnovka. Chance find, 1972. Bronze cauldron. 1 – detail, 2–5 – general
views. Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 8081/4 ............... 1413
Fig. 26. Sosnovka. Chance find, 1972. Bronze cauldron. Details. Inscription.
Volgograd, Regional Local Lore Museum, inv. 8081/4.......................... 1414
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
TAM V P. Herrmann, Tituli Asiae Minoris V: Tituli Lydiae, Fasc. 1–2 (Vienna
1981).
TTKY Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınlarından.
VDI Vestnik Drevnei Istorii.
ZGG Im Zeichen des goldenen Greifen: Königsgräber der Skythen (Exhibition
Catalogue) (Munich/Berlin/London/New York 2007).
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.
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