The Nature of Matter

Chapter 2
 Chapter Overview

◦ 2.2 – Separating and purifying substances.

Chapter 2
 New Terms

◦ Types of mixtures

◦ Methods of separation

◦ Decanting

◦ Filtration

◦ Distillation

◦ Chromatography

◦ Solubility

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 0. Review.

Figure 1 Types of mixtures.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 1. Separating substances.

◦ A). How do we choose separation method?

 It depends on:

◦ The type of the mixture.

◦ The substance we are interested in.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 Figure 2 Choosing separation method.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 2. Separating insoluble solid from liquids.

 A). Decanting:

◦ Allow the mixture to settle.

◦ Pour off the liquid.

 B). Filtration:

◦ Collect the solid as a

residue with a filter.

Figure 3 Decanting (top) and

filtration (bottom).

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

  C). Centrifugation:

◦ Spin at high speed in

centrifuge.

◦ Solid deposits at the bottom

of the centrifuge tube.

Figure 4 Centrifugation.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 3. Separating immiscible liquids.

◦ A). Filtration:

◦ Allow the mixture to settle.

◦ Tap off the layers via the tap.

Figure 5 Filtration of liquids.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 4. Separating mixtures of solids.

◦ A). Based on density difference:

 Using panning

Figure 6 Gold panning.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ B). Based on magnetic properties:

 Using electromagnets

Figure 7 Magnetic separation of ores.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ C). Based on different solubility:

 Ground to powder

 Dissolve with appropriate liquid

 Warm and stir

 Filter

 Insoluble substances remain as residue

 Evaporate and obtain dissolved substance via

crystallization

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ D). Based on sublimation:

 A solid that sublimes

can be separated
using this property.

Figure 8 Ammonium chloride can be

separated from a mixture because it
sublimes.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 5. Separating solutions.

◦ A). Evaporation method:

 Heat the solution

 Obtain the contents by

◦ Evaporation

◦ Crystallization

Figure 9 An evaporation method.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ B). Distillation method:

 Heat the solution

 Obtain the contents by

◦ Difference in b.p. between

liquid solvent and solid
solute.

◦ Condensation

Figure 10 Distillation of seawater.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ C). Factional distillation method:

 Heat the solution

 Obtain the fractions by:

◦ Difference in the b.p between

the volatile liquids.

◦ Evaporation and condensation

Figure 11 Fractionating column setup

(a) and glass beds close-up (b).

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 Practice

◦ Questions:
 p. 34; ex. 2.6, 2.7

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ D). Chromatography:

 Collect the substance of interest.

 Prepare solvent solution.

 Place a drop of the substance

at the strip of chromatography paper
above the solvent level.

 Dip the paper in the solvent.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdJ57SQ6GAQ

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 Figure 12 Stages of paper chromatography.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

  Obtain contents as:

◦ The solvent moves up the paper.

◦ The substances separate according to their solubility.

◦ The most soluble moves the fasters up (insoluble

remain at the bottom).

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 Figure 13 A paper chromatogram.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

  Identify the contents by:

◦ Measuring the distance of the substance from the

solvent front.

◦ Measuring the distance moved by the solvent front.

◦ Calculating the retention factor Rf value.

◦ x

◦ Comparing Rf in existing data to identify substance.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

  Uses of chromatography:
◦ Separate dyes and pigments.
◦ Analysis of sugars, amino acids and nucleotide bases.
◦ Test for purity.

Figure 14 Chromatography using a locating agent to detect spots on the paper.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 Practice

◦ Questions:
 p. 34; ex. 2.8, 2.9, 2.10

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 6. Purity and identity of substances.

◦ A). Why are purity and identity important?

 Dosage in pharmaceutical drugs.

 Food coloring control:

◦ E100, E180 – EU permitted food colors

◦ E102 – may cause allergic reaction in children

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 7. Solutions.

◦ A). Solubility of solids in liquids:

 Solute - the solid that dissolves.

 Solvent - the liquid in which it dissolves.

 Soluble (Insoluble) - a substance that (do not)

dissolves in a solvent.

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ B). Factors affecting solubility:

 Temperature

 Stir / agitation

 Pressure (gas in liquid)

◦ C). Concentration:

 The mass of solute dissolved in a particular

volume of a solvent.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/concentration

2.2 Separating and purifying substances

 ◦ D). Saturation:

2.2 Separating and purifying substances