Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of related studies or literature in the present study. It

categorized by its local and foreign literatures.

Local Literature

The study by Mudliar et al. (2015) also compared the properties of paper

produced from coconut coir to those of commercial kraft paper. The researchers found

that the paper produced from coconut coir had similar tensile strength, burst strength, and

tear resistance to commercial kraft paper, indicating its potential as a viable alternative to

traditional paper production methods. In addition to its potential as a source of protein for

bioplastic production, it also highlighted the potential of chicken feathers as a source of

keratin, which is a protein with various industrial applications. The researchers suggested

that the use of chicken feathers in bioplastic production could also help reduce the

environmental impacts of petroleum-based plastics (Marquez et al., 2017).

The study by Manriquez et al. (2017) investigated the use of different chemical

treatments to optimize the properties of paper produced from banana stem fibers. The

researchers found that a combination of alkali and peroxide treatments produced the best

results in terms of tensile strength, folding endurance, and burst index. Alkali treatment

involves using a solution of sodium hydroxide to break down the lignin and other

impurities in the fiber, which leads to an increase in the fiber's tensile strength. Peroxide

treatment, on the other hand, involves the use of hydrogen peroxide to bleach the fibers,

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which results in a lighter color and improved brightness of the paper. The study's findings

suggest that the combination of alkali and peroxide treatments can significantly enhance

the paper's tensile strength, folding endurance, and burst index. Tensile strength refers to

the ability of the paper to resist breaking under tension, while folding endurance

measures the paper's ability to withstand repeated folding. The burst index, on the other

hand, is a measure of the paper's ability to withstand pressure or weight without bursting.

Additionally, the optimization of the properties of paper made from banana stem fibers is

an important area of research because banana stems are a readily available and

sustainable source of raw materials. The use of these fibers in paper production can

reduce the demand for wood pulp, which is obtained from trees, and help mitigate

deforestation.

Another study conducted by Li et al. (2020) highlights the potential of using

coconut husk and chicken feathers as raw materials for papermaking. The researchers

found that the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting paper were comparable

to those of conventional paper made from wood pulp. This is a significant finding as it

suggests that using these alternative raw materials for kraft paper production could be a

sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. Coconut husks and

chicken feathers are considered as waste products and are readily available in many parts

of the world. The use of these waste products for paper production not only helps in

reducing waste but also reduces the dependence on wood pulp, which is a finite resource.

This makes the process of paper production more sustainable and environmentally

friendly. Furthermore, the use of alternative raw materials also provides economic

benefits to local communities that produce these waste products. It creates new
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opportunities for income generation and employment in rural areas where coconut husks

and chicken feathers are abundant.

Foreign Literature

This study discussed the use of agricultural waste in papermaking, including

coconut husks and chicken feathers. The article highlighted the potential benefits and

challenges of using these waste materials, such as improving paper properties and

reducing waste disposal costs, while also discussing the potential environmental impacts

of their use. The article concluded that the use of agricultural waste in papermaking could

provide a sustainable solution for the disposal of these materials (Asif et al., 2020).

According to a study by Alshahrani & Alharthi (2018) explored the use of

chicken feather fibers as a reinforcement agent in papermaking. The study found that the

addition of chicken feather fibers improved the mechanical properties of the paper,

including tensile strength and bursting strength. Furthermore, the study found that the

addition of chicken feather fibers did not significantly affect the optical properties of the

paper, such as brightness and opacity, which are important factors in many paper

applications. This suggests that the addition of chicken feather fibers could be a viable

option for improving the mechanical properties of paper without compromising its other

properties. In addition to the potential benefits of using chicken feather fibers as a

reinforcing agent in papermaking, this study also highlights the importance of exploring

sustainable and renewable sources of raw materials. By utilizing waste materials, such as

chicken feathers, we can reduce the environmental impact of industries and create value

from materials that would otherwise go to waste

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Another study by Wang & Zhang (2019), reviewed the use of alternative raw

materials in pulp and paper production, including agricultural residues, such as coconut

husks and chicken feathers. The study discussed the potential benefits and challenges of

using these waste materials in paper production, such as improving paper properties and

reducing waste disposal costs. The study concluded that the use of alternative raw

materials could provide economic and environmental benefits for the pulp and paper

industry.