Dalhuisen on Transnational

Comparative Commercial Financial and

Trade Law Volume 2 Contract and
Movable Property Law 7th Edition Jan H
Dalhuisen
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/dalhuisen-on-transnational-comparative-commercial-fi
nancial-and-trade-law-volume-2-contract-and-movable-property-law-7th-edition-jan-h-
dalhuisen/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Dalhuisen on Transnational Comparative Commercial

Financial and Trade Law Volume 3 Financial Products
Financial Services and Financial Regulation 7th Edition
Jan H Dalhuisen
https://ebookmeta.com/product/dalhuisen-on-transnational-
comparative-commercial-financial-and-trade-law-
volume-3-financial-products-financial-services-and-financial-
regulation-7th-edition-jan-h-dalhuisen/

Economic Commercial and Intellectual property Law 2nd

Edition Icsi

https://ebookmeta.com/product/economic-commercial-and-
intellectual-property-law-2nd-edition-icsi/

law of contract 2 part 7th Edition Dr R K Bangia

https://ebookmeta.com/product/law-of-contract-2-part-7th-edition-
dr-r-k-bangia/

Commercial and personal property law selected issues

Second Edition. Edition Stephen G. Corones

https://ebookmeta.com/product/commercial-and-personal-property-
law-selected-issues-second-edition-edition-stephen-g-corones/
International Commercial Contracts: Contract Terms,
Applicable Law and Arbitration 2nd Edition Giuditta
Cordero-Moss

https://ebookmeta.com/product/international-commercial-contracts-
contract-terms-applicable-law-and-arbitration-2nd-edition-
giuditta-cordero-moss/

Fundamental Perspectives on International Law 7th

Edition Tracy H. Slagter

https://ebookmeta.com/product/fundamental-perspectives-on-
international-law-7th-edition-tracy-h-slagter/

Faber on Mechanics of Patent Claim Drafting

Intellectual Property Law Library 7th Edition Faber

https://ebookmeta.com/product/faber-on-mechanics-of-patent-claim-
drafting-intellectual-property-law-library-7th-edition-faber/

Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law 5th Edition

Richard Stone

https://ebookmeta.com/product/text-cases-and-materials-on-
contract-law-5th-edition-richard-stone/

Goode on Commercial Law 6th Edition Roy Goode

https://ebookmeta.com/product/goode-on-commercial-law-6th-
edition-roy-goode/
 DALHUISEN ON TRANSNATIONAL
COMPARATIVE, COMMERCIAL,
FINANCIAL AND TRADE LAW
VOLUME 2
This is the seventh edition of the leading work on transnational and comparative
commercial, financial, and trade law, covering a wide range of complex topics in the
modern law of international commerce, finance and trade. As a guide for students and
practitioners it has proven to be unrivalled. The work is divided into three volumes,
each of which can be used independently or as part of the complete work.
Volume 2 deals with the transnationalisation of contract; movable and intangible
property law; and the transformation of the models of contract and movable property
in commercial and financial transactions between professionals in the international
flow of goods, services, money, information, and technology.
In this transnational legal order, the emphasis in the new law merchant or mod-
ern lex mercatoria of contract and movable property turns to risk management, asset
liquidity, and transactional and payment finality. Common law and civil law concepts
are compared and future directions indicated. The potential, effects and challenges of
the blockchain are noted, especially with regard to the carriage of goods by sea. All
three volumes may be purchased separately or as part of a single set.
 Dalhuisen on Transnational
Comparative, Commercial, Financial
and Trade Law Volume 2
Seventh Edition

Contract and Movable Property Law

Jan H Dalhuisen
Professor of Law, Dickson Poon School of Law
King’s College London
Chair in Transnational Financial Law
Catholic University Lisbon
Visiting Professor UC Berkeley
Corresponding Member
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Member New York Bar
Former ICSID Arbitrator
 HART PUBLISHING
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
Kemp House, Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford, OX2 9PH, UK

HART PUBLISHING, the Hart/Stag logo, BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are
trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
First published in Great Britain 2019
Copyright © Jan Dalhuisen, 2019
Jan Dalhuisen has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988 to be identified as Author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system,
without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsibility for loss or damage
occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be
accepted by the authors, editors or publishers.
All UK Government legislation and other public sector information used in the work is Crown Copyright ©.
All House of Lords and House of Commons information used in the work is Parliamentary Copyright ©.
This information is reused under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 (http://www.
nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3) except where otherwise stated.
All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union,
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/, 1998–2019.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: HB: 978-1-50992-582-7
ePDF: 978-1-50992-581-0
ePub: 978-1-50992-580-3
Typeset by Compuscript Ltd, Shannon
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY

To find out more about our authors and books visit www.hartpublishing.co.uk.
Here you will find extracts, author information, details of forthcoming events
and the option to sign up for our newsletters.
To my Teachers and my Students
 Table of Contents

Table of Cases xix

Table of Legislation and Related Documentsxxvii

Chapter 1: Transnational Contract Law1

Part I General
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Modern Contract Law: Nature of the Parties
or Type of Contract? Relationship Thinking
and the Professional Contract 1
1.1.2 The Effect of Globalisation. Transnationalisation
of the Contract Law Concerning Professional Dealings 7
1.1.3 Content and Coverage of this Chapter. Formal
Transnationalisation Efforts 14
1.1.4 Modern Contract Law. Will Theories and the Relevance
of Intent. Non-intentional Aspects of Contract Law.
The Meaning of Party Autonomy 16
1.1.5 The Formation and Operation of the Professional Contract
Standard Contracts 22
1.1.6 A New Model of Contract Law among Professionals?
Modern Contract Theory 26
1.1.7 Modern Contract Theory and the Normative Interpretation
Technique in Civil Law 31
1.1.8 The Contribution of Law and Economics 35
1.1.9 The Challenge of E-commerce 39
1.1.10 The Smart Contract 41
1.2 Formation of Contracts in Civil and Common Law 45
1.2.1 The Development of Contract Law and the Role of Parties’
Intent in Civil Law. The Notion of Consensus as the Basis
for Contract Validity 45
1.2.2 The Notions of Consideration, Exchange or Bargain
in the Common Law of Contract. Meaning of Intent,
Offer and Acceptance 49
1.2.3 The Development of the Consideration Notion
in Common Law. The Modern Alternative
of Detrimental Reliance 53
viii Table of Contents

1.2.4 Contracts: Construction and Remedies in Civil

and Common Law. The Parol Evidence Rule 59
1.2.5 The Practical Significance of the Consideration
Requirement in Common Law 62
1.2.6 The Common Law Notion of Consideration
and the Civil Law Notion of Causa Compared 64
1.2.7 Other Aspects of Contractual Validity: Capacity
and Authority 67
1.2.8 Other Aspects of Contractual Validity: Formalities 68
1.2.9 Other Aspects of Contractual Validity: Definiteness 70
1.3 The Normative Interpretation Technique in Practice: The Civil Law
Notion of Good Faith, the Common Law Alternatives, Liberal
Interpretation and the Role of Other Sources of Private Law 71
1.3.1 The Modern Normative Approach and the Concept
of Dynamic Contract Law 71
1.3.2 Roman Law, Ius Commune, Nineteenth-century Thinking,
and the Modern Revival of Multiple Sources of Contract Law
in Civil Law Behind the Good Faith Notion 75
1.3.3 Interpretation and the Notion of Good Faith in Civil Law 78
1.3.4 Good Faith as a Multifaceted Notion 82
1.3.5 Institutional Aspects of the Operation of the Notion
of Good Faith in Civil Law 88
1.3.6 Good Faith, Legal Positivism and System Thinking
in the Codification Manner. The Bridge to the Common
Law and the Connect with the Transnationalisation Process
of Private Law in the Professional Sphere 90
1.3.7 Good Faith in Common Law. Alternatives. Equity
Distinguished94
1.3.8 EU Notion of Good Faith 98
1.3.9 Good Faith and Sources of Contract Law in the CISG,
UNIDROIT and European Contract Principles. The DCFR 100
1.3.10 When is Good Faith a Mandatory Concept? 102
1.3.11 Practical Effects of Good Faith or Normative Thinking:
The Nature of Pre-contractual Information and Disclosure
Duties, Meaning of Consensus, Mistake, Misrepresentation
and Gross Disparity 105
1.3.12 Practical Effects of Good Faith or Normative Thinking:
Pre-contractual Negotiation Duties, Contractual Co-operation
Duties, and Abuse of Contractual Rights 108
1.3.13 Practical Effects of Good Faith or Normative Thinking:
The Status of Commercial Letters of Intent. ‘Best and
Reasonable Endeavour’ Clauses 111
1.3.14 The Practical Effects of Good Faith or Normative Thinking:
Force Majeure and Change of Circumstances in Professional
Dealings112
 Table of Contents ix

1.4 Performance of the Contract, Defences, Default, Excuses,

Termination114
1.4.1 Performance in Kind/Specific Performance 114
1.4.2 Lack of Consensus in Civil Law and Defences to Performance
in Common Law: Invalidity and Rescission 118
1.4.3 Excuses of Performance and the Meaning of Conditions
and Warranties, Covenants and Representations 124
1.4.4 Default or Breach and Damages 128
1.4.5 The Excuses of Force Majeure and Change of Circumstances 131
1.4.6 Change of Circumstances, Frustration and Economic
Impossibility. Development in Civil and Common Law 134
1.4.7 Unforeseen Circumstances and the Balance of the Contract:
Hardship and Renegotiation Duties 135
1.4.8 Modern Legislative Approaches to a Change
in Circumstances 141
1.4.9 Contractual Hardship Clauses 143
1.4.10 How to Secure Contractual Rights and Obligations
in Common and Civil Law? 144
1.5 Privity of Contract 149
1.5.1 Privity of Contract or Third-Party Rights and Duties
under a Contract 149
1.5.2 Development of Contractual Third-Party Rights
and Duties in Civil Law 157
1.5.3 The Situation in Common Law and the Developments
in the US and England 160
1.6 The UNIDROIT and European Principles of Contract Law.
The Vienna Convention and UCC Compared. The Draft
Common Frame of Reference in the EU and the Draft
EU Regulation on a Common European Sales Law 162
1.6.1 Unification of Contract Law. Academic Texts
and the EU Activity in this Area 162
1.6.2 The Unitary Codification Approach 168
1.6.3 The UNIDROIT Principles for International Commercial
Contracts171
1.6.4 The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) 177
1.6.5 The Draft Common Frame of Reference 179
1.6.6 Interpretation and Supplementation in the Principles
and the DCFR. Sources of Commercial and Financial Law,
Hierarchy, and Lex Mercatoria Compared 183
1.6.7 Approach to Contract Formation: Consensus, Reliance,
and Exchange Notions, Capacity, Formalities and Specificity 186
1.6.8 Defences. The Question of Continued Validity
of the Contract 190
1.6.9 Performance, Breach and Excuses 192
1.6.10 Privity of Contract 193
x Table of Contents

1.6.11 The Nature and Impact of the PECL and DCFR 193
1.6.12 The 2011 Project of the Expert Group on European
Contract Law 195
1.6.13 The 2011 EU Draft Regulation on a Common European
Sales Law (CESL) 198
Part II Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
2.1 The Main Aspects of the International Sale of Goods 203
2.1.1 Introduction 203
2.1.2 The Minimum Requirements of the Sales Agreement: Special
Features and Risks of International Sales 207
2.1.3 Legal Risk in International Sales 211
2.1.4 Special Arrangements to Cover the Risks of International
Sales215
2.1.5 International Sales as Contracts between Professionals.
Effect on the Applicable Law 217
2.1.6 Currency and Payments in International Sales:
Free Convertibility and Transferability of Money 220
2.1.7 The Transfer of Title in International Sales. Finality Issues 222
2.1.8 Conform Delivery and the Passing of Risk in International
Sales224
2.1.9 The Passing of Risk in the Sale of Goods in Civil
and Common Law 227
2.1.10 Proprietary Sales Price Protection in Civil
and Common Law 233
2.1.11 The Retention Right of the Seller 238
2.1.12 Alternatives to the Reclaiming Rights in International Sales.
The Letter of Credit 240
2.2 Ancillary Arrangements in International Sales. The Role
of Intermediaries and Documents 240
2.2.1 The Safe Harbour Function: Agents and Documents
of Title 240
2.2.2 The Use of Agents: Their Position 242
2.2.3 The Use of Negotiable Documents of Title in International
Sales: Bills of Lading and Warehouse Receipts 244
2.2.4 Documents of Title in Payment Schemes in International
Sales244
2.2.5 The Use of Negotiable Instruments in International Sales:
Bills of Exchange 246
2.3 The Uniform International Sales Laws. The Vienna Convention
or CISG 247
2.3.1 Origin and Scope 247
2.3.2 The Coverage of the Vienna Convention 250
 Table of Contents xi

2.3.3 The System of the Vienna Convention: Directory

or Mandatory Rules? 253
2.3.4 Applicability of the Vienna Convention 255
2.3.5 The Sales Law of the Vienna Convention. Formation 257
2.3.6 The Sales Law of the Vienna Convention. Substance,
Default and Remedies 258
2.3.7 Supplementation and Interpretation of the Vienna
Convention263
2.3.8 The Interpretation of International Sales Contracts
under the Vienna Convention: Meaning of Conduct
and Custom in Terms of Contract Interpretation 270
2.3.9 Supplementation of the Vienna Convention: Private
International Law and the EU Regulation
on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 273
2.3.10 The Main Rules of the 2008 EU Regulation
on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 275
2.3.11 The Vienna Convention and the Different Trade Terms
in International Sales 280
2.3.12 Incoterms: Their Status and Relation to the UCC
and Vienna Convention 283
2.3.13 The Vienna Convention and the ICC Model International
Sale Contract. The 2004 Principles of European Law: Sales 286
2.3.14 The Law Merchant Concerning International Sales 287
2.3.15 The EU Efforts in the Area of the Law Concerning
the Sale of Goods 289
Part III Contractual Agency
3.1 The General Notion of Agency 291
3.1.1 The Use of Agents: Their Position 291
3.1.2 The Role of the Agent: Explicit and Apparent Authority 295
3.1.3 The Notion of Independence, Apparent Authority
and Agencies of Necessity 298
3.1.4 The Consequences of Agency: Conflicts of Interests,
Rights and Duties of the Agent 300
3.1.5 Undisclosed and Indirect Agencies. Trusts as Alternative
in Common Law 302
3.1.6 The Civil Law Indirect Agency. The Relationship between
Principal and Third Party. Customers’ Assets 305
3.1.7 The Economic Importance of Modern Agency 309
3.2 International Aspects of Agency 310
3.2.1 Private International Law Aspects of Agency 310
3.2.2 Treaty Law Concerning the Law Applicable to Agency 312
3.2.3 The Lex Mercatoria and Agency 315
3.2.4 The EU Commercial Agents Directive 315
xii Table of Contents

Chapter 2: Transnational Movable Property Law319

Part I Ownership, Possession and Limited, Future, Conditional or
Temporary Proprietary Rights in Chattels and Intangible Assets
1.1 Introduction 319
1.1.1 The Notion of Property Law 319
1.1.2 The Difference between Contractual and Proprietary
Rights327
1.1.3 Proprietary Rights and the Role of Publicity.
Prior Knowledge in the Transferee Distinguished 332
1.1.4 Proprietary Rights as Risk Management Tools. The Liquidity
of Assets and the Finality of Transactions. The Transferability
of Contracts 337
1.1.5 Types of Assets. Claims 339
1.1.6 Types of Movable Assets. The Requirement of Economic
Value and Commerciability. Notions of Identity, Specificity
and Definiteness and their Inherent Constraints.
The Alternative of Adequate Description in the Contract 344
1.1.7 Assets as Classes Identified Through Mere Description and
the Proprietary Status of Assets in Transformation
and Replacement Assets 349
1.1.8 Importance of the Law of Chattels and Intangibles in Civil
and Common Law. Its Development alongside Land Law 353
1.1.9 The Traditional Physical and Anthropomorphic Approach
to Property Rights. Modern Perceptions 357
1.1.10 The Need for New Financial Structures and their Effect
on Modern Property Law 360
1.1.11 Comparative Law, Transnationalisation, and the DCFR 365
1.1.12 The Approach and Organisation of this Chapter 368
1.2 The Types of Proprietary Rights in Civil Law 369
1.2.1 The Difference between Proprietary and Obligatory
Rights in Civil Law 369
1.2.2 Nature and Structure of Proprietary Rights and their Special
Manner of Protection in Civil Law. The Numerus Clausus
Notion. Ownership, Possession and Detention 372
1.2.3 The Traditional Proprietary Rights in Civil Law and the Way
They are Held. The Notion of Possession Revisited.
Common Law Compared 377
1.2.4 The Way Proprietary Rights are Protected in Civil Law 382
1.2.5 The Acquisitive Prescription and its Importance in Civil Law.
Difference with the Statute of Limitations and the Protection
of Bona Fide Purchasers 387
1.2.6 Proprietary Defences in Bankruptcy 390
1.2.7 The Civil Law Relativity or Priority Principle in Respect
of Proprietary Rights: The Difference from the Relativity
of Obligatory Rights 392
 Table of Contents xiii

1.3 The Types of Proprietary Rights in Common Law: The Practical

Differences from Civil Law. Modern Functional Theories 394
1.3.1 Legal and Equitable Interests in Chattels 394
1.3.2 Ownership and Possession of Chattels in Common Law 399
1.3.3 Equitable Proprietary Interests in Chattels 401
1.3.4 The Common Law System of Proprietary Defences:
Tort Actions Based on Better Rather Than Absolute Rights 404
1.3.5 Constructive Possession and Delivery in Common Law.
The Absence of Acquisitive Prescription. Statutes
of Limitation 407
1.3.6 The Situation in Bankruptcy 408
1.3.7 Practical Differences between the Common and Civil Law
Approaches to Proprietary Rights in Chattels 410
1.3.8 Approximation of the Common and Civil Law Systems
of Proprietary Law in Chattels. General Emphasis on User,
Enjoyment and Income Rights. The Unifying Impact of Modern
Financial Structures and the Requirements of Modern Risk
Management. The Need for and Effect of Legal
Transnationalisation411
1.3.9 Virtues and Pitfalls of the Numerus Clausus Notion.
Modern Functional Approaches 417
1.3.10 The Effects of Globalisation and Transnationalisation
on the Law of Movable Property. The Question of the Public
Interest and its Representation at the Transnational Level 423
1.4 Transfer of Proprietary Rights in Chattels in Civil and Common Law 428
1.4.1 The Legal Requirements for the Transfer of Chattels 428
1.4.2 The Formalities of a Sale: Contract or Delivery (Physically
or Constructively); Double Sales; the Real or Proprietary
Agreement in Civil Law 431
1.4.3 The Relevance of Identification. Effect on the Transfer. Sales
of Future Assets, Bulk Transfers and De Facto Transfers
of Title 436
1.4.4 The Development of the Rules Concerning Delivery
as a Formal Requirement of Title Transfer in Civil
and Common Law 440
1.4.5 Legal Capacity and Disposition Right. Causes of Contractual
Invalidity. Effect on the Title Transfer. Future, Conditional
and Temporary Sales 442
1.4.6 The Transfer Agreement and its Failure: The Abstract and
Causal System of Ownership Transfer. The Finality Issue 447
1.4.7 The Origin of the Abstract and Causal Systems
of Title Transfer 453
1.4.8 Disposition Rights and their Failure: The Nemo Dat Rule
and the Protection of Bona Fide Purchasers. Its Contribution
to Finality 460
xiv Table of Contents

1.4.9 On the Origin of the Nemo Dat Rule and the Principle
of Bona Fide Purchaser Protection 463
1.4.10 The Retention Right of the Seller in the Case of Default
of the Buyer 469
1.5 Proprietary Rights in Intangible Assets in Civil and Common Law 474
1.5.1 Asset Status of Intangibles. Proprietary Rights in Intangible
Assets and the Possibility and Method of their Transfer 474
1.5.2 Assignments, Conditions and the Meaning of Notification
of the Debtor. Bulk Assignments. The Situation in Double
Assignments. Civil Law Developments 476
1.5.3 The Development in Common Law. Equitable Assignments
and Bulk Transfers 481
1.5.4 Assignment of Rights and Delegation of Duties. The Issue
of Severability of Monetary Claims and the Transferability
of Entire Contracts. The Debtor’s Defences 485
1.5.5 The Status of Closely Related Rights and Duties and the Impact
of Contractual Restrictions on the Transfer. Amendment
of the Underlying Contract 488
1.5.6 The Assignability of Future Claims. When is a Claim Future? 493
1.5.7 Assignment, Novation, Amendment, Subrogation and
Subcontracting497
1.5.8 Different Types and Objectives of Assignments 500
1.5.9 The Better Right of the Assignee. The Notion of Abstraction,
Independence and Finality. Comparison with Negotiable
Instruments504
1.5.10 The Notion of Abstraction or Independence and
the Liberating Effect of Payment by the Debtor 507
1.5.11 The Ranking between Assignees, The Nemo Dat Rule
in Assignments 509
1.5.12 Contractual and Proprietary Aspects of Assignments.
Mandatory Rules. Applicable Law and Party Autonomy 513
1.5.13 Special Assignment Issues: Warranties, Conditions
and Default 515
1.5.14 Bankruptcy Aspects of Assignments. The Status
of Recourse and Non-recourse Financing 516
1.5.15 Uniform Treaty Rules Concerning Assignments? 519
1.6 Trusts. Constructive and Resulting Trusts, Tracking and Tracing.
Agency. The Civil Law Response 521
1.6.1 Basic Features of the Common Law of Trust 521
1.6.2 Definitional Issues, Fiduciary Duties and Court
Intervention527
1.6.3 The Practical Significance of Trusts in Common
Law Countries 530
1.6.4 Constructive Trusts, Tracing and Tracking, Resulting Trusts,
Statutory Trusts and Charitable Trusts 532
 Table of Contents xv

1.6.5 Trust and Agency. Trust and Bailment 535

1.6.6 Related Civil Law Structures 536
1.6.7 Private International Treaty Law and Trust Law Principles 539
1.7 Secured Transactions and Conditional or Finance Sales.
Floating Charges 543
1.7.1 The Importance of Conditional Sales in Finance
and the Difference from Secured Transactions 543
1.7.2 What are Sale and Repurchase Agreements or Finance Sales?
The Characterisation Issue. Property-based
and Security-based Funding 544
1.7.3 The Evolution of Conditional and Temporary Transfers
in Civil and Common Law 548
1.7.4 When are Finance Sales Converted into Secured Transactions?
The Recharacterisation Issue 551
1.7.5 The Operation of Finance Sales. Effect of the Conditionality
of the Transfer. Proprietary Effect of Conditions. Duality
of Ownership and of Possession in Civil Law. Openness
of Proprietary Systems? 557
1.7.6 Examples of Finance Sales: Finance Leases, Repos
and Factoring. Finance Sales as Executory Contracts,
Cherry Picking and Netting 560
1.7.7 The Outward Signs of Security Interests and Ownership-based
Funding. Possession or Filing 563
1.7.8 Attachment and Perfection of Security Interests in Movable
Property under the UCC in the US. Meaning
and Weaknesses of the Filing System 569
1.7.9 Floating Charges in Common and Civil Law. Extended
Reservations of Title. The Concepts of Bulk Transfers, Asset
Substitution and Tracing and the Inclusion of Future Assets.
The Facility to Sell Goods Free and Clear 571
1.7.10 Uniform Security Law and Principles of Security Laws 574
1.8 Private International Law Aspects of Chattels 574
1.8.1 When Conflicts Arise 574
1.8.2 The Application of the Lex Situs and the Concept
of Transnationalisation 580
1.8.3 The Notions of Equivalence and Adaptation; Temporary
and Conditional Ownership, Security Interests,
and Retention Rights 587
1.8.4 Trusts: The 1985 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable
to Trusts and their Recognition 589
1.8.5 The Details of the Trust Convention 592
1.8.6 Uniform Laws Concerning the Proprietary Aspects
of Chattels 595
1.8.7 The Modern Lex Mercatoria Concerning Chattels. Earlier
Approaches in the Law of Admiralty: The Maritime Lien 596
xvi Table of Contents

1.9 Private International Law Aspects of Assignments 597

1.9.1 Conflict of Laws Issues in Respect of Monetary Claims.
The Special Problems with Bulk Assignments 597
1.9.2 Terminology and Characterisation Issues 605
1.9.3 Mandatory Proprietary Laws Relating to Assignments.
The Situs Issue 607
1.9.4 Current Approaches to Choice of Laws Issues in Assignments:
Different Views of the Legal Situs of Debts 609
1.9.5 EU Regulation and Treaty Law Approaches to the Law
Applicable to Assignments: The Choice of Law Provision
of Article 14 of the EU Regulation and the Uniform
UNCITRAL Convention on the Assignment of Receivables
in International Trade 614
1.9.6 The Lex Mercatoria Concerning Bulk Assignments 617
1.10 The Modern Law of Chattels and Intangibles 618
1.10.1 Traditional and New Approaches 618
1.10.2 The Modern Structure of Proprietary Rights as Promoted
by International Commerce and Finance.
Transnationalisation625
1.10.3 Paucity of Modern Property Theory 634
1.11 The European Draft Common Frame of Reference 644
1.11.1 Introduction 644
1.11.2 Chattels and their Transfer. The Problem of Physical
Possession648
1.11.3 Intangible Assets and their Assignment. The Problem
of Asset Status 650
1.11.4 Security Interests. Treatment of Reservation of Title,
Finance Sales and Floating Charges 652
1.11.5 Trusts. The Question of Systemic Integration 654
1.11.6 Certainty, Finality and Predictability 654
1.12 Uniform or Harmonised Statutory or Treaty Law. The Alternative
of Transnationalisation and the Need for and Emergence
of a Dynamic Movable Property Law 656
1.12.1 Consumers and Professionals 656
1.12.2 Different Sources of Law in the Professional Sphere 657
1.12.3 Dynamic Movable Property Law 657
Part II Negotiable Documents of Title and Negotiable Instruments
2.1 The Role of Documents 661
2.1.1 Bills of Lading and Warehouse Receipts 661
2.1.2 The Concepts of Document of Title and Negotiability 664
2.1.3 The Origin and Nature of the Bill of Lading and its Operation
in the Proprietary Aspects of the Transfer of Goods 668
 Table of Contents xvii

2.1.4 Consequences of the Different Attitudes to Documents

of Title when Goods are Transfered to Transferees Other
than Through a Transfer of the Bill of Lading 672
2.1.5 The Transfer of Risk 674
2.1.6 The Named or Straight Bill of Lading and Sea Waybills 674
2.1.7 Private International Law Aspects of Bills of Lading 675
2.1.8 Lex Mercatoria and Uniform Treaty Law Concerning Bills
of Lading. The Hague, Hague-Visby, Hamburg
and Rotterdam Rules 678
2.2 Negotiable Instruments 680
2.2.1 Bills of Exchange 680
2.2.2 Acceptance and Discounting of Time Bills 684
2.2.3 The Persons Liable under a Bill of Exchange: Recourse 685
2.2.4 The Principle of Independence or Abstraction 686
2.2.5 The Holder in Due Course. Personal and Real Defences.
Other Types of Holders 688
2.2.6 Cheques 689
2.2.7 Limited Modern Use of Bills of Exchange and Cheques 690
2.2.8 Bills of Exchange and Competing Assignments
of the Underlying Claim 691
2.2.9 Position of the Holder in Due Course of a Bill of Exchange
Compared to the Bona Fide Holder of a Bill of Lading 692
2.2.10 Foreign Bills of Exchange: Private International Law Aspects 693
2.2.11 Uniform Treaty Law 696
2.2.12 The Lex Mercatoria Concerning Bills of Exchange 697
2.3 The Dematerialisation of Documents of Title and Negotiable
Instruments; Electronic Transfers 698
2.3.1 The Traditional Use of Documents of Title and Negotiable
Instruments. Their Inconveniences and Risks. Sea Waybills
and Indemnities 698
2.3.2 Electronic Systems and their Importance in Replacing
Transportation Documents. The CMI Rules and Bolero.
Clearing and the Use of Central Counter Parties? 702
2.3.3 The Bill of Lading and the Potential of the Blockchain 706
2.3.4 The Situation with Regard to Bills of Exchange: Electronic
Bank Transfers. The Facility of ‘@Global Trade’ 708
Part III Investment Securities
3.1 The Different Types of Shares and Bonds 711
3.1.1 Traditional Distinctions. Negotiable Instruments
and Transferable Securities. Dematerialisation 711
3.1.2 The Notions of Immobilisation, Book-entry Systems, Security
Entitlements and Compartmentalisation. Securities Accounts
and Bank Accounts Distinguished 714
xviii Table of Contents

3.1.3 Transfer Instructions and Finality. Tiered and Chained

Systems of Transfer 721
3.1.4 Negotiability and Transferability of Investment Securities
under Domestic and Transnational Law. Use of Securities
Entitlements to Enhance Transferability and Liquidity 723
3.1.5 The Risk Factors in the Holding and Transfer of Investment
Securities and Securities Entitlements. Bankruptcy Issues
and Risk Reduction Techniques. The EU Settlement
Finality Directive 726
3.1.6 Modern Clearing and Settlement Systems.
Their Internationalisation 732
3.1.7 The Evolution Towards Security Entitlements: Depository
Receipts and the Earlier Developments Towards
Dematerialisation and Immobilisation 734
3.2 The Transnationalisation of Custodial and Settlement Systems
and its Opportunities 737
3.2.1 The Role of the Euromarket for Bonds and the Effect
on International Share Trading. The Dominant Role
of International Practices and the Bankruptcy Law
Implications737
3.2.2 The Law Applicable to Transactions in Investment Securities
of the Book-entry Type 744
3.2.3 The Lex Mercatoria Concerning International Investment
Securities Transactions 751
3.2.4 Uniform Law: The EU Financial Collateral Directive.
The UNIDROIT Project and 2009 Geneva Convention 754
3.2.5 EU Activities in the Field of Clearing and Settlement.
The Blockchain Potential 758

Index761
 Table of Cases

Australia
Alstom Ltd v Yokogawa Australia; (No 7), SASC 49 (2012).................................................................. 36
DKLR Holding Co (No 2) Ltd v Commissioner of Stamp Duty (1982) 149 CLR 431 ..................... 402
Hospital Products Ltd v US Surgical Corpn (1984) 156 CLR 41 ....................................................... 301
Norman v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1963) 109 CLR 9 ..................................................... 349
Shepherd v Commission of Taxation [1966] ALR 969 ....................................................................... 494

Belgium
Commercial Court Brussels, 22 March 1988 [1989] RDCB 633 ........................................................ 588
Cour de Cass
17 October 1996, Sart-Tilman [1995–96] RW 1395 ....................................................................... 734
9 December 1999, Pas I, 1669 (1999) ............................................................................................... 306

Canada
Bhasin v Hrynew 2014 SCC 71............................................................................................................... 95
Cansons Enterprises Ltd v Boughton & Co (1991) 85 DLR (4th) 129............................................... 302
Rodaro v Royal Bank of Canada [2000] [QL] OJ 272......................................................................... 490

European Union
De Pinto Case C-361/89 [1991] ECR I-1189 ......................................................................................... 13
Germany v European Parliament and Council of the European Union Case C-380/03
[2006] ECR I-11543 .................................................................................................................. 165
Gijsbrecht v Santurel Case C-205/07 ECJ, 16 December 2008, Jur I-9947......................................... 167
Gruber Case C-464/01 [2005] ECR I-439.............................................................................................. 13
Webb v Webb Case C-294/92 [1994] ECR I-1717 ............................................................................... 539

France
Cour d’Appel Aix en Provence, 24 October 1980, Bull de Transports, no 186 (1980) ...................... 674
Cour de Cass
13 February 1834, s 1.205 (1834) ..................................................................................................... 334
24 June 1845 [1845] D.1.309 ............................................................................................................ 235
19 August 1849, D.1.273 (1849) ....................................................................................................... 478
20 April 1858, D.1.154 (1858) .......................................................................................................... 371
9 May 1864, D.1.190 (1864) ............................................................................................................. 477
20 Mar 1872 [1872] D.1.140............................................................................................................. 437
10 April 1878, D.78.1.289 ................................................................................................................. 684
29 June 1881, D.1.33 (1882) ............................................................................................................. 487
6 July 1886 [1887] D.I.25 .......................................................................................................... 451, 455
15 June 1892 [1892] DI 596................................................................................................................ 86
24 January 1899, D.1.535 (1900) ...................................................................................................... 371
14 March 1900 [1900] D.1.497 ......................................................................................................... 437
28 November 1900 [1901] D.1.65 .................................................................................................... 437
18 March 1903, D.1.126 (1905) ........................................................................................................ 371
xx TABLE OF CASES

23 March 1903, D.1.337 (1903) ........................................................................................................ 371

12 May 1914 [1918–19] s 1.41 ............................................................................................................ 86
27 May 1927, D.1928.25.................................................................................................................... 219
3 May 1935 [1935] D.H.313 ............................................................................................................. 235
20 June 1938, D.1.26 (1939) ............................................................................................................. 477
24 January 1939, Gaz Pal 1.5866 ...................................................................................................... 125
2 December 1947 [1948] Gaz Pal I.36................................................................................................ 86
20 October 1959 [1959] D 537 ......................................................................................................... 117
30 October 1962 [1962] Bull Civ I 457 ............................................................................................ 230
20 March 1972 [1973] JCP 2.17542 ................................................................................................. 110
10 May 1972 [1972] Bull Civ III 214.................................................................................................. 47
27 November 1972 [1972] Bull Civ IV 282 ..................................................................................... 230
17 Mar 1975 [1975] D.S.553............................................................................................................. 235
7 July 1975 [1976] D.S.70 ................................................................................................................. 235
20 November 1979 [1980] 33 Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Commercial 43 ................................ 236
8 July 1981 [1981] Bull Civ IV 316................................................................................................... 230
12 June 1985, Bull civ III 95 (1985) ................................................................................................. 477
15 March 1988, Bull civ IV, no 106 .................................................................................................. 587
21 June 1988 [1988] Semaine Juridique (ed) G, II.21125 ............................................................... 159
11 June 1991, Bull des Transports et de la Logistique no 2443....................................................... 671
1 Dec 1995 [1996] JCP 22.565.................................................................................................. 208, 259
29 June 2007 (Putrabali), Les Cahiers d’Arbitrage no 2007/2, Gaz Pal 17 July 2007, 44 ................. 11
Court of Appeal, 10 June 1992, Riom PTD Civ 343 (1993) ................................................................ 110
Court of Appeal Paris
31 January 1854, D.2.179 (1855) ...................................................................................................... 496
27 November 1854, D.2.253 (1856) ................................................................................................. 496
8 March 1904, D.2.65 (1905) ............................................................................................................ 487
Trib Gr Inst Paris, 8 March 1985, DS Inf Rap 346 (1985) ................................................................... 612
Tribunal de Commerce de Nanterre, 31 October 1990, Bull des Transports et de la Logistique,
136 (1991) .................................................................................................................................. 670
Tribunal de la Seine, 18 December 1967, GP.2.108 (1968) ................................................................. 221

Germany
BAG, 7 June 1963 [1963] NJW 1843 .................................................................................................... 109
BGH
25 October 1952, BGHZ 7, 365 (1952) ............................................................................................ 493
BGH NJW 190................................................................................................................................... 538
22 February 1956, BGHZ 20............................................................................................................. 559
9 June 1960, BGHZ 32 ...................................................................................................................... 493
20 March 1963, BGHZ 39 ................................................................................................................. 587
14 Oct 1963, BGHZ 40 ............................................................................................................. 476, 491
1 July 1970, 54 BGHZ, 214 ....................................................................................................... 236, 450
9 July 1975, 64 BGHZ 395 ................................................................................................................ 455
OLG Cologne, 2 February 1971 (1971) 47 NJW 2128 ........................................................................ 222
OLG Düsseldorf, 27 October 1977 [1978]Neue Juristiche Wochenschrift 703 ................................. 471
RGH
8 March 1881, RGHZ 4 ..................................................................................................................... 478
RGZ 45, 80 (1900)............................................................................................................................. 538
19 September 1905, RGHZ 61 .......................................................................................................... 508
25 November 1911, RGHZ 77 .......................................................................................................... 159
RGZ 84, 214 (1914)........................................................................................................................... 538
 TABLE OF CASES xxi

11 June 1920, 99 RGZ, 208 (1920) ................................................................................................... 306

23 September 1921, RGHZ 102 ........................................................................................................ 491

International
Award in the Matter of an Arbitration between Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd
and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (1952) 1 ICLQ 247 and (1951) 18 ILR 144 ............................... 10
EctHr, App no 44302/02 15 November 2005 ....................................................................................... 408

Netherlands
HR
19 January 1898, W 5666 .................................................................................................................. 503
6 January 1922 [1922] NJ 265 ............................................................................................................ 66
13 November 1937 [1937] NJ 433...................................................................................................... 66
15 November 1957 [1958] NJ 67...................................................................................................... 110
17 April 1964 [1965] NJ 23....................................................................................................... 364, 609
13 May 1966 [1967] NJ 3 .................................................................................................................. 277
19 May 1967 [1967] NJ 261 .............................................................................................................. 141
8 December 1972 [1973] NJ 377 ...................................................................................................... 221
12 January 1979 [1979] NJ 362 ........................................................................................................ 159
12 January 1979 [1980] NJ 526 ........................................................................................................ 459
24 October 1980 [1981] NJ 265 ....................................................................................................... 495
18 June 1982 [1983] NJ 723 Plas/Valburg........................................................................................ 109
3 Feb 1984 [1984] NJ 752 ................................................................................................................. 309
25 March 1988 [1989] NJ 200 .......................................................................................................... 495
15 February 1991 [1991] NJ 493 ...................................................................................................... 110
27 November 1992 [1993] NJ 287.................................................................................................... 298
11 June 1993 [1993] NJ 776...............................................................................................364, 607, 609
26 November 1993 [1993] RvdW 15.108 ........................................................................................ 674
18 Jan 1994 [1994] RvdW 61............................................................................................................ 587
23 September 1994 [1996] NJ 461 ................................................................................................... 728
16 May 1997 [1997] RvdW 126................................................................................................ 364, 609
20 Sept 2002, NJ 182 (2002) ............................................................................................................. 480
17 January 2003, NJ 281 (2004) ....................................................................................................... 490
13 June 2003 RvdW nr 108, 2 July 2003........................................................................................... 309
19 January 2007 PontMeyer, NJ 575 (2007) ........................................................................................ 3
29 2007 Derksen/Homburg NJ 576 (2007) ......................................................................................... 3
9 April 2009 UPC/Land, JOR 179 (2010) ............................................................................................ 3
6 April 2012, LJN BV 6727 ............................................................................................................... 153
21 March 2014, NJ 167 (2015) ................................................................................................. 476, 490

United Kingdom
Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 ............................................................................................... 47, 52
Affrêteurs Réunis Société v Walford [1919] AC 801 ........................................................................... 161
Aiolos, The [1983] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 25..................................................................................................... 483
Amory v Delamirie [1558–1774] All ER 121 ....................................................................................... 406
Appleton v Sweetapple 3 Doug 137 (1792) ........................................................................................... 54
Arnhold Karberg & Co v Blythe, Green, Jourdain & Co [1915] 2 KB 379 ......................................... 282
Ash v Ash (1696) Holt 701...................................................................................................................... 54
Aspden v Seddon (1876) 1 Ex D 496 ................................................................................................... 489
Atlantic Computer Systems Plc, Re [1990] BCC 859 .......................................................................... 407
xxii TABLE OF CASES

Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] 1 WLR 1988 ........................................... 34, 60
Ayliffe v Tracey (1722) 2 P Wms 65........................................................................................................ 52
Balder London, The [1980] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 489 .................................................................................... 500
Bankline v Arthur Capel [1918] AC 435 .......................................................................................... 60, 97
BCCI v Ali [2001] 2 WLR 735 .......................................................................................................... 34, 60
Belvoir Finance Co Ltd v Stapleton [1970] 3 All ER 664 .................................................................... 456
Berkeley Community Villages Ltd and Another v Pullen and Others [2007] EWHC 1330 (CH)...... 94
Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber [1979] 3 WLR 672 ..................................................................... 235
Brandao v Barnett (1846) 3 QBD 519.................................................................................................. 472
Bristol and West of England Bank v Midland Railway Company [1891] 2 QB 653.......................... 673
Bristol Groundschool Ltd v Intelligent Data Capture Ltd and Or [2014] EWHC 2145 (Ch) ............ 95
British Movietonews v London and District Cinema [1951] 2 All ER 617 .................................... 60–61
Bulmer v Bollinger [1974] Ch 401 ......................................................................................................... 50
Cammell v Sewell (1860) 5 H&N, 278 ................................................................................................. 581
Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525 ........................................................ 457
Carlos Federspiel & Co SA v Charles Twigg & Co Ltd [1957] 1 Lloyds Rep 240 ....................... 433, 671
Chandler v Webster [1904] 1 KB 493 ................................................................................................... 139
Channel Tunnel Group v Balfour Beatty Construction Ltd [1995] AC 334 ........................................ 10
Charnock v Liverpool Corpn [1968] 1 WLR 1498 .............................................................................. 161
Container Transport Inc v Oceanus Mutual Underwriting [1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 47 .......................... 94
Cooper v Chitty 1 Burr 20 KB (1756) .................................................................................................. 401
Courtney & Fairbairn Ltd v Tolaini Brothers (Hotels) Ltd [1975] 1 WLR 297 ................................. 109
Crumlin Viaduct Works Co Ltd, Re [1879] II Ch 755 ........................................................................ 439
Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459 ......................................................................................... 456–57
Dalrymple v Dalrymple (1811) 2 Hag Con 54 ................................................................................ 51, 57
Davis Contractors v Farnham [1956] 2 All ER 145 ....................................................................... 61, 132
Dearle v Hall (1828) 3 Russ 1 .................................................................... 480–81, 483–84, 507, 509, 511
Dewar v Dewar [1975] 2 All ER 728 .................................................................................................... 456
Don King Productions v Warren [1999] 2 All ER 218 (CA) ............................................................... 490
Drive Yourself Hire Co (London) Ltd v Strutt [1954] 1 QB 250 ........................................................ 160
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co v Selfridge & Co [1915] AC 847 ............................................................ 160
Durham Bros v Robertson [1898] 1 QB 765 ............................................................................... 483, 500
Emirates Trading Agency v Prime Mineral Exports Private Ltd [2014] EWHC 2104....................... 112
Enichem Anic Spa and Others v Ampelos Shipping Co Ltd (the Delfini) [1990]
1 Lloyd’s Rep 252 ....................................................................................................................... 671
Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] 2 All ER 5 ....................................................................................... 107
Euroption Strategic Fund Ltd v Skandinaviska Ensdkilda Banken AG [2012]
EWHC 584 (Comm) ................................................................................................................. 112
Evans v Marlett (1697) 1 Ld Raym 271 ................................................................................................ 668
Evans v Rival Granite Quarries Ltd [1910] 2 KB 979 .......................................................................... 349
Fibrosa v Fairburn [1943] AC 32 ......................................................................................................... 139
First Energy UK Ltd v Hungarian International Bank [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 194 .............................. 298
Fitzroy v Cave [1905] 2 KB 364 .............................................................................................. 475, 482–83
Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605 (HL) ............................................................................................. 55
Future Express, The [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 542............................................................................. 671, 673
Glegg v Bromley [1912] 3KB 364 ................................................................................................... 483–84
Glenroy, The [1945] AC 124 ................................................................................................................. 671
Goldsmith v Rodgers [1962] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 249 .................................................................................. 232
Graham v Johnson (1869) LR 8 Eq 36 ................................................................................................. 487
Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council and ors [1991] 1 All ER 545 ........... 68
Henderson v Comptoir d’Escompte de Paris (1873) LR 5PC 253 ..................................................... 670
 TABLE OF CASES xxiii

Hill v Tupper [1863] 2 Hurlst 7 C 121 ................................................................................................. 335

Hindley & Co v East Indian Produce Co [1973] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 515 ................................................... 701
Hirji Mulji v Cheong SS Co [1926] AC 497 ........................................................................................... 97
Hollingworth v Tattersall 1778 ............................................................................................................... 54
Holroyd v Marshall [1862] 10 HL Cas 191 .................................................................................. 438, 494
Hood v Anchor Line (Henderson Brothers) Ltd [1918] AC 837 .......................................................... 62
Hughes v Pump House Hotel Co Ltd [1902] 2 KB 190 ...................................................................... 494
Independent Automatic Sales v Knowles and Foster [1962] 1 WLR 974 ........................................... 235
Independent Broadcasting Authority v EMI Electronics [1980] 14 Building Law Reports 1 ........... 161
Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes [1989] 1 QB 433 ..................... 1, 50, 62, 96
Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998]
1 WLR 896 ......................................................................................................................34, 60, 475
J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw [1956] 1 WLR 461....................................................................................... 62
Jade International Steel Stahl und Eisen GmbH & Co KG v Robert Nicholas (Steels) Ltd
[1978] QB 917 ........................................................................................................................... 687
Jet2.com Ltd v Blackpool Airport Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 417 ............................................................ 112
Jones Ltd v Waring & Gillow Ltd, Re [1926] AC 670 .......................................................................... 687
Karen Oltmann [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 708 (QB) .................................................................................... 61
Keech v Sandford (1726) 25 ER 223..................................................................................................... 301
Keppell v Bailey [1834] ER 1042 .......................................................................................................... 335
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 ............................................................................................................. 139
Kwok Chi Leung Karl v Commissioner of Estate Duty [1988] 1 WLR 1035 ..................................... 613
Lickbarrow and Another v Mason and Others [1794] 2 TR 63 .......................................................... 668
Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposal Ltd and Ors; St Martin’ s Property
Corporation Ltd and Anor v Sir Robert McAlpine &Sons Ltd [1993] 2 All ER 417...... 484, 490
Lumley v Gye (1853) 2 E&B 216 .......................................................................................................... 343
Macmillan Inc v Bishopsgate Investment Trust Plc (No 3) [1995] 3 All ER 747 ............................... 748
McCutcheon v David MacBrayne Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 128 .................................................................... 62
Metropolitan Water Board v Dick [1918] AC 119........................................................................... 60, 97
Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust v Compass Group UK and Ireland Ltd [2013]
EWCA Civ 200 ............................................................................................................................. 95
Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd [1975] 3 All ER 801 ............................................................ 221
Moor v Hart (1683) 1 Vern 201 .............................................................................................................. 52
Moorcock, The (1889) 14 PD 64 ............................................................................................................ 96
MSC Mediterranean Shipping Co v Cottonex Anstalt [2015] EWHC ................................................ 95
National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175............................................................... 346
Newson and another v Thornton and another (1805) 6 East 17........................................................ 668
North Central Wagon and Finance Co v Graham [1950] 1 All ER 780 ..................................... 400, 405
Northern Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Ltd [1978] 3 All ER 1170 .............. 123
Ord v White 3 Beav 357(1884) ............................................................................................................. 487
Pacific Motor Auctions Pty Ltd v Motor Credits Ltd [1965] 2 All ER 105......................................... 436
Paradine v Jane (1647) 82 ER 897 ........................................................................................................ 132
Parker v Smith Eastern Railway Co [1877] 2 CDP 416 ......................................................................... 62
Pfeiffer GmbH v Arbuthnot Factors Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 150 .............................................................. 511
Pillans v Van Mierop (1765) 97 ER 1035 (KB) ...................................................................................... 55
Pitt v PHH Asset Management Ltd [1994] 1 WLR 327 ...................................................................... 109
Pye v Graham [2003] 1 AC 419 ............................................................................................................ 408
Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 ......................................................................................................... 343
Raffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich AG v Five Star General Trading LLC [2001]
1 All ER (Comm) 961 ................................................................................................................ 611
Raffles v Wichelhaus (1864) 2 HC 906 ................................................................................................ 123
xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Rann v Hughes (1778) 101 ER 1014 (KB) ............................................................................................. 55

Republica de Guatemala v Nunez [1927] 1 KB 669 .............................................................. 482–83, 611
Rhodes v Allied Dunbar Pension Services Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 1703 ....................................481, 509, 511
Ryall v Rolle (1749) 26 ER 107 ............................................................................................................. 566
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster Chambers Association [1983] 1 Ch 116 ................................. 118
St Martin’s Property Corporation Ltd and Anor v Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons Ltd
[1993] 2 All ER 417 ........................................................................................................... 484, 490
Sajan Singh v Sardara Ali [1960] 1 All ER 269 .................................................................................... 456
Scarfe v Morgan [1835–42] All ER 43 .................................................................................................. 456
Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd [1962] AC 446........................................................................ 160
Shamia v Yoory [1958] 1 QB 448 ......................................................................................................... 482
Shanklin Pier v Detel Products Ltd [1951] 2 KB 854 .......................................................................... 160
Sharpe, Re [1980] 1 All ER 198 ............................................................................................................ 235
Shell UK Ltd v Lostock Garages Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1187 ..................................................................... 97
Sir James Laing & Sons Ltd v Barclay, Curle & Co Ltd [1908] AC 35 ................................................ 437
Siu Yin Kwan v Eastern Insurance Co Ltd [1994] 2 WLR 370 ............................................................ 303
Smith and Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v River Douglas Catchment Board [1949] 2 KB 500 .................... 160
Socimer International Bank Ltd v Standard Bank London Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 116.................... 112
Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671........................................................................................................... 122
Stag Line v Foscolo Mango & Co Ltd [1932] AC 328 ......................................................................... 285
Stephens v Venables (1862) 30 Beav 625.............................................................................................. 487
Sterns Ltd v Vickers Ltd [1923] 1 KB 78 .............................................................................................. 232
Suisse Atlantique v NV Rotterdamse Kolen Centrale [1967] 1 AC 361 ............................................. 127
Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd v Rambler Cycle Co Ltd [1959] AC 576 (PC) ............................................... 665
Tailby v Official Receiver (1888) 13 AC 523 ........................................................................................ 494
Tancred v Delagoa Bay Co (1889) 23 QBD 239 .................................................................................. 483
Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B&S 826, (1863) 32 LJQB 164............................................................ 60, 132
TD Bailey Son and Co v Ross T Smyth (1940) 56 TLR 825................................................................ 671
Teheran-Europe Co Ltd v ST Belton (Tractors) Ltd [1968] 2 QB 545 ............................................... 310
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163 ........................................................................... 62
Tito v Waddell [1977] Ch 106 .............................................................................................................. 489
Total Gas Marketing Ltd v Arco British Ltd [1998] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 209................................................. 34
TSG Building Services Plc v South Anglia Housing [2013] EWHC 1151 (TCC) ................................ 94
Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 2 Ph 774 ........................................................................................................... 371
Twyne’s Case (1601) 76 ER 809 ............................................................................................................ 568
Vaessen v Romalpa [1976] 1 WLR 677 ................................................................................................ 235
Walford v Miles [1992] 2 WLR 174.......................................................................................... 95–97, 108
Walker v Bradford Old Bank (1884) 12 QBD 511............................................................................... 483
Ward v Bignall [1967] 1 QB 534........................................................................................................... 456
Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC [1992] 2 All ER 961 .................................. 456
Winch v Keeley (1787) 99 ER 1284 ...................................................................................................... 482
Winkfield, The [1900–03] All ER 346 .................................................................................................. 400
Winkworth v Christie, Manson and Woods Ltd [1980] Ch 496......................................................... 581
Worcester Works Finance Ltd v Cooden Engineering Co Ltd [1971] 3 All ER 708........................... 436
Yam Seng PTE Ltd v International Trade Corporation Ltd [2013] EWHC 111 ............................ 94–95

United States
Alfred Dunhill of London v Republic of Cuba [1919] AC 801........................................................... 612
Banco Credito Agricola de Cartago 757 F2d 516 (1985) .................................................................... 612
Barbin v Moore 85 NH 362 (1932) ...................................................................................................... 611
Barnouw v SS Ozark 304 F 2d 717 (5th Cir 1962) .............................................................................. 597
 TABLE OF CASES xxv

Beatty v Guggenheim Exploration Co 225 NY 380, 386 (1919) ......................................................... 533

Benedict v Ratner 268 US 353 (1925) .................................................................................................. 613
Brandon v Denton 302 F 2d 404, 410 (5th Cir 1962).......................................................................... 597
Branham v Fullmer 181 NW 2d 36(1970) ........................................................................................... 308
Brehany v Nordsstrom Inc 812 P 2d 49 (Utah1991) ............................................................................. 98
Centric v Morrison-Knudsen Co 731 P 2d 411(1986) ........................................................................ 123
Clayton v Le Roy [1911] 2 KB 1031 ............................................................................................. 401, 406
Corn Exchange NB & T Co v Klauser 318 US 434 (1943) .......................................................... 484, 511
Daniel v Bank of Hayward 425 NW rd 416 (1988) ............................................................................. 468
Department of Natural Resources v Benjamin 40 Colo App 520, 587 P 2d 1207 (1976) ................. 534
Eustis Mining Co v Beer, Sondheimer & Co 239 F 976 (1917)............................................................. 51
Fradey v Hyland 37 Fed 49 (1888) ....................................................................................................... 308
Frech v Lewis 218 Pa 141 (1907) .......................................................................................................... 457
Fugato v Carter County Bank 187 BR 221 (ED Tenn 1995) ............................................................... 508
Garcia v Chase Manhattan Bank NA 735 F2d 645 (1984) .................................................................. 612
Gifford v Ford 5 Vt 532 (1833) ............................................................................................................. 458
Gorden v Hamm 74 Cal Rptr 2d 631 (1998) ....................................................................................... 469
Harris v Balk 198 US 215 (1905) .......................................................................................................... 611
Hayward v Andrews 106 US 672 (1883) .............................................................................................. 484
Hoffman v Red Owl Stores Inc (1965) 26 Wis 2d 683, 133 NW 2d 267 .............................................. 56
Houtz v Daniels 211 Pac 1088 (1922) .................................................................................................. 513
Johnson v Whiton 34 NE 543 (1893) ................................................................................................... 335
Kennedy v Lee (1817) 3 Mer 441............................................................................................................ 52
Kidd v Thomas A Edison 239 F 405 (1917) ......................................................................................... 300
Kinetics Technology International Corp v Fourth National Bank of Tulsa 705 F 2d 396 (1983) ..... 568
Lawrence v Fox 20 NY 268 (1859) ....................................................................................................... 162
Lewis v Lawrence 30 Minn 244 (1883) ................................................................................................ 613
Litwiller Machine and Manufacturing, Inc v NBD Alpena Bank 457 NW 2d 163(1990) ................. 568
Meinhard v Salmon 249 NY 458(1928) ............................................................................................... 302
Menendez v Saks 485 F2d 1355(1973) ................................................................................................. 612
Moore Equipment Co v Halferty 980 SW 2d 578(1998) ............................................................ 405, 457
Moore v Robertson 17 NYS, 554 (1891) .............................................................................................. 613
Mort, In the Matter of 208 F Supp 309 (1962) .................................................................................... 458
Murphy v American Home Products Corp 448 NE 2d 86 (NY 1983) ................................................. 98
Pacific Gas & Electric v GW Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co 442 P2d 641 (Cal 1968) ....................... 72
Perez v Chase Manhattan Bank 61 NY 2d 460 (1984) ........................................................................ 612
Poma’s Will, In re 192 NY Supp 2d 156 (1959) ................................................................................... 613
Salem Trust Co v Manufacturers’ Finance Co 264 US 182 (1924) ............................................. 484, 511
Seaver v Ransom 120 NE 639 (NY 1918)............................................................................................. 162
SEC v Cheney Corp 318 US 80, 85 (1942) ........................................................................................... 302
Shaffer v Heitner 433 US 186 (1977) ................................................................................................... 611
Sheinman and Salita Inc v Paraskevas 22 Misc 2d 436 (1959) ........................................................... 471
Tanbro Fabrics Corp v Deering Milliken Inc 39 NY 2d 632 and 19 UCC 385 (1976) ...................... 468
Teacher’s Ins & Annuity Assn v Butler 626 F Supp 1229 (SDNY 1986) ............................................... 97
Vishipco Line v Chase Manhattan Bank NA 660 F2d 854 (1981) ...................................................... 612
Von Wedel v McGrath 180 F 2d 716 (1950) ........................................................................................ 310
Wardell v Eden 2 Johns Cass 258 (1801) ............................................................................................. 484
Wells Fargo Asia Ltd v Citibank NA 852 F2d 657 (1990) ................................................................... 612
Werner v Graham 183 P 945, 947 (1919)............................................................................................. 335
 Table of Legislation and Related Documents

Austria
Civil Code
s 308 ................................................................................................................................................... 378
s 367 ................................................................................................................................................... 466

Belgium
Bankruptcy Act...................................................................................................................................... 451
Bill of Exchange Act of 1872 ................................................................................................................. 696
Bill of Exchange Law 1872 .................................................................................................................... 684
Civil Code ................................................................................................................................................ 67
Art 1690 ............................................................................................................................................. 217
Royal Decree No 62 of 1967 ................................................................................................................. 733
Art 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 734
Art 10 ................................................................................................................................................. 748

Brazil
Civil Code .............................................................................................................................................. 362

Canada
Quebec, Civil Code, Art 1261 ............................................................................................................... 539

European Union
Bankruptcy Regulation 2002 ........................................................................................................ 579, 613
Art 2(g) .............................................................................................................................................. 613
Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments
in Civil and Commercial Matters 1968 ................................................ 99–100, 273, 278, 539–40,
596–97, 678–79
Art 17 ................................................................................................................................................... 99
Collateral Directive ................................................. 333, 367, 496, 639, 658, 730, 744, 748, 750, 755, 757
Commercial Agents Directive......................................................................................................... 315–17
Common European Sales Law (CESL) ................................................................ 7, 11–12, 15–16, 34, 91,
129, 134, 162, 167, 170, 181, 184,
186, 188–91, 193, 195, 198–201,
204–5, 207–8, 210, 251, 254–55,
263, 267, 270, 287, 289, 644–45, 659
Preamble ............................................................................................................................................ 200
Art 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 185
Art 1(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 186
Art 1(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 200
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 185
Art 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 185
Art 35 ................................................................................................................................................. 188
Art 48(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 191
xxviii TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Art 67 ................................................................................................................................................. 185

Art 87 ................................................................................................................................................. 192
Art 88 ................................................................................................................................................. 192
Art 120 ............................................................................................................................................... 192
Arts 172ff ........................................................................................................................................... 191
Consumer Sales Directive 1999/44/EC ................................................................................................ 232
DCFR (Draft Common Frame of Reference) .................................. 3–4, 9, 15–17, 24, 33, 39, 47, 79–80,
82, 84, 91–93, 100–1, 104, 107, 110, 113,
123, 127, 129–30, 133, 144, 162–64,
166–67, 169–71, 178–89, 191–93,
195–96, 198–99, 202, 204–5, 208, 210,
251, 254–55, 263, 267, 270, 272, 286–87,
289, 308, 315, 317, 334, 362, 365, 368,
377, 379, 382, 429, 438, 445, 452, 459,
474, 476, 500, 520–21, 531, 542, 559, 571,
574, 630, 632, 635, 638, 641, 644–59, 755
Art I-1:102 ................................................................................................ 92–93, 101, 104, 170–71, 263
Art I-1:102(1) .................................................................................................................................... 181
(4) .................................................................................................................................................. 171
Art I-1:102(2) ............................................................................................................................ 180, 657
Art I-1:102(2)(c) ............................................................................................................................... 647
Art I-1:102(3) .................................................................................................................................... 171
Art I-1:102(3)(b)....................................................................................................................... 170, 657
Art I-1:102(3)(c) ............................................................................................................................... 186
Art I-1:102(4) .............................................................................................................................. 93, 181
Art I-1:102(b) .................................................................................................................................. 9, 92
Art I-1:103 ............................................................................................ 3, 58, 84, 181, 183, 187–88, 649
Art I-1:103(1) ...................................................................................................................................... 74
Art I-1:103(2) ............................................................................................................... 88, 181, 183, 188
Art I-1:104 ..........................................................................................................................104, 182, 185
Art I-8:101 ......................................................................................................................................... 170
Art II-1:101.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Art II-1:102...........................................................................................................................93, 101, 657
Art II-1:103........................................................................................................................................ 101
Art II-1:104......................................................................................... 101, 104, 171, 181, 184, 272, 657
Art II-1:106(1) .................................................................................................................................... 61
Art II-1:107........................................................................................................................................ 170
Art II-1:107(1) .................................................................................................................................. 189
Art II-2.101........................................................................................................................................ 645
Art II-2:101........................................................................................................................................ 180
Art II-3:101........................................................................................................................................ 170
Art II-3:101(2) .......................................................................................................................3, 106, 182
Art II-3:104(2) .................................................................................................................................. 113
Art II-3:105.......................................................................................................................................... 40
Art II-3:301............................................................................................................... 3, 21, 113, 170, 182
Art II-3:301(2) ...................................................................................................................104, 110, 171
Art II-3:302................................................................................................................................ 170, 193
Art II-3:502........................................................................................................................................ 192
Art II-4:101.......................................................................................................................... 183, 188–89
Art II-4:101(a)................................................................................................................................... 170
Arts II-4:101ff ................................................................................................................................... 187
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xxix

Art II-4:102............................................................................................................. 34, 58, 170, 187, 189

Art II-4:103................................................................................................................................ 170, 189
Art II-4:103(1)(a).............................................................................................................................. 189
Art II-4:104........................................................................................................................................ 170
Art II-4:201........................................................................................................................................ 189
Art II-4:201(1)(b) ............................................................................................................................. 170
Art II-4:201ff ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Art II-4:202........................................................................................................................................ 170
Art II-4:202(3) .......................................................................................................................... 183, 188
Art II-4:202(3)(c)...................................................................................................................... 170, 187
Art II-4:204................................................................................................................. 170, 183, 187, 189
Art II-4:204–6 ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Art II-4:205.................................................................................................................... 34, 170, 188–89
Art II-4:205(1) .................................................................................................................................. 189
Art II-4:205(3) .................................................................................................................................. 181
Art II-4:206.......................................................................................................................................... 47
Art II-4:211........................................................................................................................................ 189
Art II-7:101........................................................................................................................................ 170
Art II-7:101(2) .................................................................................................................................. 191
Art II-7:102................................................................................................................................ 187, 191
Art II-7:201................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art II-7:201(1)(a)(iii) ....................................................................................................................... 191
Art II-7:201(2)(b) ....................................................................................................82, 106–7, 183, 191
Art II-7:202................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art II-7:202(1) .................................................................................................................................. 191
Art II-7:203........................................................................................................................................ 191
Art II-7:204........................................................................................................................................ 187
Art II-7:205................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art II-7:206.......................................................................................................................... 170, 191–92
Art II-7:207................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art II-7:211........................................................................................................................................ 191
Art II-7:212........................................................................................................................................ 191
Art II-7:212(2) .................................................................................................................................. 191
Art II-7:214........................................................................................................................................ 191
Art II-7:215........................................................................................................................................ 191
Art II-7:301................................................................................................................... 67, 171, 185, 191
Art II-7:301(a)............................................................................................................................. 92, 180
Art II-7:303........................................................................................................................................ 655
Art II-8:101................................................................................................................. 101, 106, 187, 190
Art II-8:102.........................................................................................................................101, 183, 187
Art II-8:102(1)(e).......................................................................................................................... 3, 104
Art II-8:102(1)(f) .............................................................................................................................. 171
Art II-8:102(1)(g) ............................................................................................................................. 182
Art II-8:102(g)................................................................................................................................... 170
Art II-9:101.......................................................................................................................... 170–71, 181
Art II-9:101(2)(a).......................................................................................................................... 3, 104
Art II-9:101(2)(c).............................................................................................................................. 182
Art II-9:102........................................................................................................................................ 171
Art II-9:102(1) .................................................................................................................................. 170
Arts II-9:301ff ................................................................................................................................... 193
Arts II-9:401ff ................................................................................................................................... 183
xxx TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Art II-9:404/5 ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Art II-9:405........................................................................................................................................ 171
Art II-9:301........................................................................................................................................ 159
Art II-9:303........................................................................................................................................ 159
Art III-1:103 ....................................................................................................................... 3, 21, 71, 170
Art III-1:103(1) and (2) .................................................................................................................... 171
Art III-1:103(2) ......................................................................................................................... 104, 181
Art III-1:104 ...................................................................................................................................... 170
Art III-1:110 ..................................................................................................... 3, 113, 142, 170–71, 182
Art III-1:110(3)(c) ...............................................................................................................82, 106, 183
Art III-3:104 ...................................................................................................................................... 170
Art III-3:104(2) ........................................................................................................................... 82, 106
Art III-3:303 ...................................................................................................................................... 193
Art III-3:401 ...................................................................................................................................... 193
Art III-5:104 .......................................................................................................................429, 648, 650
Art III-5:104(1)(a) ............................................................................................................................ 653
Art III-5:106 ...................................................................................................................................... 650
Art III-5:108 .............................................................................................................................. 651, 653
Art III-5:118(2) ................................................................................................................................. 655
Art III-5:121 .............................................................................................................................. 651, 654
Art III-5:122 ...................................................................................................................................... 651
Art III-5:203(3) ................................................................................................................................. 651
Art III-5:206 ...................................................................................................................................... 651
Art III-5:302 ...................................................................................................................................... 651
Arts III-9:401ff .................................................................................................................................. 171
Art IVA-2:101 ............................................................................................................................ 649, 655
Art IVA-3:101 .................................................................................................................................... 649
Art V-4:101 ........................................................................................................................................ 648
Art VII-2:101 ..................................................................................................................................... 655
Art VII-5:101 ..................................................................................................................................... 655
Art VIII-1:201.................................................................................................................................... 648
Art VIII-1:202............................................................................................................................ 377, 648
Art VIII-1:204.............................................................................................................................. 648–49
Art VIII-1:205............................................................................................................................ 379, 649
Art VIII-1:301.................................................................................................................................... 651
Art VIII-2:101.......................................................................................................429, 648–49, 651, 653
Art VIII-2:104.................................................................................................................................... 649
Art VIII-2:105.................................................................................................................................... 649
Art VIII-2:202.................................................................................................................................... 655
Art VIII-2:203............................................................................................................................ 647, 652
Art VIII-2:305.................................................................................................................................... 650
Art VIII-2:307............................................................................................................................ 647, 652
Art VIII-6:101.................................................................................................................................... 648
Art VIII-6:102.................................................................................................................................... 647
Art VIII-6:201.................................................................................................................................... 649
Art VIII-6:202.............................................................................................................................. 379–80
Art IX ........................................................................................................................................... 653–54
Art IX-1:101(1)(b) ............................................................................................................................ 652
Art IX-1:102(4)(c) and (d) ............................................................................................................... 652
Art IX-1:103 .............................................................................................................................. 647, 652
Art IX-1:104 ...................................................................................................................................... 652
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xxxi

Art IX-1.104(4) ................................................................................................................................. 647

Art IX-2:102 ...................................................................................................................................... 653
Art IX-2:104 ................................................................................................................................ 652–53
Art IX-2:105 ...................................................................................................................................... 653
Art IX-2:108 ...................................................................................................................................... 653
Art IX-2:301 ...................................................................................................................................... 653
Art IX-2:306 ...................................................................................................................................... 653
Art IX-2:307 .............................................................................................................................. 647, 653
Art IX-3:102 ...................................................................................................................................... 654
Art IX-5:204 ...................................................................................................................................... 654
Art IX-6:102 ...................................................................................................................................... 654
Art IX-7:103 ...................................................................................................................................... 652
Art IX-7:213ff .................................................................................................................................... 654
Art IX-1-101(2)(a) ............................................................................................................................ 652
Art IX-1-102 ...................................................................................................................................... 652
Book IV ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Ann A..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Directive 68/151/EEC (First Company Law Harmonisation Directive) .............................................. 68
Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment
for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training
and promotion, and working conditions ................................................................................... 13
Directive 84/450/EEC on misleading and comparative advertising ..................................................... 13
Directive 85/374/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning
liability for defective products .................................................................................................... 13
Directive 85/577/EEC ............................................................................................................................. 13
Directive 87/102/ EEC concerning consumer credit ............................................................................. 13
Directive 90/314/EEC on package travel, package holidays and package tours ................................... 13
Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair consumer contract terms .................................................................... 13
Preamble .............................................................................................................................................. 99
Art 3(1) ................................................................................................................................................ 98
Directive 97/5/EC on cross-border credit transfers .............................................................................. 13
Directive 97/7/EC on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts .......................... 13
Directive 97/9/EC on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts
relating to the purchase on a time share basis ........................................................................... 13
Directive 1999/93/EC on a Community Framework for Electronic Signatures .................................. 40
Directive 2000/13/EC .............................................................................................................................. 40
Directive 2000/31/EC on certain legal aspects of electronic commerce in the internal market ......... 13
Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment
and occupation ............................................................................................................................ 13
Directive 2002/65/EC concerning the distance marketing of consumer financial services ................ 13
Directive 2002/87/EC on e-commerce ................................................................................................... 44
Art 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Art 3(4) ...................................................................................................................................13, 40, 705
Directive 2005/29/EC concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices
in the internal market.................................................................................................................. 13
Directive 2008/48/EC on credit agreements for consumers ................................................................. 13
Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights ......................................................................... 13, 44, 98, 289
Directive on Consumer Sales and Guarantees ...................................................................................... 80
Directive on self-employed commercial agents
Art 3(1) ................................................................................................................................................ 99
Art 4(1) ................................................................................................................................................ 99
xxxii TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

EBRD Model Law on Secured Financing............................................................................................. 596

EEC Treaty ............................................................................................................................................. 273
Expert Group Draft............................................................ 15–16, 34, 184–85, 188–93, 195–97, 199, 205
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................................184, 186, 196
Art 1(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 196
Art 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 185, 197
Art 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 197
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................................. 21, 197
Art 23 ................................................................................................................................................. 197
Art 29 ................................................................................................................................................. 197
Arts 30ff ............................................................................................................................................. 197
Art 34 ........................................................................................................................................... 47, 188
Art 57 ................................................................................................................................................. 196
Art 64 ................................................................................................................................................. 197
Art 65 ......................................................................................................................................... 184, 196
Art 89 ................................................................................................................................................. 197
Art 91 ................................................................................................................................................. 195
Art 94(1)(b)....................................................................................................................................... 196
Financial Collateral Directive 2002/47/EC ...................................274, 333, 367, 496, 555, 571, 574, 639,
658, 730, 738, 744, 748–50, 753–55, 757
recitals 3, 5, 7 and 8 ........................................................................................................................... 755
recitals 5, 9 and 16............................................................................................................................. 756
Art 2(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 755
Art 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 756
Art 8(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 756
Art 8(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 756
Art 9 ................................................................................................................................................... 756
Financial Services Directive 1993, Art 11(3)............................................................................................ 2
First Company Law Harmonisation Directive ...................................................................................... 68
Insolvency Regulation ........................................................................................................................... 741
Insurance Directives...................................................................................................................... 273, 275
Investment Services Directive....................................................................................................... 302, 309
Lugano Conventions on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil
and Commercial Matters 1988 ......................................................................................... 540, 592
Market in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) 2004 ......................................................2, 302, 309
Non-Life Directive ................................................................................................................................ 275
PECL (Principles of European Contract Law) .............................. 3, 15–16, 47, 58, 88, 100–4, 113, 123,
127, 130, 134, 162–63, 168–70, 177–79,
181–87, 189–91, 193, 196, 204, 210, 254,
263, 286–88, 308, 315, 520, 644, 650
Art 1.101 ............................................................................................................................................ 177
Art 1.102 ...................................................................................................................................... 170–71
Art 1.102(2) ............................................................................................................................... 171, 178
Art 1.103 .............................................................................................................................. 170–71, 178
Art 1:103 ............................................................................................................................................ 185
Art 1.104 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 1.105 .................................................................................................................................... 171, 178
Art 1.105(2) ............................................................................................................................... 184, 272
Art 1.106 .............................................................................................................................170, 270, 273
Art 1:106 ............................................................................................................................................ 101
Art 1.106(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 171
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xxxiii

Art 1.201 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 178

Art 1:201(2) ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Art 1.202 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 1.302 ............................................................................................................................................ 178
Art 1:302 ............................................................................................................................................ 103
Art 1.305 ............................................................................................................................................ 179
Art 2.101 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.101(1)(b).................................................................................................................................. 170
Art 2.101(2) ..........................................................................................................................61, 170, 189
Art 2.102 .............................................................................................................................170, 187, 189
Art 2.103 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 189
Art 2.105 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.201 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.201(1)(b).................................................................................................................................. 189
Art 2.202 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.202(3) ....................................................................................................................................... 188
Art 2.202(3)(c) .......................................................................................................................... 170, 187
Art 2.204 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.204(1) ............................................................................................................................... 170, 187
Art 2.204–6 .......................................................................................................................................... 47
Art 2.205 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.205(1) ....................................................................................................................................... 189
Art 2.301 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 179
Art 2.301(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 179
Art 2-101 ........................................................................................................................................... 188
Arts 3.301ff ................................................................................................................................ 294, 308
Art 4.101 .................................................................................................................................... 179, 191
Art 4.102 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.103 .................................................................................................................................... 179, 191
Art 4.103(1)(a)(ii)..................................................................................................................... 170, 191
Art 4.103(1)(a)(iii) ........................................................................................................................... 191
Art 4.103(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 179
Art 4.103(2)(b).................................................................................................................................. 191
Art 4.104 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 191
Art 4.105 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.107 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 191
Art 4.108 .............................................................................................................................. 170, 191–92
Art 4.109 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.109(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 191
Art 4.110 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 179
Art 4.114 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.115 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.116 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.117 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 4.118(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 191
Art 5.101 ..................................................................................................................... 106, 170, 187, 190
Art 5.101(g) ....................................................................................................................................... 170
Art 5:102 ............................................................................................................................................ 101
Art 5.102(f) ....................................................................................................................................... 171
Art 6.1.1.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 113
Art 6.101 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
xxxiv TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Art 6.101(1) ....................................................................................................................................... 170

Art 6.102 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 184
Art 6.110 .............................................................................................................................159, 170, 193
Art 6.111 ...................................................................................................................... 145, 170–71, 179
Art 8.108 ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 9.102 .................................................................................................................................... 170, 193
Art 9.103 ............................................................................................................................................ 193
Art 9.201 ............................................................................................................................................ 193
Art 15.101 .................................................................................................................................... 170–71
Principles of European Law concerning Sales, ch 5 ............................................................................ 226
Principles of European Trust Law .................................................................................. 528, 537, 542–43
Regulation establishing common rules for a denied-boarding compensation system
in scheduled air transport ........................................................................................................... 13
Regulation on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil
and Commercial Matters (Brussels I) .............................................................................. 100, 278
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 540–41
Art 5(6) ........................................................................................................................................ 540–41
Art 22 ................................................................................................................................................. 539
Art 23(4) ............................................................................................................................................ 540
Art 23(5) ............................................................................................................................................ 578
Regulation on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes ......................................................... 41
Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome I)............ 200, 273, 275–79, 288,
312, 600, 608, 623
Preamble .................................................................................................................................... 277, 607
Art 1(2)(g) ......................................................................................................................................... 312
Art 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 275, 615
Art 3(3) ...................................................................................................................................... 275, 277
Art 4 ............................................................................................................................. 256, 275–76, 615
Art 4(1) ...................................................................................................................................... 276, 616
Art 4(1)(h) ........................................................................................................................................ 623
Art 4(2) ........................................................................................................................................ 40, 276
Art 4(5) .............................................................................................................................................. 276
Art 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 276
Art 5(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 276
Art 6(2) ...................................................................................................................... 40, 200–1, 276–77
Art 6(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 276
Art 6(4)(e) ......................................................................................................................................... 623
Art 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 316
Art 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 276
Art 8(1) ........................................................................................................................................ 40, 277
Art 9 ....................................................................................................................................173, 213, 316
Art 9(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 277
Art 9(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 277
Art 9(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 277
Art 14 ......................................................................................................................279, 364, 607–8, 615
Art 14(1) ..................................................................................................................... 605, 608, 616, 624
Art 14(2) .................................................................................................................605–6, 608, 616, 624
Art 14(3) ........................................................................................................................................ 607–8
Art 19 ................................................................................................................................................. 276
Art 21 ................................................................................................................................................. 277
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xxxv

Rome Convention ................................................................................273–74, 276, 364, 606–11, 615–16

Art 4(2) and (5) ................................................................................................................................ 276
Art 12 ......................................................................................................................................... 614, 617
Art 12(1) .................................................................................................................................... 610, 624
Art 12(2) ........................................................................................................................ 605–6, 610, 624
Art 20 ................................................................................................................................................. 273
Art 21 ................................................................................................................................................. 273
Art 24 ................................................................................................................................................. 273
Second Life Directive ............................................................................................................................ 275
Settlement Finality Directive 98/26/EC ....................................................... 274, 574, 726, 729, 732, 744,
748, 750, 753–54, 756–57
Statute of the European System of Central Banks............................................................................... 748
Tobacco Advertising Directive .............................................................................................................. 165
Treaty on European Union (TEU) ......................................................................................................... 13
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)................................................................. 13
Art 114 .................................................................................... 13, 165, 167, 181, 185, 199, 644–45, 755
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive ................................................................................................. 13

France
Arbitration Act ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Bankruptcy Act.........................................................................................................235–37, 451, 472, 556
Art 115 ............................................................................................................................................... 237
Art 121 ............................................................................................................................................... 237
Civil Code .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Art 208(2) .......................................................................................................................................... 503
Art 543 ............................................................................................................................................... 378
Art 544 ............................................................................................................................................... 377
Art 711 ........................................................................................................................ 334, 432, 441, 669
Art 1104 ......................................................................................................................................2, 79, 87
Art 1108 ....................................................................................................................................47, 64, 66
Art 1109 ............................................................................................................................................. 230
Art 1112 ....................................................................................................................................... 87, 110
Art 1113 ........................................................................................................................................... 2, 70
Art 1114 ........................................................................................................................................... 2, 70
Art 1118 ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Art 1121 ............................................................................................................................................. 158
Art 1128(3) .......................................................................................................................................... 70
Art 1129 ............................................................................................................................................. 428
Art 1130 ............................................................................................................................................. 437
Art 1130(1) ........................................................................................................................................ 437
Art 1131 ......................................................................................................................................... 64, 66
Art 1133 ......................................................................................................................................... 64, 66
Art 1134 ............................................................................................................................................... 86
Art 1135 ......................................................................................................................................... 78, 86
Art 1138 .............................................................................................................. 229, 432, 441, 477, 669
Art 1141 ............................................................................................................................................. 435
Art 1142 ..................................................................................................................................... 115, 117
Art 1143 ............................................................................................................................................. 117
Art 1144 ............................................................................................................................................. 117
Art 1147 ............................................................................................................................................. 133
xxxvi TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Art 1148 ............................................................................................................................................. 133

Art 1174 ............................................................................................................................................. 208
Art 1178 ..................................................................................................................................... 233, 239
Art 1184 ................................................................................................................125, 129, 235–36, 451
Art 1184(2) ................................................................................................................................ 115, 117
Art 1188 ............................................................................................................................................... 46
Art 1195 ..................................................................................................................................... 133, 142
Art 1196 ..................................................................................................................................... 228, 236
Art 1217 ............................................................................................................................................. 115
Art 1221 ............................................................................................................................................. 115
Art 1226 ..................................................................................................................................... 233, 239
Art 1247(3) ........................................................................................................................................ 259
Art 1249 ............................................................................................................................................. 499
Art 1250 ............................................................................................................................................. 499
Art 1291 ............................................................................................................................................. 487
Art 1341 ..................................................................................................................................... 271, 431
Art 1351 ............................................................................................................................................. 228
Art 1354 ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Art 1374 ............................................................................................................................................... 87
Art 1583 ........................................................................................................ 228, 235–36, 432, 441, 669
Art 1584 ............................................................................................................................................. 235
Art 1591 ..................................................................................................................................... 208, 259
Art 1610 ..............................................................................................................................115, 236, 451
Art 1612 ....................................................................................................................... 238–39, 441, 470
Art 1613 ....................................................................................................................... 238–39, 441, 470
Art 1644 ............................................................................................................................................. 230
Art 1654 ..................................................................................................................................... 236, 451
Art 1656 ............................................................................................................................................. 451
Art 1659 ............................................................................................................................................. 544
Art 1690 .............................................................................................................. 217, 442, 477, 499, 508
Art 2061 ............................................................................................................................................. 415
Art 2072 ............................................................................................................................................. 566
Art 2073 ............................................................................................................................................. 478
Art 2074 ..................................................................................................................................... 477, 566
Art 2075 ............................................................................................................................................. 499
Art 2076 ............................................................................................................................................. 566
Art 2093 ............................................................................................................................................. 390
Art 2102(4) .........................................................................................................................235, 239, 470
Art 2114 ............................................................................................................................................. 566
Art 2119 ............................................................................................................................................. 566
Art 2123 ............................................................................................................................................. 390
Art 2279 ...................................................................................................................... 383, 435, 455, 462
Art 2282 ............................................................................................................................................. 385
Art 2643 ............................................................................................................................................. 539
Civil Code 1804 ..................................................................................................................................... 158
Art 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 88
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................................... 88
Art 1165 ............................................................................................................................................. 158
Code de commerce................................................................................................................................ 696
Art L 14 .............................................................................................................................................. 566
Art L 110-3 ................................................................................................................................ 477, 566
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xxxvii

Arts L 131ff ........................................................................................................................................ 669

Arts L 142-1 to L142-5...................................................................................................................... 566
Art L 511-12 ...................................................................................................................................... 687
Art L 521-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 566
Art L 611-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 236
Arts L 621-39ff .................................................................................................................................. 556
Code de Consommation..................................................................................................................... 2, 80
Code Monetaire et Financier .................................................................................................................. 80
Coûtume de Paris, Art 170 ................................................................................................................... 566
Coûtumes de Beauvais ............................................................................................................................ 46
Coûtumes d’Orléans, Art 278 ............................................................................................................... 441
Decree n 2011-48, Art 1504 .................................................................................................................. 219
Loi Dailly ................................................................................................................ 477, 496, 499, 508, 609
Ordonnance 2006-346 .................................................................................................................. 415, 554
Ordonnance de Commerce 1673 ......................................................................................................... 566
Ordonnance de Moulins, Art 54............................................................................................................. 68
Ordonnance of March 2005 ................................................................................................................. 517

Germany
Allgemeine Deutsche Wechselordnung 1848....................................................................................... 696
Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia), I
2 s 136 (1794) .................................................................................................................................... 438
5 s 378 (1794) .................................................................................................................................... 138
Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia)(1794) .............................................................................................. 466
Banking Act ........................................................................................................................................... 716
Bankruptcy Act 1877
s 14 ..................................................................................................................................................... 566
s 26 ..................................................................................................................................................... 236
s 43 ............................................................................................................................................. 236, 566
Bills of Exchange Act 1933 .....................................................................................................246, 687, 689
Civil Code (BGB) .................................................................................. 65, 67, 79–80, 110, 129, 163, 169,
195, 222, 225, 228, 370, 378–79,
435, 448, 453, 474–75, 479, 504,
566, 647–48, 716
s 90 ..................................................................................................................................................... 342
s 119 ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
s 121 ................................................................................................................................................... 231
s 123 ................................................................................................................................................... 450
s 123(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 123
s 130 ............................................................................................................................................. 47, 188
s 137 ........................................................................................................................................... 476, 491
s 138(2) ................................................................................................................................................ 64
s 157 ............................................................................................................................................... 78, 88
s 159 ................................................................................................................................................... 449
s 164 ................................................................................................................................................... 305
s 181 ................................................................................................................................................... 306
s 195 ................................................................................................................................................... 231
s 226 ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
s 241 ........................................................................................................................................... 106, 159
s 241(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 117
s 241(2) ...................................................................................................................................79, 85, 111
xxxviii TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

s 242 ............................................................................................................................................... 78, 88

s 273 ............................................................................................................................................. 470–71
s 275 ................................................................................................................................................... 125
s 280 ................................................................................................................................ 79, 85, 125, 129
s 280(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 106
s 311(2) ........................................................................................................................................ 85, 106
s 311(2) and (3)................................................................................................................................... 79
s 311(3) .................................................................................................................................85, 156, 159
s 311a ................................................................................................................................................. 123
s 311b ................................................................................................................................................... 69
s 313 ........................................................................................................................ 79, 85, 114, 139, 141
s 320 ............................................................................................................................................. 470–71
s 322 ................................................................................................................................................... 238
s 323 ........................................................................................................................................... 125, 231
s 323(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 125
s 323(6) .............................................................................................................................................. 125
ss 323ff ............................................................................................................................................... 231
s 326(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 125
s 328 ............................................................................................................................................. 158–59
s 333 ................................................................................................................................................... 159
s 398 ........................................................................................................................................... 343, 478
s 399 ..................................................................................................................................... 476, 490–91
s 403 ................................................................................................................................................... 508
s 404 ................................................................................................................................................... 487
s 405 ........................................................................................................................................... 490, 504
s 406 ................................................................................................................................................... 487
s 407 ........................................................................................................................................... 487, 508
s 409 ................................................................................................................................................... 508
s 410 ................................................................................................................................................... 508
s 434 ................................................................................................................................................... 231
s 437 ............................................................................................................................................. 230–31
ss 437ff ............................................................................................................................................... 231
s 438(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 231
s 446 ........................................................................................................................................... 229, 231
s 449 ................................................................................................................................................... 236
s 455 ................................................................................................................................................... 236
s 460 ................................................................................................................................................... 225
s 516 ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
s 546(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 717
s 566 ............................................................................................................................. 152, 322, 561–62
s 611 ................................................................................................................................................... 717
s 675 ................................................................................................................................................... 717
s 688 ................................................................................................................................................... 717
s 766 ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
s 817 ................................................................................................................................................... 120
s 819 ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
s 854 ................................................................................................................................................... 717
s 854(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 379
s 870 ............................................................................................................................ 343, 386, 461, 559
s 872 ................................................................................................................................................... 380
ss 903ff ............................................................................................................................................... 342
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xxxix

s 929 ............................................................................................................................ 431, 434, 442, 455

s 929(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 436
s 930 ........................................................................................................................................... 343, 434
s 931 ....................................................................................................................................343, 380, 434
s 932 ................................................................................................................................................... 466
s 932(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 462
s 933 ................................................................................................................................................... 461
s 934 ................................................................................................................................................... 461
s 937(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 388
s 937(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 388
ss 985ff ............................................................................................................................................... 383
s 986 ................................................................................................................................................... 470
s 1000 ................................................................................................................................................. 470
s 1205 ................................................................................................................................................. 566
s 1259 ................................................................................................................................................. 555
s 2100 ................................................................................................................................................. 522
Code of Civil Procedure
s 804 ................................................................................................................................................... 390
s 867 ................................................................................................................................................... 390
ss 883ff ............................................................................................................................................... 117
s 930 ................................................................................................................................................... 390
Commercial Code (HGB)..................................................................................................................... 716
s 340b ................................................................................................................................................. 560
s 354a ................................................................................................................................................. 490
s 363II ................................................................................................................................................ 668
s 366 ................................................................................................................................................... 462
s 369 ................................................................................................................................................... 471
s 392(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 305
s 392(2) ...................................................................................................................................... 305, 307
s 650 ................................................................................................................................................... 668
Insolvency Act 1999 ............................................................................................... 236, 494, 556, 563, 573
Negotiable Instruments Law ................................................................................................................ 696

International
Berne Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works ................................................ 640
CMI Rules .............................................................................................................................................. 702
Convention on the International Recognition of Rights in Aircraft .................................................. 595
European Convention on Human Rights 1950, Art 6 ......................................................................... 269
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ............................................................................................. 209
Geneva Convention 2009 ............................................................................................................. 749, 754
Art 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 757
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 758
Art 9(1)(a) ......................................................................................................................................... 758
Art 9(2)(a) ......................................................................................................................................... 758
Arts 11–12 ......................................................................................................................................... 758
Art 12(3) ............................................................................................................................................ 758
Art 14 ................................................................................................................................................. 758
Art 18 ................................................................................................................................................. 758
Art 24 ................................................................................................................................................. 758
Art 26 ................................................................................................................................................. 758
Geneva Conventions 1930 ........................................................................................ 246, 683–85, 695–96
xl TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Geneva Conventions 1932 .................................................................................................................... 696

Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Agency 1978 ......................................... 273, 312, 314, 316
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 312–13
Art 2(f) .............................................................................................................................................. 315
Art 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 314
Art 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 313–14
Art 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 313
Art 8© ................................................................................................................................................ 314
Art 11 ................................................................................................................................................. 313
Art 13 ................................................................................................................................................. 314
Art 14 ................................................................................................................................................. 314
Art 17 ................................................................................................................................................. 314
Art 18 ........................................................................................................................................... 314–15
Art 26 ................................................................................................................................................. 312
Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities
held with an Intermediary 2002 ................................................................................367, 750, 754
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 747
Art 4.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 364, 624
Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and their Recognition 1985 ............ 273, 364, 415,
527, 540, 589–96
Art 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 540, 590–91
Art 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 540
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 592
Art 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 364, 590–91
Arts 5–10 ........................................................................................................................................... 592
Art 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 541, 592–93
Arts 6–10 ..................................................................................................................................... 590–91
Art 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 592–94
Art 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 593
Art 11 ........................................................................................................................................... 591–94
Art 11(d)...................................................................................................................................... 591–92
Art 12 ................................................................................................................................................. 594
Art 13 ......................................................................................................................................... 591, 594
Art 15 ................................................................................................................................... 591, 593–94
Art 15(d) and © ................................................................................................................................ 594
Art 15(f) ............................................................................................................................................ 591
Art 18 ..................................................................................................................................541, 591, 594
Art 19 ................................................................................................................................................. 591
Art 20 ................................................................................................................................................. 592
Art 22 ................................................................................................................................................. 592
Hague Private International Law Convention on International Sales 1955, Art 1(1) ....................... 218
Hague Rules ..............................................................................................................676, 678–80, 699, 703
Hague Sales Conventions 1964............................................................. 11, 57, 93, 129, 188, 206, 247–48,
250, 252–53, 257, 264, 270, 284
Art 1(a) .............................................................................................................................................. 219
Art 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 264
Art 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 253
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 271
Art 9 ................................................................................................................................................... 271
Art 9(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 285
Art 16 ................................................................................................................................................. 264
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xli

Art 17 ................................................................................................................................................. 264

Art 38(4) ............................................................................................................................................ 264
Art 89 ................................................................................................................................................. 264
At 9(2) ............................................................................................................................................... 272
Hague-Visby Rules ...................................................................................................285, 676, 678–80, 702
Hamburg Rules ............................................................................................................... 678–80, 699, 703
Incoterms......................................................................................................................... 283–86, 288, 674
International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages ........................................................... 595
New York Convention ................................................................................................................... 353, 597
Rotterdam Rules ................................................................................................................ 678, 680, 706–7
Statute of the International Court of Justice, Art 38(1) ................................................... 9, 164, 263, 707
UNCITRAL Assignment of Receivables in International Trade Convention ............ 270, 520, 561, 571,
574, 595, 608, 614, 617–18
UNCITRAL Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International
Promissory Notes 1988 ............................................................................................................. 697
UNCITRAL Model Laws ............................................................................. 40, 219, 579, 704, 706–7, 741
UNIDROIT Cape Town Convention and Aircraft Protocol 2001 ...................................................... 586
UNIDROIT Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods 1983 ............. 15, 294, 308, 315
UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring 1988......................................... 270, 495, 519, 561,
574, 595, 617–18
UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment........ 270, 571, 574, 595, 639
UNIDROIT Ottawa Leasing Convention ..................................................................... 156, 270, 574, 595
UNIDROIT Principles for International Commercial Contracts .................3, 15, 17, 47, 58, 61, 70, 88,
100–2, 104, 113, 123, 127, 130,
134, 142, 168, 171, 174–79, 181–82,
185, 187, 191, 196, 204, 258–59,
267, 272–73, 520, 542, 644, 650
Preamble ............................................................................................................................................ 172
Art 1.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 171–72
Art 1.2 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 189
Art 1.3 ................................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 1.4 .......................................................................................................................................... 170–72
Art 1.5 .................................................................................................................................. 171–73, 175
Art 1.6 ...................................................................................................................101, 170–71, 270, 272
Art 1.6(2) ........................................................................................................................................... 171
Art 1.7 .................................................................................................................................101, 103, 170
Art 1.7(2) ..............................................................................................................................21, 102, 173
Art 1.8 .................................................................................................................................. 103, 171–72
Art 1.8(2) ........................................................................................................................................... 103
Art 2.1 .................................................................................................................................170, 187, 189
Art 2.1.4(2)(b)................................................................................................................................... 187
Art 2.2 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 189
Art 2.3(1) ........................................................................................................................................... 189
Art 2.4 ................................................................................................................................................ 170
Art 2.4(2)(b).......................................................................................................................103, 170, 188
Art 2.5 .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Art 2.6 .......................................................................................................................................... 47, 170
Art 2.6(1) ........................................................................................................................................... 187
Art 2.6(2) ................................................................................................................................... 170, 189
Art 2.14 ...............................................................................................................................170, 175, 189
Art 2.15 .............................................................................................................................................. 170
xlii TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Art 2.16 .............................................................................................................................................. 103

Art 2.17 ...................................................................................................................................... 103, 170
Art 2.19 .............................................................................................................................................. 170
Art 2.20 .............................................................................................................................................. 103
Art 2.20.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 174
Art 3.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art 3.2 .................................................................................................................................. 187–88, 190
Art 3.3 ................................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 3.4 ........................................................................................................................................ 187, 191
Art 3.5 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art 3.5(2) ........................................................................................................................................... 179
Art 3.5(2)(a) ...................................................................................................................................... 191
Art 3.5(2)(b)...................................................................................................................................... 191
Art 3.6 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 191
Art 3.8 .................................................................................................................................103, 170, 191
Art 3.9 .......................................................................................................................... 103, 170, 191–92
Art 3.10 ...................................................................................................................................... 103, 191
Art 3.12 .............................................................................................................................................. 191
Art 3.13 .............................................................................................................................................. 191
Art 3.16 .............................................................................................................................................. 191
Art 3.17 .............................................................................................................................................. 187
Art 3.18 .............................................................................................................................................. 191
Art 3.19 ........................................................................................................................ 103, 170, 173–74
Art 3.20 .............................................................................................................................................. 191
Art 4.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 187
Art 4.1(1) ........................................................................................................................................... 176
Art 4.1(2) ........................................................................................................................................... 176
Art 4.2 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 187
Art 4.2(1) ........................................................................................................................................... 176
Art 4.2(2) ................................................................................................................................... 103, 176
Art 4.3(b) and (f) .............................................................................................................................. 171
Art 4.3© ............................................................................................................................................. 187
Art 4.6 ................................................................................................................................................ 103
Art 4.8 ........................................................................................................................................ 103, 170
Art 4.118 ............................................................................................................................................ 179
Art 5.1.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 187
Art 5.2 ............................................................................................................................ 102–3, 170, 184
Art 5.2(b)........................................................................................................................................... 171
Art 5.3 ........................................................................................................................................ 103, 170
Art 5.4.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 103
Art 5.5 ................................................................................................................................................ 103
Art 5.6 ................................................................................................................................................ 103
Art 5.7 ................................................................................................................................................ 103
Art 5.8 ................................................................................................................................................ 103
Art 6.2 ........................................................................................................................................ 170, 175
Art 6.2.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 170
Art 6.2.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 107
Art 6.2.3 ............................................................................................................................................. 103
Art 7.1.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 103
Art 7.1.3 ............................................................................................................................................. 193
Art 7.1.6 ..............................................................................................................................103, 170, 175
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS xliii

Art 7.1.7 ..................................................................................................................................... 103, 170

Art 7.2.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 170, 193
Art 7.2.4 ............................................................................................................................................. 193
Art 7.2.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 193
Art 7.4.13 ............................................................................................................................103, 170, 175
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ......................................................... 240, 703
Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) ............... 4–5, 9, 15–16, 21, 38–39, 57,
69–70, 100–1, 108, 127, 129–30,
134–36, 162–63, 168, 170, 172,
176, 184–87, 189, 192, 195–97, 200,
203–5, 207, 210–12, 214, 218–19, 233,
247–75, 280, 283–87, 289, 586, 617, 758
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................ 201, 210, 218, 255
Art 1(1) ................................................................................................................................ 171, 255–56
Art 1(1)(b)................................................................................................................................. 255, 267
Art 1(2) .................................................................................................................................70, 196, 256
Art 1(3) .............................................................................................................................................. 256
Art 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 250
Art 2(1) ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Art 2(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 256
Art 2(a) .......................................................................................................................................... 6, 276
Art 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 250
Art 4 ......................................................................................................... 11, 57, 70, 100, 123, 170, 179,
181, 184, 191, 205, 238, 250,
256, 263, 265, 270–71, 273
Art 4(2) ...............................................................................................................................206, 218, 233
Art 4(a) .............................................................................................................................................. 272
Art 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 250
Art 6 .............................................................................. 101, 171, 200, 251, 253–55, 266, 268, 271, 280
Art 7 ............................................................................... 11, 100, 170, 183, 263, 270, 284, 288, 617, 758
Art 7.2 ................................................................................................................................................ 171
Art 7(1) ................................................................................................. 100, 170, 254, 258, 265–68, 271
Art 7(2) ................................................................................................ 57, 100, 136, 171, 227, 258, 262,
264–66, 268, 270, 273, 280, 284, 287
Art 8 .................................................................................................... 58, 61, 170, 257, 265–66, 269–71
Art 9 ....................................................................................................... 11, 93, 100, 171, 184, 249, 251,
265, 270–72, 280, 285, 288
Art 9(1) .............................................................................................................................................. 272
Art 9(2) .............................................................................................................................................. 272
Art 11 ......................................................................................................................................... 170, 189
Art 12 .................................................................................................................. 101, 170, 189, 253, 266
Art 14 ........................................................................................................ 57, 70, 170, 188, 207, 257–58
Art 14(1) .................................................................................................................................... 189, 257
Arts 14ff ..................................................................................................................................... 187, 203
Art 15 ................................................................................................................................................. 189
Art 16 ......................................................................................................................................... 170, 257
Art 16(2) .................................................................................................................................47, 57, 188
Art 16(2)(b)........................................................................................................................170, 187, 265
Art 18 ....................................................................................................................................57, 170, 188
Art 18(1) ...............................................................................................................................57, 170, 187
Art 18(2) ....................................................................................................................... 47, 170, 188, 257
xliv TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND RELATED DOCUMENTS

Art 19(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 265

Art 19(3) ............................................................................................................... 70, 170, 189, 203, 257
Art 21(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 265
Art 23 ................................................................................................................................................. 170
Art 24 ................................................................................................................................................. 170
Art 25 ............................................................................................ 11, 126, 130, 133, 192, 207, 210, 259
Art 26 ..................................................................................................................................130, 259, 265
Art 28 ....................................................................................................................118, 170–71, 193, 259
Art 29(1) .................................................................................................................................... 188, 257
Art 29(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 265
Art 30 ................................................................................................................................................. 285
Art 31 ....................................................................................................................100, 250–51, 258, 285
Art 31© ...................................................................................................................................... 210, 249
Art 32 ................................................................................................................................................. 219
Art 33 ......................................................................................................................................... 251, 258
Art 34 ................................................................................................................................................. 285
Art 35 ................................................................................................................................................. 251
Art 35(1) ............................................................................................................................................ 286
Art 35(2) .................................................................................................................................... 227, 262
Art 35(2)(a) ....................................................................................................................................... 224
Art 35(2)(b)....................................................................................................................................... 224
Art 35(2)(d)............................................................................................................................... 224, 286
Art 39(1) ............................................................................................................................................ 265
Art 45 ................................................................................................................................................. 251
Art 45(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 127
Arts 45ff ............................................................................................................................................. 127
Art 46 ................................................................................................................................................. 259
Art 47 ......................................................................................................................................... 259, 265
Art 48 ................................................................................................................................................. 249
Art 48(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 265
Art 49 .................................................................................................................. 127, 130, 233, 259, 261
Art 49(1)(b)....................................................................................................................................... 259
Art 50 .................................................................................................................... 11, 130, 192, 210, 260
Art 55 .............................................................................................................. 70, 189, 208, 250, 257–58
Art 57 ..................................................................................................................................210, 251, 259
Art 58 ......................................................................................................................................... 210, 259
Art 60 ................................................................................................................................................. 250
Arts 60ff ............................................................................................................................................. 127
Art 61 ......................................................................................................................................... 249, 251
Art 61(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 127
Art 62 ................................................................................................................................................. 259
Arts 62ff ............................................................................................................................................. 238
Art 63 ................................................................................................................................................. 249
Art 64 .................................................................................................. 127, 130, 196, 233, 249, 259, 261
Art 64(1)(b)....................................................................................................................................... 259
Art 64(2) ............................................................................................................................................ 249
Art 65 ................................................................................................................................................. 265
Arts 66ff ...................................................................................................................... 126, 216, 250, 280
Art 67 ......................................................................................................................................... 262, 286
Art 67(1) ............................................................................................................................................ 285
Art 68 ......................................................................................................................................... 262, 265
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Girl
Avenger; or, The Beautiful Terror of the Maumee
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The Girl Avenger; or, The Beautiful Terror of the Maumee

Author: T. C. Harbaugh

Release date: May 7, 2022 [eBook #68016]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: Beadle and Adams Publishers,

1872

Credits: David Edwards, SF2001, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (Northern
Illinois University Digital Library)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GIRL

AVENGER; OR, THE BEAUTIFUL TERROR OF THE MAUMEE ***
 THE
GIRL AVENGER;
OR,
THE BEAUTIFUL TERROR OF
THE MAUMEE.

BY CAPT. CHAS. HOWARD,

AUTHOR OF THE FOLLOWING POCKET NOVELS:

45. The Elk-King.

50. The Wolf Queen.
52. The Mad Chief.
60. Merciless Mat.
64. The Island Trapper.
65. Wolf-Cap.
69. The Yellow Hunter.
72. Silver Rifle.
82. Kenton, the Ranger.
87. Phil Hunter.

NEW YORK:
BEADLE AND ADAMS PUBLISHERS,
98 WILLIAM STREET.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by
FRANK STARR & CO.,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
 THE GIRL AVENGER;
OR,
THE BEAUTIFUL TERROR OF THE MAUMEE.
 CHAPTER I.
STRICKEN OVER THE DEAD.
It was evening among the stately cottonwoods and poplars that lined
the banks of the Maumee, and the dying day an August one in the
year 1794.
A stag approached the historic stream to quench his thirst.
The proud king of the Ohio wood walked with antlered head erect;
but his cautious tread denoted that he suspected the proximity of
hidden foes. His eyes swept the wood on his left and right, and the
opposite bank of the stream underwent a close scrutiny as he
advanced.
Quite unmolested he reached the limpid water, and bathed his
nozzle therein with manifest delight. It was a halcyon moment for his
stagship.
But suddenly a puff of smoke shot above the clumps of wild pansies
on the opposite bank, the whip-like crack of a rifle followed, and with
an almost human cry the stag staggered from the water’s edge,
quivered like a stricken vessel, then sunk upon the verdant earth, the
red tide of life flowing from a wound over his heart.
The fatal shot was followed by the spring of an Indian from the
perfumed pansies, and a moment later he was swimming toward his
prey. He breasted the current with the strength of a strong man, for
he had nothing to incumber him, having left his empty rifle among
the flowers.
He soon gained the stricken deer over which he stooped, and drove
the scalping-knife into the delicate throat. A stream of warm blood
that made the Indian’s hands redder than Nature’s coloring, followed
the withdrawal of the crimson blade, and the brave rose to his feet
with a grunt of satisfaction.
Simultaneously with his rising, the quick sharp yelp of a young she-
wolf rent the dense atmosphere, and caused the Indian to spring
from his prey toward the nearest cottonwood.
He never reached the sheltering tree.
The report of a rifle scarce louder than the bursting of a percussion-
cap, smote the air; the slayer of the stag halted in his tracks, threw
his hands to his heart, retraced his steps with the reeling of a
drunken man, and fell with a groan over the body of his victim.
In the agonies of death, he raised his head over the stag’s breast,
and his dying eyes caught sight of his slayer; then they closed to
open in the lodge of the red-man’s God—his Ka Jai Manitou.
Who shot the Ottawa?
A lithe figure bounded from behind the gnarled trunk of a monster
ash.
The slayer of the Ottawa was a girl, rounding the last month of her
sixteenth year!
A form and figure, admirably disclosed by the close-fitting garments,
were faultless in grace and proportion, and her oval face was
beautiful almost beyond description. The fair white skin, beautified by
here and there a dimple, proclaimed the avenger the favored child of
health. Her eyes were deep blue, like the patches of sky seen
through the interstices of the broad leaves, and a mass of golden
hair fell over her shoulders like graceful plumage of orient birds.
She wore a close-fitting hunting-frock, surmounted by a doe-skin
cape, the edges of which were fringed with beads, strung on thin
sinews. Her nether limbs were clad in elaborately wrought leggings
of the same material, cut wide at the bottom, which almost caused
the hiding of the moccasins that incased the petite feet. From the
head drooped the gigantic feathers of the nut-brown heron, and
mingled with her golden locks as wavy as the stream toward which
she hastened.
At her side trailed the weapon that had dealt death to the Ottawa
brave. It was a delicate weapon, quite resembling a sporting gun, but
a deadly one, as the dead man before her witnessed. The bore
seemed out of proportion to the long slender barrel, which caught
and reflected back from its polished surface the rays of the declining
sun. The stock and butt of the gun were ornamented by silver
crosses and crescents, arranged in alternate order. The first cross
was punctured by many holes, the crescent was disfigured in like
manner; then the next cross, and the succeeding crescent wanted
two perforations, in the lower horn, of being completed—judging
from the systematic perforating of the preceding ornaments.
The history of this Girl Avenger let the following pages detail.
A few bounds brought her to the body of her victim, lying across the
stricken stag, and as her little hand drew a tiny scalping-knife from
her girdle, a silvery triumphant laugh parted the lips and displayed
two rows of pearly teeth.
“Ha! ha! ha!” said the laugh. “Another dark lock for my lone home—
another puncture for my crescent—another red-man dead before the
avenging rifle! How fast they fall before my eyes! When my gun
speaks, the Manitou’s lodge opens to receive a spirit. How long will
such work last?” and she glanced at her rifle. “How long? Until the
last crescent is full of little holes; then—and not until then—the dead
will have been avenged.”
With the last words still quivering on her lips, she stooped and
wound the Ottawa’s raven scalp-lock around her left hand. A quick
sweep of the scalping-knife, and with the gory scalp clutched in her
hand, the Girl Avenger rose to her feet.
“Another brave and the second crescent will be completed,” she
said, in French, thrusting the scalp into her girdle. “I know you,
Jaguar-tail,” and her gaze fell upon the dead Indian. “Once my gun
covered your heart—it was many moons ago—but you saw me, and
falling flat in your boat, the rapids of the Miami of the Lake[1] bore
you from my sight. This is my fortieth scalp-lock. Ha! my mark—the
seal of the She-wolf. I’d—”
The sentence was broken by the crack of a rifle; the avenger’s head
fell backward; an abortive shriek terminated on her now pallid lips,
which a moment later lay motionless on the cold brow of the Ottawa!
From a clump of undergrowth, near the Ottawa’s covert, leaped the
burly form of a man, whose shaggy red hair, low forehead, meeting
above a short, flat nose, gray sunken eyes, dark and sinister
expression of countenance, declared him to be Joe Girty, the dread
renegade. He wore the Indian costume, but without ornament, and
his crimson handkerchief, while it supplied the place of a hat, hid an
unsightly wound on his forehead. On each side, in his belt, was stuck
a silver-mounted pistol; at his left hung a short dirk, serving
occasionally the uses of a knife, and, as he ran toward the river, he
trailed a clumsy rifle at his right.
“Hell has aided me at last!” he hissed, in triumphant glee, while
swimming the stream, with the rifle above his head. “Long have I
watched for you, my young She-wolf, and while watching trembled
for my life. You are fast depopulating the tribe; but now I guess as
how your yelp—the accursed precursor of death—has been heard
for the last time. Won’t there be pandemonium in the village to-night,
when I walk among the warriors and cast your dead body at their
feet! Oh, Joe Girty, you’ve did a splendid thing to-day. The slaying of
the young She-wolf will make you immortal. Satan remains true to
the league you formed with him years ago, and now beneath your
rifle, falls the Terror of the Maumee. This— What! did the She-wolf
move her head?” he cried, as he bent over his victim.
The eyes of the girl opened and closed spasmodically, but without
comprehending her situation.
A crimson furrow athwart her temple indicated the course of Joe
Girty’s ponderous ball.
“By George! she’s not dead, after all!” exclaimed the renegade. “But
I’m not sorry—be hanged if I am. I’ll carry the She-wolf to the village,
and when Coocoochee and Leather-lips get through with their
devilish orgies, we’ll have a big fire. I know Indians who’ll walk a
hundred miles to see this girl sizzle. Snakes! she’s pretty. What a
glorious squaw she’d make for my boy, Kenowatha! But she’s not for
him, no, not for him! She’s for the fire.”
A few drops of water restored the girl to consciousness.
She did not shriek when she found herself in the power of Joe Girty.
On the contrary, she smiled triumphantly, with a glance at the dead
Ottawa, as if to say: “Do your worst.”
“The She-wolf has yelped for the last time,” growled the renegade.
In reply the avenger stretched forth her arm, and significantly
touched the records of her vengeance.
“I know what them means,” said Girty. “Yes! girl, you’ve done bloody
work; now for the burning. The red-skins have paid dearly for the
deeds of that dark November night down the Maumee. I must go.”
He bound the girl’s feet and threw her across his shoulder as though
she were a roe; then he gripped her rifle in the hand that held her
from the ground, and stepped from the tragic spot.
A short distance up the stream he found a ford, and soon stood on
the opposite bank.
To his questions and triumphant ejaculations, the girl never uttered a
word, though the renegade rudely shook her as if he would break
every bone in her body.
It was a proud hour for Joe Girty!
When from his covert he watched Jaguar-tail shoot the stag, he little
dreamed of the rich prize so soon to fall within his grasp.
There was not an Indian among the tribes allied against Wayne, who
would not have given his right hand for the young She-wolf.
And she was in their power.
[1] The Maumee was designated the Miami of the Lake in the
early history of Ohio.
 CHAPTER II.
THE EMPTY NEST.
The scene described in the foregoing chapter transpired on the left
bank of the Maumee, almost directly opposite the mouth of the Little
Turkey Creek, one of its insignificant tributaries, and between that
stream and the present town of Napoleon, in Henry county, Ohio.
Joe Girty was obliged to cross the Maumee to reach the Ottawa
village, which was situated near the river-bank, still nearer the site of
the town just mentioned.
The evening of the Girl Avenger’s capture was an auspicious one in
the eye of the red-men of Northern Ohio. Mad Anthony Wayne, with
the butchery of St. Clair’s gallant troops fresh in his mind, had
reached Greenville, and was preparing to punish the red nomads of
the forests, for their bloody deeds.
The secret agents of Great Britain moved among the savages, and
stirred them up to still more bitter hatred against the Americans.
There were Capt. McKee, Elliot, Simon Girty, and other renegades
equally as infamous, who whispered into the red-man’s ears, until he
threw back, with a bundle of arrows, into Wayne’s teeth, the peace
conditions his country had told him to offer.
On the night of the She-wolf’s capture, a hundred renowned warriors
from each of the allied nations, had assembled at a grand council of
war in the Ottawa village. There congregated Ottawas, Shawnees,
Delawares, Miamis, Wyandots, Iowas and Chippewas.
To accommodate so large a throng, the council-house had been
enlarged, and even then many could not force themselves beneath
the birchen roof.
It was settled that Wayne was to be met with determined resistance,
and the savages were sanguine of success.
British muskets had been freely distributed from Fort Miami by
McKee and Elliot, whose faces, in the broad glare of the council-
fires, glowed with triumph. It was mainly their work, for their bitter
speeches carried the day when clear-minded chiefs advocated
peace, without the needless effusion of blood.
Joe Girty reached the Ottawa town a short time after nightfall, and
instead of making his way directly to the council-house, he sought
his own lodge, a substantial wooden structure that stood in the outer
circle of wigwams. He had slightly altered his mind regarding the
immediate disposition of Nanette Froisart—for such was the name of
his fair young prisoner. Were he to bear her into the council,
unannounced to the assembled braves, she might be torn from his
arms by the furious bands, and undergo a comparatively painless
death. When, on the other hand, if he would leave her in his lodge,
while he announced her capture, she would stand a fairer chance of
being burned alive.
The last course he determined to pursue.
He reached his wigwam without being seen, for the women were
congregated at the council-house, and hailing with loud acclamations
the hot speeches of the younger braves.
The heavy door of the lodge was closed, and the renegade
thundered a series of loud blows upon it with his coarse boot.
At length the portal yielded, and a hideous hag, about the
renegade’s own age, greeted his flashing eyes.
“Was ye asleep, ye old lynx?” cried Girty, almost crunching her
shoulder in his giant fist. “No! ye was at the bottle, durn ye!” and he
shook his Indian wife till her teeth chattered as though ague-stricken.
“Now, mind ye; touch that bottle ag’in to-night, and Joe Girty ’l be a
widderer ’ginst day, cursed if he won’t. Where’s ’Watha? At the
council, hey! Good place for the white spawn! See here, old woman,
I’ve brought ye the devil’s progeny,” and he held his little captive up
before the squaw. “Ah, ye know who she is!” he cried with delight, as
he noticed the flash of recognition that darted from the hag’s
bloodshot eyes. “Ha! we’ll have a big burnin’ spree, mebbe to-night
yit. Now see hyar. Come, shake off that drunken fit, what’s comin’ on
ye, fur ye’ve got to do guard duty fur a short time,” he shook her
again. “I’m going down to the council, an’ tell the red devils I’ve
catched the young She-wolf. Now ye’ve got to watch her till I come
back, and, mind ye, Loosa, ef she tries to get away,” and he glanced
at Nanette, “send the contents of that pistol through her head. Do ye
hear, old lynx?”
“The white Ottawa shall be obeyed,” stammered the hag, glad to get
rid of her brute of a master. “My eyes shall never sleep.”
“They won’t if ye hain’t got too much whisky in ye,” returned Girty,
“an’ afore I go I’ll jest guard against that.”
As he finished, he threw the captive to his mistress, and jerked a jug
from one corner of the cabin.
It was uncorked, and weighing it on his broad palm, he remarked:
“Ye’ve taken a pretty ginteel swag, my red panther, and for fear you’ll
go to sleep while I’m gone, I’ll dispose of the remainder.”
With great gusto he elevated the vessel, and for several seconds it
remained poised above his lips. He drank deeply—he drank the jug
empty!
Then he drew a bunch of sinews from his pocket, drew them around
Nanette’s wrists, until the thongs cut into the flesh, and retied her
ankles. The last operation accomplished to his inhuman satisfaction,
he tossed his captive to a couch in one corner of the apartment. She
fell upon her face on the one thickness of bear-skin, and lay
motionless.
“Now watch her well,” said the renegade, thrusting into the squaw’s
hands a silver-mounted cavalry pistol, a relic of St. Clair’s ill-fated
campaign. “If she’s gone when we come fur her, why, ’ooman, we’ll
cut ye to pieces. I’m a white devil, as you know, and by my sinful
soul, if she gits away from you, I’ll tear your lying tongue out.”
With this he opened the door, and saw Loosa seat herself beside
Nanette, with ready pistol, before he slammed the portal, and
bounded toward the council.
There was a lull in the nocturnal proceedings when the renegade
reached the outer circles of warriors.
Turkey-foot, the Shawnee, had just delivered a bitter speech,
burdened with able warlike counsel, and the other chiefs were timid
in following such a distinguished speaker immediately. It was in
deference to Turkey-foot that the silence—an opportune moment for
Joe Girty—reigned.
“Now’s my time,” he muttered, pushing his way through the circle. “I’ll
have every Injun yellin’ within three minutes.”
A moment later, he sprung into the glare of the six council-fires.
His presence, entirely unexpected at that hour—though none could
divine the purport of his absence—was greeted with shouts, and
some of the delegates whom he had known, in past and bloody
days, sprung forward to welcome his return.
But he waved them back imperiously, and sprung to the large mat in
the center of the structure, from which the chiefs were wont to deliver
their outbursts of Indian eloquence.
A murmur ran around the circle, and as the renegade glanced at
Simon and the group of British emissaries to his left, he shouted:
“Silence!”
Instantly every sound was hushed.
“I come to gladden the hearts of the assembled chiefs with good
news!” he continued. “I am just from the banks of the Nomee,[2]
where my hands closed upon the bitterest enemy the red-man
possesses.”
Every head was shot forward to hear the name of the renegade’s
captive.
“He’s caught one of Mad Ant’ony’s spies—perhaps Wells?”
whispered Simon Girty to McKee. “It’ll be a jolly time for the red
devils.”
“I saw my captive send a bullet to the heart of Jaguar-tail,” continued
Joe Girty, after a moment’s pause. “I saw her stoop to mark his
bloody brow—and then—then she became mine.”
Simon Girty gripped McKee’s arm, and threw a look of triumph into
the agent’s face.
“Snakes! he’s caught her.”
“Who?”
“The young She-wolf.”
“Impossible.”
“Listen! Joe’s going to speak,” said Simon.
At that moment the younger renegade brother sent an electric thrill
through every heart beneath the council-roof.
“Yes, I caught her,” he yelled, “her—the young She-wolf!”
Simon Girty bounded to his brother’s side, while, with a
pandemonium of yells, the savages were springing from their seats.
Tomahawks and knives flashed above the warriors’ heads.
“Where’s the young She-wolf?” was the universal cry that assailed
the renegade. “We will tear her fangs from her head, and her yellow
scalp shall dangle from an Indian’s belt. Where lies the slayer whom
the red-man has dreaded so long? Show us to her, white Ottawa,
that our knives may drink her blood.”
“Calm the howling devils first, Simon,” said Joe Girty. “We don’t want
the hull of them to cut the gal to pieces. When they come to their
senses they’ll burn her decently. Ye kin holler louder than I. Git up
an’ pacify the brutes an’ then I’ll tell them where the gal is.”
Simon Girty turned to do his brother’s bidding, and at length silenced
the Bedlamite uproar.
“She’s in my lodge!” cried Joe Girty, “an’ I want ye to act like men,
an’ don’t go an’ kill the gal so quickly that she won’t know what hurt
her. She’s killed too many of my red brothers to die easily. Now set
yer brains to work, an’ see who can conjure up the right kind of
torture.”