Full Algebra and Trigonometry 10Th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter

Algebra and Trigonometry 10th Edition
Sullivan Solutions Manual

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/algebra-and-trigonometry-10th-edition-sullivan-solutions-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Algebra and Trigonometry 10th Edition Sullivan Test

Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/algebra-and-trigonometry-10th-
edition-sullivan-test-bank/
Algebra and Trigonometry 10th Edition Larson Solutions

Manual
edition-larson-solutions-manual/
College Algebra 10th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/college-algebra-10th-edition-
sullivan-solutions-manual/
Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Sullivan Solutions Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/trigonometry-a-unit-circle-
approach-10th-edition-sullivan-solutions-manual/
Algebra and Trigonometry Enhanced with Graphing
Utilities 6th Edition Sullivan Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/algebra-and-trigonometry-
enhanced-with-graphing-utilities-6th-edition-sullivan-test-bank/
College Algebra 10th Edition Sullivan Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/college-algebra-10th-edition-
sullivan-test-bank/
Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Sullivan Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/trigonometry-a-unit-circle-
approach-10th-edition-sullivan-test-bank/
Algebra and Trigonometry 6th Edition Blitzer Solutions

Manual
edition-blitzer-solutions-manual/
Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions

Manual
edition-blitzer-solutions-manual/
Chapter 7
Trigonometric Functions
Section 7.1 16.
1. C = 2π r ; A = π r 2
17.
2. d = r ⋅ t
3. standard position
18.
4. central angle
5. d
1 2
6. rθ ; rθ
2
7. b 19.
s θ
8. ;
t t
20.
9. True
10. False; υ = rω
11. 21.
12.
22.
13.
14.
_ π π
23. 30° = 30 ⋅ radian = radian
180 6
π 2π
24. 120° = 120 ⋅ radian = radians
15. 180 3
π 4π
25. 240° = 240 ⋅ radian = radians
180 3
π 11π
26. 330° = 330 ⋅ radian = radians
180 6
703
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 7: Trigonometric Functions
π π 180
27. − 60° = − 60 ⋅ radian = − radian 44. −π = −π ⋅ degrees = −180°
180 3 π
π π π π 180
28. −30° = −30 ⋅ radian = − radian 45. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 30°
180 6 6 6 π
π 3π 3π 180
29. 180° = 180 ⋅ radian = π radians 46. − =− ⋅ degrees = −135°
180 4 4 π
π 3π π 17π
30. 270° = 270 ⋅ radian = radians 47. 17° = 17 ⋅ radian = radian ≈ 0.30 radian
180 2 180 180
π 3π π
31. −135° = −135 ⋅ radian = − radians 48. 73° = 73 ⋅ radian
180 4 180
73π
π 5π = radians
32. − 225° = − 225 ⋅ radian = − radians 180
180 4 ≈ 1.27 radians
π π π
33. − 90° = − 90 ⋅ radian = − radians 49. − 40° = − 40 ⋅ radian
180 2 180
2π
π =− radian
34. −180° = −180 ⋅ radian = −π radians 9
180
≈ − 0.70 radian
π π 180
35. = ⋅ degrees = 60° π
3 3 π 50. − 51° = − 51 ⋅ radian
180
5π 5π 180 17π
36. = ⋅ degrees = 150° =− radian
6 6 π 60
≈ − 0.89 radian
5π 5π 180
37. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 225°
4 4 π π
51. 125° = 125 ⋅ radian
180
2π 2π 180
38. − =− ⋅ degrees = −120° 25π
3 3 π = radians
36
π π 180 ≈ 2.18 radians
39. = ⋅ degrees = 90°
2 2 π π
52. 350° = 350 ⋅ radian
180 180
40. 4π = 4π ⋅ degrees = 720° 35π
π = radians
18
π π 180 ≈ 6.11 radians
41. = ⋅ degrees = 15°
12 12 π
180
53. 3.14 radians = 3.14 ⋅ degrees ≈ 179.91º
5π 5π 180 π
42. = ⋅ degrees = 75°
12 12 π
180
54. 0.75 radian = 0.75 ⋅ degrees ≈ 42.97º
π π 180 π
43. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 90°
2 2 π
704
Section 7.1: Angles and Their Measure
180 65. 40.32º = 40º + 0.32º

55. 2 radians = 2 ⋅ degrees ≈ 114.59º
π = 40º + 0.32(60 ')
= 40º +19.2 '
180
56. 3 radians = 3 ⋅ degrees ≈ 171.89º = 40º +19 '+ 0.2 '
π
= 40º +19 '+ 0.2(60")
180 = 40º +19 '+ 12"
57. 6.32 radians = 6.32 ⋅ degrees ≈ 362.11º
π = 40º19 '12"
180 66. 61.24º = 61º + 0.24º

58. 2 radians = 2 ⋅ degrees ≈ 81.03º
π = 61º + 0.24(60 ')
= 61º +14.4 '
 1 1 1 º
59. 40º10 ' 25" =  40 + 10 ⋅ + 25 ⋅ ⋅  = 61º +14 '+ 0.4 '
 60 60 60 
= 61º +14 '+ 0.4(60")
≈ (40 + 0.1667 + 0.00694)º
= 61º +14 '+ 24"
≈ 40.17º
= 61º14 ' 24"
 1 1 1 º
60. 61º 42 ' 21" =  61 + 42 ⋅ + 21 ⋅ ⋅  67. 18.255º = 18º + 0.255º
 60 60 60 
≈ (61 + 0.7000 + 0.00583)º = 18º + 0.255(60 ')
≈ 61.71º = 18º +15.3'
= 18º +15'+ 0.3'
1 1 1 º = 18º +15'+ 0.3(60")
61. 50º14 '20" = 50 + 14 ⋅ + 20 ⋅ ⋅
60 60 60 = 18º +15'+ 18"
≈ (50 + 0.2333 + 0.00556)º = 18º15'18"
≈ 50.24º
68. 29.411º = 29º + 0.411º
 1 1 1 º
62. 73º 40 ' 40" =  73 + 40 ⋅ + 40 ⋅ ⋅  = 29º + 0.411(60 ')
 60 60 60 
= 29º +24.66 '
≈ (73 + 0.6667 + 0.0111)º
= 29º +24 '+ 0.66 '
≈ 73.68º
= 29º +0.66(60")
 1 1 1 º = 29º +24 '+ 39.6"
63. 9º 9 '9" =  9 + 9 ⋅ + 9 ⋅ ⋅ 
 60 60 60  ≈ 29º 24 ' 40"
= (9 + 0.15 + 0.0025)º
69. 19.99º = 19º + 0.99º
≈ 9.15º
= 19º + 0.99(60 ')
 1 1 1 º = 19º +59.4 '
64. 98º 22 ' 45" =  98 + 22 ⋅ + 45 ⋅ ⋅ 
 60 60 60  = 19º +59 '+ 0.4 '
≈ (98 + 0.3667 + 0.0125)º = 19º +59 '+ 0.4(60")
≈ 98.38º = 19º +59 '+ 24"
= 19º 59 ' 24"
705
70. 44.01º = 44º + 0.01º 1

79. r = 10 meters; θ = radian
= 44º + 0.01(60 ') 2
= 44º +0.6 ' 1 1 21 100
A = r 2θ = (10 )   = =25 m 2
= 44º +0 '+ 0.6 ' 2 2 2 4
= 44º +0 '+ 0.6(60")
80. r = 6 feet; θ = 2 radians
= 44º +0 '+ 36"
1 2 1 2
= 44º 0 '36" A= r θ = ( 6 ) ( 2 ) =36 ft 2
2 2
1 1
71. r = 10 meters; θ = radian; 81. θ = radian; A = 2 ft 2
2 3
1
s = rθ = 10 ⋅ = 5 meters 1
2 A = r 2θ
2
72. r = 6 feet; θ = 2 radian; s = rθ = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 feet 1 2 1
2= r  
2 3
1 1 2
73. θ = radian; s = 2 feet; 2= r
3 6
s = rθ 12 = r 2
s 2 r = 12 = 2 3 ≈ 3.464 feet
r= = = 6 feet
θ (1 / 3)
1
82. θ = radian; A = 6 cm 2
1 4
74. θ = radian; s = 6 cm;
4 1
A = r 2θ
s = rθ 2
s 6 1 21
r= = = 24 cm 6= r  
θ (1 / 4 ) 2 4
1 2
6= r
75. r = 5 miles; s = 3 miles; 8
s = rθ 48 = r 2
s 3 r = 48 = 4 3 ≈ 6.928 cm
θ = = = 0.6 radian
r 5
83. r = 5 miles; A = 3 mi 2
76. r = 6 meters; s = 8 meters;
1
s = rθ A = r 2θ
2
s 8 4
θ = = = ≈ 1.333 radians 1 2
r 6 3 3 = (5) θ
2
25
π π 3= θ
77. r = 2 inches; θ = 30º = 30 ⋅ = radian; 2
180 6
6
π π θ= = 0.24 radian
s = rθ = 2 ⋅ = ≈ 1.047 inches 25
6 3
π 2π
78. r = 3 meters; θ = 120º = 120 ⋅ = radians
180 3
2π
s = rθ = 3 ⋅ = 2π ≈ 6.283 meters
3
706
84. r = 6 meters; A = 8 m 2 91. r = 6 inches

1 In 15 minutes,
A = r 2θ 15 1 π
2 θ= rev = ⋅ 360º = 90º = radians
1 2 60 4 2
8 = ( 6) θ
2 π
s = rθ = 6 ⋅ = 3π ≈ 9.42 inches
8 = 18θ 2
8 4 In 25 minutes,
θ = = ≈ 0.444 radian
18 9 25 5 5π
θ= rev = ⋅ 360º = 150º = radians
60 12 6
π π 5π
85. r = 2 inches; θ = 30º = 30 ⋅ = radian s = rθ = 6 ⋅ = 5π ≈ 15.71 inches
180 6 6
1 2 1 2 π  π
A= r θ = ( 2 )   = ≈ 1.047 in 2
2 2   3
6 π
92. r = 40 inches; θ = 20º = radian
9
π 2π π 40π
86. r = 3 meters; θ = 120º = 120 ⋅ = radians s = rθ = 40 ⋅ = ≈ 13.96 inches
180 3 9 9
1 2 1 2  2π 
A= r θ = ( 3)   =3π ≈ 9.425 m
2
2 2  3  π π
93. r = 4 m; θ = 45º = 45 ⋅ = radian
180 4
π 1 1 2 π 
87. r = 2 feet; θ = radians A = r 2θ = ( 4 )   = 2π ≈ 6.28 m 2
3 2 2 4
π 2π
s = rθ = 2 ⋅ = ≈ 2.094 feet
3 3 π π
94. r = 3 cm; θ = 60º = 60 ⋅= radians
1 1 2 π  2π 180 3
A = r 2θ = ( 2 )   = = ≈ 2.094 ft 2
2 2 3 3 1 2 1 2  π  3π
A = r θ = ( 3)   = ≈ 4.71 cm 2
2 2 3 2
π
88. r = 4 meters; θ = radian
6 π 3π
95. r = 30 feet; θ = 135º = 135 ⋅ = radians
π 2π 180 4
s = rθ = 4 ⋅= ≈ 2.094 meters
6 3 1 1 2  3π  675π
A = r 2θ = ( 30 )   = ≈ 1060.29 ft 2
1 1 2 π  4π 2 2  4  2
A = r 2θ = ( 4 )   = ≈ 4.189 m 2
2 2 6
  3
96. r = 15 yards; A = 100 yd 2
π 7π 1
89. r = 12 yards; θ = 70º = 70 ⋅ = radians A = r 2θ
180 18 2
7π 1
100 = (15 ) θ
2
s = rθ = 12 ⋅≈ 14.661 yards
18 2
1 1 2  7π  100 = 112.5θ
A = r 2θ = (12 )   = 28π ≈ 87.965 yd
2
2 2  18  100 8
θ= = ≈ 0.89 radian
112.5 9
π 5π 8 180  160 
°
90. r = 9 cm; θ = 50º = 50 ⋅ = radian ⋅ =
180 18 or  ≈ 50.93°
9 π  π 
5π
s = rθ = 9 ⋅ ≈ 7.854 cm
18
1 1 2  5π  45π
A = r 2θ = ( 9 )  = ≈ 35.343 cm 2
2 2  18  4
707
1 2 1 2π 102. r = 6.5 m; ω = 22 rev/min = 44π rad/min

97. A = r1 θ − r2 2θ θ = 120° =
2 2 3 v = rω = (6.5) ⋅ 44π m/min = 286π ≈ 898.5 m/min
1 2π 1 2π m 1km 60 min
= (34) 2 − (9) 2 v = 286π ⋅ ⋅ ≈ 53.9 km/hr
2 3 2 3 min 1000m 1hr
1 2π 1 2π
= (1156) − (81) 103. r = 4 m; ω = 8000 rev/min = 16000π rad/min
2 3 2 3
v = rω = (4) ⋅16000π m/min = 64000π cm/min
π π
= (1156) − (81) cm 1m 1km 60 min
3 3 v = 64000π ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
min 100cm 1000m 1hr
1156π 81π
= − ≈ 120.6 km/hr
3 3
1075π 104. r = 5 m; ω = 5400 rev/min = 10800π rad/min
= ≈ 1125.74 in 2
3 v = rω = (5) ⋅10800π m/min = 54000π cm/min
1 2 1 25π cm 1m 1km 60 min
98. A = r1 θ − r2 2θ θ = 125° = v = 54000π ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 2 36 min 100cm 1000m 1hr
≈ 101.8 km/hr
1 25π 1 25π
= (30) 2 − (6) 2
2 36 2 36
105. d = 26 inches; r = 13 inches; v = 35 mi/hr
1 25π 1 25π 35 mi 5280 ft 12 in. 1 hr
v= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= (900) − (36) hr mi ft 60 min
2 36 2 36
= 36,960 in./min
25π 25π
= (450) − (18) v 36,960 in./min
36 36 ω= =
r 13 in.
11250π 450π ≈ 2843.08 radians/min
= −
36 36
2843.08 rad 1 rev
10800π ≈ ⋅
= = 300π ≈ 942.48 in 2 min 2π rad
36 ≈ 452.5 rev/min
1 106. r = 15 inches; ω = 3 rev/sec = 6π rad/sec
99. r = 5 cm; t = 20 seconds; θ = radian
3 v = rω = 15 ⋅ 6π in./sec = 90π ≈ 282.7 in/sec
θ (1 / 3) 1 1 1 in. 1ft 1mi 3600sec
ω= = = ⋅ = radian/sec v = 90π ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ 16.1 mi/hr
t 20 3 20 60 sec 12in. 5280ft 1hr
s rθ 5 ⋅ (1 / 3) 5 1 1
v= = = = ⋅ = cm/sec 107. r = 3960 miles
t t 20 3 20 12
θ = 35º 9 '− 29º 57 '
100. r = 2 meters; t = 20 seconds; s = 5 meters = 5º12 '
θ ( s / r ) (5 / 2) 5 1 1 = 5.2º
ω= = = = ⋅ = radian/sec
t t 20 2 20 8 π
= 5.2 ⋅
s 5 1 180
v= = = m/sec
t 20 4 ≈ 0.09076 radian
s = rθ = 3960(0.09076) ≈ 359 miles
101. r = 25 feet; ω = 13 rev/min = 26π rad/min
v = rω = 25 ⋅ 26π ft./min = 650π ≈ 2042.0 ft/min
ft. 1mi 60 min
v = 650π ⋅ ⋅ ≈ 23.2 mi/hr
min 5280ft 1hr
708
108. r = 3960 miles Find ω2 :

θ = 38º 21'− 30º 20 ' v1 = v2
= 8º1' r1ω1 = r2ω2
≈ 8.017º 2(6π) = 8ω2
π 12π
= 8.017 ⋅ ω2 =
180 8
≈ 0.1399 radian = 1.5π radians/min
s = rθ = 3960(0.1399) ≈ 554 miles
1.5π
= rev/min
109. r = 3429.5 miles 2π
3
π = rev/min
ω = 1 rev/day = 2π radians/day = radians/hr 4
12
π 114. r = 30 feet
v = rω = 3429.5 ⋅ ≈ 898 miles/hr
12 1 rev 2π π
ω= = = ≈ 0.09 radian/sec
110. r = 3033.5 miles 70 sec 70 sec 35
π π rad 6π ft
ω = 1 rev/day = 2π radians/day = radians/hr v = rω = 30 feet ⋅ = ≈ 2.69 feet/sec
12 35 sec 7 sec
π
v = rω = 3033.5 ⋅ ≈ 794 miles/hr 115. r = 4 feet; ω = 10 rev/min = 20π radians/min
12 v = rω
111. r = 2.39 × 105 miles = 4 ⋅ 20π
ω = 1 rev/27.3 days ft
= 80π
= 2π radians/27.3 days min
80π ft 1 mi 60 min
π = ⋅ ⋅
= radians/hr min 5280 ft hr
12 ⋅ 27.3
≈ 2.86 mi/hr
π
v = rω = ( 2.39 × 105 ) ⋅ ≈ 2292 miles/hr
327.6 116. d = 26 inches; r = 13 inches;
112. r = 9.29 × 107 miles ω = 480 rev/min = 960π radians/min
v = rω
ω = 1 rev/365 days
= 13 ⋅ 960π
= 2π radians/365 days
in
π = 12480π
= radians/hr min
12 ⋅ 365
12480π in 1 ft 1 mi 60 min
π = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
v = rω = ( 9.29 × 107 ) ⋅ ≈ 66, 633 miles/hr min 12 in 5280 ft hr
4380
≈ 37.13 mi/hr
113. r1 = 2 inches; r2 = 8 inches; v
ω=
ω1 = 3 rev/min = 6π radians/min r
80 mi/hr 12 in 5280 ft 1 hr 1 rev
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
13 in 1 ft 1 mi 60 min 2π rad
≈ 1034.26 rev/min
709
117. d = 8.5 feet; r = 4.25 feet; v = 9.55 mi/hr 121. The earth makes one full rotation in 24 hours.
v 9.55 mi/hr The distance traveled in 24 hours is the
ω= = circumference of the earth. At the equator the
r 4.25 ft circumference is 2π(3960) miles. Therefore,
9.55 mi 1 5280 ft 1 hr 1 rev
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ the linear velocity a person must travel to keep
hr 4.25 ft mi 60 min 2π up with the sun is:
≈ 31.47 rev/min s 2π(3960)
v= = ≈ 1037 miles/hr
118. Let t represent the time for the earth to rotate 90 t 24
miles.
122. Find s, when r = 3960 miles and θ = 1'.
t 24
= 1 degree π radians
90 2π(3559) θ = 1'⋅ ⋅ ≈ 0.00029 radian
60 min 180 degrees
90(24)
t= ≈ 0.0966 hours ≈ 5.8 minutes s = rθ = 3960(0.00029) ≈ 1.15 miles
2π(3559)
Thus, 1 nautical mile is approximately 1.15
statute miles.
119. A = π r 2
= π (9) 2 123. We know that the distance between Alexandria
= 81π and Syene to be s = 500 miles. Since the
measure of the Sun’s rays in Alexandria is 7.2° ,
3 243 the central angle formed at the center of Earth
We need ¾ of this area. 81π = π . Now between Alexandria and Syene must also be
4 4
7.2° . Converting to radians, we have
we calculate the small area.
π π
A = πr2 7.2° = 7.2° ⋅ = radian . Therefore,
180° 25
= π (3) 2 s = rθ
= 9π π
1 9 500 = r ⋅
We need ¼ of the small area. 9π = π 25
4 4 25 12,500
r= ⋅ 500 = ≈ 3979 miles
243 9 252 π π
So the total area is: π+ π= π = 63π
4 4 4 12,500
square feet. C = 2π r = 2π ⋅ = 25, 000 miles.
π
The radius of Earth is approximately 3979 miles,
120. First we find the radius of the circle.
and the circumference is approximately 25,000
C = 2π r
miles.
8π = 2π r
4=r 124. a. The length of the outfield fence is the arc
length subtended by a central angle θ = 96°
The area of the circle is A = π r 2 = π (4) 2 = 16π . with r = 200 feet.
The area of the sector of the circle is 4π . Now π
s = r ⋅ θ = 200 ⋅ 96° ⋅ ≈ 335.10 feet
we calculate the area of the rectangle. 180°
A = lw The outfield fence is approximately 335.1
A = (4)(4 + 7) feet long.
A = 44 b. The area of the warning track is the
difference between the areas of two sectors
So the area of the rectangle that is outside of the with central angle θ = 96° . One sector with
circle is 44 − 4π u 2 . r = 200 feet and the other with r = 190
feet.
710
Section 7.2: Right Triangle Trigonometry
180 degrees = π radians , the arc length formula

1 1 θ
A = R 2θ − r 2θ = ( R 2 − r 2 ) can be rewritten as follows: s = rθ =
π
rθ .
2 2 2 180
96° π
= ⋅
2 180°
( 2002 − 1902 ) 131 – 133. Answers will vary.
4π
= ( 3900 ) ≈ 3267.26 134. f ( x) = 3x + 7
15
The area of the warning track is about 0 = 3x + 7
3267.26 square feet. 7
3 x = −7 → x = −
3
125. r1 rotates at ω1 rev/min , so v1 = r1ω1 .
r2 rotates at ω2 rev/min , so v2 = r2ω2 . 135. 5 x 2 + 2 = 5 − 14 x
Since the linear speed of the belt connecting the 5 x 2 + 14 x − 3 = 0
pulleys is the same, we have:
v1 = v2 (5 x − 1)( x + 3) = 0
r1ω1 = r2ω2 1
x= or x = −3
5
r1ω1 r2ω2
=
r2ω1 r2ω1 1
So the solution set is −3,
r1 ω2 5
=
r2 ω1
136. Shift to the left 3 units would give y = x + 3 .
126. Answers will vary. Reflecting about the x-axis would give
y = − x + 3 . Shifting down 4 units would result
127. If the radius of a circle is r and the length of the
arc subtended by the central angle is also r, then in y = − x + 3 − 4 .
the measure of the angle is 1 radian. Also,
180 3 x 2 − 12 3( x − 2)( x + 2) 3( x − 2)
1 radian = degrees . 137. = =
π 2
x − 5 x − 14 ( x + 2)( x − 7) ( x − 7)
1 The vertical asymptote is: x = 7
1° = revolution As f(x) go to ∞ then the graph behaves like
360
3 x 2 − 12 3x 2
≈ ≈ 3 so the horizontal
 π radians  x 2 − 5 x − 14 x 2
128. Note that 1° = 1° ⋅   ≈ 0.017 radian
 180°  asymptote is y = 3 .
 180° 
and 1 radian ⋅   ≈ 57.296° .
 π radians 
Therefore, an angle whose measure is 1 radian is
larger than an angle whose measure is 1 degree.
Section 7.2
129. Linear speed measures the distance traveled per
1. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 62 + 102 = 36 + 100 = 136
unit time, and angular speed measures the
change in a central angle per unit time. In other c = 136 = 2 34
words, linear speed describes distance traveled
by a point located on the edge of a circle, and 2. f (5) = 3(5) − 7 = 15 − 7 = 8
angular speed describes the turning rate of the
circle itself. 3. complementary
130. This is a true statement. That is, since an angle 4. cosine
measured in degrees can be converted to radian
measure by using the formula 5. 62o
711
6. c 13. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3; hypotenuse = ?

(hypotenuse) 2 = 22 + 32 = 13
7. True
hypotenuse = 13
8. a
opp 2 2 13 2 13
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
9. True hyp 13 13 13 13
adj 3 3 13 3 13
π  π π   3π  cos θ = = = ⋅ =
10. False; tan   = cot  −  = cot   hyp 13 13 13 13
5 2 5  10 
opp 2
tan θ = =
11. opposite = 5; adjacent = 12; hypotenuse = ? adj 3
(hypotenuse) 2 = 52 + 122 = 169 hyp 13
csc θ = =
hypotenuse = 169 = 13 opp 2
opp 5 hyp 13 hyp 13
sin θ = = csc θ = = sec θ = =
hyp 13 opp 5 adj 3
adj 12 hyp 13 adj 3
cos θ = = sec θ = = cot θ = =
hyp 13 adj 12 opp 2
opp 5 adj 12
tan θ = = cot θ = = 14. opposite = 3; adjacent = 3; hypotenuse = ?
adj 12 opp 5
(hypotenuse) 2 = 32 + 32 = 18
12. opposite = 3; adjacent = 4, hypotenuse = ? hypotenuse = 18 = 3 2
(hypotenuse) 2 = 32 + 42 = 25 opp 3 3 2 2
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hypotenuse = 25 = 5 hyp 3 2 3 2 2 2
opp 3 hyp 5 adj 3 3 2 2
sin θ = = csc θ = = cos θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 opp 3 hyp 3 2 3 2 2 2
adj 4 hyp 5 opp 3
cos θ = = sec θ = = tan θ = = =1
hyp 5 adj 4 adj 3
opp 3 adj 4 hyp 3 2
tan θ = = cot θ = = csc θ = = = 2
adj 4 opp 3 opp 3
hyp 3 2
sec θ = = = 2
adj 3
adj 3
cot θ = = =1
opp 3
15. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 4; opposite = ?

(opposite) 2 + 22 = 42
(opposite) 2 = 16 − 4 = 12
opposite = 12 = 2 3
opp 2 3 3
sin θ = = =
hyp 4 2
adj 2 1
cos θ = = =
hyp 4 2
712
opp 2 3 18. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3 ; hypotenuse = ?

tan θ = = = 3
( 3)
2
adj 2 (hypotenuse) 2 = 22 + =7
hyp 4 4 3 2 3
csc θ = = = ⋅ = hypotenuse = 7
opp 2 3 2 3 3 3
opp 2 2 7 2 7
hyp 4 sin θ = = = ⋅ =
sec θ = = =2 hyp 7 7 7 7
adj 2
adj 3 3 7 21
adj 2 2 3 3 cosθ = = = ⋅ =
cot θ = = = ⋅ = hyp 7 7 7 7
opp 2 3 2 3 3 3
opp 2 2 3 2 3
tan θ = = = ⋅ =
16. opposite = 3; hypotenuse = 4; adjacent = ? adj 3 3 3 3
32 + (adjacent) 2 = 42 hyp 7
2
cscθ = =
(adjacent) = 16 − 9 = 7 opp 2
adjacent = 7 hyp 7 7 3 21
secθ = = = ⋅ =
opp 3 adj 3 3 3 3
sin θ = =
hyp 4 adj 3
cot θ = =
adj 7 opp 2
cos θ = =
hyp 4
19. opposite = 1; hypotenuse = 5 ; adjacent = ?
opp 3 3 7 3 7
( 5)
2
tan θ = = = ⋅ = 12 + (adjacent) 2 =
adj 7 7 7 7
hyp 4 (adjacent) 2 = 5 − 1 = 4
csc θ = =
opp 3 adjacent = 4 = 2
hyp 4 4 7 4 7 opp 1 1 5 5
sec θ = = = ⋅ = sin θ = = = ⋅ =
adj 7 7 7 7 hyp 5 5 5 5
adj 7 adj 2 2 5 2 5
cot θ = = cos θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 3 hyp 5 5 5 5
opp 1
17. opposite = 2 ; adjacent = 1; hypotenuse = ? tan θ = =
adj 2
( 2)
2
(hypotenuse) 2 = + 12 = 3 hyp 5
csc θ = = = 5
hypotenuse = 3 opp 1
opp 2 2 3 6 hyp 5
sin θ = = = ⋅ = sec θ = =
hyp 3 3 3 3 adj 2
adj 1 1 3 3 adj 2
cosθ = = = ⋅ = cot θ = = =2
hyp 3 3 3 3 opp 1
opp 2
tan θ = = = 2
adj 1
hyp 3 3 2 6
cscθ = = = ⋅ =
opp 2 2 2 2
hyp 3
secθ = = = 3
adj 1
adj 1 1 2 2
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 2 2 2 2
713
20. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 5 ; opposite = ? 3 1

22. sin θ = ; cos θ =
( 5)
2
2
(opposite) + 2 = 2 2 2
2
3
(opposite) = 5 − 4 = 1 sin θ 3 2
tan θ = = 2 = ⋅ = 3
opposite = 1 = 1 cos θ 1 2 1
opp 1 1 5 5 2
sin θ = = = ⋅ = 1 1 2 2 3 2 3
hyp 5 5 5 5 csc θ = = = = ⋅ =
sin θ 3 3 3 3 3
adj 2 2 5 2 5
cos θ = = = ⋅ = 2
hyp 5 5 5 5
1 1
opp 1 sec θ = = = 1⋅ 2 = 2
tan θ = = cos θ 1
adj 2 2
hyp 5 1 1 1 3 3
csc θ = = = 5 cot θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 1 tan θ 3 3 3 3
hyp 5
sec θ = =
adj 2 2 5
23. sin θ = ; cos θ =
adj 2 3 3
cot θ = = =2 2
opp 1
sin θ 2 3 2 2 5 2 5
tan θ = = 3 = ⋅ = = ⋅ =
cosθ 5 3 5 5 5 5 5
1 3
21. sin θ = ; cos θ = 3
2 2
1 1 3
1 csc θ = = =
sin θ 1 2 1 1 3 3 sin θ 2 2
tan θ = = 2 = ⋅ = = ⋅ = 3
cosθ 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 3 5 3 5
sec θ = = = =
1 1 cos θ 5 5 5 5
csc θ = = = 1⋅ 2 = 2
sin θ 1 3
2 1 1 5 5 5 5 5
cot θ = = = = =
1 1 2 2 3 2 3 tan θ 2 5 2 5 5 10 2
sec θ = = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 3 3 3 3 3 5
2
1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2
cot θ = = = = ⋅ = = 3 24. sin θ = ; cos θ =
tan θ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
3
sin θ 1 3 1 2 2
tan θ = = 3 = ⋅ = ⋅ =
cosθ 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4
3
1 1
csc θ = = = 1⋅ 3 = 3
sin θ 1
3
1 1 3 3 2 3 2
secθ = = = = ⋅ =
cosθ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
3
1 1 4 4 2 4 2
cot θ = = = = ⋅ = =2 2
tan θ 2 2 2 2 2
4
714
2
25. sin θ = corresponds to the right triangle: c=2
2 b= 2
θ
c=2
a= 2
b= 2
θ opp 2
a sin θ = =
hyp 2
Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
opp 2
( 2) tan θ = = =1
2
a2 + = 22 adj 2
a2 = 4 − 2 = 2 hyp 2 2 2
csc θ = = = ⋅ = 2
a= 2 opp 2 2 2
So the triangle is: hyp 2 2 2
sec θ = = = ⋅ = 2
adj 2 2 2
c=2
b= 2 adj 2
cot θ = = =1
θ opp 2
a= 2 1
27. cos θ =
adj 2 3
cos θ = = Using the Pythagorean Identities:
hyp 2
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
opp 2 2
tan θ = = =1 1
adj 2 sin 2 θ +   = 1
3
hyp 2 2 2 1
sec θ = = = ⋅ = 2 sin 2 θ + = 1
adj 2 2 2 9
hyp 2 2 2 8
csc θ = = = ⋅ = 2 sin 2 θ =
opp 2 2 2 9
8 2 2
adj 2 sin θ = =
cot θ = = =1 9 3
opp 2
(Note: sin θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
sin θ 2 2
2 2 3
2 tan θ = = 3
= ⋅ =2 2
26. cos θ = corresponds to the right triangle: cos θ 1
3 1
2 3
1 1 3 3 2 3 2
csc θ = = = = ⋅ =
c=2 sin θ 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
b
1 1
θ sec θ = = = 1⋅ 3 = 3
cos θ 13
a= 2
1 1 1 2 2
Using the Pythagorean Theorem: cot θ = = = ⋅ =
tan θ 2 2 2 2 2 4
( 2)
2
b2 + = 22
3
b2 = 4 − 2 = 2 28. sin θ =
4
b= 2 Using the Pythagorean Identities:
So the triangle is: sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
2
 3
 + cos θ = 1
2

 4 
715
3 1
+ cos 2 θ = 1 30. cot θ = corresponds to the right triangle:
16 2
13
cos 2 θ =
16
c
13 13 b=2
cosθ = =
16 4 θ
(Note: cos θ must be positive since θ is acute.) a=1
sin θ 3
3 3 13 39 Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
tan θ = = 4
= = ⋅ =
cos θ 13
13 13 13 13 c 2 = 12 + 22 = 5
4
1 1 4 4 3 4 3 c= 5
csc θ = = 3 = = ⋅ = So the triangle is:
sin θ 4
3 3 3 3
1 1 4 4 13 4 13
sec θ = = 13 = = ⋅ = c= 5
cos θ 4
13 13 13 13 b=2
cos θ 13
13 13 3 39 θ
cot θ = = 4
= = ⋅ = a=1
sin θ 4
3
3 3 3 3
opp 2 2 5 2 5
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
1 hyp 5 5 5 5
29. tan θ = corresponds to the right triangle:
2 adj 1 1 5 5
cosθ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5
c opp 2
b=1 tan θ = = =2
adj 1
θ
hyp 5
a=2 cscθ = =
opp 2
Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
hyp 5
c 2 = 12 + 22 = 5 secθ = = = 5
adj 1
c= 5
So, the triangle is: 31. sec θ = 3
Using the Pythagorean Identities:
c= 5 tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
b=1
tan 2 θ + 1 = 32
θ
a=2 tan 2 θ = 32 − 1 = 8
opp 1 1 5 5 tan θ = 8=2 2

sin θ = = = ⋅ = (Note: tan θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
hyp 5 5 5 5
1 1
adj 2 2 5 2 5 cos θ = =
cos θ = = = ⋅ = sec θ 3
hyp 5 5 5 5 sin θ
tan θ = , so
hyp 5 cos θ
csc θ = = = 5
opp 1 1 2 2
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = 2 2 ⋅ =
hyp 5 3 3
sec θ = =
adj 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 2
csc θ = = 2 2 = = ⋅ =
adj 2 sin θ 2 2 2 2 2 4
cot θ = = =2 3
opp 1
1 1 1 2 2
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
tan θ 2 2 2 2 2 4
716
32. csc θ = 5 5

2
25 16
Using the Pythagorean Identities: tan 2 θ =   − 1 = −1 =
3 9 9
cot 2 θ + 1 = csc 2 θ
16 4
cot 2 θ + 1 = 52 tan θ = =
9 3
cot 2 θ = 52 − 1 = 24 (Note: tan θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
cot θ = 24 = 2 6 1 1 3
cos θ = =5 =
(Note: cot θ must be positive since θ is acute.) sec θ 3 5
1 1 sin θ
sin θ = = tan θ = , so
csc θ 5 cos θ
cos θ 4 3 4
cot θ = , so sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = ⋅ =
sin θ 3 5 5
1 2 6 1 1 5
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = 2 6 ⋅ = csc θ = = 4 =
5 5 sin θ 5 4
1 1 1 6 6 1 1 3
tan θ = = = ⋅ = cot θ = = 4 =
cot θ 2 6 2 6 6 12 tan θ 3 4
1 1 5 5 6 5 6
sec θ = = = = ⋅ = 35. csc θ = 2 corresponds to the right triangle:
cos θ 2 5 6 2 6 2 6 6 12
c=2
33. tan θ = 2 b=1
θ
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 a
( 2)
2
sec 2 θ = +1 = 3 Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
a 2 + 12 = 22
sec θ = 3
a2 + 1 = 4
(Note: sec θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
a2 = 4 −1 = 3
1 1 1 3 3
cos θ = = = ⋅ =
sec θ 3 3 3 3 a= 3
sin θ So the triangle is:
tan θ = , so
cos θ
c=2
3 6 b=1
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = 2 ⋅ =
3 3 θ
1 1 3 3 6 3 6 6 a= 3
csc θ = = 6 = = ⋅ = =
sin θ 6 6 6 6 2
3 opp 1
sin θ = =
1 1 1 2 2 hyp 2
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
tan θ 2 2 2 2
adj 3
cos θ = =
hyp 2
5
34. sec θ =
3 opp 1 1 3 3
tan θ = = = ⋅ =
Using the Pythagorean Identities: adj 3 3 3 3
tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ hyp 2 2 3 2 3
2
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
5 adj 3 3 3 3
tan 2 θ + 1 =  
3 adj 3
cot θ = = = 3
opp 1
717
36. cot θ = 2 corresponds to the right triangle: sin 50º

41. tan 50º − = tan 50º − tan 50º = 0 , using the
cos 50º
c sin θ
b=1 identity tan θ =
cos θ
θ
a=2 cos 25º
42. cot 25º − = cot 25º − cot 25º = 0 , using the
Using the Pythagorean Theorem: sin 25º
c 2 = 12 + 22 = 1 + 4 = 5 cos θ
identity cot θ =
c= 5 sin θ
So the triangle is:
43. sin 38º − cos 52º = sin 38º − sin(90º − 52º )
c= 5
= sin 38º − sin 38º
b=1 =0
θ using the identity cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ )
a=2
opp 1 1 5 5 44. tan12º − cot 78º = tan12º − tan(90º − 78º )

sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5 = tan12º − tan12º
adj 2 2 5 2 5 =0
cos θ = = = ⋅ = using the identity cot θ = tan ( 90° − θ )
hyp 5 5 5 5
opp 1
tan θ = = cos10º sin(90º − 10º ) sin 80º
adj 2 45. = = =1
sin 80º sin 80º sin 80º
hyp 5 using the identity cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ )
csc θ = = = 5
opp 1
hyp 5 cos 40º sin(90º − 40º ) sin 50º
sec θ = = 46. = = =1
adj 2 sin 50º sin 50º sin 50º
using the identity cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ )
37. sin 2 20º + cos 2 20º = 1 , using the identity
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 47. 1 − cos 2 20º − cos 2 70º = 1 − cos 2 20º − sin 2 (90º −70º )
= 1 − cos 2 20º − sin 2 (20º )
38. sec 2 28º − tan 2 28º = 1 , using the identity (
= 1 − cos 2 20º + sin 2 (20º ) )
tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ = 1−1
=0
1 using the identities cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) and
39. sin 80º csc80º = sin 80º ⋅ = 1 , using the
sin 80º
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 .
1
identity csc θ =
sin θ 48. 1 + tan 2 5º − csc2 85º = sec2 5º − csc2 85º
1 = sec2 5º − sec2 (90º − 85º )
40. tan10º cot10º = tan10º ⋅ = 1 , using the
tan10º = sec2 5º − sec2 5º
1 =0
identity cot θ =
tan θ using the identities 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ and
csc θ = sec ( 90° − θ )
718
cos 70º sin(90º − 70º ) 53. cos 35º ⋅ sin 55º + cos 55º ⋅ sin 35º
49. tan 20º − = tan 20º −
cos 20º cos 20º = cos 35º ⋅ cos(90º −55º ) + sin(90º −55º ) ⋅ sin 35º
sin 20º = cos 35º ⋅ cos 35º + sin 35º ⋅ sin 35º
= tan 20º −
cos 20º = cos 2 35º + sin 2 35º
= tan 20º − tan 20º
=1
=0
using the identities sin θ = cos ( 90° − θ ) ,
using the identities cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) and
cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) , and sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 .
sin θ
tan θ = .
cos θ 54. sec 35º ⋅ csc 55º − tan 35º ⋅ cot 55º
= sec 35º ⋅ sec(90º −55º ) − tan 35º ⋅ tan(90º −55º )
sin 50º cos(90º − 50º )
50. cot 40º − = cot 40º − = sec 35º ⋅ sec 35º − tan 35º ⋅ tan 35º
sin 40º sin 40º
cos 40º = sec2 35º − tan 2 35º
= cot 40º −
sin 40º = (1 + tan 2 35º ) − tan 2 35º
= cot 40º − cot 40º =1
=0 using the identities csc θ = sec ( 90° − θ ) ,
using the identities sin θ = cos ( 90° − θ ) and cot θ = tan ( 90° − θ ) , and 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
cos θ
cot θ = .
sin θ 1
55. Given: sin 30o =
2
 sin 35º  1
51. tan 35º ⋅sec55º ⋅ cos35º = 
 cos35º 
 sec55º ⋅ cos35º a. ( )
cos 60o = sin 90o − 60o = sin 30o =
2
= sin 35º ⋅ sec55º 2
1 3
= sin 35º ⋅ csc ( 90º −55º )
2 o 2 o
b. cos 30 = 1 − sin 30 = 1 −   =
2 4
= sin 35º ⋅ csc35º
1 π 1 1
= sin 35º ⋅ c. csc = csc 30o = = =2
sin 35º 6 sin 30 o
1
=1 2
sin θ π π π π
using the identities tan θ = , d. sec = csc  −  = csc = csc 30o = 2
cos θ 3 2 3 6
1
sec θ = csc ( 90° − θ ) , and csc θ = .
sin θ 3
56. Given: sin 60o =
2
 cos 25º  3
52. cot 25º ⋅ csc65º ⋅ sin 25º =   ⋅ csc65º ⋅sin 25º
 sin 25º  a. ( )
cos 30o = sin 90o − 30o = sin 60o =
2
= cos 25º ⋅ csc65º
2
= cos 25º ⋅ sec ( 90º −65º )  3 1
b. cos 2 60o = 1 − sin 2 60o = 1 −   =
= cos 25º ⋅ sec 25º  2  4
1
= cos 25º ⋅ π 1 1 1 2 3 2 3
cos 25º c. sec = = = = ⋅ =
6 cos π cos30o 3 3 3 3
=1
6 2
cos θ
using the identities cot θ = ,
sin θ π π π π 2 3
d. csc = sec  −  = sec   = sec30o =
1 3 2 3 6 3
csc θ = sec ( 90° − θ ) , and sec θ = .
cos θ
719
57. Given: tan θ = 4 61. Given: sin 38o ≈ 0.62

a. sec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 + 42 = 1 + 16 = 17 a. cos 38o ≈ ?
1 1 sin 2 38o + cos 2 38o = 1
b. cot θ = =
tan θ 4 cos 2 38o = 1 − sin 2 38o
π  cos 38o = 1 − sin 2 38o
c. cot  − θ  = tan θ = 4
2  ≈ 1 − (0.62) 2
d. csc2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ ≈ 0.78
1 1 1 17 sin 38o 0.62
= 1+ = 1+ 2 = 1+ = b. tan 38o = ≈ ≈ 0.79
tan 2 θ 4 16 16 cos 38o 0.78
58. Given: sec θ = 3 cos 38o 0.79
c. cot 38o = ≈ ≈ 1.27
1 1 sin 38o 0.62
a. cos θ = =
sec θ 3 1 1
d. sec 38o = o
≈ ≈ 1.28
b. tan θ = sec θ − 1 = 3 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
2 2 2
cos 38 0.78
c. csc ( 90º − θ ) = sec θ = 3 1 1
e. csc 38o = o
≈ ≈ 1.61
sin 38 0.62
d. sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1 1 1 8 f. ( )
sin 52o = cos 90o − 52o = cos 38o ≈ 0.78
= 1− = 1− 2 = 1− =
sec θ = sin ( 90 − 52 ) = sin 38
2
3 9 9 g. cos 52o o o o
≈ 0.62
59. Given: csc θ = 4 h. tan 52o = cot ( 90 o
− 52 ) = cot 38
o o
≈ 1.27
1 1
a. sin θ = =
csc θ 4
62. Given: cos 21o ≈ 0.93
b. cot θ = csc θ − 1 = 4 − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15
2 2 2
a. sin 21o ≈ ?
c. sec(90º − θ ) = csc θ = 4 sin 2 21o + cos 2 21o = 1
1 1 16 sin 2 21o = 1 − cos 2 21o
d. sec θ = 1 + tan θ = 1 +
2 2
= 1+ =
cot θ
2
15 15 sin 21o = 1 − cos 2 21o
≈ 1 − (0.93) 2
60. Given: cot θ = 2
1 1 ≈ 0.37
a. tan θ = =
cot θ 2 sin 21o 0.37
b. tan 21o = ≈ ≈ 0.40
cos 21o 0.93
b. csc 2 θ = cot 2 θ + 1 = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
cos 21o 0.93
π  c. cot 21o = ≈ ≈ 2.51
c. tan  − θ  = cot θ = 2 sin 21o 0.37
 2 
1 1
d. sec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ d. sec 21o = o
≈ ≈ 1.08
cos 21 0.93
1 1 1 5
= 1+ = 1+ 2 = 1+ = 1 1
cot θ
2
2 4 4 e. csc 21o = ≈ ≈ 2.70
sin 21o 0.37
f. ( )
sin 69o = cos 90o − 69o = cos 21o ≈ 0.93
g. cos 69o = sin ( 90 o

− 69o ) = sin 21
o
≈ 0.37
h. tan 69o = cot ( 90 o

− 69o ) = cot 21
o
≈ 2.51
720
63. Given: sin θ = 0.3 70. 4 + x 2 = 4 + ( −2 tan θ )2

π 
sin θ + cos  − θ  = sin θ + sin θ = 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6 = 4 + 4 tan 2 θ
 2 
= 4(1 + tan 2 θ )
64. Given: tan θ = 4
= 4sec 2 θ = 2sec θ
π 
tan θ + tan  − θ  = tan θ + cot θ
 2 
71. x 2 − 36 = ( −6sec θ ) 2 − 36
1 1 17
= tan θ + = 4+ =
tan θ 4 4 = 36sec 2 θ − 36
= 36(sec 2 θ − 1)
(
65. The equation sin θ = cos 2θ + 30o will be true )
= 36 tan 2 θ = 6 tan θ
(
when θ = 90o − 2θ + 30o )
θ = 60o − 2θ 9
2
72. 100 x 2 − 81 = 100 sec θ − 81

3θ = 60 o
10
θ = 20o 81
= 100 ⋅ sec 2 θ − 81
100
(
66. The equation tan θ = cot θ + 45o will be true ) = 81sec 2 θ − 81
when θ = 90 − θ + 45
o
( o
) = 81(sec 2 θ − 1)
θ = 45 − θo
= 81tan 2 θ = 9 tan θ
2θ = 45o
θ = 22.5o 1500 500
73. a. T= + = 5 + 5 = 10 minutes
300 100
67. 25 − x 2 = 25 − (5sin θ ) 2
500 1500
b. T= + = 5 + 15 = 20 minutes
= 25 − 25sin 2 θ 100 100
= 25(1 − sin 2 θ ) 500 500
c. tan θ = , so x = .
x tan θ
= 25cos θ = 5cos θ
2
500
sin θ = , so
2 distance in sand
4
68. 16 − 9 x = 16 − 9 sin θ
2
500
3 distance in sand = .
sin θ
16 2 1500 − x distance in sand
= 16 − 9 ⋅ sin θ T (θ ) = +
6 300 100
= 16 − 16sin 2 θ 500 500
1500 −
= tan θ + sin θ
= 16(1 − sin 2 θ )
300 100
= 16 cos 2 θ = 4 cos θ 5 5
= 5− +
3 tan θ sin θ
69. 49 + x 2 = 49 + (7 tan θ ) 2  1 1 
= 5 1 − + 
= 49 + 49 tan 2 θ  3 tan θ sin θ 
= 49(1 + tan 2 θ )
= 49sec2 θ = 7 sec θ
721
500 1 The time is least when the angle is

d. tan θ = = , so we can consider the approximately 70.5˚. The value of x for this
1500 3
triangle: 500
angle is x = ≈ 177 feet . The
tan 70.53º
least time is approximately 9.7 minutes.
10
1 g. Answers will vary.
θ
3 74. a. Consider the length of the line segment in
two sections, x, the portion across the hall
5 5 that is 3 feet wide and y, the portion across
T = 5− +
3 tan θ sin θ 3
that hall that is 4 feet wide. Then, cos θ = ,
5 5 x
= 5− +
1 1 3 4 4
3  so x = and sin θ = , so y = .
 3 10 cos θ y sin θ
= 5 − 5 + 5 10 3 4
Thus, L(θ ) = x + y = + .
≈ 15.8 minutes cos θ sin θ
e. 1000 feet along the paved path leaves an b. Answers will vary.
additional 500 feet in the direction of the
path, so the angle of the path across the sand 75. a. Z 2 = X 2 + R2
is 45˚.
5 5 Z= X 2 + R 2 = 4002 + 6002
T = 5− +
3 tan 45º sin 45º = 520, 000 = 200 13 ≈ 721.1 ohms
5 5 The impedance is about 721.1 ohms.
= 5− +
3 ⋅1 2
2 X 400 2 13
b. sin φ = = =
5 10 Z 200 13 13
= 5− +
3 2 R 600 3 13
cos φ = = =
≈ 10.4 minutes Z 200 13 13
5 5 X 400 2
f. Let Y1 = 5 − + with the tan φ = = =
3 tan x sin x R 600 3
calculator in DEGREE mode. Z 200 13 13
csc φ = = =
20 X 400 2
Z 200 13 13
sec φ = = =
R 600 3
R 600 3
cot φ = = =
X 400 2
0° 90°
0
X
Use the MINIMUM feature: 76. a. tan φ =
R
20
5 X
=
12 588
5 ⋅ 588
= X or X = 245 ohms
12
0° 90°
The inductive reactance is 245 ohms.
0
Z = X 2 + R 2 = 2452 + 5882 = 637
The impedance is 637 ohms.
722
X 245 5 h
b. sin φ = = = 79. h = x ⋅ = x tan θ
Z 637 13 x
R 588 12 h
cos φ = = = h = (1 − x) ⋅ = (1 − x) tan ( nθ )
Z 637 13 1− x
Z 637 13 x tan θ = (1 − x ) tan ( nθ )
csc φ = = =
X 245 5 x tan θ = tan ( nθ ) − x tan ( nθ )
Z 637 13
sec φ = = = x tan θ + x tan ( nθ ) = tan ( nθ )
R 588 12
R 588 12 x ( tan θ + tan ( nθ ) ) = tan ( nθ )
cot φ = = =
X 245 5 tan ( nθ )
x=
tan θ + tan ( nθ )
77. a. Since OA = OC = 1 , ΔOAC is isosceles.
Thus, ∠OAC = ∠OCA. . Now 80. Let x be the distance from O to the first circle.
∠OAC + ∠OCA + ∠AOC = 180º a
From the diagram, we have sin θ = and
∠OAC + ∠OCA + (180º − θ ) = 180º x+a
∠OAC + ∠OCA = θ b
sin θ = .
2 ( ∠OAC ) = θ x + 2a + b
θ a b
∠OAC = Therefore, =
2 x + a x + 2a + b
xb + ab = xa + 2a 2 + ab
CD CD
b. sin θ = = = CD xb − xa = 2a 2
OC 1
x(b − a ) = 2a 2
OD OD
cos θ = = = OD 2a 2
OC 1 x=
b−a
θ CD CD CD sin θ a
c. tan = = = = Therefore, sin θ =
2 AD AO + OD 1 + OD 1 + cosθ x+a
a a
78. Let h be the height of the triangle and b be the = 2
= 2
2a 2a + ab − a 2
base of the triangle. +a
b−a b−a
h
sin θ = , so h = a sin θ a a (b − a ) a(b − a)
a = 2 = =
a + ab a 2 + ab a(b + a )
1
b b−a
cos θ = 2 , so b = 2a cos θ b−a
a =
1 1 b+a
A = bh = (2a cos θ )(a sin θ ) = a 2 sin θ cos θ 2
2 2 b−a
Thus, cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 −  
b+a
b 2 − 2ab + a 2
= 1−
b 2 + 2ab + a 2
b 2 + 2ab + a 2 − b 2 + 2ab − a 2
=
b 2 + 2ab + a 2
4ab 2 ab ab
= = =
( a + b) 2 a+b a+b
2
723
1 1 1
81. a. Area ΔOAC = OC ⋅ AC 82. a. Area of ΔOBC = ⋅1 ⋅ sin θ = sin θ
2 2 2
1 OC AC 1
= ⋅ ⋅ b. Area of ΔOBD = ⋅1 ⋅ tan θ
2 1 1 2
1 1
= cos α sin α = tan θ
2 2
1 sin θ
= sin α cos α =
2 2 cos θ
1 c. Area ΔOBC < Area OBC  < Area ΔOBD
b. Area ΔOCB = OC ⋅ BC
2 1 1 sin θ
OC BC sin θ < θ <
1 2 2 2 2cosθ
= ⋅ OB ⋅ ⋅
2 OB OB sin θ θ sin θ
< <
1 2 sin θ sin θ sin θ cosθ
= OB cos β sin β θ 1
2 1< <
1 2
sin θ cosθ
= OB sin β cos β
2
sin α
1 83. sin α = ⋅ cos α
c. Area ΔOAB = BD ⋅ OA cos α
2 = tan α cos α
1 = cos β cos α
= BD ⋅1
2 = cos β tan β
1 BD
= ⋅ OB ⋅ sin β
2 OB = cos β ⋅
cos β
1 = sin β
= OB sin(α + β )
2
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1
OC
sin 2 α + tan 2 β = 1
cos α OA OC OB
d. = = ⋅ = OB sin 2 β
cos β OC 1 OC sin 2 α + =1
cos 2 β
OB
sin 2 α
e. Area ΔOAB = Area ΔOAC + Area ΔOCB sin 2 α + =1
1 − sin 2 α
1  sin 2 α 
2
OB sin(α + β ) ( )
1 − sin 2 α  sin 2 α + (
 = (1) 1 − sin α
1 − sin 2 α 
2
)

1 1 2
= sin α cos α + OB sin β cos β sin 2 α − sin 4 α + sin 2 α = 1 − sin 2 α
2 2
cos α sin 4 α − 3sin 2 α + 1 = 0
sin(α + β )
cos β Using the quadratic formula:
cos 2 α 3± 5
= sin α cos α + sin β cos β sin 2 α =
cos 2 β 2
cos β cos α 3± 5
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos α + sin β cos β sin α =
cos α cos β 2
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
3+ 5 3− 5
But > 1 . So, sin α = .
2 2
724
x 86. Consider the right triangle:

84. Rewrite as tan θ = . Consider a right triangle
1
with acute angle θ . c
b
θ
x a
If θ is an acute angle in this triangle, then
θ b
a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 . So sin θ = > 0 .
1 c
The hypotenuse is given by c = 1 + x 2 . Also, since a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , we know that:
opposite x x 1 + x2 0 < b2 < c 2
sin θ = = =
hypotenuse 1 + x2 1 + x2 0<b<c
b
adjacent 1 1 + x2 Thus, 0 < < 1
cos θ = = = c
hypotenuse 1 + x2 1 + x2 Therefore, 0 < sin θ < 1 .
adjacent 1
cot θ = = 87 – 88. Answers will vary.
opposite x
hypotenuse 1 + x2 89. The argument for the ln function must be a
sec θ = = = 1 + x2 positive number :
adjacent 1
5x + 2 > 0
hypotenuse 1 + x2
csc θ = = 5 x > −2
opposite x
2
85. Consider the right triangle: x>−
5
c 2 2
b So the domain is: x|x> − or − ,∞
5 5
θ
a 90. Since 4 + 3i is a zero, its conjugate 4 − 3i is also
If θ is an acute angle in this triangle, then: a zero of h . x − (4 + 3i ) and x − (4 − 3i ) are
a factors of h .
a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 . So cos θ = > 0 .
c Thus,
( x − (4 + 3i ))( x − (4 − 3i )) = (( x − 4) − 3i )(( x − 4) + 3i )
Also, since a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , we know that:
0 < a2 < c2 = x 2 − 8 x + 16 − 9i 2
0<a<c = x 2 − 8 x + 25
a is a factor of h .
Thus, 0 < < 1 . Using division to find the other factor:
c
So we now know that 0 < cos θ < 1 which
1 1
implies that: >
cos θ 1
sec θ > 1
725
x 2 + 3 x − 10 2
2 4 3 2
7. sin 45° = csc 45° = 2
x − 8 x + 25 x − 5 x − 9 x + 155 x − 250 2
x 4 − 8 x3 + 25 x 2 2
cos 45° = sec 45° = 2
3 2
2
3 x − 34 x + 155 x tan 45° = 1 cot 45° = 1
3 x3 − 24 x 2 + 75 x
1 3
− 10 x 2 + 80 x − 250 8. sin 30° = sin 60° =
2 2
−10 x 2 + 80 x − 250 3 1
cos 30° = cos 60° =
x 2 + 3 x − 10 = ( x − 2)( x + 5) 2 2
The remaining zeros are 2 and -5. 3
The zeros of h are 4 + 3i, 4 − 3i, 2, − 5 . tan 30° = tan 60° = 3
3
91. Using the Remainder Theorem: 2 3
csc 30° = 2 csc 60° =
P ( −2) = 8( −2) 4 − 2( −2)3 + ( −2) − 8 3
= 8(16) − 2( −8) − 2 − 8 2 3
sec 30° = sec 60° = 2
= 128 + 16 − 2 − 8 = 134 3
3
92. The outer circle would have area: cot 30° = 3 cot 60° =
3
A = πr2
= π (15) 2 = 225π ft 2 3
The garden has area:
9. ( )
f 60o = sin 60o =
2
A = πr2
1
= π (12) 2 = 144π ft 2 ( )
10. g 60o = cos 60o =
2
So the sidewalk has area:
225π − 144π = 81π ft 2 .
 60o  1
11. f ( )
o o
 = f 30 = sin 30 =
 2  2
 60o  3
Section 7.3 12. g  o
( ) o
 = g 30 = cos 30 =
 2  2
1 3
1. tan 45° + sin 30° = 1 + = 2
2 2  3 3
( ) ( )
2 2
13.  f 60o  = sin 60o =   =
 2  4
2. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin1 ≈ 0.84 .
2
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
14.  g 60o  = cos 60o =  =
2
  4
3
3. True
( )
15. 2 f 60o = 2sin 60o = 2 ⋅
2
= 3
4. False 1
( )
16. 2 g 60o = 2 cos 60o = 2 ⋅
2
=1
5. b
6. c
726
Section 7.3: Computing the Values of Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles
2
3  3
( ) ( 2)
2
f 60o sin 60 o
3 1 3 30. 1 + tan 2 30o − csc 2 45o = 1 +   −
= = 2 = ⋅ =
17.
2 2 2 2 2 4  3 
3
= 1+ − 2
1 9
18.
( ) = cos 60
g 60o o
1 1 1
= 2= ⋅ = 2
=−
2 2 2 2 2 4 3
2 2 31. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin 28º ≈ 0.47 .

19. 4 cos 45º −2sin 45º = 4 ⋅ − 2⋅
2 2
=2 2− 2
= 2
2 4 3 32. Set the calculator to degree mode: cos14º ≈ 0.97 .

20. 2sin 45º +4 cos 30º = 2 ⋅ + = 2+2 3
2 2
1
21. 6 tan 45º −8cos 60º = 6 ⋅1 − 8 ⋅ = 6−4 = 2
2
33. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan 21º ≈ 0.38 .
1 3
22. sin 30º ⋅ tan 60º = ⋅ 3=
2 2
π π 2 3 4 3
23. sec + 2 csc = 2 + 2⋅ = 2+
4 3 3 3
34. Set the calculator to degree mode:
π π 1
24. tan + cot = 1+1 = 2 cot 70º = ≈ 0.36 .
4 4 tan 70º
2
2 π 2 3 12 4 8
25. sec − 4 =   − 4 = − 4 = − 4 = −
6  3  9 3 3
π
( 3) 35. Set the calculator to degree mode:
2
26. 4 + tan 2 = 4+ = 4+3 = 7
3 1
sec 41º = ≈ 1.33 .
cos 41º
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
27. sin 2 30o + cos 2 60o =   +   = + =
2 2 4 4 2
28. sec2 60o − tan 2 45o = ( 2 ) − (1) = 4 − 1 = 3

2 2
36. Set the calculator to degree mode:

2
 3 1 2
1
29. 1 − cos 2 30o − cos 2 60o = 1 −   −   csc 55º = ≈ 1.22 .
 2  2 sin 55º
3 1
= 1− −
4 4
=0
727
π 43. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin 1 ≈ 0.84 .

37. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin ≈ 0.31 .
10
44. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 1 ≈ 1.56 .

π
38. Set the calculator to radian mode: cos ≈ 0.92 .
8
45. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin1º ≈ 0.02 .
5π
39. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan ≈ 3.73 .
12
46. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan1º ≈ 0.02 .
40. Set the calculator to radian mode:

π 1
cot = ≈ 5.67.
18 tan π 47. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 0.3 ≈ 0.31 .
18
48. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 0.1 ≈ 0.10 .

π 1
sec = ≈ 1.04.
12 cos π
12
49. ( f + g )(30°) = f (30°) + g (30°)

= sin 30° + cos 30°
1 3 1+ 3
42. Set the calculator to radian mode: = + =
2 2 2
5π 1
csc = ≈ 1.07.
13 sin 5π 50. ( f − g )(60°) = f (60°) − g (60°)
13 = sin 60° − cos 60°
3 1 3 −1
= − =
2 2 2
728
π  π  π  π π  π 
51. ( f ⋅ g )   = f   ⋅ g   c. f  + −3 = f  −3
4 4 4 4 4 2
π  π  π 
= sin   cos   = sin   − 3
4 4 2
2 2 4 2 1 = 1− 3
= ⋅ = = =
2 2 4 4 2 = −2
π 
The point  , − 2  is on the graph of
π  π  π  4 
52. ( f ⋅ g )   = f   ⋅ g  
3 3 3  π
y = f x + −3 .
π  π   4
= sin   cos  
3 3
3 1 3 π  π  3
= ⋅ = 58. a. g   = cos   =
2 2 4 6 6 2
π 3
The point  ,  is on the graph of g.
π    π  6 2 
53. ( f  h)   = f  h   
6   6 
 3 π
  π  π  3 b. The point  ,  is on the graph of g −1 .
= sin  2    = sin   =  2 6
  6  3 2
π π 
c. 2 g  −  = 2 g (0)
54. ( g  p )(60°) = g ( p (60°) ) 6 6
 60°  3 = 2 cos(0)
= cos   = cos 30° =
 2  2 = 2 ⋅1
=2
55. ( p  g )(45°) = p ( g (45°) ) π 
Thus, the point  , 2  is on the graph of
cos 45° 6 
=
2  π
y = 2g  x −  .
1 1 2 2  6
= cos 45° = ⋅ =
2 2 2 4
59. c = 8, θ = 35º
π    π 
56. (h  f )   = h  f   
6   6  8
a
  π  1
= 2  sin    = 2 ⋅ = 1 35º
  6  2 b
a b
sin ( 35º ) = cos ( 35º ) =
π  π  2 8 8
57. a. f   = sin   =
4 4 2 a = 8sin ( 35º ) b = 8cos ( 35º )
π 2 ≈ 8(0.5736) ≈ 8(0.8192)
The point  ,  is on the graph of f.
4 2  ≈ 4.59 in. ≈ 6.55 in.
 2 π
b. The point  ,  is on the graph of f −1 .
 2 4
729
60. c = 10, θ = 40º π

Case 2: θ = , b=3
8
10
a
c a
40º
b _π
8
a b 3
sin ( 40º ) = cos ( 40º ) =
10 10 π 3
cos   =
a = 10sin ( 40º ) b = 10 cos ( 40º ) 8 c
≈ 10(0.6428) ≈ 10(0.7660) 3 3
c= ≈ ≈ 3.25 m.
≈ 6.43 cm. ≈ 7.66 cm.  π  0.9239
cos  
8
61. a. Case 1: θ = 25º , a = 5
b. There are two possible cases because the
given side could be adjacent or opposite the
c given angle.
5
25º 2v0 2 sin θ cos θ
b 63. Use the formula R = with
g
5
sin ( 25º ) =
c g = 32.2ft/sec 2 ; θ = 45º ; v0 = 100 ft/sec :
2 (100 ) sin 45º ⋅ cos 45º
2
5 5
c= ≈ ≈ 11.83 in. R= ≈ 310.56 feet
sin ( 25º ) 0.4226 32.2
Case 2: θ = 25º , b = 5 v0 2 sin 2 θ
Use the formula H = with
2g
c a g = 32.2ft/sec 2 ; θ = 45º ; v0 = 100 ft/sec :
25º 1002 sin 2 45º
5
H= ≈ 77.64 feet
2(32.2)
5
cos ( 25º ) =
c 2v0 2 sin θ cos θ
5 5 64. Use the formula R = with
c= ≈ ≈ 5.52 in. g
cos ( 25º ) 0.9063
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 30º ; v0 = 150 m/sec :
b. There are two possible cases because the
2 (150 ) sin 30º ⋅ cos 30º
2
given side could be adjacent or opposite the R= ≈ 1988.32 m
given angle. g
π v0 2 sin 2 θ
62. a. Case 1: θ = , a = 3 Use the formula H = with
8 2g
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 30º ; v0 = 150 m/sec :
c 3 1502 sin 2 30º 22,500(0.5) 2
H= = ≈ 286.99 m
_π 2(9.8) 19.6
8
b
π 3
sin   =
8 c
3 3
c= ≈ ≈ 7.84 m.
 π  0.3827
sin  
8
730
2v0 2 sin θ cos θ 69. We rearrange the order of the terms in this
65. Use the formula R = with product as follows:
g
tan1o ⋅ tan 2o ⋅ tan 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ tan 89o
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 25º ; v0 = 500 m/sec :
( )(
= tan1o ⋅ tan 89o ⋅ tan 2o ⋅ tan 88o ⋅ ... )
2 ( 500 ) sin 25º ⋅ cos 25º
2
R=
g
≈ 19,541.95 m (
⋅ tan 44 ⋅ tan 46o ⋅ tan 45o
o
)( )
Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of
v 2 sin 2 θ complementary angles. For example, using
Use the formula H = 0 with
2g cofunction properties, we have:
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 25º ; v0 = 500 m/sec : ( tan1o
) (
⋅ tan 89o = tan1o ⋅ tan 90o − 1o ( ))
5002 sin 2 25º = ( tan1 o
⋅ cot1o )
H= ≈ 2278.14 m
2(9.8)  1 
=  tan1o ⋅ 
 tan1o 
2v0 2 sin θ cos θ
66. Use the formula R = with =1
g
g = 32.2ft/sec 2 ; θ = 50º ; v0 = 200 ft/sec :
( tan 2 o
) (
⋅ tan 88o = tan 2o ⋅ tan 90o − 2o ( ))
= ( tan 2 o
⋅ cot 2o )
2 ( 200 ) sin 50º ⋅ cos 50º
2
R= ≈ 1223.36 ft
g  1 
=  tan 2o ⋅ 
 tan 2o 
v0 2 sin 2 θ =1
Use the formula H = with
2g and so on.
g = 32.2ft/sec ; θ = 50º ; v0 = 200 ft/sec :
2 This result holds for each pair in our product.
Since we know that tan 45o = 1 , our product can
2002 sin 2 50º
H= ≈ 364.49 ft be rewritten as: 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 = 1 .
2(32.2)
Therefore, tan1o ⋅ tan 2o ⋅ tan 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ tan 89o = 1.
2a 70. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this

67. Use the formula t = ± with
g sin θ cos θ product as follows:
g = 32 ft/sec 2 and a = 10 feet : cot1o ⋅ cot 2o ⋅ cot 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ cot 89o
2 (10 ) ( )(
= cot1o ⋅ cot 89o ⋅ cot 2o ⋅ cot 88o ⋅ ... )
a. t=± ≈ 1.20 seconds
32sin 30º ⋅ cos 30º (
⋅ cot 44o ⋅ cot 46o ⋅ cot 45o )( )
2 (10 ) Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of
b. t=± ≈ 1.12 seconds complementary angles. For example, using
32sin 45º ⋅ cos 45º cofunction properties, we have:
2 (10 ) ( cot1o
) (
⋅ cot 89o = cot1o ⋅ cot 90o − 1o ( ))
c. t=± ≈ 1.20 seconds
32sin 60º ⋅ cos 60º = ( cot1 o
⋅ tan1 o
)
68. Use the formula =1
x = cos θ + 16 + 0.5(2 cos θ − 1) .
2
( cot 2 o o
⋅ cot 88 ) = ( cot 2 o
(
⋅ cot 90o − 2o ))
When θ = 30º : = ( cot 2 o
⋅ tan 2o )
(
x = cos 30º + 16 + 0.5 2 cos 2 30º −1 ≈ 4.897 in ) =1
and so on.
When θ = 45º : This result holds for each pair in our product.
(
x = cos 45º + 16 + 0.5 2 cos 2 45º −1 ≈ 4.707 in ) Since we know that cot 45o = 1 , our product can
731
be rewritten as: 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 = 1 . Therefore,

( sin1o
) (
⋅ sec89o = sin1o ⋅ sec 90o − 1o ( ))
cot1o ⋅ cot 2o ⋅ cot 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ cot 89o = 1 .
= ( sin1 o
⋅ csc1 o
)
71. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this
 1 
product as follows: =  sin1o ⋅ 
 sin1o 
cos1o ⋅ cos 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ cos 45o ⋅ csc 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ csc89o
=1
( )(
= cos1o ⋅ csc89o ⋅ cos 2o ⋅ csc88o ⋅ ... ) ( sin 2 o
) (
⋅ sec88o = sin 2o ⋅ sec 90o − 2o ( ))
( o
⋅ cos 44 ⋅ csc 46 ⋅ cos 45 o
)( o
) = ( sin 2
o
⋅ csc 2 o
)
complementary angles. For example, using  1 
=  sin 2o ⋅ 
cofunction properties, we have:  sin 2o 
( cos1o
) (
⋅ csc89o = cos1o ⋅ csc 90o − 1o ( )) =1
and so on.
= ( cos1 o
⋅ sec1o ) This result holds for each pair in our product. And
 1  2
=  cos1o ⋅ o 
since we know that sin 45o = , our product can
 cos1  2
=1 2 2
be rewritten as 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 ⋅ = . Thus,
( cos 2 o
) (
⋅ csc88o = cos 2o ⋅ csc 90o − 2o ( )) 2 2
2
= ( cos 2 o
⋅ sec 2o ) sin1o ⋅ sin 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ sin 45o ⋅ sec 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ sec89o = .
2
 1 
=  cos 2o ⋅ 
 cos 2o  AC
73. tan ( 35º ) =
=1 100
and so on. AC = 100 tan ( 35º ) ≈ 100(0.7002) ≈ 70.02 feet
This result holds for each pair in our product.
2 AC
Since we know that cos 45o = , our product 74. tan ( 40º ) =
2 100
2 2 AC = 100 tan ( 40º ) ≈ 100(0.8391) ≈ 83.91 feet
can be rewritten as 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅⋅⋅1 ⋅ = . Thus,
2 2
2 75. Let x = the height of the Eiffel Tower.
cos1o ⋅ cos 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ cos 45o ⋅ csc 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ csc89o = . x
2 tan ( 85.361º ) =
80
72. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this x = 80 tan ( 85.361º ) ≈ 80(12.3239) ≈ 985.91 feet
product as follows:
sin1o ⋅ sin 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ sin 45o ⋅ sec 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ sec89o 76. Let x = the distance to the shore.
( o o
)(
= sin1 ⋅ sec89 ⋅ sin 2 ⋅ sec88 ⋅ ...o o
)
100 ft
(
⋅ sin 44o ⋅ sec 46o ⋅ sin 45o )( ) 30º
x
100
complementary angles. For example, using tan ( 30º ) =
cofunction properties, we have: x
100 100 300
x= = = = 100 3 ≈ 173.21 feet
tan ( 30º ) 3 3
3
732
77. Let x = the distance to the base of the plateau. 80. Let h = the height of the balloon.
54º 61º
50 m
60º h h
x
50
tan ( 60º ) = 61º
x 54º
100 ft x − 100
50 50 50 3 x
x= = = ≈ 28.87 meters
tan ( 60º ) 3 3
h
tan ( 54º ) =
78. Let x = the distance up the building x
h
x=
22 feet
tan ( 54º )
x
h
tan ( 61º ) =
70º x − 100
sin ( 70º ) =
x h = ( x − 100) tan ( 61º )
22
x = 22sin ( 70º ) ≈ 22(0.9397) ≈ 20.67 feet  h 
h= − 100  tan ( 61º )
 tan ( 54º ) 
79. We construct the figure below: tan(61°)
h− h = −100 tan ( 61° )
tan(54°)
32º 23º
 tan(61°) 
500 ft h 1 −  = −100 tan ( 61° )
32º 23º  tan(54°) 
x y
−100 tan ( 61° )
h= ≈ 580.61
 tan ( 61° ) 
500 500 −
 tan ( 54° ) 
1
tan ( 32º ) = tan ( 23º ) =  
x y
Thus, the height of the balloon is approximately
500 500
x= y= 580.61 feet.
tan ( 32º ) tan ( 23º )
81. Let h represent the height of Lincoln's face.
Distance = x + y
h
500 500
= +
tan ( 32º ) tan ( 23º )
b
≈ 1978.09 feet
35º
32º
800 feet
b
tan ( 32º ) =
800
b = 800 tan ( 32º ) ≈ 499.90
b+h
tan ( 35º ) =
800
b + h = 800 tan ( 35º ) ≈ 560.17
Thus, the height of Lincoln’s face is:
h = (b + h) − b = 560.17 − 499.90 ≈ 60.27 feet
733
82. Let h represent the height of tower above the The length of the highway = x + y + z
Sky Pod. 1
sin ( 40º ) =
h x
1
x= ≈ 1.5557 mi
sin ( 40º )
b
1
20.1º
24.4º sin ( 50º ) =
z
4000 feet
1
b z= ≈ 1.3054 mi
tan ( 20.1º ) = sin ( 50º )
4000
1
b = 4000 tan ( 20.1º ) ≈ 1463.79 tan ( 40º ) =
a
b+h 1
tan ( 24.4º ) = a= ≈ 1.1918 mi
4000 tan ( 40º )
b + h = 4000 tan ( 24.4º ) ≈ 1814.48
1
Thus, the height of tower above the Sky Pod is: tan ( 50º ) =
b
h = (b + h) − b = 1814.48 − 1463.79 ≈ 350.69 feet
1
b= ≈ 0.8391 mi
83. Let x = the length of the guy wire. tan ( 50º )
10 ft a+ y+b = 3
y = 3− a −b
x
≈ 3 − 1.1918 − 0.8391 = 0.9691 mi
190 ft The length of the highway is about:
1.5557 + 0.9691 + 1.3054 ≈ 3.83 miles .
45º
190 86. Let x = the distance from George at which the

sin ( 45º ) = camera must be set in order to see his head and
x feet.
190 190 380 x
x= = = = 190 2 ≈ 268.70 ft
sin ( 45º ) 2 2 20º
2 4 ft
84. Let h = the height of the monument.

4
tan ( 20º ) =
x
4
h x= ≈ 10.99 feet
tan ( 20º )
35.1º
789 ft If the camera is set at a distance of 10 feet from
George, his feet will not be seen by the lens.
h
tan ( 35.1º ) = The camera would need to be moved back about
789 1 additional foot (11 feet total).
h = 789 tan ( 35.1º ) ≈ 789(0.7028) ≈ 554.52 ft
87. a. We label the diagram as follows:
85. Let x, y, and z = the three segments of the 8 mi
highway around the bay (see figure).
y
1 mi s s 1 mi
z θ θ
1 mi
x
1 mi
x 8 − 2x x
140º 40º 50º 130º
a b
3 mi
734
1 1 2 1
Note that tan θ = and sin θ = , so d. T (60º ) = 1 + −
x s 3sin 60o 4 tan 60o
1 1 2 1
x= and s = . Also, note that = 1+ −
tan θ sin θ 3 4⋅ 3
3⋅
distance 2
distance = rate ⋅ time , so time = .
rate 4 1
= 1+ − ≈ 1.63 hr
Then, 3 3 4 3
distance on sand Sally is on the paved road for
time on sand =
rate on sand 1
1− ≈ 0.86 hr .
 1  4 tan 60o
2 
2s sin θ  2
= =  = 2 1
3 3 3sin θ e. T (90º ) = 1 + − .
3sin 90º 4 tan 90º
distance on road But tan 90º is undefined, so we can’t use
and time on road =
rate on road the function formula for this path.
8 − 2x x However, the distance would be 2 miles in
= = 1−
8 4 the sand and 8 miles on the road. The total
1 2 5
time would be: + 1 = ≈ 1.67 hours. The
= 1− tan θ = 1− 1 3 3
4 4 tan θ path would be to leave the first house
So, total time = time on sand + time on road walking 1 mile in the sand straight to the
road. Then turn and walk 8 miles on the
2  1 
T (θ ) = + 1 −  road. Finally, turn and walk 1 mile in the
3sin θ  4 tan θ  sand to the second house.
2 1 1 1 1
= 1+ − f. tanθ = , so x = = = 4 . Thus,
3sin θ 4 tan θ 4 tan θ 1/ 4
2 1 the Pythagorean Theorem yields:
b. T (30º ) = 1 + −
3sin 30º 4 tan 30º s 2 = x 2 + 12
2 1 s = x 2 + 1 = 42 + 1 = 17
= 1+ −
1 1 Total time = time on sand + time on road
3⋅ 4⋅
2 3
2 s 8 − 2 x 2 17 8 − 2 ⋅ 4
4 3 T= + = +
= 1+ − ≈ 1.9 hr 3 8 3 8
3 4 2 17 8 − 8 2 17
Sally is on the paved road for = + = +0
3 8 3
1
1− ≈ 0.57 hr . 2 17
4 tan 30º = ≈ 2.75 hrs
3
2 1 The path would be to leave the first house
c. T (45º ) = 1 + −
3sin 45º 4 tan 45º and walk in the sand directly to the bridge.
2 1 Then cross the bridge (approximately 0
= 1+ − miles on the road), and then walk in the sand
1 4 ⋅1
3⋅ directly to the second house.
2
2 1
2 2 1 g. Let Y1 = 1 + −
= 1+ − ≈ 1.69 hr 3sin x 4 tan x
3 4
Sally is on the paved road for
1
1− = 0.75 hr .
4 tan 45o
735
4 Then r = h cot θ
 R + R cos θ  cos θ 
=  
 cos θ  sin θ 
R + R cos θ
=
0° 90° sin θ
0 1
Use the MINIMUM feature: Thus, V = π r 2 h
3
4 2
1  R + R cos θ   R + R cos θ 
= π   
3  sin θ   cos θ 
π ( R + R cos θ )
3
=
3sin 2 θ cos θ
0° 90°
0 b. When θ = 30º :
The time is least when θ ≈ 67.98º . The least π ( 2 + 2 cos 30º )
3
time is approximately 1.62 hour. V ( 30º ) = ≈ 251.4 cm3

3sin 2 30º ⋅ cos 30º
Sally’s time on the paved road is
1 1 When θ = 45º :
1− ≈ 1− ≈ 0.90 hour. π ( 2 + 2 cos 45º )
3
4 tan θ 4 tan 67.98o V ( 45º ) = ≈ 117.9 cm3
88. a. We label the diagram as follows:
When θ = 60º :
π ( 2 + 2 cos 60º )
3
V ( 60º ) = ≈ 75.4 cm3

π ( 2 + 2 cos x )
3
c. Let Y1 = .
3(sin x) 2 cos x
500
h h
Note that tan θ = , so r = = h cot θ .
r tan θ
Consider the smaller triangle in the figure.
0° 90°
R
(
From this, sin 90o − θ =) h−R
. Since 0
Using a slant angle of approximately 70.5o
( )
sin 90 − θ = cos θ , we have that:
o
will yield the minimum volume 67.0 cm3 .
R
cos θ =
h−R 89. Adding some lines to the diagram and labeling
R special points, we obtain the following:
h−R = 5
cos θ B C D
R R + R cos θ α α
h= +R= 1.8
cos θ cos θ
E
1.2
1.5 A
1 3
736
If we let x = length of side BC, we see that, in 91. a. Let L = L1 + L2 and y = 30 − x . We have
3 15
ΔABC , tan α = . Also, in ΔEDC , L1 = . Also we have
x
cos θ
1.8
tan α = . Therefore, we have x
5− x tan θ =  x = 15 tan θ . And by the
15
3 1.8
= Pythagorean Theorem:
x 5− x
15 − 3 x = 1.8 x
L2 2 = y 2 + 102
15 = 4.8 x
15 L2 = 100 + y 2
x= = 3.125 ft
4.8 Using this information we have:
1 + 3.125 = 4.125 ft y 2 = (30 − x) 2 = 900 − 60 x + x 2
The player should hit the top cushion at a point
that is 4.125 feet from upper left corner. L2 = 100 + (900 − 60 x + x 2 )
90. a. The distance between the buildings is the = 1000 − 60 x + x 2

length of the side adjacent to the angle of Since x = 15 tan θ then:
elevation in a right triangle. L2 = 1000 − 60(15 tan θ ) + (15 tan θ ) 2 )
= 1000 − 900 tan θ + 225 tan 2 θ
1776
= 25(40 − 36 tan θ + 9 tan 2 θ )
34° = 5 40 − 36 tan θ + 9 tan 2 θ
x
opposite Since L = L1 + L2 then
Since tan θ = and we know the
adjacent 15
angle measure, we can use the tangent to L = L1 + L2 = + 5 40 − 36 tan θ + 9 tan 2 θ
cos θ
find the distance. Let x = the distance
between the buildings. This gives us b. The maximum θ can be is when
1776 30
tan 34° = tan θ =  θ = 63.4° so the domain of θ is
x
1776 15
x= 0° < θ < 63.4°
tan 34°
x ≈ 2633
The office building is about 2633 feet from c. L(45°) = 15
cos(45)
+ 5 40 − 36 tan(45) + 9 tan 2 (45)
the base of the tower.
= 21.213 + 5 40 − 36 + 9
b. Let y = the difference in height between 1
WTC and the office building. Together with = 21.213 + 18.028 = 39.2 ft.
the result from part (a), we get the following x = 15 tan θ = 15 tan(45°) = 15 ft.
diagram
d.
y
20°
2633
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
y
tan 20° =
2633
y ≈ 958
The 1 WTC is about 958 feet taller than the The minimum occurs when θ = 50.2° .
office building. Therefore, the office
building is 1776 − 958 = 818 feet tall. e. Using the minimum function we find that the
minimum length for the wire is 39.05 feet and
737
occurs when θ = 50.2° . Thus f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 12 x − 13

x = 15 tan(50.2°) = 18 so it is anchored 18 feet = −2( x 2 − 6 x) − 13
from the 15-ft pole.
144 144
= −2 x 2 − 6 x + − 13 + 2
4( 2) 2 4( 2) 2
cos θ − 1
92. θ cos θ − 1
θ = −2( x 2 − 6 x + 9) − 13 + 18
0.5 −0.1224 −0.2448 = −2( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 5
0.4 −0.0789 −0.1973 = −2( x − 3) 2 + 5
0.2 −0.0199 −0.0997
0.1 −0.0050 −0.0050 So the vertex is (3,5) and the axis of symmetry
0.01 −0.00005 −0.0050 is x = 3.
0.001 0.0000 −0.0005
99. ex−4 = 6
0.0001 0.0000 −0.00005
0.00001 0.0000 −0.000005 ln e x − 4 = ln 6
cos θ − 1 ( x − 4) ln e = ln 6
approaches 0 as θ approaches 0. ( x − 4) = ln 6
θ
x = ln 6 + 4
θ sin θ
sin θ So the solution set is: {ln 6 + 4} .
93.
θ
0.5 0.4794 0.9589 100. f ( x) = x3 − 9 x 2 + 3x − 27
0.4 0.3894 0.9735 = ( x − 9)( x 2 + 3)
0.2 0.1987 0.9933
The factor ( x 2 + 3) has no real roots so the
0.1 0.0998 0.9983
solution set is: {9} .
0.01 0.0100 1.0000
0.001 0.0010 1.0000
0.0001 0.0001 1.0000
0.00001 0.00001 1.0000
sin θ Section 7.4
approaches 1 as θ approaches 0.
θ
1. tangent, cotangent
94 – 96. Answers will vary. 2. coterminal
3. 240º −180º = 60º

97. x 2 − 5 = ( x + 3)( x − 3) + 4
x2 − 5 = x2 − 9 + 4 4. False: sin182º = cos 92º
−5 = −5
This is true for all real numbers so the solution 5. True
set is all real numbers.
6. True
98. We need to use completing the square to put the
function in the form 7. 600º −360º = 240º ; 240º −180º = 60º
f ( x ) = a ( x − h) 2 + k
8. b
π 3π
9. and
2 2
738
Section 7.4: Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
10. d
11. ( −3, 4 ) : a = −3, b = 4
( −3 )
2
r = a 2 + b2 = + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
b −3 13 3 13
sin θ = = =−
r 13 13 13
a 2 13 2 13
b 4 a −3 3 cos θ = = =
sin θ = = cos θ = = =− r 13 13 13
r 5 r 5 5 b −3 3 a 2 2
b 4 4 a −3 3 tan θ = = =− cot θ = = =−
tan θ = = =− cot θ = = =− a 2 2 b −3 3
a −3 3 b 4 4
r 13 r 13 13
r 5 5 r 5 sec θ = = csc θ = = =−
sec θ = = =− csc θ = = a 2 b −3 3
a −3 3 b 4
12. ( 5, −12 ) : a = 5, b = −12

14. ( −1, −2 ) : a = −1, b = −2
( −1) + ( −2 ) = 1 + 4 = 5
2 2
r = a 2 + b 2 = 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 r = a 2 + b2 =
b −12 12 a 5
sin θ = = =− cos θ = =
r 13 3 r 13 b −2 5 2 5
b −12 12 a 5 5 sin θ = = =−
tan θ = = =− cot θ = = =− r 5 5 5
a 5 5 b −12 12
a −1 5 5
r 13 r 13 13 cos θ = = =−
sec θ = = csc θ = = =− r 5 5 5
a 5 b −12 12
b −2 a −1 1
tan θ = = =2 cot θ = = =
13. ( 2, −3) : a = 2, b = −3 a −1 b −2 2
r 5 r 5 5
r = a 2 + b 2 = 22 + ( −3) = 4 + 9 = 13
2
sec θ = = =− 5 csc θ = = =−
a −1 b −2 2
739
15. ( −3, −3) : a = −3, b = −3  3 1 3 1

17.  ,  : a = , b=
r = a 2 + b2 = ( −3)
2
+ ( −3) = 18 = 3 2
2
 2 2 2 2
2
 3   1 2 3 1
r = a 2 + b 2 =   +   = + = 1 =1
 2  2 4 4
b −3 2 2
sin θ = = =−
r 3 2 2 2
1
a −3 2 2 b 2 1 r 1
cos θ = = =− sin θ = = = cscθ = = =2
r 3 2 2 2 r 1 2 b 1
b −3 a −3 2
tan θ = = =1 cot θ = = =1
a −3 b −3 3
a 3
r 3 2 r 3 2 cosθ = = 2 =
sec θ = = =− 2 csc θ = = =− 2 r 1 2
a −3 b −3
1
b 1 3 3
16. ( 2, −2 ) : a = 2, b = −2 tan θ = = 2 = =
a 3 3 3 3
r = a 2 + b 2 = 22 + ( −2 ) = 8 = 2 2
2
2
r 1 2 3 2 3
secθ = = = =
a 3 3 3 3
2
3
a 2
cot θ = = = 3
b 1
2
 1 3 1 3
18.  − ,  : a = − , b =
 2 2  2 2
b −2 2 2
sin θ = = =− 2
 1  3
2
r 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3
r = a + b =  −  +   = + = 1 =1
a 2 2 2  2  2  4 4
cos θ = = =
r 2 2 2 2
b −2 a 2
tan θ = = = −1 cot θ = = = −1
a 2 b −2
r 2 2 r 2 2
sec θ = = = 2 csc θ = = =− 2
a 2 b −2
740
3  2 2 2 2
b 3 20.  − ,−  : a = − , b=−
2
sin θ = = =  2 2  2 2
r 1 2
2 2
1  2  2 2 2
a −2 1 r =  −  +  −  = + = 1 =1
cosθ = = =−  2   2  4 4
r 1 2
3
b 2
tan θ = = =− 3
a −1
2
r 1 2 3 2 3
cscθ = = = =
b 3 3 3 3
2
r 1
secθ = = = −2
a −1
2 2
−
1 b 2 =− 2
a − 2 −1 3 3 sin θ = =
cot θ = = = =− r 1 2
b 3 3 3 3
2
2 −
a 2 2
cos θ = = =−
r 1 2
 2 2 2 2
19.  ,−  : a = , b=− 2
 2 2  2 2 −
b 2
tan θ = = =1
 2 
2 2
a 2
2 2 2 −
r =   +  −  = + = 1 =1 2
 2   2  4 4
r 1 2 2
csc θ = = =− =− 2
b 2 2 2
−
2
r 1 2 2
sec θ = = =− =− 2
a 2 2 2
−
2
2
−
a 2
cot θ = = =1
b 2
−
2 2 2
b − 2 2 a 2 = 2
sin θ = = =− cosθ = =
r 1 2 r 1 2 2
2 2 21. sin 405º = sin(360º + 45º ) = sin 45º =
2
b − 2 a 2 = −1
tan θ = = = −1 cot θ = =
a 2 b 2 1
− 22. cos 420º = cos(360º + 60º ) = cos 60º =
2 2 2
r 1 2 2
secθ = = = = 2 23. tan 405º = tan(180º + 180º + 45º ) = tan 45º = 1
a 2 2 2
2
1
r 1 2 2 24. sin 390º = sin(360º + 30º ) = sin 30º =
cscθ = = =− =− 2 2
b 2 2 2
−
2
741
25. csc 450º = csc(360º + 90º ) = csc 90º = 1 35. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and
IV, and tan θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and
26. sec 540º = sec(360º + 180º ) = sec180º = −1 IV, the angle θ lies in quadrant IV.
36. Since cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and IV,

27. cot 390º = cot(180º + 180º + 30º ) = cot 30º = 3
and tan θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and III,
the angle θ lies in quadrant I.
28. sec 420º = sec(360º + 60º ) = sec 60º = 2
37. Since cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and IV,
33π  π 32π  and cot θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and IV,
29. cos = cos  + 
4 4 4  the angle θ lies in quadrant IV.
π 
= cos  + 8π  38. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and
4  IV, and cot θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and
π  III, the angle θ lies in quadrant III.
= cos  + 4 ⋅ 2π 
 4 
39. Since sec θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and III,
π
= cos and tan θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and III,
4
the angle θ lies in quadrant III.
2
=
2 40. Since csc θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and II,
and cot θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and IV,
9π  π 8π  the angle θ lies in quadrant II.
30. sin = sin  + 
4 4 4 
41. θ = −30o is in quadrant IV, so the reference
π 
= sin  + 2π  angle is α = 30o .
4 
π 42. θ = −60o is in quadrant IV, so the reference
= sin
4 angle is α = 60o .
2
=
2 43. θ = 120o is in quadrant II, so the reference angle
is α = 180o − 120o = 60o .
31. tan 21π = tan(0 + 21π) = tan 0 = 0
44. θ = 210o is in quadrant III, so the reference angle
9π  π 8π  is α = 210o − 180o = 30o .
32. csc = csc  + 
2 2 2 
π  45. θ = 300o is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle
= csc  + 4π 
2  is α = 360o − 300o = 60o .
π 
= csc  + 2 ⋅ 2π  46. θ = 330o is in quadrant IV, so the reference
2 
angle is α = 360o − 330o = 30o .
π
= csc
2 5π
=1 47. θ = is in quadrant III, so the reference angle
4
5π π
33. Since sin θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and II, is α = −π = .
and cos θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and III, 4 4
the angle θ lies in quadrant II. 5π
48. θ = is in quadrant II, so the reference angle
34. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and 6
IV, and cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and 5π π
is α = π − = .
IV, the angle θ lies in quadrant IV. 6 6
742
8π 19π
49. θ = is in quadrant II. Note that 58. θ = is in quadrant III. Note that
3 6
8π 2π 19π 7π
− 2π = , so the reference angle is − 2π = , so the reference angle is
3 3 6 6
2π π 7π π
α =π − = . α= −π = .
3 3 6 6
7π 1
50. θ = is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle 59. sin150o = sin 30o = , since θ = 150o has
4 2
7π π reference angle α = 30o in quadrant II.
is α = 2π − = .
4 4
3
51. θ = −135o is in quadrant III. Note that 60. cos 210o = − cos 30o = − , since θ = 210o has
2
−135o + 360o = 225o , so the reference angle is
reference angle α = 30o in quadrant III.
α = 225o − 180o = 45o .
1
52. θ = −240o is in quadrant II. Note that 61. sin 510o = sin 30o = , since θ = 510o has
2
−240o + 360o = 120o , so the reference angle is reference angel α = 30o in quadrant II.
α = 180o − 120o = 60o .
1
62. cos 600o = − cos 60o = − , since θ = 600o has
2π 2
53. θ = − is in quadrant III. Note that
3 reference angel α = 60o in quadrant III.
2π 4π
− + 2π = , so the reference angle is
2
3 3
( )
63. cos −45o = sin 45o =
2
, since θ = −45o has
4π π
α= −π = .
3 3 reference angel α = 45o in quadrant IV.
7π 3
54. θ = −
6
is in quadrant II. Note that ( )
64. sin −240o = sin 60o =
2
, since θ = −240o
7π 5π has reference angel α = 60o in quadrant II.
− + 2π = , so the reference angle is
6 6
5π π 65. sec 240o = − sec 60o = −2 , since θ = 240o has
α =π − = .
6 6 reference angle α = 60o in quadrant III.
55. θ = 440o is in quadrant I. Note that 2 3

66. csc 300o = − csc 60o = − , since θ = 300o
440o − 360o = 80o , so the reference angle is 3
α = 80o . has reference angle α = 60o in quadrant IV.
56. θ = 490o is in quadrant II. Note that 67. cot 330o = − cot 30o = − 3 , since θ = 330o has
490o − 360o = 130o , so the reference angle is reference angle α = 30o in quadrant IV.
α = 180o − 130o = 50o .
68. tan 225o = tan 45o = 1 , since θ = 225o has
15π reference angle α = 45o in quadrant III.
57. θ = is in quadrant IV. Note that
4
15π 7π 3π π 2 3π
− 2π = , so the reference angle is 69. sin = sin = , since θ = has
4 4 4 4 2 4
7π π π
α = 2π − = . reference angle α = in quadrant II.
4 4 4
743
2π π 1 2π 12
70. cos = − cos = − , since θ = has 83. sin θ = , θ in quadrant II
3 3 2 3 13
π Since θ is in quadrant II, sin θ > 0 and csc θ > 0 ,
reference angle α = in quadrant II.
3 while cos θ < 0 , sec θ < 0 , tan θ < 0 , and
cot θ < 0 . If α is the reference angle for θ , then
13π π 2 13π 12
71. cos = − cos = − , since θ = has sin α = . Now draw the appropriate triangle
4 4 2 4 13
π and use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
reference angle α = in quadrant III. values of the other trigonometric functions of α .
4
8π π 8π
72. tan = − tan = − 3 , since θ = has
3 3 3
π
3
 2π  π 3 2π
73. sin  −  = − sin = − , since θ = −
 3  3 2 3
π
has reference angle α = in quadrant III.
3
5 12 13
 π π π cos α = tan α = sec α =
74. cot  −  = − cot = − 3 , since θ = − has 13 5 5
 6 6 6 13 5
π csc α = cot α =
reference angle α = in quadrant IV. 12 12
6 Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
14π π 14π 5 12 13
75. tan = − tan = − 3 , since θ = has cos θ = − tan θ = − sec θ = −
3 3 3 13 5 5
π 13 5
reference angle α = in quadrant II. csc θ = cot θ = −
3 12 12
11π π 11π 3
76. sec = − sec = − 2 , since θ = has 84. cos θ = , θ in quadrant IV
4 4 4 5
π Since θ is in quadrant IV, cos θ > 0 and sec θ > 0,
4 while sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tan θ < 0, and cot θ < 0.
3
77. sin ( 8π ) = sin(0 + 8π) = sin ( 0 ) = 0 If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = .
5
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
78. cos ( −2π ) = cos(0 − 2π) = cos ( 0 ) = 1
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
other trigonometric functions of α .
79. tan ( 7 π ) = tan(π + 6π) = tan (π ) = 0
80. cot(5π) = cot(π + 4π) = cot(π ) , which is

undefined
81. sec(−3π) = sec(π − 4π) = sec(π ) = −1
 5π   3π 
82. csc  −  = csc  − 4π  = −1
 2   2 
744
4 4 5 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the

sin α = tan α = sec α = Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
5 3 3
5 3
csc α = cot α =
4 4
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
4 4 5
sin θ = − tan θ = − sec θ =
5 3 3
5 3
csc θ = − cot θ = −
4 4
12 5 13
cos α = tan α = secα =
4 13 12 12
85. cos θ = − , θ in quadrant III
5 13 12
csc α = cot α =
Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0, 5 5
sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
cot θ > 0.
12 5 13
4 cosθ = − tan θ = cscθ = −
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = . 13 12 5
5
13 12
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the secθ = − cot θ =
12 5
other trigonometric functions of α . 5
87. sin θ = , 90º < θ < 180º , so θ in quadrant II
13
Since θ is in quadrant II, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
tan θ < 0, and cot θ < 0, while sin θ > 0 and
csc θ > 0. If α is the reference angle for θ , then
5
sin α = . Now draw the appropriate triangle and
13
use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of
the other trigonometric functions of α .
3 3 5
sin α = tan α = secα =
5 4 4
5 4
csc α = cot α =
3 3
3 3 5
sin θ = − tan θ = secθ = −
5 4 4
5 4 12 5 13
cscθ = − cot θ = cos α = tan α = csc α =
3 3 13 12 5
13 12
5 sec α = cot α =
86. sin θ = − , θ in quadrant III 12 5
13 Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0, of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and 12 5 13
cos θ = − tan θ = − csc θ =
cot θ > 0. 13 12 5
5 13 12
If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = . sec θ = − cot θ = −
13 12 5
745
4 2 2 3 2 3 2
88. cos θ = , 270º < θ < 360º (quadrant IV) sin α = csc α = =
5 3 2 2 2 4
Since θ is in quadrant IV, sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0,
2 2 1 2 2
tan θ < 0, cot θ < 0, cos θ > 0, and sec θ > 0. tan α = =2 2 cot α = =
1 2 2 2 4
4
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = . 3
5 sec α = = 3
1
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
2 2 3 2
sin θ = − csc θ = −
3 4
2
tan θ = 2 2 cot θ =
4
sec θ = −3
2
90. sin θ = − , 180o < θ < 270o (quadrant III)
3
Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
3 3 5 sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tan θ > 0, and cot θ > 0.
sin α = tan α = sec α =
5 4 4 2
5 4 If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = .
csc α = cot α = 3
3 3 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . other trigonometric functions of α .
3 3 5
sin θ = − tan θ = − sec θ =
5 4 4
5 4
3 3
1
89. cos θ = − , 180o < θ < 270o (quadrant III)
3
sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tanθ > 0, and cot θ > 0.
1 5 3 5 3 5
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = . cos α = sec α = ⋅ =
3 3 5 5 5
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the 2 5 2 5 5
tan α = ⋅ = cot α =
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the 5 5 5 2
3
csc α =
2
5 3 5
cos θ = − sec θ = −
3 5
2 5 5
tan θ = cot θ =
5 2
3
csc θ = −
2
746
2
91. sin θ = , tan θ < 0 (quadrant II)
3
tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while sin θ > 0 and
csc θ > 0.
2
If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = .
3
15 4 15 4 15
sin α = csc α = ⋅ =
4 15 15 15
15 1 15 15
tan α = = 15 cot α = ⋅ =
1 15 15 15
4
sec α = = 4
1
5 3 5 3 5 Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
cos α = sec α = ⋅ =
3 5 5 5 of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
2 5 2 5 5 15 4 15
tan α = ⋅ = cot α = sin θ = − csc θ = −
5 5 5 2 4 15
3 15
csc α = tan θ = 15 cot θ =
2 15
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values sec θ = −4
5 3 5 93. sec θ = 2, sin θ < 0 (quadrant IV)
3 5 Since θ is in quadrant IV, sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0,
2 5 5 tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while cos θ > 0 and
tan θ = − cot θ = −
5 2 sec θ > 0.
3 If α is the reference angle for θ , then sec α = 2 .
csc θ = Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
2
1 other trigonometric functions of α .
92. cos θ = − , tan θ > 0 (quadrant III)
4
sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and
cot θ > 0.
1
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = .
4
747
3 1 3 3
sin α = cos α = tan α =
= 3 95. tan θ = , sin θ < 0 (quadrant III)
2 2 1 4
2 3 2 3 1 3 3 Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
csc α = ⋅ = cot α = ⋅ = sin θ < 0, cscθ < 0, tan θ > 0, and cot θ > 0.
3 3 3 3 3 3
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values 3
If α is the reference angle for θ , then tan α = .
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . 4
3 1 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
sin θ = − cos θ = tan θ = − 3 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
2 2 other trigonometric functions of α .
2 3 3
3 3
94. csc θ = 3, cot θ < 0, (quadrant II)

csc θ > 0.
If α is the reference angle for θ , then csc α = 3 .
3 4 4
other trigonometric functions of α . sin α = cos α = cot α =
5 5 3
5 5
csc α = sec α =
3 4
3 4 4
sin θ = − cos θ = − cot θ =
5 5 3
5 5
csc θ = − sec θ = −
1 2 2 3 4
sin α = cos α =
3 3
4
1 2 2 2 2 96. cot θ = , cos θ < 0 (quadrant III)
tan α = ⋅ = cot α = =2 2 3
2 2 2 4 1
3 2 3 2 sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tan θ > 0, and cot θ > 0.
sec α = ⋅ =
2 2 2 4 4
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values If α is the reference angle for θ , then cot α = .
3
1 2 2 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
sin θ = cos θ = −
3 3 other trigonometric functions of α .
2
tan θ = − cot θ = −2 2
4
3 2
sec θ = −
4
748
3 4 3 98. sec θ = − 2, tan θ > 0 (quadrant III)

sin α = cos α = tan α =
5 5 4 Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
5 5 sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and
sec α = csc α =
4 3 cot θ > 0.
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values If α is the reference angle for θ , then sec α = 2 .
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
3 4 3 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
sin θ = − cos θ = − tan θ =
5 5 4 other trigonometric functions of α .
5 5
csc θ = − sec θ = −
3 4
1
97. tan θ = − , sin θ > 0 (quadrant II)
3
csc θ > 0.
1
If α is the reference angle for θ , then tan α = .
3
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the 3 1 3
sin α = cos α = tan α = = 3
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the 2 2 1
other trigonometric functions of α . 2 3 2 3 1 3 3
csc α = ⋅ = cot α = ⋅ =
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 1
sin θ = − cos θ = − tan θ = 3
2 2
2 3 3
csc θ = − cot θ =
1 10 10 10 3 3
sin α = ⋅ = csc α = = 10
10 10 10 1
99. csc θ = − 2, tan θ > 0  θ in quadrant III
3 10
3 10 10 Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
cos α = ⋅ = sec α =
10 10 10 3 sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and
3 cot θ > 0.
cot α = = 3
1 If α is the reference angle for θ , then csc α = 2 .
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
10 other trigonometric functions of α .
sin θ = csc θ = 10
10
3 10 10
10 3
cot θ = −3
749
1 3 101. sin 40º + sin130º + sin 220º + sin 310º

sin α = cos α =
2 2 = sin 40º + sin ( 40º +90º ) + sin ( 40º +180º )
1 3 3 2 3 2 3 + sin ( 40º +270º )
tan α = ⋅ = sec α = ⋅ =
3 3 3 3 3 3 = sin 40° + sin 40° − sin 40° − sin 40°
3 =0
cot α = = 3
1
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values 102. tan 40º + tan140º = tan 40º + tan (180º −40º )
= 3− 3
1 3 =0
sin θ = − cos θ = −
2 2
3 2 3 103. Note: θ = 315° has reference angle α = 45° in
tan θ = sec θ = − quadrant IV.
3 3
cot θ = 3 2
a. f (315°) = sin 315° = − sin 45° = −
2
100. cot θ = − 2, sec θ > 0 (quadrant IV)  2
The point  315°, −  is on the graph of f.
Since θ is in quadrant IV, cos θ > 0 and  2 
sec θ > 0, while sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tan θ < 0
b. G (315°) = sec 315° = sec 45° = 2
and cot θ < 0.
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cot α = 2 . The point ( 315°, 2 ) is on the graph of G.
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the c. h(315°) = tan 315° = − tan 45° = −1
other trigonometric functions of α . The point ( 315°, −1) is on the graph of h.
104. Note: θ = 120° has reference angle α = 60° in

quadrant II.
1
a. g (120°) = cos120° = − cos 60° = −
2
 1
The point 120°, −  is on the graph of g.
 2
2 3
1 5 5 5 b. F (120°) = csc120° = csc 60° =
sin α = ⋅ = csc α = = 5 3
5 5 5 1  2 3
The point 120°,  is on the graph of F.
2 5
2 5 5  3 
cos α = ⋅ = sec α =
5 5 5 2
3
1 c. H (120°) = cot120° = − cot 60° = −
tan α = 3
2
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values  3
The point 120°, −  is on the graph of H.
of the other trigonometric functions of θ .  3 
5
sin θ = − csc θ = − 5 7π π
5 105. Note: θ = has reference angle α = in
6 6
2 5 5
cos θ = sec θ = quadrant III.
5 2
 7π  7π π 3
1 a. g   = cos = − cos = −
tan θ = −  6  6 6 2
2
 7π 3
The point  ,−  is on the graph of g.
 6 2 
750
 7π  7π π 110. Since G (θ ) = cot θ = −2 is negative, θ must lie

b. F  = csc = − csc = −2
 6  6 6 either in quadrant II or IV. Therefore, θ + π
 7π  must also lie either in quadrant II or IV. Thus,
The point  , −2  is on the graph of F.
 6  G (θ + π ) = cot (θ + π ) = −2 .
c. Note: θ = −315° has reference angle α = 45°
in quadrant I. 1 1 1
111. Given sin θ = , then csc θ = = =5
H (−315°) = cot(−315°) = cot 45° = 1 5 sin θ 1
The point ( −315°, 1) is on the graph of H. 5
Since csc θ > 0 , θ must lie in quadrant I or II.
7π π This means that csc (θ + π ) must lie in quadrant
106. Note: θ = has reference angle α = in
4 4 III or IV with the same reference angle as θ .
quadrant IV. Since cosecant is negative in quadrants III and
 7π  7π π 2 IV, we have csc (θ + π ) = −5 .
a. f   = sin = − sin = −
 4  4 4 2
2 1 1 3
 7π 2  112. Given cos θ = , then sec θ = = =
The point  ,−  is on the graph of f. 3 cos θ 2 2
 4 2 
3
 7π  7π π Since sec θ > 0 , θ must lie in quadrant I or IV.
b. G  = sec = sec = 2
 4  4 4 This means that csc (θ + π ) must lie in quadrant
 7π  II or III with the same reference angle as θ .
The point  , 2  is on the graph of G.
 4  Since secant is negative in quadrants II and III,
Note: θ = −225° has reference angle α = 45° 3
c. we have sec (θ + π ) = − .
in quadrant II. 2
F (−225°) = csc(−225°) = csc 45° = 2 113. sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º +... + sin 357º
The point ( −225°, 2 ) is on the graph of F. + sin 358º + sin 359º
= sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ + sin(360º −3º )
107. Since f (θ ) = sin θ = 0.2 is positive, θ must lie + sin(360º − 2º ) + sin(360º −1º )
either in quadrant I or II. Therefore, θ + π must = sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ + sin(−3º )
lie either in quadrant III or IV. Thus,
+ sin(− 2º ) + sin(−1º )
f (θ + π ) = sin (θ + π ) = −0.2
= sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ − sin 3º − sin 2º − sin1º
108. Since g (θ ) = cos θ = 0.4 is positive, θ must lie = sin (180º )
either in quadrant I or IV. Therefore, θ + π must =0
lie either in quadrant II or III. Thus,
g (θ + π ) = cos (θ + π ) = −0.4 .
109. Since F (θ ) = tan θ = 3 is positive, θ must lie

either in quadrant I or III. Therefore, θ + π must
also lie either in quadrant I or III. Thus,
F (θ + π ) = tan (θ + π ) = 3 .
751
114. cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ + cos 357º Since the bases are equal we can set the
+ cos 358º + cos 359º exponents equal and solve.
= cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º +... + cos(360º −3º ) 2( x + 3) = x − 4
+ cos(360º − 2º ) + cos(360º −1º ) 2x + 6 = x − 4
= cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º +... + cos(−3º ) x = −10
+ cos(− 2º ) + cos(−1º )
120. D( x) = 3500 − x 2
= cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º +... + cos 3º
D(32) = 3500 − (32) 2
+ cos 2º + cos1º
= 3500 − 1024
= 2 cos1º +2 cos 2º +2 cos 3º +... + 2 cos178º
= 2476
+ 2 cos179º + cos180º
The numbers of units sold is 2,476,000.
= 2 cos1º +2 cos 2º +2 cos 3º +... + 2 cos(180º − 2º )
3 f (12) − f (0)
+ 2 cos(180º −1º ) + cos (180º ) 121. = ,
8 12 − 0
= 2 cos1º +2 cos 2º +2 cos 3º +... − 2 cos 2º
3 f (12) − 12
− 2 cos1º + cos180º =
8 12
= cos180º 3
= −1 12 = f (12) − 12
8
9 1
322 2 = f (12) −
115. a. R= sin ( 2 ( 60º ) ) − cos ( 2 ( 60º ) ) − 1 2 2
32 
10
≈ 32 2 ( 0.866 − (− 0.5) − 1) f (12) = =5
2
≈ 16.6 ft
122. f (g( x)) = x 2 − 8 x + 19
322 2 = x 2 − 8 x + 16 + 3
b. Let Y1 = sin ( 2 x ) − cos ( 2 x ) − 1
32  = ( x − 4) 2 + 3
20
Given that f ( x) = x 2 + 3 then g ( x) = x − 4 .
45° 90°
0
Section 7.5
c. Using the MAXIMUM feature, we find:
20 1. x 2 + y 2 = 1
2. { x x ≠ 4}
3. even
45° 90°
0
4. 2π , π
R is largest when θ = 67.5º .
5. b; a
116 – 118. Answers will vary.
b a
119. 25 x + 3 = 5 x − 4 6. ;
r r
52( x + 3) = 5 x − 4
7. −0.2, 0.2
752
Section 7.5: Unit Circle Approach; Properties of the Trigonometric Functions
8. True  2 2 2 2
13. P =  − ,−  ; a = − , b=−
9. b  2 2  2 2
2 2
10. a sin t = − cos t = −
2 2
 3 1 3 1 2 2
11. P =  , −  ; a = , b=− − −
2 2
 2 2 2 2 tan t = =1 cot t = =1
2 2
1 3 − −
sin t = − cos t = 2 2
2 2
1  2  2 2
1 csc t = = 1 − =− =− 2
− 2  2 2 2
 1  2  1 3 3 −
tan t = 2 =  −   =− =− 2
3  2  3  3 3 3
2 1  2  2 2
sec t = = 1 − =− =− 2
1  2 2  2 2 2
csc t = = 1 −  = −2 −
1  1 2
−
2
 2 2 2 2
1  2  2 3 2 3 14. P =  ,−  ; a = , b=−
sec t = = 1 = = 2 2 2 2
3  3 3 3 3  
2 2 2
sin t = − cos t =
3 2 2
 3  2  2 2
cot t = 2 =   − =− 3 −
1  2   1 
− tan t = 2 = −1 cot t = 2 = −1
2 2 2
−
2 2
 3 1 3 1
12. P =  − , −  ; a = − , b=− 1  2  2 2
csc t = = 1 − =− =− 2
 2 2 2 2
2  2 2 2
−
1 3 2
sin t = − cos t = −
2 2 1  2  2 2
1 sec t = = 1 = = 2
− 2  2 2 2
 1  2  1 3 3
tan t = 2 =  −   − = = 2
3  2  3 3 3 3
−
2
1  2
csc t = = 1 −  = −2
1  1
−
2
1  2  2 3 2 3
sec t = = 1 − =− =−
3  3 3 3 3
−
2
3
− 
2 3  2 
cot t = =  −   −  = 3
1  2  1 
−
2
753
 5 2 5 2 18. For the point (5, –12), x = 5, y = −12,

15. P =  ,  ; a = , b=
 3 3 3 3 r = x 2 + y 2 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13
2 5 12 5 12
sin t = cos t = sin θ = − cos θ = tan θ = −
3 3 13 13 5
2 13 13 5
csc θ = − sec θ = cot θ = −
 2  3  2 5 2 5 12 5 12
tan t = 3 =    = =
5  3  5  5 5 5
1. For the point (–2, 3), x = −2, y = 3,
3
1 3 3 r = x 2 + y 2 = 4 + 9 = 13
csc t = = 1  =
2 2 2 3 13 3 13 13
3 sin θ = = csc θ =
13 13 13 3
1  3  3 5 3 5
sec t = = 1 = = 2 13 2 13 13
5  5 5 5 5 cos θ = − =− sec θ = −
13 13 13 2
3
3 2
5 tan θ = − cot θ = −
 5  3  2 3
5
cot t = 3 =     =
2  3  2  2 20. For the point (2, –4), x = 2, y = − 4,
3
r = x 2 + y 2 = 4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5
 5 2 5 5 2 5 −4 5 2 5 2 5 5
16. P =  − ,  ; a = − , b= sin θ = =− csc θ = =−
 5 5  5 5 2 5 5 5 −4 2
2 5 5 2 5 5 5 5
sin t = cos t = − cos θ = = sec θ = = 5
5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5
2 5 −4 2 1
tan θ = = −2 cot θ = =−
 2 5  5  2 −4 2
tan t = 5 =   − = − 2
5  5   5
−
5 21. For the point (–1, –1), x = −1, y = − 1,
1  5  5 5
csc t = = 1  = r = x2 + y 2 = 1 + 1 = 2
2 5  2 5  5 2
5 −1 2 2 2
sin θ = =− csc θ = =− 2
1  5  5 2 2 2 −1
sec t = = 1 −  =− 5
5  5 5 −1 2 2 2
− cos θ = =− sec θ = =− 2
5 2 2 2 −1
5 −1 −1
− tan θ = =1 cot θ = =1
5  5  5  1 −1 −1
cot t = =  −  =−
2 5  5   2 5  2
5 22. For the point (–3, 1), x = −3, y = 1,
r = x 2 + y 2 = 9 + 1 = 10
17. For the point (3, −4) , x = 3, y = −4,
1 10 10 10
r = x 2 + y 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 sin θ = = cscθ = = 10
10 10 10 1
4 3 4 −3 10 3 10 10 10
sin θ = − cos θ = tan θ = − cosθ = =− secθ = =−
5 5 3 10 10 10 −3 3
5 5 3 1 1 −3
csc θ = − sec θ = cot θ = − tan θ = =− cot θ = = −3
4 3 4 −3 3 1
754
2 17 π π 
23. sin 405º = sin(360º + 45º ) = sin 45º = 35. sec = sec  + 4π 
2 4  4 
π 
1 = sec  + 2 ⋅ 2π 
24. cos 420º = cos(360º + 60º ) = cos 60º = 4 
2
π
= sec
25. tan 405º = tan(180º + 180º + 45º ) = tan 45º = 1 4
= 2
1
26. sin 390º = sin(360º + 30º ) = sin 30º = 17 π π 
2 36. cot = cot  + 4π 
4 4 
27. csc 450º = csc(360º + 90º ) = csc 90º = 1 π 
= cot  + 2 ⋅ 2π 
 4 
28. sec 540º = sec(360º + 180º ) = sec180º = −1
π
= cot
4
29. cot 390º = cot(180º + 180º + 30º ) = cot 30º = 3
=1
30. sec 420º = sec(360º + 60º ) = sec 60º = 2
19π π  π 3
37. tan = tan  + 3π  = tan =
33π 6  6  6 3
π 
31. cos = cos  + 8π 
4 4  25π π 
π  38. sec = sec  + 4π 
= cos  + 4 ⋅ 2π  6 6 
4 
π 
π = sec  + 2 ⋅ 2π 
= cos 6 
4
π
2 = sec
= 6
2
2 3
=
9π 3
π  π 2
32. sin = sin  + 2π  = sin =
4 4  4 2
3
39. sin(− 60º ) = − sin 60º = −
2
33. tan ( 21π ) = tan(0 + 21π) = tan ( 0 ) = 0
3
9π π  40. cos(−30º ) = cos 30º =
34. csc = csc  + 4π  2
2  2 
π  3
= csc  + 2 ⋅ 2π  41. tan(−30º ) = − tan 30º = −
2  3
π
= csc
2 2
42. sin(−135º ) = − sin135º = −
=1 2
43. sec(− 60º ) = sec 60º = 2
44. csc(−30º ) = − csc 30º = − 2
45. sin(−90º ) = − sin 90º = −1
755
46. cos(− 270º ) = cos 270º = 0 9π π 

60. tan ( − 6π ) + cos = − tan(0 + 6π) + cos  + 2π 
4  4 
 π π π
47. tan  −  = − tan = −1 = − tan 0 + cos
 4  4 4
2
48. sin(−π) = − sin π = 0 = 0+
2
 π π 2 2
49. cos  −  = cos = =
2
 4 4 2
 9π   9π 
 π π 3 61. sin  −  − tan  − 
50. sin  −  = − sin = −  4   4 
 3  3 2
9π 9π
= − sin + tan
51. tan(−π) = − tan π = 0 4 4
π  π 
= − sin  + 2π  + tan  + 2π 
 3π  3π 4  4 
52. sin  −  = − sin = −(−1) = 1
 2  2 π π
= − sin + tan
4 4
 π π 2 2− 2
53. csc  −  = − csc = − 2 =− + 1, or
 4 4 2 2
54. sec(−π) = sec π = −1  17 π   3π 

62. cos  −  − sin  − 
 4   2 
 π π 2 3 17 π 3π
55. sec  −  = sec = = cos + sin
 6  6 3 4 2
π  3π
 π π 2 3 = cos  + 2 ⋅ 2π  + sin
56. csc  −  = − csc = − 4  2
 3 3 3
π 3π
= cos + sin
57. sin ( −π ) + cos ( 5π ) = − sin ( π ) + cos ( π + 4π ) 4 2
= 0 + cos π 2
= + (−1)
2
= −1
2 2 −2
= − 1, or
 5π  7π 5π π  2 2
58. tan  −  − cot = − tan − cot  + 3π 
 6  2 6  2 
63. The domain of the sine function is the set of all
5π π
= − tan − cot real numbers. That is, ( −∞, ∞ ) .
6 2
 3
= −  −  − 0 64. The domain of the cosine function is the set of
 3  all real numbers. That is, ( −∞, ∞ ) .
3
=
3 65. f (θ ) = tan θ is not defined for numbers that are
π
 π π odd multiples of .
59. sec ( −π ) + csc  −  = sec π − csc 2
 2  2
= −1 − 1 66. f (θ ) = cot θ is not defined for numbers that are
= −2 multiples of π .
756
67. f (θ ) = sec θ is not defined for numbers that are 80. The cosecant function is odd because
π csc(−θ ) = − csc θ . Its graph is symmetric with
odd multiples of . respect to the origin.
2
81. If sin θ = 0.3 , then
68. f (θ ) = csc θ is not defined for numbers that are
sin θ + sin (θ + 2π ) + sin (θ + 4π )
multiples of π .
= 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.9
69. The range of the sine function is the set of all
real numbers between –1 and 1, inclusive. That 82. If cos θ = 0.2 , then
is, the interval  −1,1 . cos θ + cos (θ + 2π ) + cos (θ + 4π )
= −0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.6
70. The range of the cosine function is the set of all
real numbers between –1 and 1, inclusive. That 83. If tan θ = 3 , then
is, the interval  −1,1 . tan θ + tan (θ + π ) + tan (θ + 2π )
= 3+3+3
71. The range of the tangent function is the set of all =9
real numbers. That is, ( −∞, ∞ ) .
84. If cot θ = − 2 , then
72. The range of the cotangent function is the set of cot θ + cot (θ − π ) + cot (θ − 2π )
all real numbers. That is, ( −∞, ∞ ) .
= − 2 + ( −2 ) + ( −2 )
73. The range of the secant function is the set of all = −6
real number greater than or equal to 1 and all
real numbers less than or equal to –1. That is, the 1
85. a. f (−a) = − f (a) = −
interval ( −∞, −1 ∪ 1,∞ ) . 3
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a + 4π)
74. The range of the cosecant function is the set of
all real number greater than or equal to 1 and all = f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a)
real numbers less than or equal to –1. That is, the 1 1 1
= + +
interval ( −∞, −1 ∪ 1,∞ ) . 3 3 3
=1
75. The sine function is odd because sin(−θ ) = − sin θ .
Its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. 1
86. a. f (−a) = f (a) =
4
76. The cosine function is even because
cos(−θ ) = cos θ . Its graph is symmetric with b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a − 2π)
respect to the y-axis. = f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a)
1 1 1
77. The tangent function is odd because = + +
4 4 4
tan(−θ ) = − tan θ . Its graph is symmetric with
3
respect to the origin. =
4
78. The cotangent function is odd because
cot(−θ ) = − cot θ . Its graph is symmetric with 87. a. f (−a ) = − f (a ) = − 2
respect to the origin. b. f ( a ) + f ( a + π) + f ( a + 2 π)
79. The secant function is even because = f (a) + f (a) + f (a)
sec(−θ ) = sec θ . Its graph is symmetric with = 2+2+2
respect to the y-axis. =6
757
88. a. f (−a ) = − f (a ) = − (−3) = 3 cos 5.1 ≈ 0.4 sec 5.1 ≈ 2.6

tan 5.1 ≈ −2.4 cot 5.1 ≈ −0.4
b. f ( a ) + f ( a + π) + f ( a + 4 π)
= f (a) + f (a) + f (a)
= −3 + (−3) + (−3)
= −9
92. a. When t = 2 , the coordinate on the unit
89. a. f (−a) = f (a) = − 4
circle is approximately (−0.4, 0.9) . Thus,
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a + 4π) 1
sin 2 ≈ 0.9 csc 2 ≈ ≈ 1.1
= f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a) 0.9
= − 4 + (− 4) + (− 4) 1
cos 2 ≈ −0.4 sec 2 ≈ = −2.5
= −12 −0.4
0.9 −0.4
90. a. f (−a ) = − f (a ) = − 2 tan 2 ≈ = −2.3 cot 2 ≈ ≈ −0.4
−0.4 0.9
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a + 4π) Using a calculator on RADIAN mode:
= f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a) sin 2 ≈ 0.9 csc 2 ≈ 1.1
= 2+2+2 cos 2 ≈ −0.4 sec 2 ≈ −2.4
=6 tan 2 ≈ −2.2 cot 2 ≈ −0.5
91. a. When t = 1 , the coordinate on the unit circle

is approximately (0.5, 0.8) . Thus,
1
sin1 ≈ 0.8 csc1 ≈ ≈ 1.3
0.8 b. When t = 4 , the coordinate on the unit
1 circle is approximately (−0.6, −0.8) . Thus,
cos1 ≈ 0.5 sec1 ≈ = 2.0
0.5 1
0.8 0.5 sin 4 ≈ −0.8 csc 4 ≈ ≈ −1.3
tan1 ≈ = 1.6 cot1 ≈ ≈ 0.6 −0.8
0.5 0.8 1
cos 4 ≈ −0.7 sec 4 ≈ ≈ −1.4
Using a calculator on RADIAN mode: −0.7
sin1 ≈ 0.8 csc1 ≈ 1.2 −0.8 −0.7
cos1 ≈ 0.5 sec1 ≈ 1.9 tan 4 ≈ ≈ 1.1 cot 4 ≈ ≈ 0.9
−0.7 −0.8
tan1 ≈ 1.6 cot1 ≈ 0.6
Set the calculator on RADIAN mode:
sin 4 ≈ −0.8 csc 4 ≈ −1.3
cos 4 ≈ −0.7 sec 4 ≈ −1.5
tan 4 ≈ 1.2 cot 4 ≈ 0.9
b. When t = 5.1 , the coordinate on the unit circle

is approximately (0.4, −0.9) . Thus,
1
sin 5.1 ≈ −0.9 csc 5.1 ≈ ≈ −1.1
−0.9
93. Suppose there is a number p, 0 < p < 2π, for
1
cos 5.1 ≈ 0.4 sec 5.1 ≈ = 2.5 which sin(θ + p ) = sin θ for all θ . If θ = 0 ,
0.4
−0.9 0.4 then sin ( 0 + p ) = sin p = sin 0 = 0 ; so that
tan 5.1 ≈ ≈ −2.3 cot 5.1 ≈ ≈ −0.4
0.4 −0.9 π π  π
p = π . If θ = then sin  + p  = sin   .
Using a calculator on RADIAN mode: 2 2  2
sin 5.1 ≈ −0.9 csc 5.1 ≈ −1.1
758
 3π  π 1
But p = π . Thus, sin   = −1 = sin   = 1, so x 2 + a 2 x 2 = 1 . Thus, x = ± and
 2 2 1 + a2
or −1 = 1 . This is impossible. Therefore, the a
smallest positive number p for which y=± ; that is, for any real number a,
1 + a2
sin(θ + p ) = sin θ for all θ is p = 2π .
there is a point P = ( x, y ) on the unit circle for
94. Suppose there is a number p, 0 < p < 2π , for which tan t = a . In other words, −∞ < tan t < ∞ ,
and the range of the tangent function is the set of
π
which cos(θ + p ) = cos θ for all θ . If θ = , all real numbers.
2
π  π 100. Let P = ( x, y ) be the point on the unit circle that
then cos  + p  = cos   = 0 ; so that p = π .
2  2 corresponds to an angle t. Consider the equation
If θ =0 , then cos ( 0 + p ) = cos ( 0 ) . But p = π . x
cot t = = a . Then x = ay . Now x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,
Thus, cos ( π ) = −1 = cos ( 0 ) = 1, or − 1 = 1. This y
is impossible. Therefore, the smallest positive 1
so a 2 y 2 + y 2 = 1 . Thus, y = ± and
number p for which cos(θ + p ) = cos θ for all 1 + a2
θ is p = 2π . a
x=± ; that is, for any real number a,
1 + a2
1
95. f (θ ) = sec θ = : since cos θ has period there is a point P = ( x, y ) on the unit circle for
cos θ
which cot t = a . In other words, −∞ < cot t < ∞ ,
2π , so does f (θ ) = sec θ .
and the range of the cotangent function is the set
of all real numbers.
1
96. f (θ ) = csc θ = : since sin θ has period
sin θ sin θ − 0 sin θ
2π , so does f (θ ) = csc θ . 101. The slope of M is = = tan θ .
cos θ − 0 cos θ
Since L is parallel to M, the slope of L = tan θ .
97. If P = (a, b) is the point on the unit circle
corresponding to θ , then Q = (−a, −b) is the 102 – 105. Answers will vary.
point on the unit circle corresponding to θ + π .
−b b 106. a = 3, b = −10, c = 5
Thus, tan(θ + π) = = = tan θ . If there
−a a − ( −10) ± ( −10) 2 − 4(3)(5)
x=
exists a number p, 0 < p < π , for which 2(3)
tan(θ + p ) = tan θ for all θ , then if θ = 0 , 10 ± 100 − 60
tan( p ) = tan(0) = 0. But this means that p is a =
6
multiple of π . Since no multiple of π exists in 10 ± 40 10 ± 2 10 5 ± 10
the interval (0, π) , this is impossible. Therefore, = = =
6 6 3
the fundamental period of f (θ ) = tan θ is π .
5 − 10 5 + 10
The zeros are: ,
1 3 3
98. f (θ ) = cot θ = : Since tan θ has period
tanθ
π , so does f (θ ) = cot θ .
99. Let P = ( x, y ) be the point on the unit circle that

corresponds to an angle t. Consider the equation
y
tan t = = a . Then y = ax . Now x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,
x
759
107. The slope of the line perpendicular to y = −4 x − 5 graph by a factor of 3.

1
is the opposite reciprocal of -4 which is . Using
4
the point slope formula and the point ( −3, 7) :
( y − y1 ) = m( x − x1 )
1
y− 7 = ( x + 3)
4
1 3
y−7 = x+
4 4
1 31 2. y = 2 x
y = x+
4 4 Using the graph of y = x , compress
nt 1
r horizontally by a factor of .
108. P = A 1+ 2
n
4⋅3
r
1800 = 1500 1 +
4
12
1800 r
= 1+
1500 4
6 r
12 = 1+
5 4
π
3. 1;
6 r 2
12 −1 =
5 4 4. 3; π
6
4 12 −1 = r 2π π
5 5. 3; =
6 3
r ≈ .0612 or 6.12%
6. True
5x − 2
109. f ( x) =
x+3 2π
The vertical asymptote is where the denominator 7. False; The period is =2
π
is undefined: x = −3
5 8. True
The horizontal asymptote is y = = 5 .
1
9. d
10. d
Section 7.6 11. a. The graph of y = sin x crosses the y-axis at

the point (0, 0), so the y-intercept is 0.
1. y = 3 x 2
b. The graph of y = sin x is increasing for
Using the graph of y = x 2 , vertically stretch the
π π
− <x< .
2 2
c. The largest value of y = sin x is 1.
760
Section 7.6: Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
d. sin x = 0 when x = 0, π, 2π . 1 
16. y = − sin  x 
2 
3π π This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = −1
e. sin x = 1 when x = − , ;
2 2 1
π 3π and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is A = − 1 = 1
sin x = −1 when x = − , . 2
2 2 2π 2π
and the period is T = = 1 = 4π .
1 5π π 7π 11π ω 2
f. sin x = − when x = − ,− , ,
2 6 6 6 6 17. y = 6sin(π x)
g. The x-intercepts of sin x are This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = 6
{ x | x = kπ , k an integer} and ω = π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 6 = 6
2π 2π
12. a. The graph of y = cos x crosses the y-axis at and the period is T = = =2.
ω π
the point (0, 1), so the y-intercept is 1.
b. The graph of y = cos x is decreasing for 18. y = − 3cos(3x)
0< x<π. This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where A = − 3
c. The smallest value of y = cos x is −1 . and ω = 3 . Thus, the amplitude is A = − 3 = 3
π 3π 2π 2π
d. cos x = 0 when x = , and the period is T = = .
2 2 ω 3
e. cos x = 1 when x = − 2π, 0, 2π;
cos x = −1 when x = −π, π. 1 3 
19. y = − cos  x 
2 2 
3 11π π π 11π
f. cos x = when x = − ,− , , This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where
2 6 6 6 6
g. The x-intercepts of cos x are 1 3
A=− and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is
 ( 2k + 1) π  2 2
x | x = , k an integer  1 1
 2  A = − = and the period is
2 2
13. y = 2sin x
2π 2π 4π
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = 2 T= = 3 = .
ω 2 3
and ω = 1 . Thus, the amplitude is A = 2 = 2
2π 2π 4 2 
and the period is T = = = 2π . 20. y = sin  x 
ω 1 3 3 
4
14. y = 3cos x This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A =
3
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where A = 3 2 4 4
and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is A = =
and ω = 1 . Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3 3 3 3
2π 2π 2π 2π
and the period is T = = = 2π . and the period is T = = 2 = 3π .
ω 1 ω 3
15. y = − 4 cos(2 x ) 5  2π  5  2π 
21. y = sin  − x  = − sin  x
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where 3  3  3  3 
A = − 4 and ω = 2 . Thus, the amplitude is 5
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = −
A = − 4 = 4 and the period is 3
2π 2π 2π
T= = = π. and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is
ω 2 3
761
5 5 π 3π
A = −= and the period is 0, ,π, , and 2π
3 3 2 2
2π 2π These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
T= = = 3. the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
ω 2π
coordinates of the five key points for
3
y = 4 cos x , we multiply the y-coordinates of the
five key points for y = cos x by A = 4 . The five
9  3π  9  3π 
22. y = cos  − x  = cos  x key points are
5  2  5  2 
π 3π
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where A =
9 ( 0, 4 ) ,  , 0  , (π , −4 ) ,  , 0  , ( 2π , 4 )
2   2 
5
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
3π the curve. We then extend the graph in either
and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is
2 direction to obtain the graph shown below.
9 9
A = = and the period is
5 5
2π 2π 4
T= = = .
ω 3π 3
2
23. F
24. E
25. A
From the graph we can determine that the
26. I domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the
27. H range is [ −4, 4] .
28. B 34. Comparing y = 3sin x to y = A sin (ω x ) , we

29. C find A = 3 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude
2π
30. G is 3 = 3 and the period is = 2π . Because
1
the amplitude is 3, the graph of y = 3sin x will
31. J
lie between −3 and 3 on the y-axis. Because the
32. D period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ]
33. Comparing y = 4 cos x to y = A cos (ω x ) , we
2π π
find A = 4 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude into four subintervals, each of length = by
4 2
2π finding the following values:
is 4 = 4 and the period is = 2π . Because
1 π 3π
the amplitude is 4, the graph of y = 4 cos x will 0, , π , , and 2π
2 2
lie between −4 and 4 on the y-axis. Because the These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] coordinates of the five key points for y = 3sin x ,
2π π we multiply the y-coordinates of the five key
into four subintervals, each of length = by points for y = sin x by A = 3 . The five key
4 2
finding the following values: π   3π 
points are ( 0, 0 ) ,  ,3  , (π , 0 ) ,  , −3  ,
2   2 
762
( 2π , 0 )
the curve. We then extend the graph in either
direction to obtain the graph shown below.

domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the
range is [ −4, 4] .
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the 36. Comparing y = −3cos x to y = A cos (ω x ) , we
range is [ −3,3] . find A = −3 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude
2π
is −3 = 3 and the period is = 2π . Because
35. Comparing y = −4sin x to y = A sin (ω x ) , we 1
find A = −4 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude the amplitude is 3, the graph of y = −3cos x will
2π lie between −3 and 3 on the y-axis. Because the
is −4 = 4 and the period is = 2π . Because period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
1
the amplitude is 4, the graph of y = −4sin x will end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ]
lie between −4 and 4 on the y-axis. Because the 2π π
into four subintervals, each of length = by
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and 4 2
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] finding the following values:
2π π π 3π
into four subintervals, each of length = by 0, , π , , and 2π
4 2 2 2
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
π 3π
finding the following values: 0, , π , , 2π the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
2 2 coordinates of the five key points for
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of y = −3cos x , we multiply the y-coordinates of
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
coordinates of the five key points for the five key points for y = cos x by A = −3 . The
y = −4sin x , we multiply the y-coordinates of five key points are
π 3π
the five key points for y = sin x by A = −4 . The ( 0, −3) ,  , 0  , (π ,3) ,  , 0  , ( 2π , −3)
 2   2 
five key points are
π 3π We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
( 0, 0 ) ,  , −4  , (π , 0 ) ,  , 4  , ( 2π , 0 ) the curve. We then extend the graph in either
 2   2  direction to obtain the graph shown below.
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of y
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 5
direction to obtain the graph shown below. (, 3) (, 3)
3
( –––
2
, 0)
x
2 2
, 0)
( ––
(0, 3) 2
(2, 3)
5
763
From the graph we can determine that the between −1 and 1 on the y-axis. Because the
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the 2π
period is , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
range is [ −3,3] . 3
2π  2π 
end at x = . We divide the interval  0, 
37. Comparing y = cos ( 4 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , we 3  3 
find A = 1 and ω = 4 . Therefore, the amplitude 2π / 3 π
into four subintervals, each of length =
2π π 4 6
is 1 = 1 and the period is = . Because the by finding the following values:
4 2
amplitude is 1, the graph of y = cos ( 4 x ) will lie π π π 2π
0, , , , and
6 3 2 3
between −1 and 1 on the y-axis. Because the
π
period is , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and the five key points on the graph. The five key
2 points are
π  π π π π 2π
end at x =
2
. We divide the interval  0, 
 2
( 0, 0 ) ,  ,1 ,  , 0  ,  , −1 ,  , 0 
6  3  2   3 
π /2 π We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
into four subintervals, each of length =
4 8 the curve. We then extend the graph in either
by finding the following values: direction to obtain the graph shown below.
π π 3π π
0, , , , and
8 4 8 2
the five key points on the graph. The five key
points are
π π 3π π
( 0,1) ,  , 0  ,  , −1 ,  , 0  ,  ,1
8  4   8  2 

range is [ −1,1] .
39. Since sine is an odd function, we can plot the

equivalent form y = − sin ( 2 x ) .
Comparing y = − sin ( 2 x ) to y = A sin (ω x ) , we
find A = −1 and ω = 2 . Therefore, the
From the graph we can determine that the 2π
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the amplitude is −1 = 1 and the period is =π .
2
range is [ −1,1] . Because the amplitude is 1, the graph of
y = − sin ( 2 x ) will lie between −1 and 1 on the
38. Comparing y = sin ( 3x ) to y = A sin (ω x ) , we y-axis. Because the period is π , one cycle will
find A = 1 and ω = 3 . Therefore, the amplitude begin at x = 0 and end at x = π . We divide the
2π interval [ 0, π ] into four subintervals, each of
is 1 = 1 and the period is . Because the
3 π
length by finding the following values:
amplitude is 1, the graph of y = sin ( 3x ) will lie 4
764
π π3π five key points are

0, , , , and π
π π 3π
4 2 4 ( 0,1) ,  , 0  ,  , −1 ,  , 0  , (π ,1)
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 4  2   4 
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
coordinates of the five key points for the curve. We then extend the graph in either
y = − sin ( 2 x ) , we multiply the y-coordinates of direction to obtain the graph shown below.
the five key points for y = sin x by A = −1 .The
five key points are
π π 3π
( 0, 0 ) ,  , −1 ,  , 0  ,  ,1 , (π , 0 )
 4   2   4 
y
2 3
( , 1) ( –––
––– , 1) (, 0)
4 4

2 2 x domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the
(0, 0) , 0)
(–– range is [ −1,1] .
2
, 1)
2 (––
4 1 
41. Comparing y = 2sin  x  to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
From the graph we can determine that the 2 
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the 1
we find A = 2 and ω = . Therefore, the
2
range is [ −1,1] .
2π
amplitude is 2 = 2 and the period is = 4π .
40. Since cosine is an even function, we can plot the 1/ 2
Because the amplitude is 2, the graph of
equivalent form y = cos ( 2 x ) .
1 
y = 2sin  x  will lie between −2 and 2 on the
Comparing y = cos ( 2 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , we 2 
find A = 1 and ω = 2 . Therefore, the amplitude y-axis. Because the period is 4π , one cycle will
2π begin at x = 0 and end at x = 4π . We divide
is 1 = 1 and the period is = π . Because the
2 the interval [ 0, 4π ] into four subintervals, each
amplitude is 1, the graph of y = cos ( 2 x ) will lie 4π
of length = π by finding the following
between −1 and 1 on the y-axis. Because the 4
period is π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and values:
end at x = π . We divide the interval [ 0, π ] into 0, π , 2π , 3π , and 4π
π
four subintervals, each of length by finding the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
4 coordinates of the five key points for
the following values:
1 
π π 3π y = 2sin  x  , we multiply the y-coordinates of
0, , , , and π 2 
4 2 4
the five key points for y = sin x by A = 2 . The
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- five key points are
coordinates of the five key points for ( 0, 0 ) , (π , 2 ) , ( 2π , 0 ) , ( 3π , −2 ) , ( 4π , 0 )
y = cos ( 2 x ) , we multiply the y-coordinates of We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
the five key points for y = cos x by A = 1 .The the curve. We then extend the graph in either
765
direction to obtain the graph shown below. direction to obtain the graph shown below.
y
(2, 0) (0, 2) (8, 2)
2
(8, 2) (2, 0)
(6, 0)
x
8 4 4 8
2
(4, 2) (4, 2)

From the graph we can determine that the domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the range is [ −2, 2] .
range is [ −2, 2] .
1
43. Comparing y = − cos ( 2 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) ,
1  2
42. Comparing y = 2 cos  x  to y = A cos (ω x ) ,
4  1
we find A = − and ω = 2 . Therefore, the
1 2
we find A = 2 and ω = . Therefore, the 1 1 2π
4 amplitude is − = and the period is =π .
2π 2 2 2
amplitude is 2 = 2 and the period is = 8π .
1/ 4 1
Because the amplitude is , the graph of
Because the amplitude is 2, the graph of 2
1  1 1 1
y = 2 cos  x  will lie between −2 and 2 on y = − cos ( 2 x ) will lie between − and on
4  2 2 2
the y-axis. Because the period is 8π , one cycle the y-axis. Because the period is π , one cycle
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 8π . We will begin at x = 0 and end at x = π . We divide
divide the interval [ 0,8π ] into four subintervals, the interval [ 0, π ] into four subintervals, each of
8π π
each of length = 2π by finding the following length by finding the following values:
4 4
values: π π 3π
0, , , , and π
0, 2π , 4π , 6π , and 8π 4 2 4
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
coordinates of the five key points for coordinates of the five key points for
1  1
y = 2 cos  x  , we multiply the y-coordinates y = − cos ( 2 x ) , we multiply the y-coordinates
4  2
of the five key points for y = cos x by of the five key points for y = cos x by
A = 2 .The five key points are 1
A = − .The five key points are
( 0, 2 ) , ( 2π , 0 ) , ( 4π , −2 ) , ( 6π , 0 ) , (8π , 2 ) 2
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of  1   π   π 1   3π   1
the curve. We then extend the graph in either  0, −  ,  , 0  ,  ,  ,  , 0  ,  π , − 
 2  4   2 2  4   2
766
y
5 (12, 4)
(0, 0)
x
16 8 (16, 0)
(8, 0)
5 (4, 4)

range is [ −4, 4] .
 1 1 45. We begin by considering y = 2sin x . Comparing
range is  − ,  .
 2 2 y = 2sin x to y = A sin (ω x ) , we find A = 2
1  and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude is 2 = 2

44. Comparing y = −4sin  x  to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
8  2π
and the period is = 2π . Because the
1 1
we find A = −4 and ω = . Therefore, the amplitude is 2, the graph of y = 2sin x will lie
8
amplitude is −4 = 4 and the period is between −2 and 2 on the y-axis. Because the
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
2π
= 16π . Because the amplitude is 4, the end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ]
1/ 8
2π π
1  into four subintervals, each of length = by
graph of y = −4sin  x  will lie between −4 4 2
8  finding the following values:
and 4 on the y-axis. Because the period is 16π , π 3π
one cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at 0, , π , , and 2π
2 2
x = 16π . We divide the interval [ 0,16π ] into These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
16π the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
four subintervals, each of length = 4π by coordinates of the five key points for
4
finding the following values: y = 2sin x + 3 , we multiply the y-coordinates of
0, 4π , 8π , 12π , and 16π the five key points for y = sin x by A = 2 and
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of then add 3 units. Thus, the graph of
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- y = 2sin x + 3 will lie between 1 and 5 on the y-
axis. The five key points are
1  π 3π
y = −4sin  x  , we multiply the y-coordinates
8  ( 0, 3) ,  ,5  , (π ,3) ,  ,1 , ( 2π ,3)
2   2 
of the five key points for y = sin x by A = −4 . We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
The five key points are the curve. We then extend the graph in either
( 0, 0 ) , ( 4π , −4 ) , (8π , 0 ) , (12π , 4 ) , (16π , 0 )
767

domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the From the graph we can determine that the
range is [1,5] .
range is [ −1,5] .
46. We begin by considering y = 3cos x . Comparing
y = 3cos x to y = A cos (ω x ) , we find A = 3 47. We begin by considering y = 5cos (π x ) .
and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude is 3 = 3 Comparing y = 5cos (π x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , we
2π find A = 5 and ω = π . Therefore, the amplitude
and the period is = 2π . Because the 2π
1 is 5 = 5 and the period is = 2 . Because the
amplitude is 3, the graph of y = 3cos x will lie π
between −3 and 3 on the y-axis. Because the amplitude is 5, the graph of y = 5cos (π x ) will
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and lie between −5 and 5 on the y-axis. Because the
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] period is 2 , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
2π π end at x = 2 . We divide the interval [ 0, 2] into
into four subintervals, each of length = by
4 2 2 1
finding the following values: four subintervals, each of length = by
4 2
π 3π finding the following values:
0, , π , , and 2π
2 2 1 3
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 0, , 1, , and 2
2 2
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
coordinates of the five key points for the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
y = 3cos x + 2 , we multiply the y-coordinates of coordinates of the five key points for
the five key points for y = cos x by A = 3 and y = 5cos (π x ) − 3 , we multiply the y-coordinates
then add 2 units. Thus, the graph of of the five key points for y = cos x by A = 5
y = 3cos x + 2 will lie between −1 and 5 on the
and then subtract 3 units. Thus, the graph of
y-axis. The five key points are
y = 5cos (π x ) − 3 will lie between −8 and 2 on
π 3π
( 0, 5) ,  , 2  , (π , −1) ,  , 2  , ( 2π , 5) the y-axis. The five key points are
2   2 
( 0, 2 ) ,  , −3  , (1, −8 ) ,  , −3  , ( 2, 2 )
1 3
the curve. We then extend the graph in either  2  2 
768
y
3 (0, 2) (2, 2)
2 2 x
3
( ––
2
, 3) 3
(–– , 3)
2
1
(––
2
, 3)
9 (1, 8)

range is [ −8, 2] . From the graph we can determine that the
π  range is [ −6, 2] .
48. We begin by considering y = 4sin  x  .
2 
π 
π  49. We begin by considering y = −6sin  x  .
Comparing y = 4sin  x  to y = A sin (ω x ) , 3 
2 
π π 
we find A = 4 and ω = . Therefore, the Comparing y = −6sin  x  to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
2 3 
2π π
amplitude is 4 = 4 and the period is = 4. we find A = −6 and ω = . Therefore, the
π /2 3
Because the amplitude is 4, the graph of 2π
amplitude is −6 = 6 and the period is = 6.
π  π /3
y = 4sin  x  will lie between −4 and 4 on
2  Because the amplitude is 6, the graph of
the y-axis. Because the period is 4 , one cycle π 
y = 6sin  x  will lie between −6 and 6 on the
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 4 . We divide 3 
the interval [ 0, 4] into four subintervals, each of y-axis. Because the period is 6, one cycle will
4 begin at x = 0 and end at x = 6 . We divide the
length = 1 by finding the following values: interval [ 0, 6] into four subintervals, each of
4
0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 6 3
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of length = by finding the following values:
4 2
3 9
coordinates of the five key points for 0, , 3, , and 6
2 2
π 
y = 4sin  x  − 2 , we multiply the y- These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
2  the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x coordinates of the five key points for
by A = 4 and then subtract 2 units. Thus, the π 
y = −6sin  x  + 4 , we multiply the y-
π  3 
graph of y = 4sin  x  − 2 will lie between −6
2  coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x
and 2 on the y-axis. The five key points are by A = −6 and then add 4 units. Thus, the graph
( 0, −2 ) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2, −2 ) , ( 3, −6 ) , ( 4, −2 ) π 
of y = −6sin  x  + 4 will lie between −2 and
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of 3 
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 10 on the y-axis. The five key points are
769
3  9  π 
( 0, 4 ) ,
 , −2  , ( 3, 4 ) ,  ,10  , ( 6, 4 ) of y = −3cos  x  + 2 will lie between −1 and
 2   2  4 
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of 5 on the y-axis. The five key points are
the curve. We then extend the graph in either ( 0, −1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 4,5) , ( 6, 2 ) , (8, −1)

range is [ −2,10] .
π  range is [ −1,5] .
50. We begin by considering y = −3cos  x  .
4 
51. y = 5 − 3sin ( 2 x ) = −3sin ( 2 x ) + 5
π 
Comparing y = −3cos  x  to y = A cos (ω x ) ,
4  We begin by considering y = −3sin ( 2 x ) .
π Comparing y = −3sin ( 2 x ) to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
we find A = −3 and ω = . Therefore, the
4 we find A = −3 and ω = 2 . Therefore, the
2π 2π
amplitude is −3 = 3 and the period is =8. amplitude is −3 = 3 and the period is =π .
π /4 2
Because the amplitude is 3, the graph of Because the amplitude is 3, the graph of
π  y = −3sin ( 2 x ) will lie between −3 and 3 on the
y = −3cos  x  will lie between −3 and 3 on
4  y-axis. Because the period is π , one cycle will
the y-axis. Because the period is 8, one cycle begin at x = 0 and end at x = π . We divide the
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 8 . We divide
interval [ 0, π ] into four subintervals, each of
the interval [ 0,8] into four subintervals, each of
π
8 length by finding the following values:
length = 2 by finding the following values: 4
4 π π 3π
0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 0, , , , and π
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 4 2 4
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
coordinates of the five key points for the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
π 
y = −3cos  x  + 2 , we multiply the y- y = −3sin ( 2 x ) + 5 , we multiply the y-
4 
coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x
coordinates of the five key points for y = cos x
by A = −3 and then add 5 units. Thus, the graph
by A = −3 and then add 2 units. Thus, the graph
of y = −3sin ( 2 x ) + 5 will lie between 2 and 8
770
on the y-axis. The five key points are coordinates of the five key points for y = cos x
π π 3π
( 0,5) ,  , 2  ,  ,5  ,  ,8  , (π ,5) by A = −4 and then adding 2 units. Thus, the
4  2   4  graph of y = −4 cos ( 3x ) + 2 will lie between −2
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of and 6 on the y-axis. The five key points are
π π π 2π
direction to obtain the graph shown below. ( 0, −2 ) ,  , 2  ,  , 6  ,  , 2  ,  , −2 
 6   3   2   3 
y
10  3π  the curve. We then extend the graph in either
 4 ,8 
  direction to obtain the graph shown below.
π 
 ,5 
2 
(0,5) (π ,5 )
π 
 ,2
4 
−π π
3 3
range is [ 2,8] .
52. y = 2 − 4 cos ( 3x ) = −4 cos ( 3x ) + 2
range is [ −2, 6] .
We begin by considering y = −4 cos ( 3 x ) .
53. Since sine is an odd function, we can plot the
Comparing y = −4 cos ( 3 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) ,
5  2π 
we find A = −4 and ω = 3 . Therefore, the equivalent form y = − sin  x .
3  3 
2π
amplitude is −4 = 4 and the period is . 5  2π 
3 Comparing y = − sin  x  to
Because the amplitude is 4, the graph of 3  3 
y = −4 cos ( 3 x ) will lie between −4 and 4 on 5 2π
y = A sin (ω x ) , we find A = − and ω = .
2π 3 3
the y-axis. Because the period is , one cycle 5 5
3 Therefore, the amplitude is − = and the
2π 3 3
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = . We 2π
3 period is = 3 . Because the amplitude is
 2π  2π / 3
divide the interval  0,  into four 5 5  2π 
 3  , the graph of y = − sin  x  will lie
2π / 3 π 3 3  3 
subintervals, each of length = by
4 6 5 5
between − and on the y-axis. Because the
finding the following values: 3 3
π π π 2π period is 3 , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
0, , , , and
6 3 2 3 end at x = 3 . We divide the interval [ 0,3] into
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 3
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- four subintervals, each of length by finding
4
the following values:
y = −4 cos ( 3x ) + 2 , we multiply the y-
771
3 3 9 4
0, , , , and 3 on the y-axis. Because the period is , one
4 2 4 3
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 4
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at x = . We
3
 4
5  2π  divide the interval  0,  into four subintervals,
y = − sin  x  , we multiply the y-  3
3  3 
4/3 1
coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x each of length = by finding the following
4 3
5 values:
by A = − .The five key points are
3 1 2 4
0, , , 1 , and
( 0, 0 ) ,  , −  ,  , 0  ,  ,  , ( 3, 0 )
3 5 3 9 5 3 3 3
 4 3  2   4 3 These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
the curve. We then extend the graph in either coordinates of the five key points for
direction to obtain the graph shown below. 9  3π 
y = cos  x  , we multiply the y-coordinates
5  2 
9
of the five key points for y = cos x by A = .
5
9  3π 
Thus, the graph of y = cos  − x  will lie
5  2 
9 9
between − and on the y-axis. The five key
5 5
points are
 9 1  2 9 4 9
 0,  ,  , 0  ,  , −  , (1, 0 ) ,  , 
 5   3   3 5   3 5
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the direction to obtain the graph shown below.
 5 5
range is  − ,  .
 3 3
54. Since cosine is an even function, we consider the

9  3π 
equivalent form y = cos  x  . Comparing
5  2 
9  3π 
y = cos  x  to y = A cos (ω x ) , we find
5  2 
9 3π
A = and ω = . Therefore, the amplitude is
5 2
9 9 2π 4 From the graph we can determine that the
= and the period is = . Because
5 5 3π / 2 3 domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the
9  9 9
the amplitude is , the graph of range is  − ,  .
5  5 5
9  3π  9 9
y = cos  x  will lie between − and
5  2  5 5
772
3 π  From the graph we can determine that the

55. We begin by considering y = − cos  x . domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the
2 4 
3 π  range is [ −1, 2] .
Comparing y = − cos  x  to
2 4 
1 π 
3 π 56. We begin by considering y = − sin  x  .
y = A cos (ω x ) , we find A = − and ω = . 2 8 
2 4
3 3 1 π 
Therefore, the amplitude is − = and the Comparing y = − sin  x  to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
2 2 2 8 
2π 3 1 π
period is = 8 . Because the amplitude is , we find A = − and ω = . Therefore, the
π /4 2 2 8
3 π  1 1
the graph of y = − cos  x  will lie between amplitude is − = and the period is
2 4  2 2
3 3 2π 1
− and on the y-axis. Because the period is = 16 . Because the amplitude is , the
2 2 π /8 2
8, one cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at 1 π  1
graph of y = − sin  x  will lie between −
x = 8 . We divide the interval [ 0,8] into four 2 8  2
8 1
subintervals, each of length = 2 by finding the and on the y-axis. Because the period is 16,
4 2
following values: 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 one cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 16 .
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of We divide the interval [ 0,16] into four
coordinates of the five key points for 16
subintervals, each of length = 4 by finding
3 π  1 4
y = − cos  x  + , we multiply the y- the following values:
2 4  2 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16
coordinates of the five key points for y = cos x These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
3 1 the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
by A = − and then add unit. Thus, the coordinates of the five key points for
2 2
3 π  1 1 π  3
graph of y = − cos  x  + will lie between y = − sin  x  + , we multiply the y-
2 2 8  2
4  2
−1 and 2 on the y-axis. The five key points are coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x
1 3
( 0, −1) ,  2,  , ( 4, 2 ) ,  6,  , (8, −1)
1 1
by A = − and then add units. Thus, the
 2   2 2 2
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of 1 π  3
graph of y = − sin  x  + will lie between
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 2 8  2
1
1 and 2 on the y-axis. The five key points are
y (2, ––)
2  3  3  3
 0,  , ( 4,1) ,  8,  , (12, 2 ) , 16, 
(4, 2)
(4, 2)
2  2  2  2
1
(6, –– ) We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
2
x the curve. We then extend the graph in either
8 4 4 8 direction to obtain the graph shown below.
(8, 1) (0, 1) (8, 1)
2
773
y 2π
2.5 Find ω : 8π =
(4, 2) (12, 2) ω
(0, 3
––)
8πω = 2π
2
3 2π 1
(8, ––
2
) ω= =
(4, 1)
3
(16, ––
2
) 8π 4
1 
x The equation is: y = 4sin  x  .
1612 8 4 4 8 12 16 4 
0.5
63. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with
From the graph we can determine that the amplitude 3 and period 4π.
domain is all real numbers, ( −∞, ∞ ) and the 2π
Find ω : 4π =
ω
range is [1, 2] .
4πω = 2π
2π 1
2π 2π ω= =
57. A = 3; T = π; ω = = =2 4π 2
T π
y = ±3sin(2 x) 1 
The equation is: y = −3cos  x  .
2 
2π 2π 1
58. A = 2; T = 4π; ω = = = 64. The graph is a reflected sine graph with
T 4π 2 amplitude 2 and period 4.
1  2π
y = ±2sin  x  Find ω : 4 =
2  ω
4ω = 2π
2π 2π 2π π
59. A = 3; T = 2; ω = = =π ω= =
T 2 4 2
y = ±3sin(πx)
π 
The equation is: y = − 2sin  x  .
2π 2π 2 
60. A = 4; T = 1; ω = = = 2π
T 1 3
y = ±4sin(2π x) 65. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude and
4
period 1.
61. The graph is a cosine graph with amplitude 5 and
2π
period 8. Find ω : 1 =
2π ω
Find ω : 8 = ω = 2π
ω
3
8ω = 2π The equation is: y = sin ( 2π x ) .
4
2π π
ω= =
8 4 66. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with
π  5
The equation is: y = 5cos  x  . amplitude and period 2.
4  2
2π
62. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 4 and Find ω : 2 =
ω
period 8π.
2ω = 2π
2π
ω= =π
2
5
The equation is: y = − cos ( πx ) .
2
774
67. The graph is a reflected sine graph with 2π

Find ω : 4=
4π ω
amplitude 1 and period .
3 4ω = 2π
4π 2π 2π π
Find ω : = ω= =
3 ω 4 2
4πω = 6π π 
The equation is: y = 3sin  x  .
6π 3 2 
ω= =
4π 2
3  72. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with
The equation is: y = − sin  x  . amplitude 2 and period 2.
2 
2π
Find ω : 2 =
68. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with ω
amplitude π and period 2π. 2ω = 2π
2π 2π
Find ω : 2π = ω= =π
ω 2
2πω = 2π The equation is: y = − 2 cos(π x) .
2π
ω= =1 73. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with
2π
The equation is: y = −π cos x . 2π
amplitude 4 and period .
3
69. The graph is a reflected cosine graph, shifted up 2π 2π
Find ω : =
3 3 ω
1 unit, with amplitude 1 and period .
2 2πω = 6π
3 2π 6π
Find ω : = ω= =3
2 ω 2π
3ω = 4π The equation is: y = − 4 cos ( 3 x ) .
4π
ω=
3 74. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 4 and
 4π  period π.
The equation is: y = − cos  x  +1 . 2π
 3  Find ω : π =
ω
70. The graph is a reflected sine graph, shifted down πω = 2π
1 4π 2π
1 unit, with amplitude and period . ω= =2
2 3 π
Find ω :
4π 2π
= The equation is: y = 4sin ( 2 x ) .
3 ω
4πω = 6π f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) sin (π / 2 ) − sin ( 0 )
75. =
6π 3 π /2−0 π /2
ω= =
4π 2 1− 0 2
= =
1 3  π /2 π
The equation is: y = − sin  x  − 1 .
2 2  2
The average rate of change is .
π
71. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 3 and
period 4.
775
f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) cos (π / 2 ) − cos ( 0 )
( f  g )( x ) = cos 
1 
76. = 80. x
π /2−0 π /2 2 
0 −1 2
= =−
π /2 π
2
The average rate of change is − .
π
1 π  1 
sin  ⋅  − sin  ⋅ 0 
f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) 2 2 2 
77. =
π /2−0 π /2
sin (π / 4 ) − sin ( 0 ) 1 1
= ( g  f )( x ) = ( cos x ) = cos x
2 2
π /2
2
2 2 2
= 2 = ⋅ =
π /2 2 π π
2
π
 π
cos  2 ⋅  − cos(2 ⋅ 0)
f (π / 2 ) − f (0)  2
78. =
π /2−0 π /2 81. ( f  g )( x ) = −2 ( cos x ) = −2 cos x
cos(π ) − cos(0) −1 − 1
= =
π /2 π /2
2 4
= −2 ⋅ = −
π π
4
The average rate of change is − .
π
79. ( f  g )( x ) = sin ( 4 x ) ( g  f )( x ) = cos ( −2 x )
( g  f )( x ) = 4 ( sin x ) = 4sin x
82. ( f  g )( x ) = −3 ( sin x ) = −3sin x
776
( g  f )( x ) = sin ( −3x ) 86. I (t ) = 120sin(30π t ), t ≥ 0

2π 2π 1
Period: T = = = second
ω 30π 15
Amplitude: A = 120 = 120 amperes
83.
87. V (t ) = 220sin(120π t )
a. Amplitude: A = 220 = 220 volts
2π 2π 1
ω 120π 60
b, e.
84.
c. V = IR
220sin(120π t ) = 10 I
22sin(120π t ) = I
I (t ) = 22sin(120π t )
d. Amplitude: A = 22 = 22 amperes
85. I ( t ) = 220sin(60π t ), t ≥ 0 2π 2π 1
ω 120π 60
2π
2π 1
ω 60π 30 88. V (t ) = 120sin(120π t )
a. Amplitude: A = 120 = 120 volts
2π 2π 1
ω 120π 60
b, e.
777
c. V = IR  7π   π  15 2
120sin(120π t ) = 20 I 15sin   = 15sin   = ≈ 10.6
 28  4 2
6sin(120π t ) = I
 21π   3π  15 2
I (t ) = 6sin(120π t ) 15sin   = 15sin   = ≈ 10.6
 28   4  2
d. Amplitude: A = 6 = 6 amperes The tunnel is approximately 10.6 feet high
at the edge of the road.
2π 2π 1
ω 120π 60 2π
91. a. Physical potential: ω = ;
23
[V (t )]
2
89. a. P (t ) = 2π π
R Emotional potential: ω = = ;
28 14
2
V0 sin ( 2πft )  2π
= Intellectual potential: ω =
R 33
V sin ( 2πft )
2 2
b. 110
= 0
R
2
V
= 0 sin 2 ( 2πft )
R
b. The graph is the reflected cosine graph
0 33
translated up a distance equivalent to the 0 #1, #2, #3
1
amplitude. The period is , so ω = 4π f .  2π 
2f #1: P ( t ) = 50sin  t  + 50
 23 
1 V0 2 V0 2
The amplitude is ⋅ = . π 
2 R 2R # 2 : P ( t ) = 50sin  t  + 50
The equation is:  14 
V2 V2  2π 
P ( t ) = − 0 cos ( 4πft ) + 0 #3 : P ( t ) = 50sin  t  + 50
2R 2R  33 
2
V c. No.
= 0 1 − cos ( 4πft ) 
2R d. 110
c. Comparing the formulas: #2 #1
1
sin 2 ( 2πft ) = (1 − cos ( 4πft ) )
2
90. a. Since the tunnel is in the shape of one-half a #3

7305 7335
sine cycle, the width of the tunnel at its base 0
is one-half the period. Thus, Physical potential peaks at 15 days after the
2π π 20th birthday, with minimums at the 3rd and
T= = 2(28) = 56 or ω = . 26th days. Emotional potential is 50% at the
ω 28
17th day, with a maximum at the 10th day
The tunnel has a maximum height of 15 feet and a minimum at the 24th day. Intellectual
so we have A = 15 . Using the form potential starts fairly high, drops to a
y = A sin(ω x) , the equation for the sine minimum at the 13th day, and rises to a
curve that fits the opening is maximum at the 29th day.
πx 
y = 15sin  .
 28 
b. Since the shoulders are 7 feet wide and the
road is 14 feet wide, the edges of the road
correspond to x = 7 and x = 21 .
778
92. y = cos x , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π f ( x + h) − f ( x )
103.
h
( x + h) 2 − 5( x + h) + 1 − ( x 2 − 5 x + 1)
=
h
( x + 2 xh + h ) − (5 x + 5h) + 1 − x 2 + 5 x − 1
2 2
=
h
x + 2 xh + h − 5 x − 5h + 1 − x 2 + 5 x − 1
2 2
=
h
2 xh + h 2 − 5h h(2 x + h − 5)
= = = 2x + h − 5
h h
93. y = sin x , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π
104. We need to use completing the square to put the
function in the form
f ( x ) = a ( x − h) 2 + k
f ( x) = −3 x 2 + 12 x − 7
= −3( x 2 − 4 x) − 7
144 144
= −3 x 2 − 4 x + 2
−7+3 2
4( −3) 4( −3)
= −3( x 2 − 4 x + 4) − 7 + 12
94. Answers may vary. = −3( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + 5 = −3( x − 2) 2 + 5
 7π 1   π 1   5π 1   13π 1  So the vertex is (2,5) .
− , , , , , , , 
 6 2  6 2  6 2  6 2
105. The y intercept is:
95. Answers may vary. y = 3 0 + 2 −1
y = 6 −1 = 5
 5π 1   π 1   π 1   5π 1 
 − , , − , , , , ,  (0,5)
 3 2  3 2  3 2  3 2
The x-interecpts are:
96. 2sin x = −2 0 = 3 x + 2 −1
sin x = −1 1
1= 3 x+2 → = x+2
Answers may vary. 3
 π   3π   7π   11π  1 1
 − , −2  ,  , −2  ,  , −2  ,  , −2  = x + 2 or − = x + 2
 2   2   2   2  3 3
5 7
97. Answers may vary. x=− or x = −
3 3
 3π   π   5π   9π 
 − ,1 ,  ,1 ,  ,1 ,  ,1 5
− ,0 , − ,0
7
 4  4   4   4 
3 3
106. 3x − 2(5 x + 16) = −3 x + 4(8 + x)
3 x − 10 x − 32 = −3 x + 32 + 4 x
−8 x = 64
x = −8
The solution set is: {−8} .
779
Section 7.7 17. y = 3 tan x ; The graph of y = tan x is stretched

vertically by a factor of 3.
1. x = 4
2. True
π
3. origin; x = odd multiples of
2
π
4. y-axis; x = odd multiples of
2
5. b  kπ 
The domain is  x x ≠ , k is an odd integer  .
6. True  2 
The range is the set of all real number or (−∞, ∞) .
7. The y-intercept of y = tan x is 0.
18. y = −2 tan x ; The graph of y = tan x is stretched
8. y = cot x has no y-intercept. vertically by a factor of 2 and reflected about the
x-axis.
9. The y-intercept of y = sec x is 1.
10. y = csc x has no y-intercept.
11. sec x = 1 when x = − 2π, 0, 2π;

sec x = −1 when x = −π, π
3π π
12. csc x = 1 when x = − , ;
2 2
π 3π
csc x = −1 when x = − ,  kπ 
2 2 The domain is  x x ≠ , k is an odd integer  .
 2 
13. y = sec x has vertical asymptotes when The range is the set of all real number or (−∞, ∞) .
3π π π 3π
x=− ,− , , . 19. y = 4 cot x ; The graph of y = cot x is stretched
2 2 2 2
14. y = csc x has vertical asymptotes when
x = − 2π, − π, 0, π, 2π .
15. y = tan x has vertical asymptotes when

3π π π 3π
x=− ,− , , .
2 2 2 2
16. y = cot x has vertical asymptotes when

x = − 2π, − π, 0, π, 2π .
The domain is { x x ≠ kπ , k is an integer} . The
range is the set of all real number or (−∞, ∞) .
780
Section 7.7: Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant, and Secant Functions
20. y = −3cot x ; The graph of y = cot x is stretched 1 

23. y = cot  x  ; The graph of y = cot x is
vertically by a factor of 3 and reflected about the 4 
x-axis.
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4.

range is the set of all real number or (−∞, ∞) . The domain is { x x ≠ 4kπ , k is an integer} . The
π 
21. y = tan  x  ; The graph of y = tan x is
2  π 
24. y = cot  x  ; The graph of y = cot x is
2 4 
horizontally compressed by a factor of .
π 4
horizontally stretched by a factor of .
π
The domain is { x x does not equal an odd integer} .

The range is the set of all real number or (−∞, ∞) . The domain is { x x ≠ 4k , k is an integer} . The
1 
22. y = tan  x  ; The graph of y = tan x is 25. y = 2sec x ; The graph of y = sec x is stretched
2 
horizontally stretched by a factor of 2.
The domain is { x x ≠ kπ , k is an integer} . The  kπ 

The domain is  x x ≠ , k is an odd integer  .
 2 
The range is { y y ≤ −2 or y ≥ 2} .
781
1  kπ 
26. y = csc x ; The graph of y = csc x is vertically The domain is  x x ≠ , k is an odd integer  .
2  2 
1 The range is { y y ≤ −4 or y ≥ 4} .
compressed by a factor of .
2
1 
29. y = 4sec  x  ; The graph of y = sec x is
2 
horizontally stretched by a factor of 2 and
vertically stretched by a factor of 4.

 1 1
range is  y y ≤ − or y ≥  .
 2 2
27. y = −3csc x ; The graph of y = csc x is

vertically stretched by a factor of 3 and reflected
about the x-axis.
The domain is { x x ≠ kπ , k is an odd integer} .

1
30. y = csc ( 2 x ) ; The graph of y = csc x is
2
1
horizontally compressed by a factor of and
2
1
vertically compressed by a factor of .
The domain is { x x ≠ kπ , k is an integer} . The 2
range is { y y ≤ −3 or y ≥ 3} .
28. y = −4sec x ; The graph of y = sec x is

vertically stretched by a factor of 4 and reflected
about the x-axis.
 kπ 
The domain is  x x ≠ , k is an integer  . The
 2 
 1 1
range is  y y ≤ − or y ≥  .
 2 2
782
31. y = −2 csc (π x ) ; The graph of y = csc x is up 1 unit.
1
horizontally compressed by a factor of ,
π
vertically stretched by a factor of 2, and reflected
about the x-axis.
The domain is { x x ≠ 2kπ , k is an odd integer} .

34. y = 2 cot x − 1 ; The graph of y = cot x is

The domain is { x x does not equal an integer} . vertically stretched by a factor of 2 and shifted
down 1 unit.
π 
32. y = −3sec  x  ; The graph of y = sec x is
2 
2
horizontally compressed by a factor of ,
π
vertically stretched by a factor of 3, and reflected
about the x-axis.

The domain is { x x does not equal an odd integer} .

1 
33. y = tan  x  + 1 ; The graph of y = tan x is
4 
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4 and shifted
783
 2π 
35. y = sec  x  + 2 ; The graph of y = sec x is
 3 
3
horizontally compressed by a factor of and
2π
shifted up 2 units.
The domain is { x x ≠ 2π k , k is an odd integer} .

1 
38. y = 3cot  x  − 2 ; The graph of y = cot x is
2 
 3  horizontally stretched by a factor of 2, vertically
The domain is  x x ≠ k , k is an odd integer  .
 4  stretched by a factor of 3, and shifted down 2
The range is { y y ≤ 1 or y ≥ 3} . units.
 3π 
36. y = csc  x  ; The graph of y = csc x is
 2 
2
horizontally compressed by a factor of .
3π
The domain is { x x ≠ 2π k , k is an integer} . The

 2 
The domain is  x x ≠ k , k is an integer  . The
 3 
range is { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1} .
1 1 
37. y = tan  x  − 2 ; The graph of y = tan x is
2 4 
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4, vertically
1
compressed by a factor of , and shifted down 2
2
units.
784
1  π  2 3
39. y = 2 csc  x  − 1 ; The graph of y = csc x is f   − f ( 0) −1
3   
6 sec ( π / 6 ) − sec ( 0 )
42. = = 3
horizontally stretched by a factor of 3, vertically π π /6 π /6
−0
stretched by a factor of 2, and shifted down 1 unit. 6
=
2 3 −3 6 2 3 2− 3
⋅ =
( )
3 π π
The average rate of change is

(
2 3 2− 3 ).
π
π 
f   − f ( 0)
6 tan ( 2 ⋅ π / 6 ) − tan ( 2 ⋅ 0 )
43. =
π π /6
−0
6
3 −0 6 3
= =
π /6 π
The domain is { x x ≠ 3π k , k is an integer} .
6 3
The range is { y y ≤ −3 or y ≥ 1} . The average rate of change is
π
.
1  π 
40. y = 3sec  x  + 1 ; The graph of y = sec x is f   − f ( 0)
4  6 sec ( 2 ⋅ π / 6 ) − sec ( 2 ⋅ 0 )
44. =
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4, vertically π π /6
−0
stretched by a factor of 3, and shifted up 1 unit. 6
2 −1 6
= =
π /6 π
6
π
45. ( f  g )( x ) = tan ( 4 x )
The domain is { x x ≠ 2π k , k is an odd integer} .

π  3
f   − f ( 0) −0
 
6 tan ( π / 6 ) − tan ( 0 )
41. = = 3
π π /6 π /6
−0
6
3 6 2 3
= ⋅ =
3 π π
2 3
π
785
( g  f )( x ) = 4 ( tan x ) = 4 tan x ( g  f )( x ) = cot ( −2 x )
1
48. ( f  g )( x ) = ( 2 csc x ) = csc x
2
( f  g )( x ) = 2sec 
1 
46. x
2 
( g  f )( x ) = 2 csc 
1 
x
2 
1
( g  f )( x ) = ( 2sec x ) = sec x
2
49.
47. ( f  g )( x ) = −2 ( cot x ) = −2 cot x
786
50. 52. a. d ( t ) = 10 tan(π t )
1
51. a. Consider the length of the line segment in b. d ( t ) = 10 tan(π t ) is undefined at t = and
two sections, x, the portion across the hall 2
that is 3 feet wide and y, the portion across 3
t= , or in general at
that hall that is 4 feet wide. Then, 2
3 4  k 
cos θ = and sin θ = t = k is an odd integer  . At these
x y  2 
3 4 instances, the length of the beam of light
x= y=
cos θ sin θ approaches infinity. It is at these instances
Thus, in the rotation of the beacon when the beam
3 4 of light being cast on the wall changes from
L = x+ y = + = 3sec θ + 4 csc θ . one side of the beacon to the other.
cos θ sin θ
c. t d ( t ) = 10 tan(π t )
3 4
b. Let Y1 = + . 0 0
cos x sin x
25 0.1 3.2492
0.2 7.2654
0.3 13.764
0.4 30.777
0
_π
2 d (0.1) − d (0) 3.2492 − 0
0 d. = ≈ 32.492
0.1 − 0 0.1 − 0
c. Use MINIMUM to find the least value:
d (0.2) − d (0.1) 7.2654 − 3.2492
25 = ≈ 40.162
0.2 − 0.1 0.2 − 0.1
d (0.3) − d (0.2) 13.764 − 7.2654
= ≈ 64.986
0.3 − 0.2 0.3 − 0.2
d (0.4) − d (0.3) 30.777 − 13.764
= ≈ 170.13
0
_π 0.4 − 0.3 0.4 − 0.3
0 2
e. The first differences represent the average
L is least when θ ≈ 0.83 . rate of change of the beam of light against
the wall, measured in feet per second. For
3 4
d. L≈ + ≈ 9.86 feet . example, between t = 0 seconds and t = 0.1
cos ( 0.83) sin ( 0.83) seconds, the average rate of change of the
Note that rounding up will result in a ladder beam of light against the wall is 32.492 feet
that won’t fit around the corner. Answers per second.
will vary.
787
53. t − 4 = 0 or 5t + 6 = 0
6
t = 4 or t=−
5
6
Time must be positive, so disregard t = − .
5
Hazel takes 4 hours to complete the job alone.
Gwyneth 4 + 2 = 6 hours to complete the job
alone.
2 −5
56. 9 x −1 = 3x
2 −5
32( x −1) = 3x
2( x − 1) = x 2 − 5
2 x − 2 = x2 − 5
x2 − 2 x + 3 = 0
( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
So x = 3 or x = −1 . The solution set is: {3, −1} .
1
57. The slope is and the y-intercept is (0, −3) .
4
Yes, the two functions are equivalent.
54. We use the difference in cubes formula:

a 3 − b3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
125 p 3 − 8q 3 =
(5 p)3 − (2q )3 = (5 p − 2q )(25 p 2 + 10 pq + 4q 2 )
55. Let t represent the time it takes Hazel to

complete the paint job alone. Then t + 2
represents the time it takes Gwyneth to complete
the paint job alone.
Time to do job Part of job done

Section 7.8
in one hour
1 1. phase shift
HP LJ 2420 t t
HP LJ 1300 t+2 1 2. False
t +2
Together 2.4 1
2.4 3. y = 4sin(2 x − π)
1 1 1 Amplitude: A = 4 =4
+ =
t t + 2 2.4 2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
24(t + 2) + 24t = 10 t (t + 2) ω 2
24t + 48 + 24t = 10t 2 + 20t φ π
Phase Shift: =
2
0 = 10t − 28t − 48 ω 2
Interval defining one cycle:
0 = 5t 2 − 14t − 24
0 = (t − 4)(5t + 6)
788
Section 7.8: Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve Fitting
φ φ   π 3π   π
ω , ω + T  =  2 , 2  5. y = 2 cos  3 x + 
     2
Subinterval width: Amplitude: A = 2 = 2
T π 2π 2π
= Period: T= =
4 4 ω 3
Key points:
 π
−
 π   3π   5π   3π 
 , 0  ,  , 4  , (π , 0 ) ,  , −4  ,  , 0  φ  2  π
Phase Shift: = =−
2   4   4   2  ω 3 6
φ φ   π π
ω , ω + T  = − 6 , 2 
   
Subinterval width:
T 2π / 3 π
= =
4 4 6
Key points:
 π  π  π  π 
 − , 2  , ( 0, 0 ) ,  , −2  ,  , 0  ,  , 2 
 6   6  3  2 
4. y = 3sin(3 x − π)
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
2π 2π
Period: T= =
ω 3
φ π
Phase Shift: =
ω 3
φ φ  π 
ω , ω + T  =  3 ,π 
    6. y = 3cos ( 2 x + π )
Subinterval width: Amplitude: A = 3 =3
T 2π / 3 π
= = 2π 2π
4 4 6 Period: T= = =π
ω 2
Key points: φ −π π
Phase Shift: = =−
 π   π   2π   5π  ω 2 2
 , 0  ,  ,3  ,  , 0  ,  , −3  , (π , 0 ) Interval defining one cycle:
3  2   3   6 
φ φ   π π
ω , ω + T  = − 2 , 2 
   
Subinterval width:
T π
=
4 4
Key points:
 π   π  π  π 
 − ,3  ,  − , 0  , ( 0, −3) ,  , 0  ,  ,3 
 2   4  4  2 
789
φ φ   π 5π 
ω , ω + T  =  4 , 4 
   
Subinterval width:
T π
=
4 4
Key points:
π   π   3π   5π 
 , −2  ,  , 0  ,  , 2  , (π , 0 ) ,  , −2 
4  2   4   4 
 π
7. y = −3sin  2 x + 
 2
Amplitude: A = − 3 = 3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
π
−
φ π
Phase Shift: = 2 =−
ω 2 4 9. y = 4sin(πx + 2) − 5
Amplitude: A = 4 =4
φ φ   π 3π 
 ω , ω + T  = − 4 , 4  2π 2π
    Period: T= = =2
Subinterval width: ω π
T π φ −2 2
= Phase Shift: = =−
4 4 ω π π
Key points: Interval defining one cycle:
 π   π   π   3π  φ φ   2 2
 − , 0  , ( 0, −3) ,  , 0  ,  ,3  ,  , 0   ω , ω + T  = − π , 2 − π 
   
 4  4  2   4 
Subinterval width:
T 2 1
= =
4 4 2
Key points:
 2  1 2   2 
 − , −5  ,  − , −1 , 1 − , −5  ,
 π   2 π   π 
3 2   2 
 − , −9  ,  2 − , −5 
2 π   π 
 π
8. y = − 2 cos  2 x − 
 2
Amplitude: A = − 2 = 2
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
π
φ 2 π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2 4
790
10. y = 2 cos(2πx + 4) + 4  2  1 2   2  3 2 
 ,8  ,  + ,5  , 1 + , 2  ,  + ,5  ,
Amplitude: A = 2 =2 π   2 π   π  2 π 
2π 2π  2 
Period: T= = =1  2 + ,8 
ω 2π  π 
φ −4 2
Phase Shift: = =−
ω 2π π
φ φ   2 2
 ω , ω + T  =  − π ,1 − π 
   
T 1
Subinterval width: =
4 4
Key points:
 2  1 2  1 2  3 2 
 − ,6 ,  − , 4 ,  − , 2 ,  − ,4 ,
 π  4 π  2 π  4 π 
 2 
1 − , 6 
 π  12. y = 2 cos(2πx − 4) − 1
Amplitude: A = 2 =2
2π 2π
Period: T= = =1
ω 2π
φ 4 2
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2π π
φ φ  2 2
 ω , ω + T  =  π ,1 + π 
   
Subinterval width:
T 1
=
4 4
Key points:
11. y = 3cos(πx − 2) + 5  2  1 2  1 2 
Amplitude: A = 3 =3  ,1 ,  + , −1 ,  + , −3  ,
π   4 π  2 π 
2π 2π 3 2   2 
Period: T= = =2
ω π  + , −1 , 1 + ,1
4 π   π 
φ 2
Phase Shift: =
ω π
φ φ  2 2
ω , ω + T  = π , 2 + π 
   
Subinterval width:
T 2 1
= =
4 4 2
Key points:
791
 π   π  T π
13. y = −3sin  − 2 x +  = −3sin  −  2 x −   =
 2    2  4 4
Key points:
 π
= 3sin  2 x −  π   π   3π   5π 
 2  , −3  ,  , 0  ,  ,3  , (π , 0 ) ,  , −3 
 4   2   4   4 
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
π
φ 2 π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2 4
φ φ   π 5π 
ω , ω + T  =  4 , 4 
   
Subinterval width:
T π
=
4 4
Key points: φ 1
15. A = 2; T = π; =
 π   π   3π   5π  ω 2
 , 0  ,  ,3  ,  , 0  , (π , −3) ,  , 0  2π 2π φ φ 1
 4   2   4   4  ω= = =2 = =
T π ω 2 2
φ =1
Assuming A is positive, we have that
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 2sin(2 x − 1)
  1 
= 2sin  2  x −  
  2 
π φ
16. A = 3; T = ; =2
2 ω
2π 2π φ φ
ω= = =4 = =2
T π ω 4
 π   π  2 φ =8
14. y = −3cos  − 2 x +  = −3cos  −  2 x −   Assuming A is positive, we have that
 2   2 
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 3sin(4 x − 8)
 π
= −3cos  2 x −  = 3sin  4 ( x − 2 ) 
 2
Amplitude: A = −3 = 3
φ 1
2π 2π 17. A = 3; T = 3π;
=−
Period: T= = =π ω 3
ω 2 2π 2π 2 φ φ 1
π ω= = = = =−
T 3π 3 ω 2 3
φ 2 π
Phase Shift: = = 3
ω 2 4
1 2 2
Interval defining one cycle: φ =− ⋅ =−
3 3 9
φ φ   π 5π 
ω , ω + T  =  4 , 4 
   
Subinterval width:
792
Assuming A is positive, we have that 1

2) Horizontally compress by a factor of
2 2 2
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 3sin  x + 
3 9  y = cot ( 2 x − π ) 
 
2  1 
= 3sin   x +   1
3  3  3) Vertically compress by a factor of
2
φ  1 
18. A = 2; T = π;
ω
= −2  y = 2 cot ( 2 x − π ) 
 
2π 2π φ φ
ω= = =2 = = −2
T π ω 2
φ = −4
Assuming A is positive, we have that
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 2sin(2 x + 4)
= 2sin  2 ( x + 2 ) 
19. y = 2 tan ( 4 x − π )
Begin with the graph of y = tan x and apply the  π
21. y = 3csc  2 x − 
following transformations:  4
1) Shift right π units  y = tan ( x − π )  Begin with the graph of y = csc x and apply the
following transformations:
1
2) Horizontally compress by a factor of π   π 
4 1) Shift right units  y = csc  x −  
 y = tan ( 4 x − π )  4   4  
 
1
3) Vertically stretch by a factor of 2 2) Horizontally compress by a factor of
2
 y = 2 tan ( 4 x − π ) 
    π 
 y = csc  2 x −  
  4  
3) Vertically stretch by a factor of 3
  π 
 y = 3csc  2 x −  
  4  
1
20. y = cot ( 2 x − π )
2
Begin with the graph of y = cot x and apply the
1) Shift right π units  y = cot ( x − π ) 
793
1
22. y = sec ( 3x − π )
2
Begin with the graph of y = sec x and apply the
1) Shift right π units  y = sec ( x − π ) 
1
3
 y = sec ( 3 x − π ) 
 
1
3) Vertically compress by a factor of  π
2 24. y = − tan  3 x + 
 2
 1 
 y = 2 sec ( 3 x − π )  Begin with the graph of y = tan x and apply the
  following transformations:
π   π 
1) Shift left units  y = tan  x +  
2   2 
1
3
  π 
 y = tan  3x +  
  2 
3) Reflect about the x-axis
  π 
 y = − tan  x +  
  2 
 π
23. y = − cot  2 x + 
 2 π 
 ,1
Begin with the graph of y = cot x and apply the  12 
π   π 
1) Shift left units  y = cot  x +  
2   2   π 
 , −1 
4 
1
2
  π 
 y = cot  2 x +   25. y = − sec ( 2π x + π )
  2  
Begin with the graph of y = sec x and apply the
3) Reflect about the x-axis following transformations:
  π 
 y = − cot  2 x +   1) Shift left π units  y = sec ( x + π ) 
  2  
1
2π
 y = sec ( 2π x + π ) 
 
 y = − sec ( 2π x + π ) 
 
794
 π
27. I ( t ) = 120sin  30π t −  , t ≥ 0
 3
2π 2π 1
Period: T= = = second
ω 30π 15
π
φ 1
Phase Shift: = 3 = second
ω 30π 90
 1 π
26. y = − csc  − π x + 
 2 4
Begin with the graph of y = csc x and apply the  π
28. I ( t ) = 220sin  60π t −  , t ≥ 0
following transformations:  6
π   π  2π 2π 1
1) Shift left units  y = csc  x +   Period: T= = = second
4   4   ω 60π 30
  π 
2) Reflect about the y-axis  y = csc  − x +   π
  4  
φ 1
Phase Shift: = 6 = second
2 ω 60π 360
π
  1 π 
 y = csc  − π x +  
  2 4  
  1 π 
 y = − csc  − π x +  
  2 4  
29. a.
33 − 16 17
b. Amplitude: A = = = 8.5
2 2
33+16 49
Vertical Shift: = = 24.5
2 2
2π 2π
ω= =
5 5
Phase shift (use y = 16, x = 6):
795
 2π  Phase shift (use y = 36.0, x = 1):

16 = 8.5sin  ⋅ 6 − φ  + 24.5
 5  π
36.0 = 21.9sin ⋅1 − φ + 57.9
 12π  6
−8.5 = 8.5sin  −φ 
 5  π
− 21.9 = 21.9sin −φ
 12π  6
−1 = sin  −φ 
 5  π
−1 = sin −φ
π 12π 6
− = −φ
2 5 π π
− = −φ
29π 2 6
φ=
10 2π
φ=
 2π 11π  3
Thus, y = 8.5sin  x−  + 24.5 or
 5 10  π 2π
Thus, y = 21.9sin x− + 57.9 or
 2π  11   6 3
y = 8.5sin   x −   + 24.5 .
 5 4  π
y = 21.9sin ( x − 4) + 57.9 .
c. 6
c.
d. y = 9.46sin (1.247 x + 2.906 ) + 24.088
d. y = 21.68sin ( 0.516 x − 2.124) + 57.81
e. / /
e. 90
0 13
30. a. 20
31. a.
79.8 − 36.0 43.8

b. Amplitude: A = = = 21.9
2 2
79.8+36.0 115.8
Vertical Shift: = = 57.9
2 2
2π π
ω= =
12 6
796
75.4 − 28.1 47.3 77.0 − 32.9 44.1

b. Amplitude: A = = = 23.65 b. Amplitude: A = = = 22.05
2 2 2 2
75.4+28.1 103.5 77.0+32.9 109.9
Vertical Shift: = = 51.75 Vertical Shift: = = 54.95
2 2 2 2
2π π 2π π
ω= = ω= =
12 6 12 6
Phase shift (use y = 28.1, x = 1): Phase shift (use y = 32.9, x = 1):
π π
28.1 = 23.65sin ⋅1 − φ + 51.75 32.9 = 22.05sin ⋅1 − φ + 54.95
6 6
π π
− 23.65 = 23.65sin −φ − 22.05 = 22.05sin −φ
6 6
π π
−1 = sin −φ −1 = sin −φ
6 6
π π π π
− = −φ − = −φ
2 6 2 6
2π 2π
φ= φ=
3 3
π 2π π 2π
Thus, y = 23.65sin x− + 51.75 or Thus, y = 22.05sin x− + 54.95 or
6 3 6 3
π π
y = 23.65sin ( x − 4) + 51.75 . y = 22.05sin ( x − 4) + 54.95 .
6 6
c. c.
d. y = 24.25sin(0.493 x − 1.927) + 51.61 d. y = 21.73sin(0.518 x − 2.139) + 54.82
e.
e. 80
0 13
20
32. a.
797
33. a. 6.5 + 12.4167 = 18.9167 hours which is at 24π

6:55 PM. Thus, y = 4.69sin x + 1.5202 + 5.28
149
5.86 − ( −0.38) 6.24 24π
b. Ampl: A = = = 3.12 or y = 4.69sin ( x + 3.0042) + 5.28 .
2 2 149
5.86 + ( −0.38) 5.48
Vertical Shift: = = 2.74 24π
2 2 c. y = 4.69sin (18) + 1.5202 + 5.28
149
2π π 24π
ω= = = ≈ 0.90 feet
12.4167 6.20835 149
Phase shift (use y = 5.86, x = 6.5): 13.75 − 10.52
24π 35. a. Amplitude: A = = 1.615
5.86 = 3.12sin ⋅ 6.5 − φ + 2.74 2
149 13.75 + 10.52
Vertical Shift: = 12.135
24π 2
3.12 = 3.12sin ⋅ 6.5 − φ
149 2π
ω=
156π 365
1 = sin −φ Phase shift (use y = 13.75, x = 172):
149
π 156π 2π
= −φ 13.75 = 1.615sin ⋅172 − φ + 12.135
2 149 365
φ ≈ 1.7184 2π
1.615 = 1.615sin ⋅172 − φ
24π 365
Thus, y = 3.12sin x − 1.7184 + 2.74
149 344π
1 = sin −φ
24π 365
or y = 3.12sin ( x − 3.3959) + 2.74 .
149 π 344π
= −φ
24π 2 365
c. y = 3.12sin (15) − 1.7184 + 2.74 φ ≈ 1.3900
149
2π
≈ 1.49 feet Thus, y = 1.615sin x − 1.39 + 12.135 or
365
34. a. 0.10 + 12.4167 = 12.5167 hours which is at 2π
12:31 PM. y = 1.615sin ( x − 80.75) + 12.135 .
365
9.97 − (0.59) 9.38
b. Ampl: A = = = 4.69 2π
2 2 b. y = 1.615sin (91 − 80.75) + 12.135
365
9.97 + (0.59) 10.56
Vertical Shift: = = 5.28 ≈ 12.42 hours
2 2
2π π 24π c.
ω= = =
12.4167 6.20835 149
Phase shift (use y = 9.97, x = 0.10):
24π
9.97 = 4.69sin ⋅ 0.10 − φ + 5.28
149
24π
4.69 = 4.69sin ⋅ 0.10 − φ
149
2.4π
1 = sin −φ
149
d. The actual hours of sunlight on April 1,
π 2.4π 2014 were 12.43 hours. This is very close to
= −φ
2 149 the predicted amount of 12.42 hours..
φ ≈ −1.5202
798
15.27 − 9.07 2π
36. a. Amplitude: A = = 3.1 19.37 = 6.96sin ⋅172 − φ + 12.41
2 365
15.27 + 9.07 2π
Vertical Shift: = 12.17 6.96 = 6.96sin ⋅172 − φ
2 365
2π
ω= 344π
365 1 = sin −φ
365
Phase shift (use y = 15.27, x = 172):
π 344π
2π = −φ
15.27 = 3.1sin ⋅172 − φ + 12.17 2 365
365 φ ≈ 1.39
2π 2π
3.1 = 3.1sin ⋅172 − φ Thus, y = 6.96sin x − 1.39 + 12.41 or
365 365
344π 2π
1 = sin −φ y = 6.96sin ( x − 80.75) + 12.41 .
365 365
π 344π
= −φ 2π
2 365 b. y = 6.96sin (91) − 1.39 + 12.41
φ ≈ 1.39 365
2π ≈ 13.63 hours
Thus, y = 3.1sin x − 1.39 + 12.17 or
365
2π c.
y = 3.1sin ( x − 80.75) + 12.17 .
365
2π
b. y = 3.1sin (91) − 1.39 + 12.17
365
≈ 12.71 hours
c.

2014 was 13.37 hours. This is close to the
predicted amount of 13.63 hours.
13.42 − 10.83
38. a. Amplitude: A = = 1.295
2
13.42 + 10.83
d. The actual hours of sunlight on April 1, Vertical Shift: = 12.125
2014 were 12.75 hours. This is very close to 2
the predicted amount of 12.71 hours. 2π
ω=
365
19.37 − 5.45 Phase shift (use y = 13.42, x = 172):
37. a. Amplitude: A = = 6.96
2
19.37 + 5.45
Vertical Shift: = 12.41
2
2π
ω=
365
Phase shift (use y = 19.37, x = 172):
799
2π 4x + 9
13.42 = 1.295sin ⋅172 − φ + 12.125 41. f ( x) =
365 2
2π 4y + 9
1.295 = 1.295sin ⋅172 − φ x=
365 2
2x = 4 y + 9
344π
1 = sin −φ 2x − 9 = 4 y
365
2x − 9
π 344π =y
= −φ 4
2 365
2x − 9
φ ≈ 1.39 = f −1 ( x)
4
2π
Thus, y = 1.295sin x − 1.39 + 12.125 .
365 42. 0.25(0.4 x + 0.8) = 3.7 − 1.4 x
2π 0.1x + 0.2 = 3.7 − 1.4 x
b. y = 1.295sin (91) − 1.39 + 12.125 1.5 x = 3.5
365
≈ 12.35 hours 35 7
x= =
15 3
c. 43. (8 x + 15 y ) 2 = (8 x + 15 y )(8 x + 15 y )
= 64 x 2 + 120 xy + 120 xy + 225 y 2
= 64 x 2 + 240 xy + 225 y 2
44. d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
= (10 − 4) 2 + (3 − ( −1)) 2
= (6) 2 + (4) 2
= 36 + 16 = 52 = 4(13) = 2 13

2014 were 12.38 hours. This is very close to
the predicted amount of 12.35 hours.
5π 5π 180
4. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 450°
2 2 π
π π 1 1
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 5. tan − sin = 1 − =
4 6 2 2
π 3π
1. 135° = 135 ⋅ radian = radians π 2 3 3 2 4 3
180 4 6. 3sin 45º − 4 tan = 3⋅ − 4⋅ = −
6 2 3 2 3
π π
2. 18° = 18 ⋅ radian = radian
3π  π  2
180 10
7. 6 cos
4
+ 2 tan  −  = 6  −
 3
 + 2 − 3 ( )
 2 
3π 3π 180
3. = ⋅ degrees = 135° = −3 2 − 2 3
4 4 π
800
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
 π  5π  π 5π 12
8. sec  −  − cot  −  = sec + cot = 2 +1 = 3 17. tan θ = and sin θ < 0 , so θ lies in quadrant III.
 3   4  3 4 5
9. tan π + sin π = 0 + 0 = 0 sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1
2
10. cos 540º − tan( − 405º ) = −1 − ( −1)  12  144 169
sec 2 θ =   + 1 = +1 =
= −1 + 1 = 0  5 25 25
169 13
1 sec θ = ± =±
2
11. sin 20º + = sin 2 20º + cos 2 20º = 1 25 5
sec2 20º Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in
13
1 quadrant III. Thus, sec θ = − .
12. sec 50º ⋅ cos 50º = ⋅ cos 50º = 1 5
cos 50º
1 1 5
cos θ = = =−
sin 50º sin 50º sec θ − 135 13
13. = =1
cos 40° sin 50° sin θ
tan θ = , so
cos θ
sin ( −40º ) − sin 40° 12  5  12
14. = = −1 sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −  = −
cos 50° sin 40° 5  13  13
15. sin 400º ⋅ sec ( −50º ) = sin 400º ⋅ sec 50º

1
= sin ( 40º +360º ) ⋅
cos 50º
sin 40º sin 40º
= = =1
cos 50º sin 40º
4 π
16. sin θ = and 0 < θ < , so θ lies in quadrant I.
5 2
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
2
4 16 9
cos 2 θ = 1 −   = 1 − =
5
  25 25
9 3
cos θ = ± =±
25 5
Note that cos θ must be positive since θ lies in
3
quadrant I. Thus, cos θ = .
5
sin θ 54 4 5 4
tan θ = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 53 5 3 3
1 1 5 5
csc θ = = 4 = 1⋅ =
sin θ 5 4 4
1 1 5 5
sec θ = = = 1⋅ =
cos θ 53 3 3
1 1 3 3
cot θ = = 4 = 1⋅ =
tan θ 3 4 4
801
1 1 13 1 1 5
csc θ = = =− sec θ = = =−
sin θ − 12
13
12 cos θ − 53 3
1 1 5 1 1 3
cot θ = = 12 = cot θ = = 4 =
tan θ 5
12 tan θ 3 4
5
18. sec θ = − and tan θ < 0 , so θ lies in quadrant II. 5 3π
4 20. sin θ = − and < θ < 2π (quadrant IV)
13 2
tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
2
 5 25 9 2
tan 2 θ =  −  − 1 = −1 =  5 25 144
 4 16 16 cos 2 θ = 1 −  −  = 1 − =
 13  169 169
9 3
tan θ = ± =± 144 12
16 4 cos θ = ± =±
169 13
3 Note that cos θ must be positive because θ lies
Note that tan θ < 0 , so tan θ = − .
4 12
1 1 4 in quadrant IV. Thus, cos θ = .
cos θ = = =− 13
sec θ − 54 5
sin θ − 135 5  13  5
sin θ tan θ = = 12 = −   = −
tan θ = , so cos θ 13 13  12  12
cos θ
1 1 13
3 4 3 csc θ = = =−
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −  −  = . sin θ − 135 5
4 5 5
1 1 13
1 1 5 sec θ = = 12 =
csc θ = = = cos θ 13 12
sin θ 35 3
1 1 12
1 1 4 cot θ = = =−
cot θ = = 3 =− tan θ − 125 5
tan θ − 4 3
3 1
19. cos θ = − and θ lies in quadrant III. 21. tan θ = and 180º < θ < 270º (quadrant III)
5 3
Using the Pythagorean Identities: Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ sec2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1
2 2
 3 9 16 1 1 10
sin 2 θ = 1 −  −  = 1 − = sec2 θ =   + 1 = + 1 =
 5  25 25 3 9 9
16 4 10 10
sin θ = ± =± sec θ = ± =±
25 5 9 3
Note that sin θ must be negative because θ lies Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in
4 10
in quadrant III. Thus, sin θ = − . quadrant III. Thus, sec θ = − .
5 3
sin θ − 45 4 5 4 1 1 3 10 3 10
tan θ = = 3 = − −  = cos θ = = =− ⋅ =−
cos θ − 5 5 3 3 sec θ 10 10 10 10
−
1 1 5 3
csc θ = = =−
sin θ − 45 4 sin θ
tan θ = , so
cos θ
1  3 10  10
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) =  −  = −
3  10  10
802
1 1 10 24. y = 2sin(4 x)
csc θ = = =− = − 10
sin θ 10 10 The graph of y = sin x is stretched vertically by
−
10 a factor of 2 and compressed horizontally by a
1 1 1
cot θ = = 1 =3 factor of .
tan θ 3
4
3π
22. csc θ = − 4 and π < θ < (quadrant III)
2
cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ − 1
cot 2 θ = ( −4 ) − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15
2
cot θ = ± 15
Note that cot θ must be positive since θ lies in
quadrant III. Thus, cot θ = 15 .
1 1 1
sin θ = = =− Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
csc θ −4 4
cos θ Range: [ −2, 2]
cot θ = , so
sin θ
25. y = −3cos(2 x)
 1 15
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = 15  −  = − The graph of y = cos x is stretched vertically by
 4 4
a factor of 3, reflected across the x-axis, and
1 1 15 15
tan θ = = ⋅ = 1
cot θ 15 15 15 compressed horizontally by a factor of .
2
1 1 4 15 4 15
sec θ = = 15 = − ⋅ =−
cos θ − 4 15 15 15
π
23. cot θ = − 2 and < θ < π (quadrant II)
2
csc 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ
csc 2 θ = 1 + ( −2 ) = 1 + 4 = 5
2
csc θ = ± 5
Note that csc θ must be positive because θ lies
Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
in quadrant II. Thus, csc θ = 5 .
Range: [ −3,3]
1 1 5 5
sin θ = = ⋅ =
csc θ 5 5 5
cos θ
cot θ = , so
sin θ
 5 2 5
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = −2   = − .
 5  5
1 1 1
tan θ = = =−
cot θ −2 2
1 1 5 5
sec θ = = 2 5 =− =−
cos θ − 5 2 5 2
803
26. y = tan( x + π)  π
28. y = cot  x + 
The graph of y = tan x is shifted π units to the  4
left. π
The graph of y = cot x is shifted units to the
4
left.
 kπ 
Domain:  x | x ≠ , k is an odd integer 
 2  π
 
Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain:  x | x ≠ − + kπ , k is an integer 
 4 
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
27. y = − 2 tan(3x )
The graph of y = tan x is stretched vertically by
29. y = 4sec ( 2 x )
a factor of 2, reflected across the x-axis, and
The graph of y = sec x is stretched vertically by
1
compressed horizontally by a factor of . a factor of 4 and compressed horizontally by a
3
1
factor of .
2
y
(⫺␲, 4) 4 (␲, 4)
(0, 4)
3
2
1
⫺–––
3␲ ␲
⫺ ––
␲
–– 3␲
–––
x
4 4 4 4
⫺2
⫺3
( ␲
⫺ ––
2
, ⫺4 ) ⫺4 (––␲2 , ⫺4)
⫺5
 π π 
Domain:  x | x ≠ + k ⋅ , k is an integer 
 6 3 
 kπ 
Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain:  x | x ≠ , k is an odd integer 
 4 
Range: { y | y ≤ −4 or y ≥ 4}
804
 π x π
30. y = csc  x +  32. y = 5cot  − 
 4 3 4
The graph of y = csc x is shifted
π
units to the The graph of y = cot x is shifted right π4 units,
4 stretched horizontally by a factor of 3, and
left. stretched vertically by a factor of 5.
 π 
Domain:  x | x ≠ − + kπ , k is an integer   3π 
 4  Domain:  x | x ≠ + k ⋅ 3π , k is an integer 
 4 
Range: { y | y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
31. y = 4sin ( 2 x + 4 ) − 2
33. y = sin(2 x)
The graph of y = sin x is shifted left 4 units,
2π
1 Amplitude = 1 = 1 ; Period = =π
compressed horizontally by a factor of , 2
2
stretched vertically by a factor of 4, and shifted 34. y = − 2 cos(3π x)
down 2 units. 2π 2
Amplitude = −2 = 2 ; Period = =
3π 3
35. y = 4sin(3 x)
Amplitude: A = 4 =4
2π 2π
Period: T= =
ω 3
φ 0
Phase Shift: = =0
ω 3
Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: [ −6, 2]
805
1 π 2
36. y = − cos  x +  38. y = − cos ( πx − 6 )
 2 2 3
Amplitude: A = −1 = 1 2 2
Amplitude: A = − =
2π 2π 3 3
Period: T= = = 4π
ω 1 2π 2π
Period: T= = =2
2 ω π
π φ 6
− Phase Shift: =
φ ω π
Phase Shift: = 2 = −π
ω 1
2

period 8π.
1 3 
37. y = sin  x − π  2π
2 2  Find ω : 8π =
ω
1 1 8πω = 2π
Amplitude: A = =
2 2 2π 1
2π 2π 4π ω= =
Period: T= = = 8π 4
ω 3 3 1 
2 The equation is: y = 5cos  x  .
4 
φ π 2π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 3 3 40. The graph is a reflected sine graph with
2 amplitude 7 and period 8.
2π
Find ω : 8 =
ω
8ω = 2π
2π π
ω= =
8 4
π 
The equation is: y = −7 sin  x  .
4 
41. opposite = 3; hypotenuse = 7; adjacent = ?

32 + (adjacent) 2 = 7 2
(adjacent)2 = 49 − 9 = 40
adjacent = 40 = 2 10
opp 3 adj 2 10
sin θ = = cos θ = =
hyp 7 hyp 7
806
opp 3 3 10 3 10 46. The point P = (−2, 5) is on a circle of radius

tan θ = = = ⋅ =
adj 2 10 2 10 10 20 r = (−2) 2 + 52 = 4 + 25 = 29 with the center
hyp 7 7 10 7 10 at the origin. So, we have x = −2 , y = 5 , and
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
adj 2 10 2 10 10 20 y 5 5 29
r = 29 . Thus, sin t = = = ;
hyp 7 adj 2 10 r 29 29
csc θ = = cot θ = =
opp 3 opp 3 x −2 2 29 y 5
cos t = = =− ; tan t = = − .
r 29 29 x 2
π
42. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin ≈ 0.38 .
8 47. The domain of y = sec x is
 π
 x x ≠ odd multiple of  .
 2
The range of y = sec x is { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1} .
The period is 2π .
Set the calculator to degree mode:
1 20 35
sec10o = ≈ 1.02 . 48. a. 32o 20 '35" = 32 + + ≈ 32.34o
cos10o 60 3600
b. 63.18o
0.18o = (0.18)(60 ') = 10.8'
0.8' = (0.8)(60") = 48"
43. Terminal side of θ in Quadrant III implies Thus, 63.18o = 63o10 '48"
sin θ < 0 csc θ < 0
π
cos θ < 0 sec θ < 0 49. r = 2 feet, θ = 30º or θ =
6
tan θ > 0 cot θ > 0
π π
s = rθ = 2 ⋅= ≈ 1.047 feet
44. The angle is in Quadrant I so the reference angle 6 3
1 1 2 π π
is 750° − 2(360°) = 30° . A = ⋅ r 2θ = ⋅ ( 2 ) ⋅ = ≈ 1.047 square feet
2 2 6 3
 1 2 2
45. P =  − ,  50. In 30 minutes: r = 8 inches, θ = 180º or θ = π
 3 3  s = rθ = 8 ⋅ π = 8π ≈ 25.13 inches
2 2 1 3 2 3 2 2π
sin t = ; csc t = = ⋅ = In 20 minutes: r = 8 inches, θ = 120º or θ =
3 2 2 2 2 2 4
 3  3
  2π 16π
s = rθ = 8 ⋅ = ≈ 16.76 inches
1 1 3 3
cos t = − ; sec t = = −3
3 −1
 3
 
2 2
 
2 2  3
tan t =  3  = ⋅ − = −2 2 ;
−1 3  1 
 3
 
1 2 2
cot t = ⋅ =−
−2 2 2 4
807
1 54. Let x = the distance across the river.

51. v = 180 mi/hr ; d= mile x
2 tan(25°) =
1 50
r = = 0.25 mile x = 50 tan(25°) ≈ 23.32
4
v 180 mi/hr Thus, the distance across the river is 23.32 feet.
ω= =
r 0.25 mi 55. Let x = the distance the boat is from shore (see
= 720 rad/hr figure). Note that 1 mile = 5280 feet.
720 rad 1 rev
= ⋅
hr 2π rad
1454 ft
360 rev
=
π hr 5º
5280 ft x
≈ 114.6 rev/hr
1454
52. Since there are two lights on opposite sides and tan(5°) =
x + 5280
the light is seen every 5 seconds, the beacon 1454
makes 1 revolution every 10 seconds: x + 5280 =
tan(5°)
1 rev 2π radians π
ω= ⋅ = radians/second 1454
10 sec 1 rev 5 x= − 5280
tan(5°)
53. Let x = the length of the lake, and let y = the ≈ 16, 619.30 − 5280 = 11,339.30
distance from the edge of the lake to the point on Thus, the boat is approximately 11,339.30 feet,
the ground beneath the balloon (see figure). 11,339.30
or ≈ 2.15 miles, from shore.
5280
500 ft  π
56. I (t ) = 220sin  30πt +  , t ≥ 0
25º 65º  6
x y 2π 1
a. Period = = second
500 30π 15
tan ( 65º ) =
x b. The amplitude is 220 amperes.
500 c. The phase shift is:
x=
tan ( 65º ) π
−
φ π 1 1
500 = 6 =− ⋅ =− second
tan ( 25º ) = ω 30π 6 30π 180
x+ y
500
x+ y =
tan ( 25º )
500
x= −y
tan ( 25º )
500 500
= −
tan ( 25º ) tan ( 65º )
≈ 1072.25 − 233.15 = 839.10
Thus, the length of the lake is approximately
839.10 feet.
808
Chapter 7 Test
d.
e.
57. a.
Chapter 7 Test
95 − 55 40
b. Amplitude: A = = = 20
2 2 1. 260° = 260 ⋅1 degree
95+55 150 π
Vertical Shift: = = 75 = 260 ⋅ radian
2 2 180
2π π 260π 13π
ω= = = radian = radian
180 9
12 6
Phase shift (use y = 55, x = 1):
2. −400° = −400 ⋅1 degree
π π
55 = 20sin ⋅1 − φ + 75 = −400 ⋅ radian
6 180
400π 20π
π =− radian = − radian
−20 = 20sin −φ 180 9
6
π π 13π
−1 = sin −φ 3. 13° = 13 ⋅1 degree = 13 ⋅ radian = radian
6 180 180
π π
− = −φ π π
2 6 4. − radian = − ⋅1 radian
8 8
2π π 180
φ= =− ⋅ degrees = −22.5°
3 8 π
π 2π
Thus, y = 20sin x− + 75 , or 9π 9π
6 3 5. radian = ⋅1 radian
2 2
π 9π 180
y = 20sin ( x − 4) + 75 . = ⋅ degrees = 810°
6 2 π
c.
3π 3π
6. radian = ⋅ 1 radian
4 4
3π 180
= ⋅ degrees = 135°
4 π
π 1
7. sin =
6 2
d. y = 19.81sin ( 0.543 x − 2.296) + 75.66
809
5π   3π   5π  3π  17. To remember the sign of each trig function, we

8. cos  − 
 − cos   = cos  − + 2π  − cos  
 4   4   4   4  primarily need to remember that sin θ is
3π 3π positive in quadrants I and II, while cos θ is
= cos   − cos   = 0 positive in quadrants I and IV. The sign of the
 4   4 
other four trig functions can be determined
1 directly from sine and cosine by knowing
9. cos ( −120° ) = cos (120° ) = − sin θ 1 1
2 tan θ = , sec θ = , csc θ = , and
cos θ cos θ sin θ
3 cos θ
10. tan 330° = tan (150° + 180° ) = tan (150° ) = − cot θ = .
3 sin θ
π 19π π  3π  sin θ cos θ tan θ sec θ csc θ cot θ

11. sin − tan = sin − tan  + 4π 
2 4 2  4  θ in QI + + + + + +
π  3π  θ in QII
= sin − tan   = 1 − ( −1) = 2 + − − − + −
2  4  θ in QIII − − + − − +
2 θ in QIV − + − + − −
 3  2
12. 2sin 2 60° − 3cos 45° = 2   − 3 
 2   2  18. Because f ( x) = sin x is an odd function and
 3  3 2 3 3 2 3 1− 2
= 2  − = − =
( ) since f (a) = sin a =
3
, then
4 2 2 2 2 5
3
13. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin17° ≈ 0.292 f (−a ) = sin(−a ) = − sin a = − .
5
5
19. sin θ = and θ in quadrant II.
7
2
5 25 24
2π cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 −   = 1 − =
14. Set the calculator to radian mode: cos ≈ 0.309 7 49 49
5
24 2 6
cos θ = ± =±
49 7
Note that cos θ must be negative because θ lies
2 6
in quadrant II. Thus, cos θ = − .
15. Set the calculator to degree mode: 7
1 sin θ 5
5 7  6 5 6
sec 229° = ≈ −1.524 tan θ = = 27 6 =  − ⋅ =−
cos 229° cos θ − 7 7 2 6  6 12
1 1 7
csc θ = = 5 =
sin θ 7 5
1 1 7 6 7 6
sec θ = = 2 6 =− ⋅ =−
cos θ − 7 2 6 6 12
28π 1 1 1 12 6 2 6
cot = ≈ 2.747 cot θ = = 5 6 =− ⋅ =−
9 28π tan θ − 12 5 6 6 5
tan
9
810
Chapter 7 Test
2 3π r = 22 + 7 2 = 53 . So,
20. cos θ = and < θ < 2π (in quadrant IV).
3 2 y 7 7 53 7 53
Using the Pythagorean Identities: sin θ = = = ⋅ = .
2
r 53 53 53 53
2 4 5
sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 −   = 1 − =
3 9 9 23. The point ( −5,11) lies in quadrant II with
5 5 x = −5 and y = 11 . Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we
sin θ = ± =±
9 3
Note that sin θ must be negative because θ lies have r = ( −5 )2 + 112 = 146 . So,
5 x −5 −5 146 5 146
in quadrant IV. Thus, sin θ = − . cos θ = = = ⋅ =− .
3 r 146 146 146 146
sin θ − 35 5 3 5
tan θ = = 2 =− ⋅ =− 24. The point ( 6, −3) lies in quadrant IV with x = 6
cos θ 3
3 2 2
1 1 3 5 3 5 and y = −3 . Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we have
csc θ = = 5 =− ⋅ =−
sin θ − 3 5 5 5 2
r = 62 + ( −3) = 45 = 3 5 . So,
1 1 3 y −3 1
sec θ = = = tan θ = = =−
cos θ 23 2 x 6 2
1 1 2 5 2 5
cot θ = = =− ⋅ =− x π
tan θ − 25 5 5 5 25. Comparing y = 2sin  −  to
3 6
12 π y = A sin (ω x − φ ) , we see that
21. tan θ = − and < θ < π (in quadrant II)
5 2 1 π
Using the Pythagorean Identities: A=2, ω = , and φ = . The graph is a sine
3 6
2
 12  144 169 curve with amplitude A = 2 , period
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 =  −  + 1 = +1 =
 5 25 25
2π 2π
169 13 T= = = 6π , and phase shift
sec θ = ± =± ω 1/ 3
25 5 π
φ π x π
Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in = = 6 = . The graph of y = 2sin  − 
ω 1/ 3 2 3 6
13
quadrant II. Thus, sec θ = − . will lie between −2 and 2 on the y-axis. One
5
φ π
1 1 5 period will begin at x = = and end at
cos θ = = =− ω 2
sec θ − 135 13
2π φ π 13π
sin θ x= + = 6π + = . We divide the
tan θ = , so ω ω 2 2
cos θ
 π 13π 
12  5  12 interval  ,  into four subintervals, each of
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = − −  = 2 2 
5  13  13
6π 3π
1 1 13 length = .
csc θ = = 12 = 4 2
sin θ 13 12
π   7π   7π   13π 
1 1 5  2 , 2π  ,  2π , 2  ,  2 ,5π  , 5π , 2 
cot θ = = 12 = −        
tan θ − 5 12
The five key points on the graph are
π   7π   13π 
22. The point ( 2, 7 ) lies in quadrant I with x = 2  , 0  , ( 2π , 2 ) ,  , 0  , ( 5π , −2 ) ,  ,0
 2   2   2 
and y = 7 . Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we have We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
the sine function. The graph can then be
811
extended in both directions.

y W
(⫺4␲, 2) 3 (2␲, 2) a
2 l
1 k
x
50°
11␲
(⫺ –––– 5␲
( ––␲2 , 0( 3 ft
2 0(
, (⫺ –––
2 0( The area of the walk is given by
, (5␲, ⫺2)
7␲
( –––
2 0(
, 1 1
(⫺␲, ⫺2) A = R 2θ − r 2θ ,
2 2
θ
 π
26. y = tan  − x +  + 2
=
2
(
R2 − r 2 )
 4 where R is the radius of the larger sector and r is
Begin with the graph of y = tan x , and shift it the radius of the smaller sector. The larger radius
π is 3 feet longer than the smaller radius because
units to the left to obtain the graph of the walk is to be 3 feet wide. Therefore,
4
R = r + 3 , and
 π
y = tan  x +  . Next, reflect this graph about
 4 A=
θ
2 ( ( r + 3) 2
− r2 )
 π θ
the y-axis to obtain the graph of y = tan  − x +  .
 4
=
2
(r 2
+ 6r + 9 − r 2 )
Finally, shift the graph up 2 units to obtain the θ
=
2
( 6r + 9 )
 π
graph of y = tan  − x +  + 2 . The shaded sector has an arc length of 25 feet
 4
5π
 π and a central angle of 50° = radians . The
y = tan  − x +  + 2 y 18
 4
s 25 90
radius of this sector is r = = 5π = feet .
4 θ 18
π
2 Thus, the area of the walk is given by

5π
  90   5π  540 
A = 18  6   + 9  =  + 9
x
2   π   36  π 
−2π −π π
5π 2
= 75 + ft ≈ 78.93 ft 2
4
27. For a sinusoidal graph of the form
y = A sin (ω x − φ ) , the amplitude is given by 29. To throw the hammer 83.19 meters, we need
2π v2
A , the period is given by , and the phase s= 0
ω g
φ v0 2
shift is given by . Therefore, we have A = −3 , 83.19 m =
ω
9.8 m/s 2
π 3π
ω = 3 , and φ = 3  −  = − v0 = 815.262 m 2 / s 2
2
. The equation
 4 4 v0 = 28.553 m/s
 3π  Linear speed and angular speed are related
for the graph is y = −3sin  3 x + .
 4  according to the formula v = r ⋅ ω . The radius is
r = 190 cm = 1.9 m . Thus, we have
28. The area of the walk is the difference between 28.553 = r ⋅ ω
the area of the larger sector and the area of the 28.553 = (1.9 ) ω
smaller shaded sector. ω = 15.028 radians per second
radians 60 sec 1 revolution
ω = 15.028 ⋅ ⋅
sec 1 min 2π radians
≈ 143.5 revolutions per minute (rpm)
812
Chapter 7 Cumulative Review

To throw the hammer 83.19 meters, Adrian must
have been swinging it at a rate of 143.5 rpm 1. 2 x2 + x − 1 = 0
upon release.
( 2 x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
30. Let x = the distance to the base of the statue. 1
x= or x = −1
2
 1
305 feet The solution set is −1,  .
 2
20º
x 2. Slope = −3 , containing (–2,5)
305
tan ( 20º ) = Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
x
y − 5 = −3 ( x − (−2) )
305 305
x= ≈ ≈ 837.98 feet y − 5 = −3( x + 2)
tan ( 20º ) 0.3640
y − 5 = −3 x − 6
y = −3 x − 1
The ship is about 838 feet from the base of the
Statue of Liberty. 3. radius = 4, center (0,–2)
Using ( x − h ) + ( y − k ) = r 2
2 2
31. Let h = the height of the building and let x = the
distance from the building to the first sighting.
+ ( y − ( −2 ) ) = 42
2
( x − 0)
2
x 2 + ( y + 2 ) = 16
2
h
4. 2 x − 3 y = 12
32º 40º
50 feet x This equation yields a line.
2 x − 3 y = 12
h
tan ( 40º ) = −3 y = −2 x + 12
x
h 2
x= y = x−4
tan ( 40º ) 3
2
The slope is m = and the y-intercept is −4 .
3
h
tan ( 32º ) = Let y = 0 : 2 x − 3(0) = 12
x + 50
2 x = 12
h = ( x + 50) tan ( 32º )
x=6
 h  The x-intercept is 6.
h= + 50  tan ( 32º )
 tan ( 40º ) 
 
 h 
h= + 50  0.6249
 0.8391 
h = 0.7447h + 31.245
0.2553h = 31.245
h ≈ 122.39 feet
The building is roughly 122.4 feet tall.
813
5. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0 b. y = x3
x2 − 2 x + 1 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 4 + 1 + 4
( x − 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 9
2 2
( x − 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 32
2 2
This equation yields a circle with radius 3 and

center (1,–2).
c. y = ex
6. y = ( x − 3) 2 + 2
Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift to
the right 3 units, and vertically shift up 2 units.
d. y = ln x
e. y = sin x
7. a. y = x2
814
f. y = tan x π π π  3
11. tan − 3cos + csc = 1 − 3   + 2
4 6 6  2 
3 3
= 3−
2
6−3 3
=
2
12. We need a function of the form y = A ⋅ b x , with

b > 0, b ≠ 1 . The graph contains the points
8. f ( x) = 3x − 2 ( 0, 2 ) and (1, 6 ) . Therefore, 2 = A ⋅ b0 .
y = 3x − 2 2 = A ⋅1
x = 3y − 2 Inverse A=2
x + 2 = 3y And y = 2b x
x+2 6 = 2b1
=y
3
b=3
x+2 1
f −1 ( x) = = ( x + 2) So we have the function y = 2 ⋅ 3x .
3 3
9. Since ( sin θ ) + ( cos θ ) = 1 , then
2 2
period 12.
2π
( sin14 ) + ( cos14 )
o 2 o 2
− 3 = 1 − 3 = −2 Find ω : 12 =
ω
12ω = 2π
10. y = 3sin(2 x)
2π π
Amplitude: A = 3 =3 ω= =
12 6
2π π 
Period: T= =π The equation is: y = 3cos  x .
2 6 
φ 0
Phase Shift: = =0
ω 2 14. a. Given points (−2, 3) and (1, −6) , we
compute the slope as follows:
y −y −6 − 3 −9
slope = 2 1 = = = −3
x2 − x1 1 − ( −2 ) 3
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) :
y − 3 = −3 ( x − ( −2 ) )
y − 3 = −3 ( x + 2 )
y = −3 x − 6 + 3
y = −3 x − 3
The linear function is f ( x ) = −3 x − 3 .
Slope: m = −3 ;
y-intercept: f ( 0 ) = −3 ( 0 ) − 3 = −3
x-intercept: 0 = −3 x − 3
3x = −3
x = −1
815
Intercepts: ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0, −3) Intercepts: ( 0, −5 ) , (1 − ) (

6, 0 , 1 + 6, 0 )
b. Given that the graph of f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c c. If f ( x ) = ae x contains the points (–2,3) and

has vertex (1, –6) and passes through the (1,–6), we would have the equations
b f ( −2 ) = ae −2 = 3 and f (1) = ae1 = −6 .
point (–2,3), we can conclude − = 1,
2a
f ( −2 ) = 3 , and f (1) = −6 . Note that ae −2 = 3
b 3
Notice that − =1 a = −2 = 3e 2
2a e
b = −2a 6
Also note that But ae1 = −6  a = −
e
f ( −2 ) = 3 6
2 Since 3e2 ≠ − , there is no exponential
a ( −2 ) + b ( −2 ) + c = 3 e
4a − 2b + c = 3 function of the form f ( x ) = ae x that
f (1) = −6 contains the points (–2,3) and (1,–6).
2
a (1) + b (1) + c = −6
15. a. A polynomial function of degree 3
a + b + c = −6
whose x-intercepts are –2, 3, and 5 will have
Replacing b with −2a in these equations
the form f ( x) = a( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 5) , since
yields: 4a − 2 ( −2a ) + c = 3
the x-intercepts correspond to the zeros of
c = 3 − 8a the function. Given a y-intercept of 5, we
and a − 2a + c = −6 have
c = −6 + a f (0) = 5
So 3 − 8a = −6 + a a(0 + 2)(0 − 3)(0 − 5) = 5
9 = 9a  a = 1
Thus, b = −2a = −2 (1) = −2 5 1
30a = 5  a = =
and c = 3 − 8a = 3 − 8 (1) = −5 30 6
Therefore, we have the function
2 1
f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x − 5 = ( x − 1) − 6 . f ( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 5) .
6
y-intercept: f ( 0 ) = 02 − 2 ( 0 ) − 5 = −5
x-intercepts: 0 = x 2 − 2 x − 5
− ( −2 ) ± ( −2 )2 − 4 (1)( −5 )
x=
2 (1)
2 ± 4 + 20 2 ± 24 2 ± 2 6
= = =
2 2 2
= 1 ± 6 ≈ −1.45 or 3.45
816
Chapter 7 Projects
b. A rational function whose x-intercepts are 1

−2 , 3, and 5 and that has the line x = 2 as a − ( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 5)
f ( x) = 3
vertical asymptote will have the form x−2
a ( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 5) ( x + 2)( x 2 − 8 x + 15)
f ( x) = , since the x- =
x−2 −3( x − 2)
intercepts correspond to the zeros of the ( x 3 − 6 x 2 − x + 30)
numerator, and the vertical asymptote =
corresponds to the zero of the denominator. −3( x − 2)
Given a y-intercept of 5, we have x − 6 x 2 − x + 30 x3 − 6 x 2 − x + 30
3
= =
f (0) = 5 −3 x + 6 6 − 3x
a(0 + 2)(0 − 3)(0 − 5)
=5
0−2
1
30a = −10  a = −
3
Chapter 7 Projects
Project I – Internet Based Project
Project II
1. November 15: High tide: 11:18 am and 11:15 pm
November 19: low tide: 7:17 am and 8:38 pm
2. The low tide was below sea level. It is measured against calm water at sea level.
3. Nov Low Tide Low Tide High Tide High Tide
Time Ht (ft) t Time Ht (ft) t Time Ht (ft) t Time Ht (ft) t
14
6:26a 2.0 6.43 4:38p 1.4 16.63 9:29a 2.2 9.48 11:14p 2.8 23.23
0-24
15
6:22a 1.6 30.37 5:34p 1.8 41.57 11:18a 2.4 35.3 11:15p 2.6 47.25
24-48
16
6:28a 1.2 54.47 6:25p 2.0 66.42 12:37p 2.6 60.62 11:16p 2.6 71.27
48-72
17
6:40a 0.8 78.67 7:12p 2.4 91.2 1:38p 2.8 85.63 11:16p 2.6 95.27
72-96
18
6:56a 0.4 102.93 7:57p 2.6 115.95 2:27p 3.0 110.45 11:14p 2.8 119.23
96-120
19
7:17a 0.0 127.28 8:38p 2.6 140.63 3:10p 3.2 135.17 11:05p 2.8 143.08
120-144
20
7:43a -0.2 151.72 3:52p 3.4 159.87
144-168
817
4. The data seems to take on a sinusoidal shape High tides of 2.81 feet occur when t = 172.2 and
(oscillates). The period is approximately 12 t = 184.3.
hours. The amplitude varies each day:
Nov 14: 0.1, 0.7
Nov 15: 0.4, 0.4
Nov 16: 0.7, 0.3
Nov 17: 1.0, 0.1
Nov 18: 1.3, 0.1
Nov 19: 1.6, 0.1
Looking at the graph for the equation in part (6)
Nov 20: 1.8
and using MAX/MIN for values between t = 168
5. Average of the amplitudes: 0.66 and t = 192:
Period : 12 A low tide of 1.38 feet occurs when t = 175.7
Average of vertical shifts: 2.15 (approximately) and t = 187.8 .
There is no phase shift. However, keeping in
mind the vertical shift, the amplitude
y = A sin ( Bx ) + D
2π
A = 0.66 12 = D = 2.15
B
π
B= ≈ 0.52
6 A high tide of 3.08 feet occurs when t = 169.8
Thus, y = 0.66sin ( 0.52 x ) + 2.15 and t = 181.9 .
(Answers may vary)
6. y = 0.848sin ( 0.52 x + 1.25 ) + 2.23

The two functions are not the same, but they are
similar.
8. The low and high tides vary because of the moon

phase. The moon has a gravitational pull on the
water on Earth.
7. Find the high and low tides on November 21

which are the min and max that lie between Project III
t = 168 and t = 192 . Looking at the graph of
the equation for part (5) and using MAX/MIN 1. s (t ) = 1sin ( 2π f 0 t )
for values between t = 168 and t = 192 :
2π 1
2. T0 = =
2π f 0 f0
1 1 3 1
t 0
3. 4 f0 2 f0 4 f0 f0
Low tides of 1.49 feet when t = 178.2 and s (t ) 0 1 0 −1 0
t = 190.3.
818
Chapter 7 Projects
4. Let f 0 = 1 =1. Let 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 , with Δx = 0.5 . 3960

3. = cos(0.164)
Label the graph as 0 ≤ x ≤ 12T0 , and each tick 3960 + h
1 3960 = 0.9999(3960 + h)
mark is at Δx = .
2 f0 h = 0.396 miles
2 0.396 × 5280 = 2090 feet
4. Maui:
Oahu Oahu
0 12 Peak of
Haleakala
12T0 = __
12 s
i
m
s=
60
f0
11
θ
−2
39
0m
Maui
i
m
60
}
i
10,023 ft
39
1 5 9 45 θ i
5. t = , t= , t= ,…, t= 396
0m Maui
4 f0 4 f0 4 f0 4 f0
s 110
6. M = 0 1 0 → P = 0 π 0 θ= = = 0.0278
r 3960
7. S0 (t ) = 1sin(2π f 0 t + 0) , S1 (t ) = 1sin(2π f 0 t + π ) 3960
= cos(0.278)
3960 + h
8. [0, 4 T0 ] S0 3960 = 0.9996(3960 + h)
[4 T0 , 8 T0 ] S1 h = 1.584 miles
[ 8 T0 , 12 T0 ] S0 h = 1.584 × 5280 = 8364 feet
2 Hawaii:
Oahu Oahu
Peak of
Mauna Kea
0 12 s
i
m
s=
60
19
θ
39
0m
Hawaii
mi
60
}
i
13,796 ft
39
−2 θ i
0m
396 Hawaii
s 190
Project IV θ= = = 0.0480
r 3960
1. Lanai: 3960
Oahu Oahu
= cos(0.480)
Peak of 3960 + h
Lanaihale
3960 = 0.9988(3960 + h)
s
i
m
h = 4.752 miles
s=
60
θ
39
65
Lanai
mi
h = 4.752 × 5280 = 25, 091 feet

m
60
}
i
3,370 ft
39
θ i Molokai:
0m
396 Lanai
Oahu Oahu
Peak of
Kamakou
2. s = rθ s
i
m
s=
60
s 65 θ
39
θ= =
40
= 0.0164 Molokai
i
m
mi
r 3960
60
4,961 ft
39
θ i
0m
396 Molokai
819
s 40
θ= = = 0.0101
r 3960
3960
= cos(0.0101)
3960 + h
3960 = 0.9999(3960 + h)
h = 0.346 miles
h = 0.346 x5280 = 2090 feet
5. Kamakou, Haleakala, and Lanaihale are all
visible from Oahu.
Project V
Answers will vary.
820
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
scenes I have frequented. But I trust I shall have strength given me to face whatever
comes to me in the way of my duty."
CHAPTER XIV.
NEWS.
MR. WESLEY was right in saying that Mr. Cheriton might make up his mind to suffer
persecution. He was also right in saying that religion was at a low ebb in the Church of
England at that time.
With some most honorable exceptions, pastors seemed to content themselves with a
perfunctory performance of such duties as they could not get rid of. They read prayers on
a Sunday, when they could not afford a curate at less than a man-cook's wages to do it for
them, preached now and then a moral essay, of which the substance was pretty much poor
little Betty's—that it was pretty to be good and naughty to be bad—and too often spent the
rest of the Lord's day in idle amusements, especially in card playing and light reading.
It was considered to show a want of taste, and even a want of good manners, to mention
religion out of church, and any man who showed the least earnestness on the subject was
at once dubbed an enthusiast, or suspected of being a dissenter.
Of course, there were honorable exceptions, as I said, among clergy and laity, and there
were many humble souls who fed on the sincere milk of the word, and were comforted by
those wonderful and glorious prayers which no indifference on the part of the reader could
quite spoil.
Into the midst of this state of things descended the Wesleys, preaching the plain
unvarnished truths of the Gospel, declaring all men lost sinners, with no way of escape but
by personal repentance, and a personal acceptance of the salvation offered to all alike.
Preaching to the poor colliers and miners and others, who had been suffered to live like the
brutes and perish like them, teaching them that they, even they, might and ought to
sustain personal relations to the God who made them, and setting before them a
wonderful ideal of personal purity and holiness, attainable to every one who would seek it
in the right way. They did indeed preach deliverance to the captive, and opening the eyes
to them that were blind. Doubtless there were among the converts many cases of
delusion, many of mere animal excitement, and some of sheer hypocrisy, but no one who
knows what was the state of such places as Kingswood and the mining villages in Cornwall,
before and after the preaching of the Methodists, can doubt that the good done was
greatly in excess of the evil.
Mr. Wesley had already been preaching for several years, and people had become in some
degree used to his erratic course. But when Mr. Cheriton, the rector of St. Anne's, son of
one of the best families in the country, and probable heir to a title—when he took to
preaching faith and repentance, and "all that sort of thing," as Mrs. Cropsey said—his
course caused a great sensation.
Still more, when he took to holding week-day services, giving lectures and teaching classes
in the poorer parts of the parish, when he talked to the very children in the parish school
about loving their Saviour. At first, the novelty of the thing brought many of the genteel
people of the town to hear him, but they soon fell off. As the sexton said, they were willing
to call them miserable sinners in the way of business, but it was another thing to hear
themselves proved so, and to have plainly held up before them, in the clearest Scripture
language, the consequences of continuing in such a course. So by degrees, the fine people
fell off, and their pews stood empty Sunday after Sunday, while the free seats and those of
the trades-people were always crowded.
Then the most outrageous stories were circulated about Mr. Cheriton. He was a drunkard
and a gambler. He had half a dozen low intrigues on his hands with girls who came to his
classes. He used his influence for the worst purposes, and had been thrashed by the father
of one of his victims. We heard plenty of this sort of stuff, for Mrs. Thorpe's shop continued
to be a rendezvous for all the fine people, notwithstanding her audacious conduct in taking
in the poor preacher's wife.
Mrs. Cropsey, who disapproved vehemently of Mr. Cheriton's course for no particular
reason except that Mr. Cropsey had never done so, tried her best to induce us to go with
her to St. Nicholas' Church, where the congregation were certainly not disturbed by any
extra earnestness on the part of the preacher. But we liked Mr. Cheriton too well to leave
him.
We had taken to spending an hour, two or three days in the week, in the school. The old
dame, who had been half blind and more than half deaf for a dozen years, had been
persuaded to retire on a pension, paid out of Mr. Cheriton's own pocket, and a new
mistress had been found in the person of a widowed sister of Mrs. Bunnell, Lady
Throckmorton's humble companion. She was a woman of good education, and certainly
made a great change in the parish school. The little maids really learned to read, to sew,
and to spin, to keep themselves neat, and behave nicely in the church and in the street. It
was even proposed to teach them to write, but such an outcry was made at this daring
innovation * that the matter was dropped for the present.
* See Mrs. Hannah More's Letters.
I had a knitting class, and Amabel undertook to instruct some of the elder and more
promising girls in fine work of various sorts, that they might be prepared to take places as
nursery and dressing-maids.
Mr. Cheriton never came to the school while we were there, and, indeed, we saw much less
of him than formerly. He was kept very busy and so were we, and I suppose a feeling of
delicacy on his part might have had something to do with it. I had seen from the first how
greatly he was taken with Amabel, and I presume he thought it would not be honorable for
him to try to engage her affections in the absence of any of her relatives.
It was about the first of October, when a letter came from London with sad news. Amabel's
step-mother was dead of a fever, taken it was supposed in court whither she had gone
with several other fine ladies, to hear sentence pronounced upon a famous highwayman,
who had been a terror to all travelers on the North Road for years. It seemed that several
of the prisoners brought to the bar at the same time, were suffering from jail fever, and
the infection spread to a number of the court officials and spectators, notwithstanding the
sweet herbs placed, before them, to ward off such dangers. * Poor Lady Leighton carried
the dreadful disease home to her little son, and the two died on the same day.
* See Howard's "Journal" and other memoirs of the time.
It Was not to be expected that Amabel should feel much sorrow for the death of her step-
mother whom she had never seen, and who had held very little communication with her,
but she grieved sadly over the little brother, about whom she had built many air-castles.
It seems that Mrs. Deborah had written to her brother concerning us, for Mrs. Thorpe
received a letter at the same time, thanking her for her care of us, approving the
measures taken for our education, and requesting her to continue her guardianship, till
such time as the Mrs. Leightons should be able to receive us, or he should make
arrangements for our coming to London.
"You will please see that Miss Corbet has her fair share of all my
daughter's teachers and other advantages;" the letter concluded. "I
consider her a sacred trust committed to my care by her father, who was
my dear friend, and her mother, who rendered to my own daughter
services which I can never repay. I wish my daughter to form no
acquaintances at present." The no was emphasized. "And I wholly
approve of your course in that matter, as related to me by my sister
Deborah."
Sir Julius sent a sufficient sum to put us both into handsome deep mourning, and
requested Mrs. Thorpe to supply us with a certain moderate monthly allowance of pocket
money.
This letter put me entirely at my ease, with regard to my future position in life; more so
than it would have done, had I known my man better. I have no doubt at all, that Sir Julius
meant it at the time; but he was a man easily swayed by those about him, whether for
good or ill. His late wife, from all I could learn, was a worthy lady on the whole. I certainly
had reason to think well of her, for she left me a pretty remembrance of a necklace and
some other trinkets and a small sum of money.
"So you are now your father's heiress!" was Mrs. Cropsey's comment when she heard the
news. "I dare say, he will send for you to London, and provide a grand match for you."
"I hope not, I am sure!" said Amabel, looking a little alarmed.
"Oh! But you would like to marry a title, would you not, and have a coach and four of your
own, and be presented at court, and all that?"
"I do not want any of these things. They are not at all to my taste."
"Oh! But you do not know because you have not tried them. Look at Lady Throckmorton,
how she goes about to the Bath, and Cheltenham, and everywhere she pleases."
"I would rather be the poorest lay sister in a convent—I would rather teach a village school
all my days, than to be Lady Throckmorton!" returned Amabel, with more vehemence than
was at all common with her. "I think such people as she are the greatest fools in the world.
They are like the little silly sparrows Lucy and I saw yesterday, building in the house that
was at that moment being torn down. She has her portion in this world, and thinks no
more of the other, than as though there was no such thing. Suppose she is killed by an
accident, like that poor lady who was thrown from her horse the other day—whose then
shall those things be, in which she delights, or what of them all will she carry with her?"
"Oh, my dear!" said Mrs. Cropsey, taken rather aback. "Of course it is right to think of
death, and judgment and such solemn matters at proper times, as in Lent and Advent and
before the sacrament. But one cannot always be dwelling on them; one owes a duty to the
world; as you will find out when you come to go into society."
"Where in the Scriptures is one's duty to the world set forth, Mrs. Cropsey?" asked
Amabel, in a tone of simplicity. "I do not remember seeing the place in my reading."
"Oh, my dear, you have taken up such a set of notions from Mr. Cheriton! I am sure it was
a bad day for him, when he fell under Mr. Wesley's influence, poor man. Just look at the
difference it has made in his church, that used to be so fashionable. Why, he has actually
put John Winne out from the organ gallery, because he says it is not fit that a blasphemer
and an infidel should lead the people in praising God; the very best voice he had. But
talking of Lady Throckmorton, her gaiety is like to come to an end for the present. Have
you not heard? Poor Sir John who has been in a declining way so long, has had two
strokes. And they say this morning, he can hardly live the day out. So sad for his poor
mother; and he has no son either, so all the entailed property will go to Lord Bulmer, who
has enough already, one would think. However, they say her ladyship will be left very rich
as it is."
We heard the next day that Sir John was dead. He had a grand funeral, being carried all
the way to his own mausoleum, at his ancestral home up in the hills. All the black crape
and cloth in Newcastle were in requisition to do him honor, and the hearse was one great
pile of nodding plumes, while the four grand black horses which drew it stepped off
haughtily as if proud, poor things, of their burden of senseless clay.
We heard afterwards through Mrs. Bunnell, that the poor gentleman had earnestly desired
to see Mr. Cheriton, but his wife would not permit it; saying that the canting Methodist who
had slighted her invitations, should never darken her doors. However, Mrs. Bunnell, who
nursed him during his last illness, was able to lead him in the right way, and he died at last
in hope and peace.
We stayed on two months longer at Mrs. Thorpe's, for after the Mrs. Leightons left
Cullercoats, they went on a round of visits among their acquaintances, and it was not till
the first of December that we received letters from Mrs. Deborah, bidding us be in
readiness to join herself and sisters, when they should be in Newcastle in a week's time.
This was important, and I must say, anything but welcome news. We had fallen into a very
pleasant way of living with Mrs. Thorpe, to whom we were much attached. We were
getting on finely in our lessons with good Mr. Lilburne, who had wonderfully enlarged our
knowledge of the world we lived in, and we were much devoted to the church and to our
work in the schools.
It was no wonder we dreaded the idea of leaving it all and going once more among
strangers. Mrs. Cropsey, who (as my readers—if I have any, may already have discovered)
was not the most discreet person in the world, did not make matters any better, by
lamenting over our banishment to the wilds of Highbeck Hall.
"A wilderness, an absolute wilderness, my dears. No neighbors within a mile or two, and
the ladies seeing very little company, and so very peculiar. Why, they say one of them has
kept her bed for twenty years, just because of a love disappointment when she was
young."
"I never heard of that!" said Amabel.
"Oh! But my dears, I assure you I had it from excellent authority. I do wonder your
respected father should send you into such banishment, instead of establishing you in
London, with a suitable lady to matronize you, and masters to carry on your
accomplishments."
And Mrs. Cropsey, who I fancy, saw in this determination the downfall of certain airy
castles of her own, actually shed tears.
"I dare say Sir Julius knows best!" said I, feeling myself a good deal disturbed by the near
prospect of the change, but determined to make the best of it. "I am sure Mrs. Deborah
was very kind to us when she was here."
"But she is very peculiar—everybody allows that!" said Mrs. Cropsey. "I dare say Sir Julius
has not seen much of his sisters of late years, and an heiress like yourself, Miss Leighton,
it does seem a pity."
"Mrs. Cropsey!" said Amabel seriously. "My father doubtless has his reasons for disposing
of us in this manner. For my own part, I would quite as soon go to Highbeck Hall as to
London. At all events, you must see that it is our duty to consent cheerfully to my father's
will, whatever it is. Moreover we have the word of One far higher and wiser than Sir Julius
himself, 'that all things work together for good to them that love God.' If he sends us to
this place, 'tis doubtless because he has something for us to do or to learn there."
"Oh! Miss Leighton, there is no talking to you since you have taken up with such a set of
Methodistical ideas," said Mrs. Cropsey, somewhat angrily. "For my part I have not so high
an idea of myself and my own consequence, as to think that the Almighty concerns himself
with all my notions."
"I suppose I am of as much consequence as a sparrow, and we have His word that every
one of them is cared for," answered Amabel composedly. "I see no presumption in taking
the Lord at His word and believing what He himself says."
"No presumption in applying the words of Scripture to ourselves? They are meant for the
whole human race, and not for individuals."
"If they are meant for the whole human race, then are they meant for every one of the
human race," argued Amabel: "and if for every one, then for me."
"Well and logically argued, Mrs. Leighton!" said old Mr. Lilburne, who had come in just in
time to hear the last sentence.
"Of course you are against me, Mr. Lilburne!" said Mrs. Cropsey, with wounded dignity.
"But you will never persuade me, that this way of using Scripture is right. I know not what
my honored father would have said or done, had any of his family presumed to answer him
with a text of Scripture, as Miss Leighton does me. But you are bewitched as well as all the
rest. I hope you enjoy playing to the trades-people and sailor's wives, with whom Mr.
Cheriton has filled his church, as well as to Lady Throckmorton, and Lord Bulmer, and Mrs.
Perry—that's all."
"Madam!" said the old man with dignity, "I never in all my life played one note to Lady
Throckmorton, or any other fine lady or gentleman. My playing, such as it is, has been
addressed to One far more exalted than either—even as the Heaven is higher than the
earth—and if He has left the church, I have not yet discovered His absence. Come young
ladies, let us make the most of our time, while we have it. I have brought you the score of
Mr. Handel's grand oratorio, 'The Messiah,' and I want to hear Mrs. Corbet's voice in that
most beautiful song—'I know that my Redeemer liveth'—the most wonderful song ever
written, to my mind."
Mrs. Thorpe and Mrs. Crump undertook our packing for us, so that we might have as much
as possible of the time that yet remained for our lessons. Sir Julius had desired Mrs.
Thorpe to provide us with a maid—a luxury to which we had never aspired, and which, to
say truth, we had not desired. To our great joy, Mrs. Thorpe proposed that we should take
her own apprentice, Mary Lee.
"It will be better for the girl than sitting closely at her sewing," said she. "And she is rather
too pretty for me to like to take her into the shop at present—I have too many fine
gentlemen customers. Mary is a good girl, and well brought up; she understands all sorts
of work. I will have her take a few lessons in hair-dressing from Neighbor Frizzle, who will
do me so much of a good turn, I am sure."
Mary herself was very well-pleased with the change from an apprentice to a lady's maid,
and we had become very fond of her, so we were well suited all round.
The time sped on as fast as time does speed under such circumstances. We made little
presents to our scholars at the school, to the old women in the almshouse that we visited,
and to the clerk's wife, who lamented greatly over our departure. Master Tubbs had not
become any more reconciled to the new state of things at St. Anne's, but he was obliged
to allow that his wife was much easier to live with since she had come round to Mr.
Cheriton's way of thinking.
"And I can't find it in my heart to blame Mr. Cheriton when I hear the poor thing as used to
fret and groan from morning till night and back again, a singing of Mr. Wesley's hymns
softly to herself now and again. And when them dreadful pains come on, and she can't
help crying out, she says between whiles—"
"'Never mind, David, I'll soon be where there's no more crying.'"
"And Mr. Cheriton comes to see her every week—and such prayers as he makes. No, I
can't find no fault young ladies, so long as I sees the poor old woman so happy. But what
she will do when you are gone, I don't know, for she says you bring the sunshine
whenever you come."
Two more important events were destined to be crowded into this eventful week. One day,
when Amabel and I came home from walking, we were met by Mrs. Thorpe with the news
that a gentleman had called to see me, and would call again.
"To see me!" said I, surprised. "Are you sure, Mrs. Thorpe?"
"Quite sure, Miss Lucy. He is an elderly man, and gave the name of Corbet, so I fancy he
may be some connection to your family. He said he would not wait, but would come again
in an hour."
I did not know that I had a relation in the world, though Mrs. Crump had told us that there
were still persons of the name living in Cornwall. It may be guessed that I waited with no
little impatience and curiosity to see the stranger. He came punctually to his time—an old
gentleman, but hale and well preserved, with black eyes and eye-brows like my own. His
manner was just that mixture of fatherliness and gallantry which is apt to take young girls,
and I was very well-pleased when he gave me what he called his credentials, namely, a
letter from Sir Julius Leighton, introducing him as Mr. Andrew Corbet, my father's uncle,
and a gentleman of some property in Cornwall.
"Yes, I am your uncle," said he, as I curtsied and gave him my hand, while he kissed my
forehead. "Your father was a great favorite of mine, before he vexed me by moving up
here into Northumberland. But never mind that now. He was a good man, and I hope his
daughter is as worthy of him as she is like him. And this lady, I suppose, is my kinswoman
also? On my word, niece, I don't think I was such an old fool after all, in coming all the
way up here to find such a pair of relations."
"I am sure it was very good of you, sir," said I, and, indeed, I felt it so, for the journey was
a very serious one in those days. "It is a long way to come."
"Oh, I am an old sailor, child, and the distance from Cornwall to Northumberland does not
look so great to one who has been two or three times round the world."
"Have you really been round the world?" I asked.
"Yes, niece, more than once, and would like to do it again to-morrow. What say you, girls,
shall we charter a fast-sailing vessel and set off on a voyage of discovery?"
"I should like it, but I don't believe Amabel would," said I, feeling myself greatly drawn
toward this lively old gentleman. "She was dreadfully seasick coming from France this
summer."
"Ah, then I fear we must give up our cruise round the world, and be content with one
around Newcastle instead. It is too late this afternoon, but to-morrow, we will go about
and see the town a little."
Captain Corbet—such was his title, he having been for many years commander of a great
ship trading to India—spent the evening with us, and made himself very agreeable. He told
us stories of his travels in all sorts of outlandish places, and gave us a very interesting
account of the English colonies in the North America. We were surprised to learn that the
people there were quite as civilized as ourselves—that they had churches, schools, and
colleges—and were much given to reading.
"They will be an important addition to the British Empire in time," remarked Mr. Cheriton,
who had come to pay his respects to my uncle—very kind in him, I am sure.
"It is my opinion that they will not always belong to the British Empire," replied Captain
Corbet. "They are growing a great people, and are like enough to set up a nation for
themselves some day, though none of us may live to see it."
Nevertheless almost all of us have lived to see it. The British colonies have really set up for
themselves after fighting seven years for the privilege, and seem likely enough to do well.
"There is a great difference, sir, between the English and Spanish colonies in the New
World," remarked young Mr. Thorpe, who was also present. He was staying with his aunt
over at Gateshead, and we saw him now and then, but not often. He had known Captain
Corbet in foreign parts, and hearing of him from Mrs. Thorpe, had asked permission to pay
his respects to him.
"You are right, Mr. Thorpe, and you will see the same difference every where," answered
the captain. "Look at the Swiss cantons, for instance. You can tell the moment, you pass
from a Protestant to a Roman Catholic canton, by the look of the farms and the people."
I had seen young Mr. Thorpe several times, though his aunt did not greatly encourage his
visits. But he had taken us all to see his ship, and we had gone in company once to visit
good Mrs. Davis in the country. He was moreover a constant attendant at St. Anne's, and
dutifully gave Mrs. Thorpe his arm home to her own door every Sunday. He was second
Lieutenant on board His Majesty's ship the Spitfire, and in a fair way of rising in his
profession.
"You are likely to see service, from what I hear in the town!" observed Captain Corbet.
"I believe you are right, Sir. We have heard, though it is not yet fully made known, that we
are to join the fleet very soon; and I am glad of it with all my heart, for this recruiting
business is not all to my mind. I would far rather be fighting the French, than helping to
drag poor fellows from their wives and families, perhaps never to see them again?"
"War is a sad necessity," observed Mr. Cheriton, "and this business of pressing men into
the navy is not the least cruel part of it. I heard the other day in Berwick, that a company
of poor persons were assembled in a cottage for the purpose of prayer and reading the
Scriptures, when a press-gang fell upon them, and carried off the men to the number of
ten, including the local preacher."
"Like enough, Sir. Few gangs would miss such a chance, and some of our officers would
think it an excellent joke to break up a Methodist meeting in that way."
"But what, sort of sailors will your Methodists make?" asked Captain Corbet.
"Capital, Sir! To judge from the two or three specimens we had last year. One of them was
a preacher, and I never saw a man more devoid of fear. He had hard measure from his
mates at first, but he bore all so patiently and cheerfully, returning good for evil whenever
he had a chance, that the most of them were won to his side. And when he finally died of
wounds received in an action, I believe he was lamented by all."
"I dare say you are right!" remarked Captain Corbet. "These Methodists are doing a
wonderful work in our parts. I never saw a grander sight, than the great open air
amphitheatre of Gwennap, filled from end to end, a sea of upturned faces, intent upon Mr.
Wesley's preaching. It was truly wonderful to see how he held all these wild folks, half of
whom had never heard a sermon in their lives, or entered a church, except to be
christened or married; how they hung upon his words and would hardly let him go."
"They say, or at least some people do, that the effect produced is mere animal excitement,
and that half of the converts go back to be as bad as they were before."
"That some of them should do so, is to be expected!" replied Mr. Cheriton. "But I do not
believe from what I have myself seen, that nearly so many as half fall away."
"And suppose they did, would that be any argument against Mr. Wesley's preaching?"
asked the elder sailor with some warmth. "Would you refuse to go to the rescue of a
shipwrecked vessel, because you could probably save only half the passengers?"
"Oh! I have nothing against Mr. Wesley, I assure you!" Mr. Thorpe hastened to say. "I
would go to hear him to-morrow, if he came this way; and I like him all the better for
talking as though he himself believed what he said. I can understand a man's refusing to
consider or believe in the Christian religion at all, but how a man can profess to believe in
it, and even make a business of preaching it, and yet be perfectly indifferent and careless
about the matter—that passes my comprehension. It seems to me that religion must be all
or nothing."
This was the last time but one that I saw Mr. Thorpe before his ship sailed. We met indeed,
next day, and exchanged a few words while my uncle was examining a new kind of
weather-glass or something of that sort, in an instrument-maker's shop. He bade me
good-bye, and gave me a little keepsake—an ivory whistle made of the tooth of a great
monster like a crocodile, curiously wrought on the outside, and set in gold, with a little
gold chain attached. He told me he had made it himself on shipboard. I don't know; I
suppose it was not quite right, but I gave him in return a little prayer-book which I had
bought to carry in my pocket. We parted then and there, and I have never seen him since.
Ah well!
Amabel had excused herself from going out with us. My uncle took me into a great many
fine shops and would have bought innumerable fairings for me, if I had let him. I
compounded for a watch, which I really did want, and some books of poetry and history;
but he would not be withheld from giving me a fine cloth cloak, or mantle lined with fur,
saying that winter was coming on, and I would find Northumberland far colder than I was
used to. We had some very serious talk together, and the more I saw of him, the better I
liked him.
"I should love dearly to have you with me, my maid, if I were settled any where!" said he,
as we walked slowly homeward. "I have neither chick nor child of my own. You are my
nearest relation, and almost my only one; save the Stantons in Devonshire, who are too
great folks to care for an old fellow like me, though the Corbets were settled there long
before the Stanton were ever heard of.
"'Corby of Corby sat at home,

When Stanton of Stanton hither did come.'
So the rhyme runs. However, that does not matter. You are my nearest of kin as I said,
and it is but right and natural that I should make you mine heir, though I desired to see
you, before the matter was finally settled. But I am more than satisfied with you."
He then told me that his will was already made in my favor, and deposited in the hands of
a legal gentleman in Exeter, whose address he gave me, bidding me to keep it carefully.
"He is an honest and worthy gentleman, and will stand your friend if you need one.
Meantime do you keep this matter to yourself for the present. I should like, as I said, to
have you with me, but I must make one more voyage before I give up the old ship I have
sailed in so long, and besides it would not be fair to Sir Julius Leighton to deprive his
daughter of her companion."
"Do you know Sir Julius, sir?" I ventured to ask.

"Oh yes, I know him," answered Captain Corbet, with a peculiar accent, which did not
escape me. "He is a kind-hearted man in the main, but easily swayed—easily swayed. He
was wholly in the hands of his late wife, and it was well for him that she was in the main a
good woman. You owe him all duty. But should you need a friend, you can safely apply to
Mr. Carey, in whose hands are placed all my small means."
This conversation brought us home to Mrs. Thorpe's door, where we parted for the time.
Amabel was not in our room, and I was not sorry to have a few minutes to myself wherein
to compose my spirits, which had been considerably shaken by all the events of the
morning.
It was a wonderful thing to me that I should be an heiress in ever so small a way, and, of
course the prospect was a pleasant one. It set me to thinking what had become of my
father's little property in Northumberland, a question which had never occurred to me
before, and I determined to find out on the first opportunity.
Mr. Thorpe had said he should call in the evening to say good-bye to his aunt, so I did not
look upon our parting as final, though it proved to be so in the end. I was not quite sure I
had been right in exchanging keepsakes with him, but I instinctively put off the
consideration of that subject for the present.
After a time, looking out of the window, I saw Amabel and Mr. Cheriton in deep
conversation over the church-yard wall, just where a neat plain stone had been put up to
Mrs. Edwards and her babe. Mr. Cheriton was bare-headed, and seemed very earnest
about something. Amabel was looking straight before her, and, though her color was
deeper than usual, she did not seem displeased. They parted at last, and Amabel came
into the house.
She started at seeing me as though I had been a ghost.
"I did not know you had come in," said she.
"I have been here some time," I answered. "See what I have for you!"
And I displayed the pretty watch like my own which my uncle had purchased for me.
"What were you and Mr. Cheriton talking about so earnestly?" I asked, after Amabel had
admired her present sufficiently. "You seemed very deeply absorbed, I thought."
Amabel blushed and looked down a moment. Then she raised her clear shining eyes to me.
"I suppose I had better tell you, though it may never come to any thing," said she. Then
after another little pause in which I guessed well enough what was coming—"Mr. Cheriton
asked me whether it would be agreeable to me, if he asked my father's permission to pay
his addresses to me."
"Oh!" said I, considerably amused. "I suppose of course he would not pay them on any
account without your father's consent?"
"Certainly not," answered Amabel, with such grave simplicity that I could not for very
shame laugh at her. "That would not be right nor honorable."
"And you told him—"
"I told him that I was very young to think about such matters, but if his parents and mine
saw no objection—" and here she made a pause and steadfastly studied the face of her
new watch.
"And suppose your father does not consent, and even wished you to marry some one
else," said I, rather cruelly, "what will you do then?"
"I will obey him so far as I can in conscience—at least till I am of age," she answered. "But
there is no use in thinking about that."
"True," I answered. "'Sufficient unto the day is evil thereof.' Besides, I do not see why it is
not a good match. Mr. Cheriton will have a good estate of his own, as I understand,
besides being heir to Lord Carew, in Devonshire, if his poor son dies."
"You are not used to be so mercenary, Lucy," said Amabel, with a little indignation in her
voice. "I should love—I mean I should like—Mr. Cheriton just as well if he had not a penny
to call his own—if he were a poor curate, or a sailor, like young Mr. Thorpe."
This was carrying the war into Africa, as Mr. Lilburne's phrase was, and I hastened to parry
the unintended attack.
"And so should I," I answered. "The question with me is what Sir Julius may like. He is a
man of the world, you know, and you are his heiress. He may look for a grander match—
some one like Lord Bulmer, for instance."
"Lucy!" said Amabel, with flashing eyes. "I would rather lie down in my coffin than marry
Lord Bulmer."
"And I would almost rather see you there," I rejoined. "The man is detestable to me."
Amabel was silent again for several minutes, leaning her head on her hand so that I could
not see her face. Then she raised it toward me filled with a kind of solemn brightness.
"Lucy, I think I can leave it all in my Father's hands," said she, smiling, though the tears
stood on her long lashes. "I am sure He will do what is best for me and for—for Mr.
Cheriton. I am quite sure that I shall never marry any one else. That cannot be my duty.
But let us not borrow trouble about it. Tell me of your walk. You said you met Mr. Thorpe.
Is he really going to-morrow?"
"He really is, and he has given me this little whistle made of a crocodile's tooth, though
that is not the word—alligator I think he calls it, though 'tis a creature of the same kind. Is
it not pretty?"
But I did not tell her what he had told me—that whoso receives one of these little amulets
will surely never forget the giver.
"He is a fine young man," remarked Amabel, after she had admired the little whistle, which
had a peculiarly sweet, ringing note. "I shall never forget how he looked when we first saw
him, holding up that poor fainting woman. Did you give him nothing in return?"
"Yes, I gave him my little pocket prayer-book!" I answered. "I thought it might be useful
and a comfort to him."
"I dare say!" answered Amabel gravely, and then we were both silent for a long time, till
we were called to our dinner.
At tea-time, Mrs. Thorpe told us how disappointed she was, that she should not see her
nephew again. His ship was to sail with the tide at nine o'clock, and he had sent her a
hasty note to say that it was impossible for him to come to bid good-bye. My heart went
down as into deep cold water, but I gave no sign as Mrs. Thorpe went on praising the
young sailor, saying what a dutiful son he had been to his mother, and how fast he had
risen in his profession.
One only beside Amabel gave a guess at my feelings. When my good uncle bade us good-
night and good-bye—for he too, was to go early in the morning—he whispered in my ear—
"Keep a good heart, my pretty! There are many more sailors come home than ever are
drowned, and the winds are in the hollow of His hand."
True enough. But those who are drowned are drowned just as much, for all that. But there
has been no rebellion in my heart, at least I trust not—for many a long year. I have found
plenty to do, and have been made to keep house and be a joyful mother of children,
though I never had one of mine own.
We had one more Sunday at St. Anne's—one more afternoon at the school, and then came
a messenger from Mrs. Deborah to say, that his mistress would be in Newcastle the next
day, and hoped to set out for home on Wednesday.
CHAPTER XV.
THE SISTERS.
ON Tuesday afternoon, word came to us, that the Ladies

Leighton had arrived at the Queen's Head Inn, and we at
once set off to pay our duty to them, accompanied by Mrs.
Thorpe herself, dressed all in her best.
The Queen's Head Inn was the oldest in the town, and had
always been considered the best till of late, a new hostelry
called the Crown had been built and furnished at a great
expense by a company of speculators. This new inn or hotel
(as it began to be the fashion to call them), was expected
to carry off all the custom of the gentry, by its superior
accommodation. But the county families of Northumberland,
are like other county families—not at all fond of novelties.
The Queen's Head continued to be patronized, and the new
house was like to be a losing speculation.
The Queen's Head was a great rambling old pile, with tier
upon tier of galleries surrounding a spacious court-yard, in
which we recognized the family coach of the Leighton
ladies, at least Mrs. Thorpe did, for we knew very little of
such matters at that time. We were conducted up stairs and
along a gallery, and through a passage, and finally found
ourselves in a private sitting-room, furnished in a
comfortably dingy fashion, where we found the three ladies.
Mrs. Deborah welcomed us with great kindness, and

presented us to her sisters in this fashion.
"Sister Philippa, and Sister Chloe, this is our niece Amabel
Leighton, and this is Lucy Corbet, daughter of Mr. Walter
Corbet, and Mrs. Rosamond Treverthy, and my brother's
adopted child."
Mrs. Chloe, who was evidently much the youngest of the

three ladies, welcomed us with great cordiality, kissing us
on the cheek, and immediately presented us in exactly the
same form to Mrs. Philippa, the other sister.
Mrs. Philippa, who had heretofore appeared unconscious of

our existence, now rose in her turn and welcomed us, with
a little more stiffness in her manner. All three of the ladies
then saluted Mrs. Thorpe, with gracious condescension.
"I hope I see you well, nieces!" said Mrs. Deborah.
"Yes, we hope we see you well, nieces!" echoed Mrs. Chloe.

"Sister Philippa, no doubt you hope to see our nieces well."
"I hope I see my niece well!" said Mrs. Philippa, biting off
the word niece as if she had a spite at it. "I hope also, that I
see the other young lady well, but as she is not our niece, I
do not understand why my Sister Deborah should call her
so. But I never do pretend to understand my Sister
Deborah."
"Oh Sister Philippe, I am sure—" said Mrs. Chloe. And then

she looked at Mrs. Deborah in an appealing way.
"Miss Corbet is our kinswoman, Sister Chloe, and our

brother's adopted daughter, so I see no reason why we
should not call her our niece, if she likes to have us for
aunts!" she added, relaxing her black brows as she turned
to me with a smile.
I was considerably embarrassed, but I could only curtsy and
say that she was very kind, and I should be very grateful
for her notice.
"Yes, Sister Deborah is very kind!" said Mrs. Chloe. Then in

a loud whisper, "You must not mind poor Sister Philippa!
She is rather peculiar, but I am sure she means well."
"Sister Chloe, I desire that you will not trouble yourself to

apologize for me!" said Mrs. Philippa tartly, hearing or
guessing the import of the whisper. "No doubt the young
ladies will find me out for themselves. I dare say Miss
Corbet is a nice young woman enough, and I have nothing
to say against her, though I may not have my Sister
Deborah's reasons for adopting her at once."
Mrs. Deborah frowned again, and the color rose in her

cheeks, but she did not speak. Mrs. Philippa, having
relieved herself as I suppose by saying the most spiteful
thing she could think of, became quite gracious, asked us
our ages, and seemed surprised when she heard that we
had lately passed our eighteenth birthdays.
"Is it possible that it is nearly eighteen years since my

brother went abroad?" said she. "Well, well—and you are
fine well-grown girls, no doubt, and carry yourselves well.
They do you great credit, my good Mrs. Thorpe."
"I have had but little to do with their education beyond

supplying them with masters since they have been with me,
madam," replied Mrs. Thorpe, curtsying. "All the credit
belongs to the good ladies at the French convent, where
they were brought up."
"I understand you are Papists," said Mrs. Philippa, turning

again to us. "But you must drop all that now. We cannot
have Papists in our family, though some people, I believe,
have no objection to them."
Again I saw Mrs. Deborah frown, but she did not speak.
Amabel answered quietly that we had attended the Church

of England for several months. While I wondered if Mrs.
Philippa thought one's religion a thing to be dropped like a
hoop-petticoat when it was not convenient.
"You must follow your own consciences about that, nieces,"

observed Mrs. Deborah. "We shall be glad to have you go to
church with us, of course, but no constraint shall be put
upon you. Sister Chloe, will you be kind enough to ring for
supper? Mrs. Thorpe, you will remain and sup with us."
"Yes, Mrs. Thorpe, you will certainly remain and sup with
us," chimed in Mrs. Chloe. "Sister Philippa, no doubt you
wish for the pleasure of Mrs. Thorpe's company to supper."
"I hope Mrs. Thorpe will please herself in the matter,"

answered Mrs. Philippa. "I have no doubt she will have a
much better supper at home than we shall, but if she likes
to remain, she is quite welcome."
Mrs. Thorpe, who I thought seemed to understand pretty

well with whom she had to deal, thanked the ladies, but
declined the invitation. "Having," as she said, "business to
attend to at home."
"Very well," said Mrs. Deborah. "Do you wish to keep these
girls of ours for a night or two more, or shall they stay here
with us till we go?"
"I shall be only too glad to keep them as long as I can, Mrs.
Deborah," answered Mrs. Thorpe. "I fear I shall miss them
sadly when they are gone, for I am sure no one ever had
two more agreeable and amiable young ladies in her
family."
"I am glad to hear you say so, and it speaks well for both
parties," said Mrs. Deborah.
"Yes, indeed, it speaks well for both parties," said Mrs.

Chloe! "Sister Philippa, are you not glad to hear Mrs. Thorpe
say that the young ladies have been agreeable and
amiable?"
"Sister Chloe, I wish you would let me have an opinion of

any own now and then," was the reply. "Of course Mrs.
Thorpe would say nothing less now that her lodgers are
going away. She may expect to have them back at some
time."
"I shall only be too glad to have them back at any time,
Mrs. Philippa," answered Mrs. Thorpe, with some spirit.
"And I only speak what I think in saying that I have never
known two better young ladies."
"I dare say you are right, Mrs. Thorpe, and I am sure we
are greatly obliged to you for your care of them," said Mrs.
Deborah. "I shall see you to-morrow, and talk over a few
matters with you. We are going to stay over a day, as we
wish to make a few purchases."
Mrs. Thorpe took her leave, and the servant coming to the
door at the same moment, Mrs. Deborah ordered supper,
Mrs. Chloe agreeing in all she said, and Mrs. Philippa as
regularly disagreeing with her.
"If Sister Deborah has no objection, Sister Chloe, I will take

supper in my own room," said Mrs. Philippa, rising from the
sofa, where she had been lying ever since we had come in.
"I am very much fatigued, and not at all in spirits to make
me fit to entertain company. Perhaps you will have the
goodness to call Tupper."
The person in question being called, accordingly entered

from the next room, and giving her arm to Mrs. Philippa led
her away, though I must say Mrs. Philippa, did not look as
though she stood in need of such help.
We were all the more comfortable for her absence. Mrs.

Deborah relaxed her brows, and Mrs. Chloe lost something
of her uneasy and apprehensive manner, and seemed as if
she were preparing to enjoy herself. She was a woman of
about thirty-five, I should say, and must have been very
pretty before her face was disfigured by the smallpox. She
had still a neat, trim figure, and dressed and carried herself
remarkably well, and when she smiled she showed a set of
wonderfully even white teeth.
Mrs. Philippa was decidedly stout, with red hair, and

handsome features which were disfigured with the strongest
expression of fretful ill-temper that I ever saw on any face.
She looked well enough in health, and certainly the dishes
which went in to her full and came out empty did not look
as if she suffered from want of appetite, yet I soon learned
that it w as her pleasure to consider herself an invalid, and
that she kept her bed or sofa most of the time. I learned
more about her afterward, which I shall tell in its place.
We became very chatty and familiar over our supper. Mrs.

Deborah herself took only some bits of dry toast and a glass
of wine and water, but she had ordered a roast fowl, and
various dainties in the shape of cakes and creams, which
she seemed pleased to see us enjoy. She asked us about
our lessons, expressed her satisfaction in our progress, and
avowed her determination to purchase a harpsichord for us.
"We have an old-fashioned spinet and an organ, but the
spinet is past use, I fear. No one has touched either of them
since Sister Philippa gave up playing."
"Do you not remember, Sister Deborah, that Mr. Cheriton

played the organ the last time he came with his mother to
dine with us?" Mrs. Chloe ventured to remark. "He said the
instrument was in good order."
"Very true, so he did. Your memory is better than mine,

Sister Chloe, as is to be expected at your age. Do either of
you play the organ, nieces?"
"Amabel plays," said I. "She used sometimes to play in the

church when Sister Filomena was not able."
"And do you sing?" asked Mrs. Deborah. "I hope you do for
we are all fond of singing."
"Lucy sings!" said Amabel, answering for me, as I had done

for her. "Mr. Lilburne thinks she has a fine voice, and he has
been teaching her some of Mr. Handel's songs."
There was a harpsichord in the room, and as Mrs. Deborah

asked to hear me, I sung the last lesson I had learned, "I
know that my Redeemer liveth," while Amabel played the
accompaniment for me. I saw Mrs. Philippa's door softly
opened a little bit while I was singing.
"That is beautiful!" said Mrs. Deborah, with a good deal of

feeling when I had concluded. "I never heard it before. You
have given us a treat we did not expect, niece."
"Yes indeed, a treat we did not expect!" added Mrs. Chloe.

"I hope poor Sister Philippa will enjoy your music, niece.
She used to be very fond of it. Do you think she will enjoy
it, Sister Deborah?"
"I cannot say, I am sure!" was the answer. "It is not easy to
tell what Philippa will like, you know. She is sometimes very
much disturbed by noise."
The remark was made in a slightly raised tone, and I fancy

was meant to be heard in the next room. Tupper opened the
door directly afterward.
"My mistress would like to hear the young lady sing

something else, if she knows any thing but psalm tunes!"
said she, with a queer half-smile on her shrewd face.
"Do you know anything but psalm tunes, Niece Corbet?"

asked Mrs. Chloe anxiously. "Not that I should call that a
psalm tune."
Luckily we had learned some of Dr. Purcell's pretty music to

the words of "The Tempest," and I sung Ariel's song—"When
the bee sucks," and one or two others.
"There, you must not tire yourselves!" said Mrs. Deborah

kindly, after Amabel had played "The Harmonious
Blacksmith," and one or two other lessons. "It is time you
were going home. I will send Richard with you. You must
come and breakfast with us, and then we will go out
together. De you need any new clothes?"
"No madam!" answered Amabel. "We have abundance of

everything."
"Very good. My Sister Chloe wishes to buy some new

morning gowns, and there are a few matters needed for the
house, which I may as well see to now I am here. There,
good-night. Be here by eight o'clock, or is that too early for
my town-bred misses?"

Full Algebra and Trigonometry 10Th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Algebra and Trigonometry 10Th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Algebra and Trigonometry 10th Edition

Sullivan Solutions Manual

Algebra and Trigonometry 10th Edition Sullivan Test

Algebra and Trigonometry 10th Edition Larson Solutions

College Algebra 10th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual

Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

College Algebra 10th Edition Sullivan Test Bank

Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Algebra and Trigonometry 6th Edition Blitzer Solutions

Algebra and Trigonometry 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions

180 65. 40.32º = 40º + 0.32º

180 66. 61.24º = 61º + 0.24º

70. 44.01º = 44º + 0.01º 1

84. r = 6 meters; A = 8 m 2 91. r = 6 inches

1 2 1 2π 102. r = 6.5 m; ω = 22 rev/min = 44π rad/min

108. r = 3960 miles Find ω2 :

180 degrees = π radians , the arc length formula

6. c 13. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3; hypotenuse = ?

15. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 4; opposite = ?

opp 2 3 18. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3 ; hypotenuse = ?

20. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 5 ; opposite = ? 3 1

opp 1 1 5 5 tan θ = 8=2 2

32. csc θ = 5 5

36. cot θ = 2 corresponds to the right triangle: sin 50º

opp 1 1 5 5 44. tan12º − cot 78º = tan12º − tan(90º − 78º )

57. Given: tan θ = 4 61. Given: sin 38o ≈ 0.62

g. cos 69o = sin ( 90 o

h. tan 69o = cot ( 90 o

63. Given: sin θ = 0.3 70. 4 + x 2 = 4 + ( −2 tan θ )2

72. 100 x 2 − 81 = 100 sec θ − 81

500 1 The time is least when the angle is

x 86. Consider the right triangle:

2 2 31. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin 28º ≈ 0.47 .

2 4 3 32. Set the calculator to degree mode: cos14º ≈ 0.97 .

28. sec2 60o − tan 2 45o = ( 2 ) − (1) = 4 − 1 = 3

36. Set the calculator to degree mode:

π 43. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin 1 ≈ 0.84 .

44. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 1 ≈ 1.56 .

45. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin1º ≈ 0.02 .

46. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan1º ≈ 0.02 .

40. Set the calculator to radian mode:

48. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 0.1 ≈ 0.10 .

49. ( f + g )(30°) = f (30°) + g (30°)

60. c = 10, θ = 40º π

2a 70. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this

be rewritten as: 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 = 1 . Therefore,

190 86. Let x = the distance from George at which the

84. Let h = the height of the monument.

time is approximately 1.62 hour. V ( 30º ) = ≈ 251.4 cm3

V ( 60º ) = ≈ 75.4 cm3

90. a. The distance between the buildings is the = 1000 − 60 x + x 2

occurs when θ = 50.2° . Thus f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 12 x − 13

94 – 96. Answers will vary. 2. coterminal

3. 240º −180º = 60º

11. ( −3, 4 ) : a = −3, b = 4

12. ( 5, −12 ) : a = 5, b = −12

15. ( −3, −3) : a = −3, b = −3  3 1 3 1

36. Since cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and IV,

55. θ = 440o is in quadrant I. Note that 2 3

80. cot(5π) = cot(π + 4π) = cot(π ) , which is

81. sec(−3π) = sec(π − 4π) = sec(π ) = −1

4 4 5 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the

94. csc θ = 3, cot θ < 0, (quadrant II)