POST CLASS NOTES

Chemical Reactions
and
Equations
 Chemical equation

Chemical reaction

Types Effects

Combination 1. Change in colour

Thermal

Decomposition Photolytic 2. Change in odour

Electrolytic
Single displacement 3. Change in state

Double displacement 4. Heat transfer

Redox
Endothermic Exothermic
 Chemical Reaction
• One or more participating substances transform to give
new substances

• Involves a chemical change

Burning of magnesium

Magnesium, Oxygen Magnesium oxide

Photosynthesis

Water, Carbon dioxide Glucose, Oxygen

Respiration

Glucose, Oxygen Carbon dioxide, Water

 Effects of Chemical Reaction
Chemical reactions involve one or more of the following:

1. Change in Colour

Rusting of iron Leaves in fall

2. Change in Odour

Cooked food Spoiled fruit

3. Change in State

Formation of
Evolution of gas
precipitate

Mixing potassium iodide and lead nitrate Decomposition of lead nitrate on heating

4. Heat Transfer

Endothermic: Exothermic:
Cooking of food Absorption of heat Combustion Evolution of heat
 Chemical Equation
Short-hand representation of a chemical reaction
Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 +... → Product 1 + Product 2 +….

1. Burning of magnesium in oxygen is represented as:

Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide (Word equation)

Mg + O2 → MgO (Skeleton equation)

2. Photosynthesis is represented as:

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (Word equation)

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 (Skeleton equation)

Balanced Chemical Equation

Total number of atoms of each Total number of atoms of each
=
element on the reactant side element on the product side

Skeletal Equation Balanced Equation

Mg + O2 → MgO 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Skeleton Equation to Chemical Equation
solid (s)
1 2 liquid (l)
Balance the equation gas (g)
Mention
physical state dilute (dil.)
next to each concentrated (conc.)
3 formula aqueous (aq.)
Mention reaction conditions precipitate (↓)
above/below the arrow
gas evolved (↑)

Temperature
Pressure
4
Catalyst Mention energy transfer
Light/hv Endothermic:
Heat/ △ + Energy or Heat on reactant side
Exothermic:
+ Energy or Heat on product side

1. Photosynthesis
light
6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g)

2. Formation of Ammonia
450o C, 250 atm
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) Fe catalyst
2NH3 (g)
 Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Combination Reaction
Two or more reactants give single product

A + B A B
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s)

2. Decomposition Reaction
Single reactant breaks down into two or more products
Heat/Light/
Electrici ty
A B A + B

Thermal Heat
(in presence of heat)
2Pb(NO3)2 (s) 2PbO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Light
Photolytic
2AgCl (s) 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
(in presence of light)
Electricity
Electrolytic
(in presence of electricity) 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

3. Single displacement reaction

An element displaces another element from its compound

A + B C A C + B
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
4. Double displacement reaction
Exchange of ions between the reacting compounds

A B + C D A D + B C

2KI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s)

5. Redox (Reduction-Oxidation) reaction

Single reactant breaks down into two or more products
Oxidation: Reduction:
Gain of oxygen, or Loss of oxygen, or
loss of hydrogen gain of hydrogen
Always occur simultaneously

Redox
One reactant undergoes reduction while, the other undergoes oxidation

Loss of oxygen: Reduction

ZnO is reduced
ZnO + C Zn + CO
C is oxidised
Gain of oxygen: Oxidation
Loss of oxygen: Reduction
MnO2 is reduced
MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2 HCl is oxidised
Loss of hydrogen: Oxidation
 Mind Map
Short-hand representation of
chemical reactions using symbols
Chemical equation and chemical formulae
Reactant → Product

Chemical reaction

• Formation of new substance

Types • Involves chemical change Effects

Combination A + B A B 1. Change in colour

Thermal A B
Heat
A + B
2. Change in odour
Decomposition Electrolytic A B
Electricity
A + B

Photolytic A B
Light
A + B
3. Change in state
Single displacement A + B C A C + B

4. Heat transfer

Double displacement A B + C D A D + B C

Endothermic Exothermic
One reactant undergoes reduction
(addition of H or removal of O) while
Redox
the other undergoes oxidation (addition
of O or removal of H)