Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech = it is the language that is conveyed as it was spoken

Anmol sir told, “Get out of the class.”

Said, told, asked, advice

Anmol sir said to me, “What is the time right now?”

Indirect Speech = we make it in our own words

Rules

Modals = may, might, could, would, should, ought to, have to….
Reporting Verb = say, agree, advise, ask, order, admit, claim, complain, promise

Agree = present
Agreed = past

If the reporting verb is in the past, the following rules should be applied to change the
tense of a verb in the reported sentence.

(a) Simple Present Tense changes to Simple Past Tense

Subject + V1 + Object = present simple

Subject + V2 + Object = past simple

He said, ‘I love (present simple) drinking coffee.’

He said that he loved (past simple) drinking coffee.

(b) Present continuous Tense = past continuous

Subject + is/am/are + V-ing + Object = Present Continuous

Subject + was/were + V-ing + Object = Past Continuous

He said, ‘ I am writing a book.’

He said that he was writing a book.

(c) Present Perfect = Past Perfect

Present Perfect = Subject + has/have + V-ed (V3) + Object

Past Perfect = Subject + had + V-ed (V3) + Object

(d) Past Simple // Present Perfect = Past Perfect

Subject + V2 (-ed) + Object = past simple

Past Perfect = Subject + had + V-ed (V3) + Object

Irregular verbs (be careful)

Eat – ate – eaten

Drive – drove – driven
Read – read – read
(e) Past Continuous Tense = Past Perfect Continuous

Subject + was/were + v-ing + Object = Past Continuous Tense

Subject + had + been + v-ing = Past Perfect Continuous

(f) Future Simple = would + base form of verb (V1)

Subject + will + V1 + Object = future simple

(g) Future Continuous = would be + v-ing

Future Continuous = Subject + will + be + V-ing + Object

Would be + V-ing

She said, ‘We will be writing in the morning.’

She said that they would be writing in the morning.

(h) Unchanged Rules:

i. general truth or scientific fact = Present Simple Tense

Mona said, ‘The Statue of Unity is located in Gujarat.’
Mona said that the Statue of Unity is located in Gujarat.

My coach said, ‘MS Dhoni is known as the cool captain.’

My coach said that MS Dhoni is known as the cool captain.

ii. Twice = past tense

My uncle said, ‘ I could not come to meet me yesterday because I was

working in the office.’

My uncle said that he