1 LECTURE 1: CHEMISTRY

What is Chemistry? John Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 Comes from the Arabic word kimia, which means 1. Atoms make up an element. The atoms of one
alchemy. element are identical while atoms of different
elements are also different.
 Deals with the study of matter and the processes and
changes it undergoes 2. Law of Conservation of Mass. Atoms cannot be
 Central science created or destroyed. During any physical or
chemical change, the total mass of the products
States of Matter remains equal to the total mass of the reactants.
1. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) 3. Law of Constant Composition or Law of
2. Solid Definite Proportions or Proust’s Law. A
3. Liquid Classification of measurable properties chemical compound always contains the same
4. Gas elements combined together in the same proportion
5. Plasma
by mass.
Phase Changes
4. Law of Multiple Proportions. When two elements
Matter can be transformed from one form or another by combine with each other to form two or
transfer of energy such as heat. more compounds, the ratios of the masses of one
element that combines with the fixed mass of the
Example: ice water  steam
other are simple whole numbers.

Atom and subatomic particles

Atomic theory

 Democritus and Leucippus

-Proposed the indivisible nature of particles called

atomos.

 John Dalton

-Father of Modern Atomic Theory

-published his theory about atoms in 1808. His findings

were based on experiments and the laws of chemical
combination.

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Atomic models  Lanthanides- inner transition metals, only 1 is

radioactive
 Actinides –radioactive, produced in laboratories

Other terms!

 Molecule
At least 2 atoms in a definite arrangement
 Allotrope
2 or more forms of one element.
Example:
O2 -> oxygen gas
O3 -> ozone

Periodic Table of Elements

In 1869 Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev started the

development of the periodic table, arranging chemical  Ion
elements by atomic mass. He predicted the discovery of Electrons are lost and gained by atoms that are
other elements, and left spaces open in his periodic electrically neutral.
table for them. Cation- positively charged ion
Gold Foil Experiment Anion- negatively charged ion
Period – horizontal rows (pahalang)
Group/Families – vertical columns. Note: Be careful on the anode (+) and cathode (-) of
diode
 Representative elements – Group 1A to 7A.  Compound
Group number represents the number of valence Combination of 2 or more elements
electrons.
Ex: Semiconductors (Si and Ge) belong to Group Ionic- compounds made up of ions.
IVA – Carbon Group. Ex: NaCl
 Transition elements – more than 8 electrons in
their shells Molecular-compounds made up of molecules formed
 Noble Gases – elements at the right most column from different elements.
that have full electrons on outermost shells which Ex: H2O
make them not reacting to other elements

Atomic Number and Mass number

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Chemical formula Stoichiometry Formulas:

 Dealing with quantitative relationship between
1. Molecular Formula constituents in a chemical substance.
Shows the exact number of atoms of each element in  Refers to measurements based on quantitative
the smallest unit of a substance laws of chemical combinations.

2. Empirical Formula Mole (n)

Elements are present in simplest whole number ratio of  One of the 7 basic units in SI system
their atoms  Amount of substance that contains as many
elementary entities as there are exactly 12 grams of
the Carbon-12 isotope.

Molar Mass
 The mass of one mole of a pure substance.

Chemical reactions

Types of solution

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Gases: Kinetic molecular theory

 The volume of the particles are negligible.
Collisions of the particles with the walls of the
container causes pressure.
 Do not exert forces to each other
Temperature is directly proportional to the kinetic force.

Ideal Gas Law RMS speed of gases

 An ideal gas is one, when kept at a constant
temperature, would obey the gas laws exactly.
However, there is known gas that is considered to
be an ideal gas.
 According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, gaseous
particles are in a state of constant random motion;
individual particles move at different speeds,
constantly colliding and changing directions.
 The root-mean-square speed takes into account
both molecular weight and temperature, two factors
that directly affect the kinetic energy of a material.

Standard Temperature-Pressure (STP)

V rms =
√ 3 RT
M molar
V rms =
√ 3 kT
m

Graham’s Law of Diffusion

Diffusion
Power of Hydrogen (pH)  the gradual mixing of gases due to the motion of
their component particles even in the absence of
mechanical agitation such as stirring.
Effusion
 escape of gaseous molecules through a small
Gas Laws (usually microscopic) hole, such as a hole in a
balloon, into an evacuated space.
 The rate of effusion of a gaseous substance is
inversely proportional to the square root of its
molar mass.

r1
r2
=
√
M 2 t2 ρ
= = 2
M 1 t1 ρ1 √
Dalton’s law of partial pressure

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Additional Notes:

References:
 The ECE Handbook: GEAS by Tiong
 University Physics by Young & Freedman
 IECEP GEAS
 Materials Science and Engineering by Callister

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY b. Hund’s rule

College of Engineering, Architecture and
c. Aufbau Principle 11. Calculate the number of C atoms present in 84.5
Technology
Department of Electronics Engineering d. David’s rule g of isopropanol (rubbing alcohol), C3H8O?
a. 2.88 x 1024 C atoms
ECER02 6. Analysis of 84.2 g of the uranium containing b. 3.72 x 1024 C atoms
Chemistry compound pitchblende shows it is composed of 71.4 c. 2.54 x 1024 C atoms
g of uranium, with oxygen as the only other element. d. 2.00 x 1024 C atoms
Name: _______________________________ How many grams of uranium can be obtained from
Date: _______________________________ 102 kg of pitchblende? (Oct 2017) 12. A bottle of certain ceramic tile cleanser, which
a. 8.56 x 104 essentially a solution of hydrogen chloride, contains
1. Which of the following is not a state of matter? b. 6.85 x 104 130g of HCl and 750g of water. What is the percent
a. Liquid c. 5.68 x 104 by mass of HCl in this cleanser?
b. Plasma d. 8.65 x 104 a. 15.7%
c. Superfluid 7. How many times heavier is a proton than an b. 16.3%
d. BEC electron? c. 13.8%
a. 1386 times d. 14.8%
2. Which of the following is a binary compound? b. 1836 times
a. Citric Acid c. No! e- is heavier p+ 13. If atomic masses of Al and O are 26.98 amu and
b. Sodium Chlorate d. No difference 16.00 amu, respectively, how many grams of Al are
c. Oxygen there in 431g of Al2O3?
d. Hydrochloric acid 8.Uranium atom has atomic number 92. A common a. 228 g
uranium isotope has mass number 238. How many b. 215 g
3. Which of the following phase changes represent protons does this isotope have? c. 237 g
sublimation? a. 91 d. 114 g
a. Solid to gas b. 92
b. Gas to solid c. 146 14. What is the molarity of 2.0 mole of NaCl in 0.872
c. Solid to liquid d. Lack of data L solution?
d. Gas to liquid a. 0.436 m
9. A compound with an empirical formula of CH2 has b. 0.436 M
4. The amount of energy needed to change a given a molecular mass of 70. What is the molecular c. 2.3 m
mass of ice to water at constant temperature is called formula? b. 2.3 M
the heat of a. C2H4
a. Fusion b. C3H6 15. Calculate the mass of water required to prepare a
b. Formation c. C4H8 4.00 m aqueous solution of NH3 using 25.0 g of NH3 .
c. Condensation d. C5H10 a. 0.368kg
d. Crystallization b. 0.638 kg
10. How many mole is 1.5 kg of H3AsO3? c. 0.836 kg
5. Electrons occupy all the orbitals of a given (As=75g/mol)? d. 0.668 kg
subshell singly before pairing begins. These a. 7.9 moles
unpaired electrons have parallel spins. This is b. 11.9 moles 16. A sulfuric acid solution is prepared by dissolving
known as: c. 9.9 moles 3.75g of H2SO4 in enough water to make 26.8mL of
a. Building up Principle d. 13.9 moles solution. Calculate its normality.

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a. 2.86 N b. 0.58 atm c. Silver

b. 6.82 N c. -3.11 atm d. Diamond
c. 8.62 N d. 0.94 atm 27. This element is used in modern, super strong
d. 3.76 N permanent magnets because of their high
22. What is the root-mean-square of molecular coercivities.
17. If the H+ concentration is 0.00001 M, what is the oxygen in m/s at 31℃? a. Beryllium c. yttrium
OH- concentration? a. 15. 4 m/s
a. 6 c. 8 b. 4. 91 m/s b. neodymium d. alnico
b. 7 d. 9 c. 486.79 m/s
d. 155.45 m/s 28. Some metals, as well as nonmetals, may have
18. When temperature of an ideal gas in a rigid more than one crystal structure. This
container increases, the pressure increases because 23. Calculate the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to the phenomenon is known as
(April 2017) rate of diffusion of oxygen. How fast does the a. Polymorphism
a. The molecules collide with the walls of the hydrogen diffuse than the oxygen? Given: Density of b. Allotrophism
container more frequently. hydrogen is 0.0899g/L and the density of oxygen is c. Morphism
b. The molecules collide with each other more 1.43g/L. d. Metaphorism
frequently. a. 1
c. The molecules collide with the walls of the b. 2 29. Atomic packing factor for the FCC crystal
container less frequently. c. 3 structure is.
d. The molecules collide with each other less d. 4 a. 0.64
frequently. 24. A material whose atomic arrangement occurs as b. 0.70
periodic, repeating structures over large distances. c. 0.74
19. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, d. 0.86
very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm) a. Crystalline 30. The unit cell geometry is completely defined in
exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of b. polycrystalline terms of 6 parameters: the 3 edge length a,b,c
volume 5.43 L at 69.5°C. c. solid and the 3 interaxial angles α , β , γ .On this basis
a. 6.42 atm d. amorphous there are 7 different combinations of a , b c and
b. 0.642 atm
angles α , β , γ , each of which represents a
c. 9.42 atm
d. 0.942 atm 25. These materials are hard and brittle, insulative to distinct crystal system.
electricity and heat, and very resistant to high What crystal system has the least degree of
20. How many moles are there in 44.8 L of oxygen temperatures and harsh environments. symmetry, since a ≠ b ≠ c and α ≠ β ≠ γ ?
gas at STP? a. Monoclinic c. Cubic
a. 1.2 moles a. Polymers b. Triclinic d. Hexagonal
b. 1.4 moles b. metals
c. 2.0 moles c. ceramics
d. 2.8 moles d. semiconductors

21. Calculate the final pressure if a sample of a 26. Which of the following is considered the best
certain gas is cooled from 34℃ to -73℃, with an conductor of heat?
initial pressure of 1.45 atm. a. Gold
a. 0.49 atm b. Copper

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