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 Towards Quantum
Einstein-Field-Equations
A Full Derivation of the Fundamental
Equations to Quantum Gravity and some of
its Applications in Space-Times of Arbitrary
Numbers of Dimensions

Part 7 of
Medical Socio-Economic Quantum Gravity

Norbert Schwarzer
 Text Copyright © 2020 Norbert Schwarzer

All rights reserved.

Cover Picture: “A Spin Field in Space-Time According to the Elastic Solution of the Quantum Einstein-
Field-Equations, Evaluated with the Software FilmDoctor [19] using equation (96) with solution (97).”

Cover Copyright © 2020 Norbert Schwarzer

All rights reserved.

Abstract
It will be shown how Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations can directly be derived from the classical
Einstein-Hilbert action [A1] by a simple generalization of the kernel of the latter. The kernel Hilbert
had chosen in his famous work [A1], leading to the Einstein-Field-Equations [A2] in an elegant and
purely mathematical manner, was the Ricci scalar R and this author is aware of similar trials by other
scientists who had introduced arbitrary functions of that classical kernel like f(R). Our approach is
different as it leaves the classical kernel, namely, the Ricci scalar, unharmed, but allows a scale factor
to the metric tensor. This changes the Ricci scalar in such a way that immediately – as already shown
by this author in a variety of papers (e.g. [A3 – A8]) – the most important classical quantum
equations appear. Here in this paper, we will now evaluate the result of the Einstein-Hilbert action
for such a generalized (scaled) Ricci kernel and thus, derive new Einstein-Field-Equations, clearly
showing the characteristics of their classical analogue plus quantum properties in connection with
the scale factor.

We therefore conclude that we have found Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations.

As our calculation is performed in an arbitrary number of dimensions, we result in very general forms
of these equations.

It seems most intriguing that a surprising and rather dramatic simplification appears in a variety of
dimensions and certain approaches or boundary conditions. In this case we suddenly find the
Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations to be almost equivalent to the equations of linear elasticity…
allowing for many interesting solutions, like:

a) Shear stress fields as spin fields

b) Spherical stress or strain fields as particles
c) Sub-space-time solutions
d) Time-planes and time-layer solutions, which could explain many features of our universe –
including the thing (universe) itself – as impacts, imprints or indents
e) Quark-like 1/3 and 2/3 charges
f) And many other things

For illustration we are going to present some of these “applications” and try – here and there - for a
brief discussion.

We also find, even though it will not be discussed in this paper, that the scaled metric approach,
which is – so at least it seems - so nicely giving us the connection between Einstein’s General Theory
of Relativity and Quantum Theory, apparently also delivers the necessary ingredients to R. Penrose’s
“before the big bang hypothesis” [A9], which requires a scaled metric.
References of the Abstract
[A1] D. Hilbert, Die Grundlagen der Physik, Teil 1, Göttinger Nachrichten, 395-407 (1915)

[A2] A. Einstein, Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie, Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 49,
769–822

[A3] N. Schwarzer, “Brief Proof of Hilbert’s World Formula - Dirac, Klein-Gordon, Schrödinger,
Einstein, Evolution and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics all from one origin”, Self-published,
Amazon Digital Services, 2020, Kindle

[A4] N. Schwarzer, “Societies and Ecotons - The Photons of the Human Society - Control them and
Rule the World”, Part 1 of “Medical Socio-Economic Quantum Gravity”, Self-published,
Amazon Digital Services, 2020, Kindle

[A5] N. Schwarzer, “Humanitons - The Intrinsic Photons of the Human Body - Understand them
and Cure Yourself”, Part 2 of “Medical Socio-Economic Quantum Gravity”, Self-published,
Amazon Digital Services, 2020, Kindle

[A6] N. Schwarzer, “Mastering Human Crises with Quantum-Gravity-based but still Practicable
Models - First Measure: SEEING and UNDERSTANDING the WHOLE: Part 3 of Medical Socio-
Economic Quantum Gravity”, Self-published, Amazon Digital Services, 2020, Kindle

[A7] N. Schwarzer, “Self-Similar Quantum Gravity - How Infinity Brings Simplicity”, Part 4 of
“Medical Socio-Economic Quantum Gravity”, Self-published, Amazon Digital Services, 2020,
Kindle

[A8] N. Schwarzer, “Masses and the Infinity Options Principle - Can We Explain the 3-Generations
and the Quantized Mass Problem?”, Part 5 of “Medical Socio-Economic Quantum Gravity”,
Self-published, Amazon Digital Services, 2020, Kindle

[A9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypjZF6Pdrws
Towards Extended (Quantum Gravity) Einstein Field Equations
In [1 - 6]1 (and quite some other papers by this author) it was demonstrated how we can find a direct
extraction of the Klein-Gordon, the Schrödinger and the Dirac equation from the Ricci scalar R* of a
modified metric of the kind Gαβ=F[f]*gαβ. Namely: With a yet arbitrary scalar function F[f], the
corresponding modified Ricci scalar R* reads2:

  , g  − 

, g

− µ µ g  +   µµ g  
  1
R =R
* *
G =  F' f , f , g  (1 − n )
( ) F

 + (1 − n ) f + 4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )
2

 F 4F 2

 f , f , g  (1 − n ) 1

F'
=  R + (1 − n ) f +
F 4F2
4FF ''+ ( F (
' )
2
( n − 6 ) 
F
) . (1)

F  f   F f 
2

with : F = F  f  ; F ' = ; F '' =

f f 2
As the non-scaled Ricci scalar R also provides the kernel to the classical Einstein-Hilbert action [7], we
here intend to investigate the effect of the scaling with respect to the metric variation of the latter.

Note: Demanding certain conditions for the function F[f] and / or f then gives us Dirac or Klein-
Gordon equations [1, 2, 3]. Thus, when demanding f to be a Laplace function, we obtain from (1):

 = f, g f,  

R (1 − n )    ( n − 6 )   F f   + F f    F f     f 2 
 2 2 
R* = + 
F  f  F  f 3   4

 f 

f 2 
g ( )
, (2)
1   2 F  f  3  F  f   
2

( )
2
n = 4;R = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →= 
3 
  3  F  f   −     gf 
F f    f 2 2  f   
which – so it was shown in [1, 2, 3] – gives the metric equivalent to the Dirac equation. It was also
shown in [1, 2] how this gives the classical Dirac equation in flat space Minkowski metrics. A nice
sum-up of the derivation of classical quantum equations from (1), which also includes the case R≠0,
will be presented in [8].

Our starting point shall now be the classical Einstein-Hilbert-Action [7] with the Ricci scalar R* as
kernel or Lagrange density:

W = 0 =   d n x
V
( (
−G  R * − 2 + LM )) (3)

and, in contrast to the classical form, with a somewhat adapted metric tensor G  = F  f   g  .
Thereby G shall denote the determinant of the metric tensor G , while g will later stand for the
corresponding determinant of the metric tensor g  . In order to distinguish our new Ricci scalar R*,
being based on G  = F  f   g  from the usual one R, being based on the metric tensor g  , we
marked it with the *-superscript. We also have the matter density LM and the cosmological constant
Λ.

1
Please note than in most papers we thereby considered metrics gij with R=0. Here now we need to introduce
the general form.
2
The complete evaluation will be presented in the appendix A.
Please note that with G  = F  f   g  we have used the simplest form of metric adaptation, which we
could construct as a simplification from a generalization of the typical form of tensor
transformations, namely:

G  = F f  t, x, y, z, , n   g ij ,
ij
, k , (4)

→ G  = F f  t, x, y, z, , k , , n   i j g ij

. (5)
→ G  = F f  t, x, y, z, , k , , n   g  = F f   g 

The generalization is been elaborated in [3].

It should be pointed out that we chose the simple form (3) only because it is closest to Hilbert’s
classical action integral. As in his case F was 1, any generalization of the following shape:

W = 0 =   d n x
V
( (
−G  Fq  R * − 2 + LM )) , (6)

could also be possible and still converges to the classical form for F→1. Here, which is to say in this
paper, we will mainly consider examples with q=0, but for completeness and later investigation we
here also evaluate the variational integrals for the cases of general q (see appendices D and E).

Setting (1) into (3) results in the variation:

  F'  
  R + (1 − n ) f  1 
 F
  
W = 0 =   d x  −g  F    f , f , g (1 − n )

 F  . (7)
( )
n n

4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )

2
 +  
  
V 2
 4F
  −2  + L M 
  
Please note that the cosmological constant term requires the variation with respect to the metric
Gαβ. When insisting on the variation with respect to the metric instead gαβ, we better rewrite (7) as
follows:

  F' 
  R + (1 − n ) f 
−g  F n
F
 g  d n x  
  f , f , g (1 − n )

F
( ) 


g W = 0 =  V
+ 4FF ''+ ( F ') ( n − 6 )
2

(8)
  4F 2


 +g  d n x −g ( L M − 2 )
 V

in order to make it clear that we do not intend to also scale-adapt the cosmological constant or the
Hilbert matter term.

However, when ignoring the cosmological constant and – PERHAPS - assuming that we would not
need any postulated matter terms LM, simply because our scale-adaptation F[f] and similar “tricks” or
“add-ons” automatically provide matter, we just obtain:
   F'  
  R + (1 − n ) f  1 
F
W = 0 =   d n x  −g  Fn     
   f , f , g (1 − n )

 F 
V


+
 4F 2 (
4FF''+ ( F' ) ( n − 6 )
2
)  
 
. (9)
  F'  
  R + (1 − n )  −g  g f,  
−g  F  1 
=   d n x  −g  Fn   
   f f g (1 − n )
  F 
V



  + , ,
 4F 2 (
4FF ''+ ( F' ) ( n − 6 )
2
)   
 
Performing the usual Hilbert variation with respect to the metric tensor g  now leads us to:

  
(1 − n )  −g  g f,   
F'
  R +
−g  F  1 
g W = 0 = g  d n x  −g  Fn   
   f f g (1 − n )
  F 
V






 +
, ,

4F2
(
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )   
2

 
)
 R 
 R  − g  
2
−g  F n  
=  dn x   g  g  g  g  + g  g    g  . (10)
 f , f ,  2 −  (1 − n ) 
F
( F ') ( n − 6 )  

2
V
 2 
+ 
 4F2  +4FF ''  
  
Fn /2 −g  Fn
n

F
(
+g  d x 2  F ' (1 − n )   −g  g f , +  d x
 n

F
)  g g R 
V V

Please note that we did not – as Hilbert has done in [7] – automatically3 set the variation of the Ricci
tensor equal to zero but keep it as g  g R  . We will deal later with this term.

Please also note that we separated the Laplace term, because it cannot be variated as easily as the
other terms, because we have the metric within this operator. So just like with the Hilbert variation
of the Ricci tensor [7] we have to apply caution. We see this, when taking the first term from the last
line of (10) and rewriting the Laplace operator in a different form:

Fn /2  1 
g  d n x −g    F ' (1 − n )   −g  g f , 
V
F2  −g 

= g  d n x −g 
Fn /2
F2
( (
 F ' (1 − n ) g f , − g  

f, ))
V
. (11)
F n /2
 g  g  g  g  + g  g   
=  d n x −g  2   F ' (1 − n ) 
F 
− ( 
 f , −  f ,  )  g 
V  2 2  
Fn /2
F
(
−  d n x −g  2  F ' (1 − n ) g g   
f, )
V

3
After proving that it delivers a surface term. However, the Ricci tensor in the current integral with the
function F[f] does not give such a simple solution.
While the first integral makes no problems, we find that the second integral (last line of (11)) gives
us:

Fn /2
n
(
V d x −g  F2  F ' (1 − n ) g g f,
 
)
. (12)
Fn /2  1 
=  d x −g  2   F ' (1 − n ) g  f ,  g  ( g ; + g ; − g ; ) 
n

V
F  2 

Thus, we have covariant derivatives of metric variations g; + g; − g; instead of the
variation itself g  as obtained for the other integrals. The total result looks as follows:

−g  Fn
g W = 0 =  d n x  g  g R 
V
F
 R 
 R  − g  
2
−g  F n  
+ dn x   g  g  g  g  + g  g    g 
 f , f ,  2 −  (1 − n ) 
F ') ( n − 6 ) 
F
( 
2
V
 2 
+  
 4F2  +4FF ''  
  
Fn /2   g  g  g  g  + g  g   
+  d n x −g 
F2
  F ' (1 − n ) 
2
−
2
( 
 f , −  f ,  )  g 
V    
Fn /2  1 
−  d n x −g    F ' (1 − n ) g f ,  g  ( g ; + g ; − g ; ) 
V
F2  2 
−g  Fn
=  dn x  g  g R 
V
F
 R 
 R  − g  
2
 
  g  g  g  g  + g  g   
 f , f ,  −  (1 − n ) 
( F ') ( n − 6 )  
2
−g  F n
 2 2 
+ dn x +    g  . (13)
  
 +4FF ''  
2
V
F 4F
 
 F ' (1 − n )  g  g  g  g  + g  g   
 + F
 − (

 f , −   f ,   )
  2 2  
−g  Fn  F ' (1 − n )  1  
− dn x  g f ,  g ( g ; + g ; − g ; ) 
V
F  F 2 
Not being able to place everything under one integral, it seems that we are stuck with our attempt to
derive a Quantum-Einstein-Field-Equation… or are we not?
Variation of the Laplace operator
Fn /2  1 
g  d n x −g    F ' (1 − n )   −g  g f , 
V
F2  −g 
Fn /2
( (
= g  d x −g  2  F ' (1 − n ) g f , − g  
n

F

f, ))
V
. (14)
Fn /2   g  g  g  g  + g  g   
=  d n x −g  2
F
  F ' (1 − n ) 
2
−
2
( 
 f , −  f ,  )  g 
V    
Fn /2
+  d n x −g 
F 2 (
 F ' (1 − n ) g g  

f, )
V

Further evaluation of the last integral yields:

Fn /2
 d x −g 
n

F 2 (
 F ' (1 − n ) g  g  

f, )
V

Fn /2  g   
=  d n x −g    F ' (1 − n ) g   
GX  g  , − g   

g   f ,  
V  F2  2   . (15)

with : g (  

) = 12 g  ( g ; + g ; − g ; ) = g2 GX 
g  , − g    
g 

( g gg + g g g − g g g )  GX 

Thereby:

1  g 
g (  ) = g ( g ; + g ; − g ; ) =

 ( g , + g , − g , )
2 2
g  
−
2
(
 g  +  
g  +   
g  +  g  −    
g  −   g  )
g 
=
2
( g , + g , − g , )
g  
−
2
(
 g  +  
g  +   
g  +    
g  −   
g  −   g  )
g 
⎯⎯⎯⎯
gij =g ji
→=
2
( g , + g , − g , )
g   
−
2
(
 g  +  
g  +  

g +   
g  −  

g −  

)
g  g 

g 
⎯⎯⎯
ij = ji
→=
2
( g , + g , − g , )
 
 
=0 = 2  g =0

g             
−  g  −   g  +   g  +  g  +   g −   g  g 
2  
  . (16)
g 
=
2
( g , + g , − g , ) − g    g 
Now we proceed with the result of (15) (second line) and by applying integration by parts and setting
all surface terms equal to zero, we end up with:

Fn /2   g


=  d n x −g    F ' (1 − n ) g 
GX  f ,   g  ,
V
F 
2
2 
 Fn /2  g  
=  d n x  −g  2   F ' (1 − n ) g  
GX  f ,    g 
V  F  2   ,
 Fn /2   g

 
−  d x  −g  2   F ' (1 − n ) g
n 
GX  f ,   g  
V  F  2   ,
. (17)
 Fn /2  g  
=  d x  −g  2   F ' (1 − n ) g 
n 
GX  f ,    g 
V  F  2   ,
= 0 ? Gibbons–Hawking –York

Fn /2  g  
−  d x  n  −g 
n
  F ' (1 − n ) g  
GX  f ,   g 
V
F2  2 
 Fn /2  g  
=  d n x  −g  2   F ' (1 − n ) g  
GX  f ,    g 
V  F  2   ,
Back to the total variation of our scaled metric Ricci scalar
With the help of the results of the last sub-section, we obtain from (13):

−g  Fn
g W = 0 =  d n x  g  g R 
V
F
  R 
  R  − g  
 2
 
   g  g  g  g  + g  g   
  f , f ,  2 −  (1 − n )  
( F ') ( n − 6 )   
2
  2 
+   
 −g  F
n
 4F2  +4FF ''    . (18)
   
F  
+ dn x   F ' (1 − n )  g  g  g  g  + g  g     g
  + F
 − ( 
)
 f , −   f,    
V
   2 2  
  F' 
  +  (1 − n ) g  g   

f, 
  F 
  −g  Fn  F ' 
  g

 
−    (1 − n ) g 
GX  f ,   
  F F 2  
  , 
For simplification we further consider the Integral above without further treatment of the variation
−g  Fn
term for the Ricci tensor
F
( )
 g g R  . The rest gives us:

−g  Fn
Integrand −
F
(
 g  g R  )
 R 
 R  − g  
2
 
  g  g  g  g  + g  g   
 f , f ,  2 −  (1 − n ) 
( F ') ( n − 6 ) 

2
 2 
+  
 4F2  +4FF ''  
 
 
−g  F 
n
F ' (1 − n )  g g  
g g +g g 
   


F
 +
F
 − ( 
)
 f , −   f ,  
  2 2  
 F' 
 +  (1 − n ) g  g   

f, 
 F 
  F' g 
 
 −   (1 − n ) g  GX 
f,  
 F 2  , 
 
 
 −g  Fn   F ' 

 g , (19)
−     (1 − n ) g GX 
f, 
 F  ,  F 2 

which then gives (after equalizing some of the dummy indices):

  R
 R  − g 
2

 (    
)
+ g g − g g − g  g  (1 − n ) 

  f , f ,  1
( ) 2n  
  2  F2  4 ( F ') ( n − 6 ) + 4FF '' + FF ''− ( F ' ) + ( F ')  2 − 1  

2 2

  

   F' F'  
  + f ,  +  
  2F 2F  
 F ' (1 − n )  
0=

−
2F
( )
g g − g  g  − g  g   
f, . (20)

 F'
 +  (1 − n ) g  g   

f,
 F
 F ' (1 − n )  
 + 
F 2
( )
g g − g  g  − g  g  f ,
,

 g g  ,  F ' (1 − n )  




+
2
 
F 2
( )
g g − g  g  − g  g  f , 

On first sight, we consider it quite surprising that the product of the two Nabla-kind operator terms
3  n − 14
for f are giving such a strange sum with FF''+ ( F' ) 
2
. On the other side, when inserting
8
( F')
2

n=4, one gets FF''− , which does not look so very strange at all. We obtain:
4

 R
 R  − g 
2

  , f, 
f 2 3  n − 14  F' 
 + ( g  
g − g  
g − g  
g ) (1 − n )   F2  FF''+ ( F' ) 
  8
 + f , 
 F

 F' (1 − n )  


−
2  F
( g g − g  g  − g  g  )  

f,
. (21)
0=
 F '
+  (1 − n ) g g    
f,
 F

F ' (1 − n )  


+ 
F 2
( g g − g  g  − g  g  ) f ,
,

g g  ,  F ' (1 − n )  





+
2
 
F 2
( g g − g  g  − g  g  ) f , 


Now we have to incorporate the variation of the Ricci tensor, respectively its new form which is now
connected with the scale function F[f].
Variation of the Scaled Ricci Tensor Term
It becomes immediately clear from the structure of the Ricci tensor integral term from (10):

Fn/2 
 d x −g   g g R  =  d n x −g  Fn/2−1  g R 
n
(22)
V
F V

that this cannot give the same surface term (and thus, vanishing [7]) result as the classical form,
reading:

d x −g  g  g R  =  d n x −g  g R  .
n
(23)
V V

The reason is that while (23) can be made a complete divergence, reading:

d x
n
−g  g R  =  d n x ( −g  g  

) − d x(
,
n
−g  g 

) ,
, (24)
V V V

we will have the following from (22):

d x −g  Fn /2−1  g R 
n

V
. (25)
= d xF n n /2 −1
 ( −g  g  

) − d xF
,
n n /2 −1
 ( −g  g 

) ,
V V

Only after integration by parts:

d x −g  Fn /2−1  g  R 
n

= d xF n n /2 −1
 ( −g  g   

) − d xF
,
n n /2 −1
 ( −g  g  

) ,
V V

=  d n x  Fn /2−1,   −g  g   −  d x  ( F


n n /2 −1
 −g  g  

) ,
V V
, (26)
−  d n x  Fn /2−1,  −g  g 

+  d n x  Fn /2−1  −g  g 

( ) ,
V V

=  d n x  Fn /2−1,   −g  g     d x  n (F )
 n /2 −1
− n
  −g  g  


V V

−  d n x  Fn /2−1,  −g  g   d x  n (F )
 n /2 −1
+ n
  −g  g 


V V

we have the desired surface integrals, which we can assume to vanish (!) using Hilbert’s assumption
of a boundary free space-time (caution here (!)). The remains are the two integrals:

d x −g  Fn /2−1  g R 
n

V
, (27)
= d xF n n /2 −1
,  −g  g  

−  d n x  Fn /2−1,  −g  g 


V V

 
where we once again find the variated Levi-Civita-Connections   ,  , which this time result in:
 d xF −  d n x  Fn /2 −1,  −g  g  
n /2 −1
n
,  −g  g   
 

V V

g 

=  d n x  Fn /2 −1,   −g  g  
 2
( g  , + g , − g , ) − g   

g  

V

1 
−  d n x  Fn /2 −1,  −g  g   g g ;
V
2
 g  
=  d n x  Fn /2 −1,   −g  g   
GX  g  , − g   

g  
V
 2 
1 
−  d n x  Fn /2−1,  −g  g   g g ;
V
2
 g  
= d xFn n /2 −1
,  −g  g   
GX  g  , − g   

g  
V
 2 
1 
−  d n x  Fn /2 −1,  −g  g   g ( g  , − 
 
g  −  g  )
V
2
 g  
=  d n x  Fn /2 −1,   −g  g   
GX  g  , − g   

g  
V
 2 
1 
−  d n x  Fn /2−1,  −g  g 
2
( g g , − g  g  − g  g  )
V
, (28)
 g  
= d xFn n /2 −1
,  −g  g   
GX  g  , − g   

g  
V
 2 
1 
−  d n x  Fn /2 −1,  −g  g 
2
( g g  , − g  

g  − g 

g  )
V

 g  
= d xFn n /2 −1
,  −g  g   
GX  g  , − g   

g  
V
 2 
1 
−  d n x  Fn /2−1,  −g  g 
2
( g g  , − g  

g  − g 

g  )
V

 g  
=  d n x  −g  g   Fn /2 −1,   
GX  g  , − Fn /2 −1,   g   

g  
V
 2 
1 n /2−1
−  d n x  −g  g 
2
( F ,  g  g , − Fn /2−1,  g  g  − Fn /2−1,  g  g ) , (29)
V

g  1
=  d n x  −g  g  Fn /2−1,   
GX  g  , −  d n x  −g  g  Fn /2 −1,  g  g  ,
V
2 V
2

d x −g  g  Fn /2−1,   g   

n
g 
V

1 n /2−1
+  d n x  −g  g 
2
( F ,  g  

+ Fn /2−1,  g  

) g 
V

While the integrals with the metric variation terms (second last and last line in (29)) are no problem,
as they directly become a part of the whole integral in (10), we need to find a way to also treat the
derivatives of the metric variation. Thus, we further consider the two integrals:
 g  1
 d x  −g  g F ,   g  , −  d n x  −g  g  Fn /2−1,  g  g  ,
n  n /2 −1 
GX 
V
2 V
2
 g   
=  d n x   −g  g  Fn /2−1,   GX   g 
V
 2  ,
 g  
−  d x   −g  g F ,  
n  n /2 −1 
GX  g  
V
 2  ,
 1 
−  d n x   −g  g  Fn /2−1,  g   g 
V
 2 ,
 1 
+  d n x   −g  g  Fn /2−1,  g  g  
V
 2 ,
 g   
=  d x   −g  g F ,  
n  n /2 −1
GX   g 
V
 2  ,
=0

g 
−  d n x  n  −g  g  Fn /2−1,   
GX  g 
V
2
 1 
−  d n x   −g  g  Fn /2−1,  g   g  , (30)
V
 2 ,
=0

1 n /2−1
+  d n x  n  −g  g  F ,  g  g 
V
2
This leads us to:

g  1
d x g  , −  d n x  −g  g  Fn /2−1,  g  g  ,
 n /2 −1 
n
−g  g F ,  GX 
V
2 V
2
. (31)
 g      1 n /2 −1  
=  d x   −g  g  Fn /2−1,  
n
GX   −  −g  g F ,  g    g 
V  2 ,  2 , 
Thus, in total we have from (27):

d x −g  Fn /2−1  g  R 
n

  Fn /2−1,  g   
+ Fn /2−1,  g  

 
 −g  g   + Fn /2−1,   g   

 
  2  
= d x
n
g 
  g 
  1  
V
 +  −g  g  Fn /2−1,   
GX   −  −g  g

Fn /2−1,  g   
  2 ,  2 , 
 
 Fn /2−1,  g   + Fn /2−1,  g  


 −g  g  + Fn /2−1,   g   


  2 
 
 n /2 −1 ( g g +g g −g g )
      
= d x
n  +  −g  g F ,    g 
V
  2  , 
 
   1 n /2 −1    . (32)
 −  −g  g F ,  g  
  2  , 
Back to the total variation of our scaled metric Ricci scalar
Now incorporating the results for the variated Ricci tensor from section “Variation of the Scaled Ricci
Tensor Term” gives us:

 R 
 R  − g  
2
 
 ( )
+ g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n ) 
 
  f , f ,  2 3  n − 14  F' 
   2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  
  F  8  F 
−g  Fn  F ' (1 − n )   
0=
F
 −
2F
(
g g − g  g  − g  g    )

f, 
 
 F' 
 +  (1 − n ) g  g   

f, 
 F 
 F ' (1 − n )   
 + 
F 2
(  
g g −g g −g g  
,
)
f , 
 
 g  g  ,  F ' (1 − n )   
+
 2
 
F 2
(  
g g − g g − g g f ,    
)

 Fn /2−1,  g  

+ Fn /2−1,  g  


+ −g  g  
+ Fn /2−1,   g   

 . (33)
 2 
 g     g  n /2 −1  
+  −g  g  Fn /2 −1,   GX   −  − g  F ,  g 
 2  ,  2 ,

Inserting the extension for GX  yields:

 R 
 R  − g  
2
 
 ( )
+ g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n ) 
 
  f , f ,  2 3  n − 14  F' 
   2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  
  F  8  F 
−g  Fn  F ' (1 − n )   
0=
F
 −
2F
(
g g − g  g  − g  g    
)f, 
 
 F' 
 +  (1 − n ) g g   f , 
  

F
 
 F ' (1 − n )   
 + 
F 2
(  
g g −g g −g g  
,
f , ) 
 
 g g  ,  F ' (1 − n )  

 
+
 2
 
F 2
(
g g − g  g  − g  g  f ,  

)
 Fn /2−1,  g  

+ Fn /2 −1,  g  


+ −g  g   + Fn /2−1,   g   

 . (34)
 2 

+  −g  Fn /2−1,  
( g g  + g g  − g  g  )  −  −g  g  Fn /2−1  g  
  , 
 2 ,  2 ,
From there we can evaluate:
  R 
 R  − g  
2
 
 (
+ g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n ) ) 
 
  f , f ,  2 3  n − 14  F' 
   2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  
  F  8  F 
−g  Fn  F ' (1 − n )   
0=
F
 −
2F
(
g g − g  g  − g  g    
f,  )
 
 F' 
 +  (1 − n ) g g   f , 
  

F
 
 F ' (1 − n )   
 + 
F 2
(
g g − g  g  − g  g  f ,
,  )
 
 g g  ,  F ' (1 − n )  


+
 2
 
F 2
(  
g g − g g − g g f ,    


)
 n  n /2 − 2  f ,  g  + f ,  g  
   

+ −g  g  − 1  F F ' + f ,   g   


2   2 
 
  −g  Fn /2− 2 F 'f ,  
( g g  + g g  − g  g  ),  
 
  2  
   
  + −g  Fn /2− 2 F 'f ,   ( g g + g g − g g )
     
 
  2  
   
  + −g  Fn /2− 2 F ''f f  ( g g + g g − g g )
     

, , 
 
  2  
     
  + −g   n − 2  Fn /2−3f F '2 f  ( g g + g g − g g )  
   

  2 
, ,
2  
   
  + −g  g g  ,  Fn /2− 2 F 'f  ( g g + g g − g g )  
      

 n   ,  
+  − 1   2 2 

2  
  
 
 g n /2 − 2  g n /2 − 2
  −g  2  F F ' f ,  g , + −g 
2
F F ' f ,  g  
  

  g 
  + −g   Fn /2− 2 F ''f , f ,  g  . (35)
2
  
− g   n  n /2−3  
 + −g   − 2 F f , F ' f ,  g
2

 2 2 
  
  g , n /2− 2 
  + −g  F F ' f ,  g  
2
  

  g g  , g 

  + −g    Fn /2− 2 F ' f ,  g  
  2 2 
This could be a bit simplified:
  R 
 R  − g  
2
 
 (
+ g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n )) 
 
  f , f ,  2 3  n − 14  F' 
   2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  
  F  8  F 
 F ' (1 − n )   
 −
2F
(g g − g  g  − g  g    ) 
f, 
 
 F' 
 +  (1 − n ) g g   f , 
  

F
 
 F ' (1 − n )   
 + 
F 2
(
g g − g  g  − g  g  f , ) ,  
 
 g  g  ,  F ' (1 − n )    
 +
2
 
F 2
(  
g g − g g − g g f ,  )
 



 
  F'  f  g  
 + f  g  
   
  + g   ,  , 
+ f ,   g   

 
F 2 
−g  Fn   
0=   ( g g + g g − g g ), 
      
F   F' 
+ f, 
  F 2 
  
  F'
+ f ,  
( g g +g g −g g )
     

  F 2 
  
  F ''
+ f , f ,  
( g  g  + g  g  − g  g  ) 
  F 2 
  
  n  n  F'
2
( g  g  + g  g  − g  g  ) 
 +  2 − 1  +  − 2  2 f , f ,  
2 F 2 
  
 
+
g  g  , F '
f, 
( g  g  + g  g  − g  g  ) 
  
 2 F 2
 

  F' g  F ' g   F '' g    
  − F 2  f ,  g , − F 2  f ,  g − F 2  f , f ,  g  
  

  g   n  F'
2
 F ' g ,  
  −   − 2  2 f , f ,  g −  f ,  g 
 2 2 F F 2
 
  
F ' g g  , g    . (36)
  −  f ,  g  
  F 2 2 
Now, with the help of the work of other authors (c.f. section “About a More General Kernel within
the Einstein-Hilbert Action“), we can derive some further simplifications:
    8G T  = matter  
 R  − 1 Rg  +     +   g  
 2   0 = vacuum  
   
 1 n
 (  ;  ; − g   g ) F 2
−1
 −
 F n


 (
+ g g − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n )
 
)

  f , f ,  2 3  n − 14  F'
   2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f , 
0=  F  8  F
 F ' (1 − n )  
 −
2F
(
g g − g  g  − g  g    ) 
f,

 F'
 +  (1 − n ) g  g    
f,
 F
 F ' (1 − n )  
 + 
F 2
(
g g − g  g  − g  g  f , ) ,

 g  g  ,  F ' (1 − n )   
+
 2
 
F 2
( )
g g − g  g  − g  g  f ,  .

(37)

However, this author is sure that there are still shorter and simpler forms, only we’d rather like to
consider an illustrative example than further stressing the point of structurally shaping (36) or (37).
Therefore, we will choose a metric of constants (like the Minkowski metric perhaps) and consider this
in the next section(s).
Metric of Constants as an Example
Assuming metrics consisting only of constants, which makes all terms with derivatives on the metric
tensor to disappear (incl. all Levi-Civita connections), gives us from (36):

 0 
 
n 
−g  F 
(
+ g g − g g − g g (1 − n ) 
     
)
0=  f f  
  , , FF ''+ F ' 2  3  n − 14  + f F '  
F
  F2  ( )  ,  
8  F
 
 +0 
+0 . (38)

+  −g  Fn /2−1,  , 
( g g  + g g  − g  g  )  −  −g  g  Fn /2−1  g  
  , , 
 2   2 

−g  Fn
0=
F
( )
 g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n )

f f  2 3  n − 14  F'
  , 2,  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f , 
 F  8  F
  n  n /2 − 2  n   
 −g   − 1   F ' F  f ,  +  F '' Fn /2 − 2 +  − 2  F '2 Fn /2 −3   f , f ,   
 2   2   
+
 ( g  g  + g  g  − g  g  ) 
  
 2 
 g   n      
 f , +  F '' Fn /2− 2 +  − 2  F '2 Fn /2 −3   f , f ,   g  
n /2 − 2 n
−  −g   − 1  F ' F
 2  2   2    
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
cleaning up dummies

−g  Fn
=
F
( )
 g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n )

 f 
f 2 3  n − 14  F'
  , 2,  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f , 
 F  8  F
  n  n   ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) 
−  −g   − 1  F ' Fn /2 − 2  f , +  − 2  Fn /2 −3 F '2  f , f ,   
  2  2   2 
  . (39)
g   n   n /2 − 2 n  
−  −g   − 1  F ' F  f , +  − 2  Fn /2−3 F '2  f , f ,   g  
 2  2  2   

−g  Fn
=
F
( )
 g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n )

f f  2 3  n − 14  F'
  , 2,  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  . (40)
 F  8  F
  n  n /2 − 2  n   
 −g   − 1   F ' F  f , +  F '' Fn /2− 2 +  − 2  F '2 Fn /2 −3   f , f ,  
 2   2   
−
 ( 2g g − g g − g g )
      
  
 2 
   f , f ,  2 3  n − 14  
(  
)
− g g − g g − g g (1 − n )   2  FF ''+ ( F ' ) 
   

 F  8



 f f

( 2
)
 0 =  + ( n − 2 ) 2  F '' F + ( n − 4 ) ( F ' )  , 2, ( 2g  g  − g  g  − g g  )
8F
 F ' f ,
 +
 4F
( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

 f f
 ( )
− g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n )  , 2, FF ''
F

 f f
 + ( n − 2 ) F '' F  , 2, ( 2g  g  − g  g  − g g  )
 4F
=  ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g g  − g g  ) 
+ ( F ')  f f 
2


 8F2 , , 
  
 ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) − (1 − n )  ( 3  n − 14 ) 




 F ' f ,
 +
 4F
( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

 f , f ,
 FF '' ( g  g   ( 6  n − 8 ) − ( g  g  + g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )
 4  F 2

 ( F ')
 2
 ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g g  − g g  ) 
= +  f , f ,  
2    22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) 
 8F  
 F ' f
 +

 4F
,
( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )
. (41)
 f , f ,
 FF '' ( g  g   ( 6  n − 8 ) − ( g  g  + g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )
 4  F 2

 ( F ')
 2
 ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) g  g  
= +  f , f ,  
8F2  − ( g  g  + g g  )  ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
  

+ F ' f , ( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

 4F
While we obtain nothing very exciting in the case of F[f]=f:
F f =f  
⎯⎯⎯ →
 f , f ,
  ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  )   22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 )) , (42)
0= 2  f

 +f , ( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

we find some interesting options in 2 dimensions:

n =2
⎯⎯→
    f , f , 2 


(
 g g − g g − g g   2 FF ''− ( F ' )  .
   

 F
)

( ) (43)
0=
 F ' f ,  
 + ( g g − g g  − g g  )
 F
As we could also demand the Nabla-kind operator terms to vanish via a suitable F[f]:
 ( ) 2
n = 2; FF'' − F' = 0  Ff = C ef Cf 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
f1
→

0 = F' f ,  ( g g − g g − g g )
 , (44)
     


→ 0 = Cf 0  f ,  ( g g − g g − g g )
     

we end up with three possible “options for the solution”, namely:


 Cf 0 = 0; f, = 0; g  g  − ( g g  + g g  ) = 0 . (45)

where we explicitly used the “…”-signs in order to point out that – of course – setting the metric
ensemble to zero isn’t really a solution.

Ignoring the metric option (which appears rather strange anyway) and remembering that in a metric
of constants, when also having f, = 0 , we end up – so it seems - with apparently meaningless
linear functions as solutions in the case of n=2 and F f  = Cf 1  ef Cf 0 .

Thus, overall, it seems that our equation does not allow for sufficiently interesting cases for the
function f.

The way out – so our current conclusion – would be the assumption of an internal structure for the
function f, but before discussion this possibility, we want to get a somewhat clearer picture about
the whole structure in general.
A Few Options to Think About
In order to develop the idea of an internally structured function f, we start with a few general -
almost brain-storming like - approaches.

Perhaps we should look for a solution where there is a connection between the derivatives of f and
the metric. May be something as follows (here in the case of n=4):

C  g  f , f , = f ,  f , & D  g  f , = f , 
 1  ( F ') 
2
f , f ,
 (
3  g f f , − 2  C  g f f ,  2  FF ''−
 ,  ,

F
)
 4
 + F ''
 F
(1 − C )  g 
0=



+
F '  
2F
(
g f , + 7  ( g  f , − 2  D  g  f , ) ) . (46)

g  f , f ,  ( F ')  + F ' g  f  (8 − 14  D )
2

0=  ( 4 − 7C )  FF ''− 3  (1 − 2  C )  ,
F2  4  2F
f , f ,  ( F ')  F ' 
2

0 = 2  ( 4 − 7  C )  FF ''− 3  (1 − 2  C )  + f , ( 8 − 14  D )
F  4  2F
In the general n case this would look like:

  F '' F '' 
  (1 − 2  C )( n − 1)  + ( n − 2 ) 2 (1 − C ) 
 f , f  F 2F

 ( F ')
,
 2

0 = g   + ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + (1 − 2  C )   22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 )  ) 
  8F2 
 F ' f ,  
 + ( ( n − 2 ) + (1 − 2  D ) ( 5  n − 6 ) ) 
 4F 
   ( n − 2) 
(1 − C )  
F ''
   (1 − 2  C )( n − 1) + 
f , f   2  F 


,
 ( F ')2 
0= + ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + (1 − 2  C )  22 + n  ( 4  n − 23))
  8F 2

 F ' f , 
 + ( ( n − 2 ) + (1 − 2  D ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

 4F
  
  ( C  ( 6 − 5  n ) + 3  n − 4 )  2F ''F 
f , f ,  
 ( F ')
2
 
= + ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + (1 − 2  C )   22 + n  ( 4  n − 23))
  8F 2
 . (47)
 F ' f , 
 + ( ( n − 2 ) + (1 − 2  D ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )
 4F
Driving the idea a bit further, leads to:
 f , f , = C  x i   g  = C  x i   e   C  x i   e
2

 f , = C  x i   e 
 f , = ( C  x i   e ),

 C  x i 2  g 

4F 2 (
FF '' g  g   ( 6  n − 8 ) − ( g  g  + g  g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )


 ( F ')
2
 ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) g  g  
 i   
2
 0 = +  C x  g 
 − ( g g + g g )  ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
 8F
2     

 + F ' f , ( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

 4F . (48)
 Cxi   g
2 

 FF '' ( 2  ( 6  n − 8 ) − ( 5  n − 6 ) )
 2  F2

 ( F ')
2
 2  ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
 C  x i   g  
2
=+ 
 4F
2
 − ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 

F ' f
+

 4F
,
( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g g  − g  g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

This gives us two equations, namely one for F[f] and the other one for f:

( F')
2
F''
0= 2
 ( 38 + n  ( 6  n − 35 ) ) + ( 7  n − 10 ) 
4F F . (49)
F' f ,
0=
4F
( ( 6  n − 8) g 
g 
− (g g
 
+g g 
) (5  n − 6 ) )
The first equation can easily be solved and gives:
40 − 28n
F f  = Cf 1  ( f − Cf 0 ) 2+( 7 −6n )n . (50)
Looking closely at the second equation and assuming an internally (one may call this Dirac like)
structured function f one recognizes the features of the fundamental equation of linear elasticity [9].
We can rewrite the last line in (49) as follows:

0=
F'
4F
(
( 6  n − 8) g  f , − ( f , + f ,  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) . ) (51)

Giving f now an internal structure like:

f = Q   , (52)

where we assume Q to be vector of constants, leads us to:

0=
F'
4F
(
( 6  n − 8 ) g  Q   , − ( Q   ,  + Q    ,  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )
. (53)
=
F'
4F
(
( 6  n − 8 ) g Q  , − ( q h  + q h  ) ( 5  n − 6 )
    ,   , 
)
Comparison with the fundamental (load free) equation of linear elasticity, which in the isotropic case
with Poisson’s ratio µ and the displacement vector hγ reads4 (c.f. [9], p. 166):

0 = 2  (1 − 2  µ ) h  , − ( h  ,  + h  ,   ) , (54)

directly does not only lead us to a great variety of possible solutions, but also to some rather
interesting analogies. One of these solutions is most interesting for our case here, namely the pure
shear stress solution with the example (in Cartesian coordinates):

h  = − y ,  x , 0  with :  , = 0 . (55)

Applied onto (53), taking n=4 or just the function f to depend on four dimensions, we may set:

h  = D  = 0, − y ,  x , 0  with :  , = 0 . (56)

The charm of this type of solution to (53) could be seen in the fact that it provides the characteristics
of a spin field. Thus, what is a spin in elementary particle physics would become a shear field in the
Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations.

It appears entertaining to evaluate the corresponding Poisson’s ratio with the ones we’d effectively
obtain from (54). At first, we ignore the sign-difference between the original elastic equations and
our form (53). The result would be a rather glass-like behavior for all dimensions, because we find:

n −1
µ= . (57)
5 n − 6
As we will see in other derivations, presented below and leading to elastic equations, too, the case
n=1, where a Poisson’s ratio apparently makes no sense, we also result in µ=0, while for n→∞ we get
µ=0.2, which would be a glass-like behavior. Not ignoring the sign-difference, however, the Poisson’s
ratio varies between 0.75 for n=2 and 0.8 for n→∞, while we obtain a strange µ=1 in the case of n=1.
At this point it should be noted, however, that this peculiar result could just be a product of our
choice for F[f]. So, we check other paths, also leading to elastic equations. Going back to (41) and
setting n=1, we obtain:

 f f


( 2

8F
)
− 2  F '' F − 3  ( F ' )  , 2, ( 2g  g  − g  g  − g g  )
0=
 + F ' f , ( −g  g  − ( g  g  − g  g  − g g  ) )

 4F
−2
( ) f 1( f0)
2
2F'' F −3 F' = 0  F = C f −C
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
f

F ' f ,
0= ( −g g − ( g g − g g − g g ) )
4F
       

 0 = f ( 2  g g − (g g + g g ))
,
      . (58)

= f ( 2  (1 − 2  µ ) g g + ( g g + g g ) )
,
     

 µ =1
Thus, the peculiar result would still be the same.

4
It should be noted that in the original equation [9] the non-Laplacian term has a positive sign, but this is not of
interest to the shear solution we are discussing here.
Separation the Metric from the Quantum Part – First Simple Trials
As with F[f] and f itself we still have the possibility to adjust two functions, we may also separate the
metric terms in such a way that only equations with either F or f in it have to be solved. This gives us
the following approach:

 f , f ,
 (
FF '' g  g   ( 6  n − 8 ) − ( g  g  + g  g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )
 4F
2

 ( F ')
 2
 ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) g  g  
0= +  f ,  , 
f 
8F 2  − ( g  g  + g  g  )  ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
  

+ F ' f , ( ( n − 2 ) g  g  + ( g  g  − g g  − g  g  ) ( 5  n − 6 ) )

 4F
  ( F ')2  . (59)
  2
 f ,  f , ( ( n − 2 ) ( n − 4 ) +  22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 )  ) 
 g  g   8F 
  f , f , F ' f , 
  + ( 6  n − 8)  FF ''+ ( ( n − 2 ) + ( 5  n − 6 ) ) 
  4  F2 4F 
=
 ( F ') 
2
 f , f ,
  ( 5  n − 6 )  FF ''+  f f
,  ,
( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
( )  2 2
 − g  
g + g   
g 4 F 8F 
  F ' f , 
 + (5  n − 6) 
  4F 
Now we boldly want to kick the metrics out completely. In result we obtain two equations:

 ( F ' )2
 2  f , f , ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) +  22 + n  ( 4  n − 23))

0 =  8F
 f f F ' f ,
 + ( 6  n − 8 )  , ,2 FF ''+ (( n − 2) + (5  n − 6))
 4F 4F . (60)
 ( F ')  f f ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )
2
f , f ,
( 5  n − 6 )  FF ''+
 4F 2
8F2
, ,
0=
 F ' f , (
 + 5  n − 6)
 4F
Subtracting the second from the first equation gives us:
  ( F ')
2
f , f ,
( 6  n − 8 )  FF ''+  f , f , ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )
 4  F2 8F2
0=
 F ' f , ( (
 n − 2) + (5  n − 6))
 4F
 ( F ')
2
f , f ,
( 5  n − 6 )  FF ''+  f , f , ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )
 4  F 2
8F 2
−0 = 
 F ' f , (
 + 5  n − 6)
 4F

f , f ,  ( F ')2  F ' f ,

2 (
 0 = ( n − 2)  FF ''+ f , , 
f  n − 4 )( n − 2 )  + ( n − 2)
4F 2
 8 F  4F
( F ')
2
f , f , F ' f ,
0= FF ''+ f , f ,  ( n − 4) +
4F 8F 4

 F ' f , =
f , f , 
  ( F ')2 
( 4 − n ) − F  F '' 
F   . (61)
2 
and by putting this result back into one of the two equations in (60) we subsequently have the simple
equation:

0 = ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) + ( 4 − n ) ( 5  n − 6 )
. (62)
 n = 1, 2
This automatically makes the last line in (61):

f , f ,
n = 2 : F ' f , =
F
(
 ( F ' ) − F  F ''
2
)
. (63)
f , f ,  2 3 
n = 1: F ' f , =   ( F ' )  − F  F '' 
F  2 
One may consider the two last equations the quantum part of our Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations
in the simplest case of metrics with constant components (like Minkowski) and the lowest possible
number of dimensions, namely n=1 and n=2 (at least as long as we not also allow for fractal space-
times).

One point of criticism immediately arises due to the fact that in (60) the sum over the indices α and β
had been completely ignored, which dramatically narrows down the number of options. In order to
have a somewhat less rigorous condition than (60), one may also just demand:

  ( F ')2 
  2
 f , f , ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
g  g   8F 
  f , f , F ' f , 
  + ( 6  n − 8)  FF ''+ (( n − 2) + (5  n − 6)) 
  4F 2
4F  (64)
0=
( F ')  f , f , ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )
2
 , , 
f f
− ( 5  n − 6 )  FF ''−
 2  F2 4F2
 F ' f , 
− 2F ( 5  n − 6 )

and tries to simplify this via:

f , f ,   ( F ') 
2
0= 2  ( 5  n − 6 )  FF''+  ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
2F  2 , (65)
2( 5n − 6 )
 F  f  = ( f − Cf 0 ) ( n − 2 )( 4n −5 ) Cf 1
which gives:

  ( F ')2 
  2
 f f
, ,
( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
g  g   8F 
  f f F ' f 
0=  + ( 6  n − 8) 
, ,
FF ''+ ,
( ( n − 2 ) + ( 5  n − 6 ) ) 
  4  F2 4F 
 F ' f , 
− (5  n − 6) . (66)
 2F
 ( F ' )2 
  f , f , ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )  , 
= g  g   8F  − F ' f ( 5  n − 6 )
 f , f , F ' f ,  2
 + ( 6  n − 8)  F ''+ (( n − 2) + (5  n − 6)) 
 4 4 
Inserting F[f] from (65) we find that in n=2, 1 the terms
( F')
2
f, f,
 f, f, ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) + ( 6  n − 8)  FF'' in the equation (66)
8F 2
4  F2
above gives zero due to our solution for F[f] from (65), leaving us with the total equation:

f ,
0 = g  ( 6  n − 8 ) − f ,  ( 5  n − 6 ) ; for n = 2,1 . (67)
2
In the more interesting case of 2 dimensions this simplifies to:

0 = g  f , − 2  f ,  . (68)
As before we recognize the similarity to the equations in linear elastic theory [9] and expect to find
suitable solutions with functions f of an internal structure as introduced in the section above (see
(52)). Comparison with (54) also gives us the Poisson’s ratio of the 2-dimensional space (or space-
time) as (when ignoring the sign-difference of the non-Laplace term to the classical equation of linear
elasticity):

1 1
1− 2 µ =  µ= = 0.25 , (69)
2 4
which makes our 2-D space-time rather glass-like.

In the case of n=2, however, we would exactly have µ=1/4=0.25, while in one dimension (quite
understandably) the Poisson’s ration would be zero. This last result is not surprising as with no lateral
dimensions the lateral contraction would be quite meaningless. Obviously, the fundamental
Quantum Einstein Field Equations already take about this and save us from the need of discussing a
non-zero Poisson’s ratio in a space of only one dimension.

Not ignoring the sign difference to the classical elastic equations give a very unusual Poisson’s ratio
of:
 1 3
1− 2 µ = −  µ= = 0.75 , (70)
2 4
From (63) the clever reader will make out that by assuming eigen solutions for the Laplace operator
(here degenerated as we only have a metric of constants) and investigating the particle at rest, we
end up in having six solutions (three for each, matter and anti-matter) and thus, may have found an
elegant way to solve the problem of the three generations of elementary particles. On top, so it was
already shown (either [2, 8]), we always find that two of the three corresponding solutions for matter
and anti-matter are unstable, while only one can exist infinitely. This, however, shall be the topic of
one of our next publications (perhaps some things will be treated already in [8]).

Elastic Equations in n>2 Dimensions?

At the beginning of this paper we mentioned that in order to obtain a quantum gravity theory, based
on an extended form of the Einstein-Hilbert action and falling back to the Einstein-Hilbert action in its
classical form, we principally have the degree of freedom of choosing an arbitrary scale factor F[f]
with exponent q in connection with the classical integrand. The corresponding generalized action
(see (6) and appendices D and E with respect to the subsequent derivation) would then be:

W = 0 =   d n x
V
( (
−G  Fq  R * − 2 + LM )) . (71)

Now we ask whether there is a way in using this additional degree of freedom and obtain elastic
equations in higher numbers of dimensions.

Using the results from appendix D and assuming a metric of constants, we have:

 0 
 
 (
+ g g − g g − g g (1 − n )
     
) 
p  
−g  F   f , f ,  2 2  p + n − 14  F' 
0=    2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  
F   F  8  F
 
 +0 
  +0  
  
  + (g g + g g − 2  g g )  
     

  
 +  p − 1  2

  2     F ''  p 2
 F '  
  f , f ,  +  − 2  2  + f ,   
F '
  
  F 2 F  F  .
  (72)
  +0 
  
Summing up leads to:
     
FF ''  2 − n − 
p
 f f   
  , ,   2  
    F2  2  2  p + n − 14  p   p   

 +g g    + ( F ')   (1 − n ) −  − 1   − 2     
    8 2  2    
  F'  p 
  + f ,  2 − n −  
  F 2 
 .
0= (
− g  g  + g  g  ) 
(73)
 
    3 p  
f f  FF ''  − n −   
 2 4
  , ,   
  F 2
  2  p + n − 14 1  p   p   

( ) ( )
2
    + F '   1 − n −  − 1    − 2    
   8 22  2   
 
  F'  3 p  
  + f ,  − n −   
  F 2 4  
Now we set p=4 and assume a linear function for F[f], reading F=Cf1*(f-Cf0). This gives us:

  f , f , n −6 1  
2 (
 +g  g     1− n ) − f , ( n + 1) 
 ( f − Cf 0 )
 8 f − Cf 0 

0= . (74)
 − g  g  + g  g    f , f ,  1 − n n − 6 + f 1 1  
 ( ) 2 ( ) ,  − n  
 
 ( f − C f 0 ) 8 f − Cf 0  2   

We find that in the case of n=6 the Nabla-terms vanish and we are left with:

( ( ) )
0 = 11  g  g  + g  g  − 14  g  g  f , . (75)

As long as we just go for “solutions” of the type 0 = f, it seems that our equation does not allow
for sufficiently interesting cases for the function f.

The way out – so we already hinted above – would be the assumption of an internal structure for the
function f, but before discussion this possibility, we want to get a somewhat clearer picture about
the whole structure in general.

Nevertheless, with an internal structure for f allowed, the equation (75) becomes similar to the
equations of elasticity (e.g. [9], pp. 166) and we are going to discuss certain solutions in the sub-
section “The Linear Elastic Space-Time” further below. These equations, which can be given for an
isotropic material with the Poisson’s ratio ν as:

  2G j  x k  
(1 − 2  µ )  G j  x k  +  =0. (76)
 x  x  
Comparing this with (75) gives us the peculiar Poisson’s ratio:

14 9
1− 2 µ = −  µ=  0.8182 , (77)
22 11
Separation the Metric from the Quantum Part – A bit more General
This time we apply the following approach:

D  f  g  f , = g  f , f , (78)
and subsequently obtain from (38), respectively (59):

  ( F ')2 
  2
 D  f ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
 g  g  f ,  8F 
  Df F' ( 
  + ( 6  n − 8)  FF ''+ ( n − 2) + (5  n − 6)) 
  4F 2
4F  . (79)
0=
 ( F ')  f f ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 

2
 f f
  ( 5  n − 6 )  , ,2 FF ''+ ,  ,
(
− g g + g g 
   

 F '
)f
4F 8F2 

 ,
(5  n − 6)
 + 
  4F 
Also demanding:

( F ')
2
Df
0=  D  f ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) + ( 6  n − 8 )  FF ''
8F 2
4  F2 , (80)
4( 3n − 4 )
 F  f  = ( f − Cf 0 ) ( n − 2 )( 5n − 7 ) Cf 1

leaves us with:

 F' (
( n − 2 ) + ( 5  n − 6 ) ) − f , + f ,  F' ( 5  n − 6 )
 g  f,
4F
(4F
)
 , (81)
0=
 ( ) 
2
f f F'


(
− g  g  + g  g   (

)
5  n − 6) 
4
, ,

 F2
FF''+
8F2
 f , f , ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 

Where – in the first line - we have the essential derivative terms of the elastic equation again. As,
however, we also have the second line (acting as gravitational fields, if sticking to the elastic picture)
with the Nabla-terms plus the fact that F depends on the function f, our equation renders rather non-
linear and thus, difficult in a general numbers of dimensions.

Only with an additional setting similar to (78) like:

( )
C  f  ( f ,  + f ,  ) = g  g  + g  g  f , f , = f , f , + f , f ,
 F' (
( n − 2 ) + ( 5  n − 6 ) ) − f , + f ,  F ' ( 5  n − 6 )
 g  f ,
4F
( 4F
) (82)

0=
− g  g  + g  g   ( ( F ')  f f ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
2
f , f ,


( 
)
5 n − 6 ) 
4  F2
FF ''+
8F2
,  ,

the situation clears up fairly nicely and gives us the following (and quite elastic) differential equation:



( )
g  f , F ' ( ( n − 2 ) + ( 5  n − 6 ) ) − f ,  + f ,  F ' ( 5  n − 6 )
 . (83)
0=  ( F ')  ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
2

−C  f  ( f ,  + f ,  )  ( 5  n − 6 )  F ''+

  2F 
Brief Consideration of the Situation with Eigenvalue Solutions
Again assuming a metric of constants, we now take it that we can find eigen value solutions to the
two differential operators on f and obtain from (36) via the reordering of (64):

  ( F ' )2 
  2
 f ,
f ,
( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
g   8F 
  f , f , F ' f , 
  + ( 6  n − 8)  FF ''+ ( ( n − 2 ) + ( 5  n − 6 ) ) 
  4  F 2
4F 
0=
( F ')  f , f , ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )
2
 ,
f f  , 

− ( 5  n − 6 )  FF ''−
 2F 2
4F2
 F ' f , 
− (5  n − 6)
 2F
f , f = Af 2 ; f 
= Bf
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
, ,
→
  ( F ' )2 
  2
 A  f  ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23 ) ) 
 g   8F 
  Af F ' B ( 
  + ( 6  n − 8)  FF ''+ ( n − 2) + (5  n − 6)) 
  4F 2
4F 
0=
  ( F ')  f , f , ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) ) 
2
f , f , 
  − (5  n − 6)  FF ''−
+  2  F2 4F2 
  F ' f ,  . (84)
  − ( 5  n − 6 ) 
 2F 
Now we try to find a solution for F[f] such that we have:

 ( F ' )2
 2  A  f  ( ( n − 2 )( n − 4 ) + 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )

0 =  8F , (85)
+ ( A  f F' B
 6  n − 8)  FF''+ (( n − 2) + (5  n − 6))
 4  F2 4F
leading us to:

f , f ,   ( )  F ' f , 
2
F '
0= (
2  F2  5  n − 6
)  FF ''+ ( 22 + n  ( 4  n − 23) )  + 2F ( 5  n − 6 ) . (86)
2 
From here – for the time being – we leave it to the interested reader to find out whether this
approach does bring any advantage.
Intermediate Sum-Up and Repetition of a Few Important Results
The Special Case of two Dimensions
Assuming metrics consisting only of constants, which makes all terms with derivatives on the metric
tensor to disappear (incl. all Levi-Civita connections), gives us from (36) the following simplification:


 −g  Fn 
( )
 + g  g  − g  g  − g  g  (1 − n ) 

  f f  2 3  n − 14  F' 

 F   
, ,
 FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f 
0= F   . (87)
, 
  F  
2
8

 
+ −  n /2 −1

( g g  + g g  − g  g  )  −  −g  g  Fn /2−1  g  
  g F ,  ,   ,  , 
  2   2 
We find a most intriguing simplification in 2 dimensions:
n =2
⎯⎯→ (
0 = g  f, − f ,  + f ,  . ) (88)

Thereby, the only condition needed would be:

FF''− ( F' ) = 0 ,
2
(89)
which fixes the function F[f] as follows:

F f  = Cf 1  ef Cf 0 . (90)
The Linear Elastic Space-Time
Comparing our peculiarly simple result (88) in 2 dimensions, (75) in 6 dimensions and (53) in n
dimensions (peculiar if one considers the complexity of the general starting point (10) and its even
more complicated result) with the fundamental equation of equilibrium for the free of body forces
linear elastic space [9, 10], one finds a great similarity.

Why is this?

Does it mean that our space-time is linearly elastic and what do all those many possibilities of various
stress, strain and displacement fields then mean with respect to – let’s say – elementary particle
physics?

Well, let’s see.

We concentrate on the case p=4, n=6 where just as elaborated in [2] we assume two dimensions to
be curled up or compactified and f only depends on the remaining 4 dimensions. It was also shown in
[2] that the compactified dimensions can then bring about inertia.

Giving f an internal structure like:

f = Q   , (91)

where we assume Q to be vector of constants and inserting this into (88), leads us to:

( ( )
0 = 11  g  g  + g  g  − 14  g  g  f , )
 0 = (14  g g  
(
− 11  g  g  + g  g  )) Q  
 ,

= Q (14  g g
  
− 11  ( g 
g  + g  g ))   ,
. (92)

(
 0 = 14  g  Q    , − 11  Q   ,  + Q    ,  )
Comparison with the fundamental (load free) equation of linear elasticity, which in the isotropic case
with Poisson’s ratio µ and the displacement vector hγ reads5:

0 = 2  (1 − 2  µ ) h  , − ( h  ,  + h  ,   ) , (93)

directly does not only lead us to a great variety of possible solutions, but also to some rather
interesting analogies. One of these solutions, which was already discussed here, is the pure shear
stress solution with the following example (in Cartesian coordinates6):

h  = − y ,  x , 0  with :  , = 0 . (94)

Applied onto (92), we may set:

h  = D  = 0, − y ,  x , 0  with :  , = 0 . (95)

5
It should be noted that in the original equation [9] the non-Laplacian term has a positive sign, but this is not of
interest to the shear solutions we are going to discuss here.
6
Please note that in Cartesian coordinates the difference between co- and cotravariant tensor forms vanishes.
Shear Fields = Spin Fields?
It seems that this type of solution to (92) provides the characteristics of a spin field. Thus, what is a
spin in elementary particle physics would become a shear field in the Quantum Einstein-Field-
Equations. We apply this approach as follows:

( )
0 = 14  g  Q   , − 11 Q   ,  + Q   ,  = 14  g  Q   , − 11 q  h  , + q  h  ,  ( ) (96)

and directly see that because of the structure of our solution:

− x ,  t , 0, 0 , − y , 0,  t , 0 , − z , 0, 0,  t  

   
h =    ; Q  , = 0 , (97)
0, − y ,  x , 0 , 0, − z , 0,  x  , 0, 0, − z ,  y 
 
we automatically get:
=0
 =0 =0


14  g Q  ,      
− 11 q h  + q h 
, ,  
=  = 0, (98)
 
 
Quark-Like 1/3 and 2/3 Charges?
Now we extend this approach a bit and apply it as follows:

(
0 = 14  g  Q    , − 11  Q    ,  + Q    ,  ) (99)
= 14  g  Q    , − 11  ( q 
h  ,   + q  h  ,   )
or even:

(
0 = 14  g  Q µ  µ, − 11  Q µ  µ,  + Q µ  µ,  ) (100)
= 14  g  Q µ  µ, − 11  ( q µ
h µ,   + q µ h µ,   )
Then, as shown in [3], more such forms of shear-like solutions can be found easily via the following
recipe:

 pos 1 pos 2 pos 3


 
  2
  2
 2
h xk  =  , A1 , , A2 , , A3 , 
  2 3 13 12 
 
 pos 1 pos 2 pos 3 pos 4
 . (101)
 
3
 3
 3
 3
h xk  =  , A1 , , A2 , , A3 , , A4 
  2 3 4 134 12 4 12 3 
 

( , ) = 0; A
k
k =0

In a Minkowski space-time with c=1 and the coordinates t, x, y and z, we could have the following
types of such solutions:

h = 


z
, 0, 0, −

t    
; h  =   , 0, − , 0  ; h  = 
 y t 

x

, − , 0, 0 
t
,
  (102)
 
h  =  0, , 0, −
z

x     
 y x 
   
; h  =  0, , − , 0  ; h  =  0, 0, , −  
 z y 
  2 2 2   2 2 2 
h  = A1 , A2 , A3 , 0  ; h  = A1 , A2 , 0, A 3 
 xy ty xt   xz tz xt 
. (103)
  2
 2
 
2
  2
 2
 
2
h  = A1 , 0, A 2 , A3  ; h  = 0, A1 , A2 , A3 
 zy tz zt   zy xz xy 

 3 3 3 3 
h  = A1 , A1 , A1 , A4  ; A k = 0. (104)
 xyz tyz xtz xyt  k

Thereby we find that the last solution in (103) with a setting of the kind A1=1/3, A2=1/3 and A3=-2/3
shows a peculiar closeness to the charges of quarks, the building blocks of hadrons and baryons.

Hydrostatic Particle Fields

As said above, comparison of (92) with the fundamental (load free) equation of linear elasticity,
which in the isotropic case with Poisson’s ratio µ and the displacement vector hγ reads:

0 = 2  (1 − 2  µ ) h  , − ( h  ,  + h  ,   ) , (105)

directly does not only lead us to a great variety of possible solutions, but also to some rather
interesting analogies. Another interesting solution could be the pure normal stress (or hydrostatic)
solution with the example (in Cartesian coordinates):

h  =  x ,  y ,  z   with :  , = 0 . (106)

Applied onto (92), we may set:

 t ,  x ,  y ,  z   with :  ,k k = 0; k = 0,1, 2,3


 t ,  x ,  y , 0  with :  ,k k = 0; k = 0,1, 2

 t ,  x , 0,  z   with :  ,k = 0; k = 0,1,3
k


 t , 0,  y ,  z   with :  ,k = 0; k = 0, 2,3
k


 t ,  x , 0, 0  with :  ,k = 0; k = 0,1
k

 . (107)
h  = D  =  t , 0, 0,  z   with :  ,k k = 0; k = 0,3

 t , 0,  z , 0  with :  ,k = 0; k = 0, 2
k

 0,  ,  ,   with :  k = 0; k = 1, 2,3
 x y z  ,k

 0,  ,  , 0  with :  k = 0; k = 1, 2
 x y  ,k

0,  , 0,    with :  k = 0; k = 1,3

 x z ,k

0, 0,  y ,  z   with :  ,k k = 0; k = 2,3


The charm of this type of solution to (92) could be seen in the fact that it provides the characteristics
of a spherical pressure field (spherical in 4, 3 or 2 dimensions). This could mean a charge, mass or
something. Thus, perhaps, what might be a certain charge in elementary particle physics would
become a symmetric normal pressure field in the Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations. Thus, picking -
for instance – the spatial solution:

h  = D  = 0,  x ,  y ,  z   with :  ,k k = 0; k = 1, 2,3 , (108)

we’d result in a stable (time-independent) homogeneous pressure field around the spatial point
{0,0,0}. The stresses and strains it eradiates into its neighborhood might be registered there as some
kind of force fields and their origin would then be a charged particle, which sends out the field.

Time-Planes and Time-Layers

Another elastic solution, which appears to be of cosmological character, is the plane boundary
solution with the example (in Cartesian coordinates):

h  = z   x ,  y ,  z   + (1 − 4  µ ) 0, 0,  z   with :  , = 0 . (109)

Please note that in the classical literature of elasticity (e.g. [9]), where we have (54) with a positive
sign as:

0 = 2  (1 − 2  µ ) h  , + ( h  ,  + h  ,   ) , (110)

solution (109) does read:

h  = z   x ,  y ,  z   − ( 3 − 4  µ ) 0, 0,  z   with :  , = 0 . (111)

Applied onto (92), we may set:

 9
f = Q    h  = D  = t   x ,  x ,  y ,  z   + 1 − 4    t , 0, 0, 0 
 11  (112)

with : , = 0
and obtain the solution to (92) via:

 9
( )
 0 = 14  g  Q   , − 11  Q    ,  + Q    ,  = 1 − 2    g  q   ,  − Q    ,
 11 
(113)

The importance of this type of solution to (92) here could be seen in the fact that it provides the
characteristics of the fundamental elastic solution to an impact or indent on the plane t=0. Especially
in connection with the other solutions we already presented here, we would obtain a great variety of
indent solutions. Particles (and other stuff, usually been named matter) may just be seen as defects
[11], which are the remainders of the hypothetic primordial impact.

As shown elsewhere [12 – 16], this type of solution also allows the introduction of layered structures,
which are in this case layers of time. However, as the type of solution (112) can be easily generalized
to layers within all dimensions:

  9
 t   x ,  x ,  y ,  z   + 1 − 4  11   t , 0, 0, 0 

  9
 x   x ,  x ,  y ,  z   + 1 − 4   0,  x , 0, 0 
  11 
f = Q    h  =  with :  , = 0 (114)
 y   ,  ,  ,   + 1 − 4  9  0, 0,  , 0 
  x x y z 
 11 
 y 

z   ,  ,  ,    + 1 − 4  9  0, 0, 0,   


x x y z
 11 
z

or even be used for the introduction of contacting and / or layered manifolds via (Here we only give
one example in 3D and 2D. For more complex solutions the reader is referred to the books of
Fabrikant [17, 18], for instance):
  x  0,  x ,  y ,  z   + C  0,  x , 0, 0 


h  =  y  0,  x ,  y ,  z   + C  0, 0,  y , 0  with :  ,k k = 0; k = 1, 2,3

z  0,  x ,  y ,  z   + C  0, 0, 0,  z  
 (115)

 x  0,  x ,  y , 0  + C  0,  x , 0, 0 

h =  with :  ,k k = 0; k = 1, 2
 y  0,  x ,  y , 0  + C  0, 0,  y , 0 

we end up with a space-time brim-full with “elastic options”.

One may even use the analogies found here for an easy way to actually illustrate features of our
universe as stress, strain, displacement and deformation energy fields [19] (c.f. cover picture).

Thus: Our Universe - Not an Accident, Not an Event, but Perhaps an Indent?

There have been hypothesizes about the big bang just being an impact event. Thereby it was
assumed that some colliding super-branes started what we realize as our universe.

Now, by reevaluating the Einstein-Hilbert action for a scaled metric, thereby deriving a set of
Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations, we found solutions which seem to support this idea.

Our universe could indeed just be the deformation field of some kind of “mechanical contact”,
impact or indent.

…and the surface at which the contact “was, is and will be” originated “was, is and will be” t=0, the
beginning of time.

The charm of this idea is not just the fact that it provides the features the original hypothesizes were
aiming for anyway, but that it also explains time as the propagation of the shock wave, which is still
pushing through our universe, if not to say, which is making our universe.

Yes, if this hypothesis takes shape and gets more supporting evidence, it may be a shock to some
people to find themselves being the result of an impact and its subsequent shockwave, but at least
this scenario would assure everyone and everything to make an impact as it, he or she actually is
impact material.

So, let’s just move on and try to make an impression then!

Brief Discussion Regarding our Peculiar Results for the “Poisson’s Ratio”
In the two sections above, we found setting for the Quantum Einstein Field Equations, which resulted
in equations similar to the governing equations in elasticity, only that here our equations sported a
funny Poisson’s ratio µ>0.5. Such a Poisson’s ratio would be equivalent to a negative compression
module and means that space-time, if out under pressure, would expand and not compress.

We also find some strange behavior when putting the space under certain loading situations. In the
figures 1 to 3 below we illustrated this in the case of some pulling forces being active on planar
surface parts within the space. Such loading situations are completely hypothetical and only shown
here in order to demonstrate the strange effect of the high µ. The colors code the total shear of von
Mises stress of the spatial space.

Fig. 1: “A stress field from a pulling force in space-time according to the elastic solution of the
Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations, evaluated with the software FilmDoctor [19] using equation
(96) with solution (115).”
 Fig. 2: “A stress field from a pulling force in space-time according to the elastic solution of the
Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations, evaluated with the software FilmDoctor [19] using equation
(96) with solution (115).”

Fig. 3: “A stress field from a pulling force in space-time according to the elastic solution of the
Quantum Einstein-Field-Equations, evaluated with the software FilmDoctor [19] using equation
(96) with solution (115).”
Discussion with Respect to more General Scale Factors
About a Tensor Scaled Metric
It was discussed at the beginning of this paper that the scale factor F[f] as used in (5) could be seen
as the simplest form to (4), which is just similar to an ordinary tensor coordinate transformation.
However, this author is of the opinion that (4) is not of need, because the variation with respect to a
general metric (leaving all its components to be variated) plus the scalar scale factor as performed via
approach (5) and put into the Einstein-Hilbert Action, makes an explicit tensor scaling according to
(4) obsolete, because in essence we already have a scaling of the components and the volume.
Thereby the latter is realized via the F[f]-factor, while the first is been taken care about via the usual
metric variation.

Nevertheless, it may provide some insights or technical advantages, when performing the complete
variation with a generalized approach (4). Therefore, we add an according starting point to this paper
and put it in the appendix C.

About a More General Kernel within the Einstein-Hilbert Action

Even though there is no experimental evidence that the kernel in the integral of the Einstein-Hilbert
action should be anything else than just the Ricci scalar, there has been a lot of discussion about
alternatives. So, in [20] it is shown that the generalization of the kernel for the Einstein-Hilbert action
to a function φ(R) instead of just R, leads to the following extension of the Einstein-Field-Equations:

1
 ' ( R ) R  −  ( R ) g  + g  +  '' ( R )  R ; −  g R  g  
2
. (116)
 0 "vacuum"
+ ''' ( R )  R ; R ; − R R ;  g   = 
;

−8GT postulated matter

The “;” denotes covariant derivatives and the symbol ∆g gives the Laplace-Beltrami operator in the
metric gαβ. Einstein and Hilbert had used φ[R]=R, which avoids higher orders of curvature
respectively higher orders for the Ricci scalar and / or the metric [7, 21, 22].

In connection with the structure of our previous calculations, we might prefer the contravariant form
of (116), which reads:

    1   
 ' R R − 2  R g +   g +  '' R ( R −  g R  g )

  ; 


0= 8G T  = matter . (117)
 + '''  R  ( R ; R ;  − R ; R ;  g  ) + 
 
 
 0 = vacuum
For our purposes it is sometimes better to have the compacter – non-expanded - form (see [26]):

1
 ' ( R ) R  − ( R ) g  + g  − (  ;  ; − g   g )  ' ( R )
2
. (118)
 0 "vacuum"
=
−8GT postulated matter

The evaluation in the case of R* instead of R is quite lengthy and will therefore not be performed
here. We just give the starting point, a few hints and the subsequent result. At first, we need to write
down the φ(R*)-extended Einstein-Hilbert action, reading:
 W = 0 =   d n x
V
( (
−G   ( R * ) − 2 + L M ))
     , g  −   
− µ µ g  +   µµ g     
, g
    
   F'  1 
   + (1 − n ) f  F 
=   d n x  −g  Fn     F
 
 
( − )  
V

 
  +
f f
, , g 1 n
(
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )
2
)
 
   
2
 4F
  −2 + L M 
  
   F'  
   R + (1 − n ) f  1 
 F
   
=   d n x  −g  Fn     f , f ,g  (1 − n )  F  (119)
V 

 
 
+
4F2
4FF (
''+ ( F ' )
2
( n − 6 )  
 
)
  −2 + L M 
  

F  f   2 F f 
with : F = F  f  ; F ' = ; F '' =
f f 2
From there we can deduce the φ(R*)-generalization for a scaled metric according to (5) as follows:

  R F'  
  + 2 (1 − n ) f  
  F F n 
  − g  F
  f , f , g  (1 − n )
 +
  4F 3 (
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 ) 
2 

) 


   8G T  = matter   
 + −g  F  n 
   
+   g g  
   0 = vacuum   
    
n 
= d x  R F'  
  + ( )
1 − n  f 
 F F2

V
+ − g  F n
  ' 
  f , f , g (1 − n )




+
 4F3
4FF ''(
+ ( F ' )
2
( n − 6 ) 

)
 
 R F' 
  + (1 − n )  f  
 F F2 
    

( ) −


 , ,
+

f f g
4F3
1 n
(
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 ) 
2 

) 

  R    R *  , (120)
with :  ' ( R ) = ; '(R ) = *

R R *
   R F'  
  + 2 (1 − n ) f  
−g  F n
F F
−   g 
g 
 f , f , g (1 − n )
 



2
+
 4F 3 (
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 ) 
2 

) 


   8G T  = matter   
 + −g  F  n 
   
+   g g  
   0 = vacuum   
    
n 
= d x  R F'   , (121)

−g  Fn  + (1 − n )  f 
 F F2
 
V
+   ' 
 
( )−  


F  , ,
+

f f g
4F3
1 n
(
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )  
2
)
 
 
 F' 
  R + (1 − n )  f  
 F 
    
 f , f ,g (1 − n )





+
4F2
4FF(''+ ( ) (
F '
2
n − 6

)

) 

  R F'  
  + 2 (1 − n ) f  
−g  F n
F F
−   g 
g 
 f , f , g (1 − n )
 



2
+
 4F 3 (
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 ) 
2
)





   8G T  = matter   
 + −g  F  n 
   
+   g g  
   0 = vacuum   
    
=  dn x 
 R F'  , (122)
V   + (1 − n ) f  
 −g  Fn F F2
  '  
 +  f , f , g (1 − n )

 


F
+
 4F3
(
4FF ''+ ( F ' )
2
( n − 6 )
)  
 
 
   
 
R g  + g R  +
    

( − )  

  F
F '
    (1 − n ) f + , , f f g
4F 2
1 n
( )
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )   
2

 
   R F'  
  + 2 (1 − n ) f  
−g  F n
F F
−   g 
g 
 f , f , g (1 − n )
 



2
+
 4F 3 ( )
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 ) 
2 




   8G T  = matter   
 + −g  F  n 
   
+   g g  
   0 = vacuum   
    
  =R *
 
   
 R F'  
  + 2 (1 − n ) f 
  '  F F 
=  dn x   
  f , f , g (1 − n )


V

+
−g  F   +
n
  4F 3 ( )
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )  
2

   
 g

 F 
  + '' ( R * ) ( R ; −  g R  g  )  
   
  + ''' ( R * ) ( R ; R ; − R ; R ;  g  )  
   
  + FSTs +  ' ( R * ) R   
 
 
 −g  Fn 
 +   '( R* ) .
F (123)
 
  F' f , f , g  (1 − n )  
   (1 − n ) f +
 F 4F2
( 2
)
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 )  
 
Thereby the expression FSTs stands for the former surface terms which now (just as elaborated in
−g  Fn
sub-section “Variation of the Scaled Ricci Tensor Term”), due to do not give surface terms
F
anymore (at least not that easily). Thus, we only have the terms FSTs and

  F' (1 − n ) f + , , (
 f f g  1 − n ) 
F 4F2
(
4FF''+ ( F' )
2
( n − 6 ) )
 left to variate and the latter was already

done in the previous sections of this paper. The total result now looks as follows:
   R F'  
 + 2 (1 − n ) f
 − 
 F F  F  
  g
 f , f , g (1 − n )




+
 4F 3 (
4FF ''+ ( F ' ) ( n − 6 ) 
2
)  2




   8G T  = matter   
 +     + g F   
   0 = vacuum   
    
 
 + ' ( R * ) +  '' ( R * ) ( R −  g R  g )
;  

 
 + ''' ( R * ) ( R R − R R ;  g )
;  ;  ;  

 
n  + FSTs +  ' ( R * ) R +  ' ( R * )

 g
−g  F
=  dn x    F


V
F   + g (
 
g − g  
g − g  
g ) (1 − n )

   , ,  
f f 2 3  n − 14  F'
    2  FF ''+ ( F ' )   + f ,  
   F  8  F 
  
F ' (1 − n )  
 
 
−
2F
(  
g g − g g − g g  f ,   
) 


 F' 
  +  (1 − n ) g  g    
f, 
  F 
   , (124)
F' ( 1 − n )
 
 
+  (
 
g g −g g −g g    
) f
, ,
 
F 2 
  g  g 
 ,  F ' (1 − n )
 +
  
F
 g (
 
g − g  
g − g )
 
g f 
,   

  2 2
where we can conclude – in the usual way - that for arbitrary integrals, the whole integrand must
vanish in order to fulfill the δW =0 -condition and we obtain:
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 Williamsburg, Ky.
———

NEW YORK, $2,270.42.

Brooklyn. Plymouth Ch. 1164.15
Brooklyn. “A Life Member,” to const. Miss Isabel Shirley
L. M. 30.00
Brooklyn. S. Ballard, for Tougaloo, Miss. 250.00
Brooklyn. Woman’s Miss’y Soc. of Lewis
Ave. Cong. Ch., for Woman’s Work 13.40
East Beekmantown. John S. Kirby 10.00
East Bloomfield. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 41.67
Fillmore. L. L. Nourse 5.00
Hopkinton. Cong. Ch. 10.00
Jamestown. Rev. W. D. Henry 10.00
Jefferson. Mrs. Susannah Ruliffson 2.50
Little Valley. First Cong. Ch. 4.00
Lowville. Mrs. Lydia C. Hough 20.00
Middletown. Samuel Ayres 5.00
New York. S. T. Gordon, 100;
F. P. Shumway, 1.50 101.50
New York. Morris K. Jesup, for Atlanta U. 200.00
Norwich. Cong. Ch. and Soc. 39.60
Oswego. Cong. Ch. 140.04
Perry Center. Mrs. M. G. Richardson,
“in Memory of Rev. J. C. Richardson” 2.00
Poughkeepsie. Cong. Ch., 26.54; First Reformed Ch.,
21.92 48.46
Rensselaer Falls. Cong. Ch. 5.10
Spencerport. Cong. Ch. and Sab. Sch.,
to const. Miss Lotta M. Spencer, L. M. 33.00
Tremont. “A Friend” 10.00
——. “A Country Friend” 100.00
——. “A Friend in Essex Co.” 25.00

NEW JERSEY, $46.00.

Arlington. Mrs. G. Overacre 1.00
Westfield. “Mission Band,” by Miss M. C. Alpers, for Santee
Indian M. 45.00

PENNSYLVANIA, $30.00.
Cowdersport. Mrs. M. W. Mann 5.00
Pittsburg. First Cong. Ch. 10.00
Ridgway. Young People’s Bible Class, by Minnie Kline, for
Oaks, N.C. 5.00
Washington. Mrs. Mary H. McFarland 10.00

OHIO, $325.22.
Ashland. Mrs. E. Thomson 2.28
Bellevue. S. W. Boise 100.00
Brownhelm. C. H. Perry 10.00
Cincinnati. Central Cong. Ch. 81.15
Cleveland. “Harry, Bert and Others,” Jennings Av. Cong. Ch.,
for Ponies 2.15
Cuyahoga Falls. Cong. Ch. 5.03
Edinburg. B. E. Bingham and “Friends,” for Indian M. 10.00
Garrettsville. Cong. Ch., 8, and 1.21 from “the Children” 9.21
Huntsburg. A. E. Millard and Mrs. M. E. Millard 15.00
Lodi. Cong. Ch., 7.85; Ladies’ A.M.A., 2.25 10.10
Medina. Sab. Sch. Class, by Miss May Woodward 1.00
Oberlin. First Ch. 54.30
Salem. David A. Allen (5 of which bal. to const. Rev. De
Costa Pomerene L. M.) 25.00
 ILLINOIS, $1,567.36.
Aurora. First Cong. Ch. 8.78
Bartlett. Cong. Ch. 20.75
Bunker Hill. Cong. Ch. 15.00
Chicago. “Friends in New England Ch.,” for Student
Aid, Atlanta U. 60.00
Delavan. R. Hoghton 10.00
Downers Grove. Sab. Sch. Cong. Ch., for Sch’p Fund,
Fisk U. 9.00
Dundee. Mrs. A. M. Rover, for Dakota Indian M. 6.00
Evanston. Cong. Ch., to const. Harlow B. Hill and
A. D. Sanders L. M’s 86.87
Glencoe. Ch. of Christ 28.67
Granville. “A Friend” 25.00
Hennepin. Cong. Ch. 15.00
Hinsdale. Cong. Ch. 25.00
Hinsdale. Y. L. Miss’y Soc., for Sch’p Fund, Fisk U. 20.00
Jacksonville. First Cong. Ch. 47.60
Lockport. First Cong. Ch. 4.65
Lyndon. Cong. Ch. 5.00
Millburn. Cong. Ch. 8.74
Millington. Mrs. D. W. Jackson, for Indian M. 5.00
Moline. Juv. Soc. of Cong. Ch., for Atlanta U. 7.86
Oak Park. Y. L. Miss’y Soc. of Cong. Ch., for Student
Aid, Atlanta U. 50.00
Ottawa. Cong. Ch. 22.78
Paxton. Mrs. J. B. Shaw, for Student Aid, Atlanta U. 10.00
Plymouth. Cong. Ch. 12.24
Providence. Cong. Ch. 8.45
Ridge Prairie. Rev. Andrew Kern 3.00
Sheffield. Cong. Ch. 20.00
Streator. Cong. Ch. 5.67
Udina. Cong. Ch. 5.30
Woodburn. Cong. Ch. 11.00
Illinois Woman’s Home Missionary Union, for
Woman’s Work, by Mrs. C. E. Maltby, Treas.:
Ill. W. H. M. U. 10.00
——— 10.00
————
$567.36
ESTATE.
Chicago. Estate of Philo Carpenter, by Executors 1,000.00
——————
$1,567.36

MICHIGAN, $178.42.
Cheboygan. Sab. Sch. of Cong. Ch., for Indian M. 1.30
Cedar Springs. Rev. E. C. Herrington 5.00
Detroit. Fort Wayne Cong. Ch. 5.06
Grand Blanc. Cong. Ch. 13.25
Hancock. W. M. Soc., for Student Aid, Talladega C. 25.00
Hudson. Cong. Ch. 12.65
Imlay City. First Cong. Ch., for Indian M. 1.75
Michigan Centre. Cong. Ch. 3.20
Middleville. Cong. Ch. 2.26
Pleasanton. Cong. Ch. 2.00
Saint Joseph. Cong. Ch. 27.45
White Lake. Robert Garner 10.00
Woman’s Home Missionary Union of Mich., for Woman’s
Work, by Mrs. E. F. Grabill, Treas.:
Covert. L. M. S. 10.00 69.50
Detroit. Ladies’ Union of First Cong. Ch. 50.00
Grand Blanc. “Willing Workers” 9.50
 ———

WISCONSIN, $417.53.
Beloit. “L. M.,” Second Cong. Ch. 5.00
Bloomer. First Cong. Ch. 3.54
Delavan. Chas. T. Smith 100.00
Evansville. Cong. Ch. 20.25
Janesville. First Cong. Ch. 50.00
La Crosse. First Cong. Ch. 43.43
Lake Geneva. First Cong. Ch. 10.00
Madison. First Cong. Ch. 10.42
Menominee. Cong. Ch. 14.56
Muckwanago. Cong. Ch. 2.13
Watertown. Cong. Ch. 6.20
Woman’s Home Missionary Union of Wis., for Woman’s
Work:
Appleton. W. H. M. S. 8.25 152.00
Baraboo. Mrs. Dea. Clark 1.50
Beloit. First Ch., W. M. S., to const. Mrs.
Lydia S. H. Hamlin L. M. 30.60
Berlin. W. H. M. S. 5.00
Black Earth. Dr. Stoddart 2.00
Boscobel. W. H. M. S. 5.00
Brodhead. Misses E. and J. Sherman 5.00
Clinton. W. H. M. S. 4.25
Eau Claire. W. H. M. S. 13.30
Fond du Lac. W. H. M. S. 10.00
Lake Geneva. Ladies’ Aid Soc. 12.85
Mauston. Mrs. C. W. Barney 5.00
Milton Junction. Misses Chapman 1.25
Milwaukee. Pilgrim Ch., W. H. M. S. 15.00
Rosendale. L. H. M. S. 5.00
 Sun Prairie. Mrs. Buel 1.00
Waukesha. Y. P. S. C. E. 10.00
Wauwatosa. W. H. M. S. 7.00
Windsor. W. H. M. S. 10.00
———

IOWA, $161.81.
Algona. A. Zahlten 12.00
Anamosa. Cong. Ch. and Soc., 21.48; Sab. Sch., 4.52 26.00
Cedar Rapids. “Busy Bees,” Sab. Sch. First Cong. Ch. 2.00
Creston. Cong. Ch. 1.70
Des Moines. Mrs. J. F. Rollins, for Student Aid, Talladega C. 3.00
Larchwood. Cong. Ch. 1.00
Manchester. Cong. Ch. 20.00
McGregor. Y. P. Mission Band of Cong. Ch., for Student Aid,
Straight U. 12.50
Osage. Cong. Ch., ad’l to const. Miss Annette H. Whitney
and Miss Stella Lula Fay L. M.’s 57.84
Reinbeck. Cong. Ch. 24.77
Waterloo. Mrs. M. B. Forry, for Talladega C. 1.00

MINNESOTA, $541.33.
Clearwater. Cong. Sab. Sch. of Fish Creek 6.25
Elk River. Union Ch. 6.83
Faribault. Cong. Ch. 32.40
Granite Falls. Cong. Ch. 1.58
Northfield. “Willing Workers,” by Gertrude Scriver 22.50
Rushford. Cong. Ch. 3.91
Saint Cloud. First Cong. Ch. 11.00
Tivoli. Lyman Humiston 2.00
——. “Thank Offering” (50 of which for Student Aid, Atlanta 200.00
U.)
Minn. Woman’s Home Missionary Society, for Woman’s
Work, by Mrs. Clara N. Cross, Treas.:
Alexandria. W. M. S. 20.00
Austin. W. M. S. 9.80
Elk River. S. S. 3.05
Excelsior. W. M. S. 3.56
Glyndon. Children’s M. Band 2.30
Granite Falls. W. M. S. 1.88
Detroit. W. M. S. 1.00
Marshall. W. M. S. 5.00
Mapleton. W. M. S. 2.50
Minneapolis. W. H. M. S., Plymouth Ch., to
const. Mrs. C. T. Ingersoll, Mrs.
Chas. L. Leonard and Miss Ada White
L. M’s 81.50
Minneapolis. Y. L. M. S. Plymouth Ch. 20.75
Minneapolis. W. M. S. Second Ch. 6.00
Minneapolis. Children’s Miss. Band. Open
Door Ch. 2.00
Morris. W. M. S. 5.47
Northfield. W. H. M. S. 40.00
Saint Paul. W. H. M. S., Park Ch., to cons’t.
Mrs. Hugh M. Miller L. M. 35.00
Saint Paul. W. H. M. S., Plymouth Ch. 10.00
Stephen. W. M. S. 1.65
Waseca. W. M. S. 3.40
——— 254.86

MISSOURI, $75.00.
Saint Louis. Pilgrim Cong. Ch. 75.00

KANSAS, $93.40.
Boston Mills. J. Hubbard 5.00
Burlington. First Cong. Ch. 7.50
Douglass. Cong. Ch. 1.25
Lawrence. Plymouth Ch., 49.06; Second Cong. Ch., 6 55.06
Solomon City. “Thank Offering from a Friend” 5.00
Sterling. Cong. Ch. 19.59

MONTANA, $12.76.
Helena. First Cong. Ch. 12.76

DAKOTA, $42.63.
Carrington. Cong. Ch., for Indian M. 4.75
Clark. Cong. Ch. 6.20
Lake Preston. Cong. Ch. 11.00
Valley Springs. Cong. Ch. 4.09
Vermillion. Cong. Ch. 13.39
Dakota Woman’s Home Missionary Union, for Woman’s
Work, by Mrs. Sue Fifield, Treas.:
De Smet. W. M. S. 3.20
———— 3.20

NEBRASKA, $28.63.
Tremont. Cong. Ch. 20.63
Hemingford. Cong. Ch. 3.00
Oxford. F. A. Wood 5.00

OREGON, $7.49.
East Portland. First Cong. Ch. 7.49

WASHINGTON TER., $5.00.

Christopher. White River Cong. Ch. 5.00
 CALIFORNIA, $17.40.
Riverside. Sab. Sch. Class, by Chas. W. Herron 3.75
San Diego. Second Con. Ch., 2.65; Sab. Sch., Second Cong.
Ch., 1 3.65
Stockton. Rev. J. C. Holbrook, D.D. 10.00

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, $8.31.

Washington. Lincoln Memorial Ch. 8.31

KENTUCKY, $78.20.
Williamsburg. Cong. Ch. 48.20
Williamsburg. Tuition 30.00

NORTH CAROLINA, $86.37.

Nalls. Dea. A. B. Bruton 0.50
Troy. Tuition, 1.55; “Friends,” 1, by S. D. Leak 2.55
Wilmington. Cong. Ch. 83.32

TENNESSEE, $119.25.
Grand View. Tuition 29.80
Helenwood. Judge J. C. Parker 2.50
Memphis. Tuition 15.00
Nashville. Rent 6.50
Robbins. Cong. Ch. 0.90
Sherwood. Tuition 64.55

GEORGIA, $59.80.
Andersonville. Coll. “Children’s Day” 0.45
Atlanta. Nettie Smith, for Atlanta U. 0.50
Marietta. Cong. Ch., 50c., and Sab. Sch. 50c. 1.00
Rutland. Coll. “Children’s Day” 0.65
Woodville. Pilgrim Ch. 2.10

ALABAMA, $245.65.
Marion. Tuition 55.00
Selma. Rent 100.00
Talladega. Tuition 90.65

MISSISSIPPI, $1004.00.
Tougaloo. State Appropriation, for Tougaloo U. 1000.00
Tougaloo. Rent 4.00

INCOMES, $750.00.
Avery Fund, for Mendi M. 570.00
Belden Sch’p Fund, for Talladega C. 30.00
Graves Library Fund, for Atlanta U. 150.00

CANADA, $5.00.
Montreal. Chas. Alexander 5.00

SANDWICH ISLANDS, $400.00.

“Sandwich Islands. A Friend” 400.00

CHINA, $5.00.
Fenchow Fu, Shansi. Rev. J. B. Thompson 5.00
=========
Donations $17,683.88
Estates 1,564.30
Incomes 750.00
Tuitions 1,341.65
Rents 110.50
 —————
Total for July $21,450.33
Total from Oct. 1 to July 31 235,884.73
=========

FOR THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY.

Subscriptions for July $47.89
Previously acknowledged 826.12
————
Total $874.01
========
H. W. Hubbard, Treasurer,
56 Reade St., N.Y.

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