SDO MALABON CITY

10

Supplementary Learning
Materials in Science
Matter
Fourth Quarter

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 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
4th QUARTER
MODULE 1 – WEEK 1
BOYLE’S & CHARLES’ LAW

INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

The measurable properties of gases are the factors that greatly affect the
behavior of gases depending on the movement of its particles. The simple
relationships among these measurable properties such as pressure, temperature,
and volume of gases are stated in the different gas laws.

One of these gas laws is known as the Boyle’s Law, which was formulated by
physicist Robert Boyle. Boyle’s Law states that “the volume of a given gas changes
inversely with the pressure, provided that the temperature is held constant”.

Boyles’s Law can be expressed mathematically as:

Where:
P₁ - initial pressure P₂ - final pressure
V₁ - initial volume V₂ - final volume

Another gas law which was formulated by a French physicist Jacques

Alexandre Cesar Charles is called the Charle’s Law. It states that “the volume of a
confined gas changes directly with the temperature, provided that the pressure is
held constant”.
Charles’ Law can be expressed mathematically as:

Where:
V₁ - initial volume T₁ - initial temperature
V₂ - final volume T₂ - final temperature
Note: The units for Pressure and Temperature are given below. The unit Kelvin (K)
for temperature should be used in problem-solving related to Charles’ Law.

PRESSURE 1 atm = 101325 Pa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg

TEMPERATURE K = °C + 273

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Sample Problem for Boyle’s Law:

If the pressure of a gas in a 1.25 L container is initially 0.872 atm, what is the
pressure if the volume of the container is increased to 1.5 L, assuming the
temperature doesn’t change?

Given: P1 = 0.872 atm V1 = 1.25 L P2 = unknown V2 = 1.5 L

Find: P2

General Equation for Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2

Step 1: Manipulate the general equation for Boyle’s law to find the final pressure.
P1V1 = P2V2

P2 =

Step 2: Substitute the manipulated equation with the given data.

( )( )
P2 =

P2 = 0.727 atm

The volume of the gas increased from 1.25 L to 1.5 L as the pressure of the gas
decreased from 0.872 atm to 0.727 atm.

In Boyle’s Law, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to

the pressure exerted on the gas if the temperature is constant.

Sample Problem for Charles’ Law

If the volume of a piston filled with gas is 4.31 L at 25°C, then what is the
volume of the gas after it is heated to 50°C, assuming the system doesn’t experience
a change in pressure?

Given: V1 = 4.31 L T1 = 25°C V2 = unknown T2 = 50°C

Find: V2

General Equation for Charles’ Law:

Step 1: Convert the initial and final temperature to Kelvin.

T1 = 25°C + 273 = 298K
T2 = 50°C + 273 = 323K

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Step 2: Manipulate the general equation for Charles’ Law to find the final volume.

V1T2 = V2T1

V2 =

Step 3: Substitute the manipulated equation with the given data.

Use the temperature in Kelvin unit.
( )( )
V2 =

V2 = 4.67 L

The volume of the gas increased from 4.31 L to 4.67 L as the temperature increased
from 298K to 323K.

In Charles’ Law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the

temperature (in Kelvin) if the pressure is constant.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Directions: Solve the following problems using Boyle’s Law.
1. A 5.6 mL of a gas in a piston exert a pressure of 1.7 atm. It is compressed
until the volume reached 4.8 ml. Calculate the new pressure inside the piston.
2. If at 4 atm the volume of a dry gas is 250 ml. What is the volume of the gas if
the pressure in decreased by ½?
3. The gas has a volume of 2.7 ml. What is the initial pressure if volume
becomes 5.8L at 2.atm?

Activity 2
Directions: Solve the following problems using Charles’ Law.
1. A 3.8 mL of a gas in a container has a temperature of 2.0K. What would the
volume be if the temperature becomes 8.0K?
2. If at 27ºC the volume of a dry gas is 3.0 ml. What is the new temperature if the
volume increased to 7.5 ml?
3. The temperature of the gas is 460.0 mL at 3.5ºC. Calculate the new volume at
1.5ºC.

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the BEST answer.

1. What are the measurable properties that greatly affect the behavior of gases
depending on the movement of its particles?
I. energy II. pressure III. temperature IV. volume
A. I, II, III C. I, II, IV
B. II, III, IV D. I. III. IV
2. What gas law states that the relationship of volume and pressure is inversely
proportional if temperature is held constant?
A. Boyle’s Law C. Avogadro’s Law
B. Charles’ Law D. Ideal Gas Law
3. Which BEST describes Charles’ Law?
A. At constant temperature the volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure.
B. At constant volume, the temperature of a gas is directly proportional
to its pressure
C. At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to
temperature.
D. The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure and
directly proportional to temperature
4. In Boyle’s Law, what will happen to pressure if the volume of a dry gas is
doubled?
A. increase C. remains the same
B. decrease D. increase then decrease
5. In Charles’s Law, if the volume of a gas increased twice, what will happen to
the temperature?
A. increased by half C. remains the same
B. decreased by half D. doubled
6. The volume of a dry gas is 2 ml at 1 atm. What will be its pressure if the
volume is reduced to 1 ml?
A. 0 atm B. 1 atm C. 2 atm D. 3 atm
7. The pressure exerted by a gas in the container measures 5 atm. What is its
volume, if at 500 mL the pressure is reduced to 3 atm?
A. 0.3 mL B. 3.0 mL C. 30.0 mL D. 300mL
8. The volume of the gas is 5 mL at a temperature of 300K. What is its
temperature if the volume increased to 10 mL?
A. 150K B. 300K C. 600K D. 900K
9. If you increase the temperature of the gas inside the balloon by putting it
outside your window, what would have caused the balloon to burst?
A. decreased pressure C. decreased temperature
B. increased volume D. decreased energy
10. When you exhale, your diaphragm goes up to its original position exerting
greater pressure to your lungs. What will happen to the volume of the air
inside your lungs?
A. Increase volume C. constant volume
B. Decrease volume D. cannot be describe

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 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
4th QUARTER, MODULE 2 – WEEK 2
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains that gases just like other phases of
matter are made up of tiny particles called molecules. The following are the basic
assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory:
 Gases are made up of molecules where size is tiny compared to the regular
distance between them, which results to neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
 Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions and they
frequently collide with one another. Collisions among gas molecules are
perfectly elastic. During collision, the energy of a gas molecule can be
transferred to another gas molecules. Nevertheless, the total energy of all the
gas molecules in a system remains the same.
 The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of the gas in Kelvin. Any two gases at the same temperature will
have the same average kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the type of energy
used by a moving object.
Gases diffuse or spread freely because of its constant motion in random
directions.,
Gas molecules can be compressed when a pressure is applied to it resulting
to a smaller volume.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the relationships among the
measurable properties of gases such as pressure, temperature, and volume as
stated in the different gas laws.
Boyle’s Law
Gas pressure is the result when molecules collide with the walls of the
container. The pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies.
Decreasing the space occupied by a given gas (volume), increases the collision of
the gas molecules with the walls of the container (pressure).
Charles’ Law
The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of the gas in Kelvin. As the temperature increases, the average kinetic
energy of the gas molecules also increases. Thus, the molecules hit the walls of the
container more frequently and more energetically, pushing the walls to move
outward resulting to an increase in the volume of the gases. Therefore, the volume of
a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvin.

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ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify and state the gas law in each test item number. Give the
assumption of Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) as shown in each pair of illustrations
below.

container gas molecule pressure source of heat

1.

2.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the BEST answer.

1. Which is known as tiny particles of a gas?

A. atom B. compound C. molecule D. particle
2. What is the spreading of molecules throughout an available space?
A. collision B. compressibility C. diffusion D. volume
3. What is the ability of gas molecules that enables the oxygen gas to fit into a
tank used in hospitals?
A. collision B. compressibility C. diffusion D. volume

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4. Which is NOT a true statement about gases?
A. they are the least compacted form of matter
B. they are more active than liquid
C. they prefer to be as far as possible from each other
D. some gases take on very distinct shapes.
5. Which of the statements given best proves that the molecule is constantly
moving?
A. it is tiny C. it can diffuse
B. it is light D. it can be compressed
6. Which is NOT a basic assumption of the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)?
A. Gases consist of molecules in constant motion.
B. The collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic
C. There is a strong attractive force between molecules in the gaseous
state.
D. The temperature of gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy
of molecules.
7. Which of the following are the assumptions of Kinetic Molecular Theory?
I. Matter is made up of molecules.
II. Molecules are in constant motion.
III. Molecules collide with each other.
IV. Gas molecules exert pressure on the walls of its container.
A. I and II B. I, II and III C. I, III and IV D. I, II, III, IV
8. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of the gas in Kelvin. This is one of the assumptions of the Kinetic
Molecular Theory (KMT). Which gas law can be explained using the given
assumption?
A. Avogadro’s law C. Charles’ Law
B. Boyle’s Law D. Gay Lussac’s Law
9. Decreasing the space occupied by a given gas, increases the collision of the
gas molecules with the walls of the container. Which gas law is being referred
by the given statement?
A. Avogadro’s law C. Charles’ Law
B. Boyle’s Law D. Gay Lussac’s Law
10. How does the temperature affect the average kinetic energy of gas
molecules?
A. as the temperature decreases, the average kinetic energy of gas
molecules decreases
B. as the temperature decreases, the average kinetic energy of gas
molecules increases
C. as the temperature decreases, the average kinetic energy of gas
molecules remains the same
D. as the temperature decreases, the average kinetic energy of gas
molecules fluctuates

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 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
TH
4 QUARTER MODULE 3 - WEEK 3
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF BIOMOLECULES (CARBOHYDRATES,
LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

Lesson 1: Carbohydrates and its Classifications (Monosaccharide,

Disaccharide, and Polysaccharide)
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
You already know that we eat food in order to get the necessary nutrients that we
need to have energy, as well as for growth and repair. Certain compounds which are crucial
for life are present in those foods. These compounds belong to the four main categories of
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. These compounds are
considered to be organic because all of them contain Carbon (C). However, they differ in
terms of structure and the elements that they are made up. These compounds are
composed of monomers (building blocks) that combine to form polymers. Study the table /
chart below to know more about the elements present, monomers, and polymers of the
Biomolecules.

BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Elements present C, H, O C, H, O C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, N, P
Monomer Monosaccharides Triglycerides Amino acid Nucleotides
(Glucose, (Glycerol and
Galactose, Fatty acids)
Fructose,
Dextrose)
Polymer Disaccharides Fats Polypeptides; DNA and RNA
(Sucrose, Maltose, (Triglycerides); Proteins
Lactose) and Oils, Waxes
Polysaccharides
(Starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose)

Activity 1.1 True or False

Directions: Write T if the statement is correct. If not, write F.
____1. Biomolecules are found in living organisms.
____2. Biomolecules are said to be organic because they contain the element Calcium (Ca).
____3. All categories of Biomolecules contain the elements C, H, and O.
____4. Polymers are the building blocks of Biomolecules.
____5. Monosaccharide is the monomer of Lipids.

LET’S DIG DEEPER

Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches, and fiber present in our food. You are
already familiar that Carbohydrates are the major source of energy but that is just one of the
functions of the said biomolecule. All Carbohydrates have the elements C, H, and O and
have a ratio of H:C:O (2:1:1), which means that in every 2 atoms of H, there is 1 atom of C
and 1 atom of O. Carbohydrates are further classified into three groups: monosaccharide,
disaccharide, and polysaccharide.

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 Glucose Sucrose Starch (amylose)

Figure 1.3 Structural Formulas (Ring Form) of some Carbohydrates

Activity 1.2 Is it Simple or Complex?

Directions: Identify whether the items are classified as a Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, or
Polysaccharide.
_____1. Starch in potatoes. _____6. Exoskeletons of shrimps.
_____2. Table sugar. _____7. Fructose in fruits.
_____3. Ribose in RNA. _____8. Blood glucose.
_____4. Fiber in vegetables. _____9. Corn flour.
_____5. Lactose in Milk _____10. Cell walls of a plant cell.

Lesson 2: Lipids and its Two Classifications (Simple and Complex)

LET’S DIG DEEPER
In Lesson 1, you learned that Carbohydrates are important in providing
energy for cells. Lipids, another major classification of Biomolecules, also stores energy in
our cells but for later use. Lipids are made up of C, H, and O but with higher amounts of C
and H, that is why they give more energy (9 calories / gram) than Carbohydrates (4 calories /
gram). Lipids are classified as Simple (Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Waxes) and Complex
(Phospholipids, Steroids). Aside from long term energy source, Lipids are also essential for
cell membrane and hormone components. Lipids are non-polar; thus, they do not dissolve in
water.

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 Fats and oils, which are also called triglycerides,
are the most abundant lipids. A triglyceride is composed of
a glycerol and three fatty acids (long hydrocarbon chain).
Fats can be saturated (single bonds only; solid at room
temperature) or unsaturated (at least one double bond;
liquid at room temperature). Examples of saturated fats are
lard and butter. Oils are an example of unsaturated fats and
are liquid in room temperature. Examples are vegetable oil,
corn oil, and olive oil. Figure 2.1 Foods rich in Lipids

Activity 2.1 Saturated or Unsaturated?

Directions: Study Figure 2.1. List the foods shown in the photo and indicate whether you
think they might contain Saturated or Unsaturated fats. Explain your answer.
Other types of Lipids are Phospholipids and
Steroids. Phospholipids, as shown in Figure 2.2, has a
glycerol, two fatty acid chain, and a phosphate group.
Phospholipids have a hydrophobic head and a
hydrophilic tail and makes up the cell membranes of living
things. This lipid bi-layer controls what substances can go
in and out of the cell.
Steroids have four interconnected C rings and
can make many variations. An example of a steroid is
cholesterol, which is also a vital component for
hormones.

Figure 2.2 Structure of some common Lipids

Lipids. 2021, March 1. In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is a correct pair?
A. glucose: disaccharide C. lactose: monosaccharide
B. starch: polysaccharide D. triglyceride: polysaccharide
2. Which of the biomolecules contain other elements aside from C, H, and O?
A. carbohydrates and lipids C. carbohydrates and proteins
B. lipids and nucleic acids D. nucleic acids and proteins
3. Which is the major function of carbohydrates?
I. Stored food II. Source of energy III. Structural framework
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III only
4. Which of the following contains the most lipids?

5. Which statement is CORRECT about fats?

A. Saturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
B. Unsaturated fats are solid at room temperature.
C. Saturated fats have no double bond between molecules.
D. Unsaturated fat has two or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain.

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 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
TH
4 QUARTER MODULE 4 - WEEK 4
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF BIOMOLECULES (CARBOHYDRATES,
LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
Lesson 3: Proteins and Nucleic Acids
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
You might think that Biomolecules are related to food and obviously you are
right, since all living things (plants and animals) contain these biomolecules. In the
previous module (Lesson 1 and 2), you have learned about the elements present,
the monomers, ad polymers of all the Biomolecules. You have learned about the first
two major categories : Carbohydrates and Lipids. The Carbohydrates that you get
from eating pancit Malabon gives you energy. During your teenage years, Lipids in
your body in the form of hormones help your body grow (GH) and develop secondary
sexual characteristics (Estrogen and Testosterone). For this module, you are going
to understand the remaining categories which are the Proteins and Nucleic acids
and the importance of checking the food labels.

Let’s Recall
Directions: For part I, complete the table and write the missing information on each
categories of Biomolecules. For part II, answer the question.
I.
BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic
Acids
Elements present C, H, O C, H, O C, H, O, N, S
Monomer 1. ________ Triglycerides 4. ________ Nucleotides
(Glycerol and
Fatty acids)
Polymer Disaccharides 3. ________ Polypeptides; 6. ________
(Sucrose, Proteins
Maltose, Lactose)
and
Polysaccharides
(Starch,
Glycogen,
Cellulose)
Sources 2. ________ Cooking Oil 5. _________ Found in all
cells and
*viruses.

II. For Filipinos aged 19 years and above, the recommended Carbohydrate
intake is 55% to 75% of the total energy intake (National Nutrition Council).
The remaining percentage is for Protein and Fats. Why is it that
Carbohydrates should be the largest intake?

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LET’S DIG DEEPER
Proteins are the second most common molecules found in our body
(water being the first) so it is important to always include proteins in our diet. If you
eat protein rich foods, our body will breakdown the long protein chains into simple
forms that are absorbable by our body which are called amino acids (monomer of
protein). Proteins are made of C, H, O, N, and an R group (variant). In the previous
quarter, you have learned about Protein Synthesis, which is the cell’s process of
producing proteins that are needed in our body. There are 20 amino acids found in
human protein: only 11 can be synthesized by our body while 9 should be taken from
other sources, hence the food that we eat. Enzymes, which are biological catalyst,
are types of protein. Proteins are also responsible for

Figure 3.1 Protein rich foods

Have you ever wondered why you resemble your mother or father? This is
because of the hereditary traits that you got from your parents. Nucleic acids are
molecules that code for these hereditary traits. Similar with proteins, Nucleic acids
consist of long chains of polymers consisting of monomers called nucleotides –
made up of three parts: a five C sugar (pentose); a phosphate group; and a ring-
shaped based containing N. The two kinds of Nucleic acids are DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Below is a summary of their
differences.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA (Ribonucleic Acid
Description It contains the genetic instruction used It is responsible for the templates in
in the development and functioning of the synthesis of proteins which in turn
all living organisms. control the operation and function of
the cell
Function Long-term storage and transmission of Transfer the genetic information for
genetic information the creation of proteins from the
nucleus to the ribosomes
Sugar and Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Bases
Phosphate backbone: Phospate backbone:
Four Bases: adenine, guanine, Four Bases: adenine, guanine,
cytosine and thymine cytosine, and uracil
Paring of Bases A-T (Adenine-Thymine) A-U (Adenine - Uracil)
G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) G-C (Guanine – Cytosine)

Activity 3.1 Analogy

Directions: Supply the missing term or concept for each item.
1. Protein : _______ ; Nucleic acids : nucleotides
2. _______ : DNA ; Ribose : RNA
3. (DNA) Adenine : Thymine ; _______ : Cytosine
4. Protein : ________ ; Nucleic acids : code for hereditary traits
5. Protein : ________ ; Nucleic acids : All cells and *viruses

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 Lesson 4: Biomolecules present on Food Labels
LET’S DIG DEEPER
Foods contain energy in the form of Calories. You often hear the word
“calories” in diets and weight gain/ loss related concerns. A Calorie is a unit of heat
energy. In the form of heat, calories serve as energy in our body.
Think of it like gasoline to a car; Calories fuels our body in that
same way.
All foods have calories but they differ in
amounts depending on the quantity and the type of
ingredients. Fats, Carbohydrates, and Proteins gives
us calories. Fats have the highest concentration of
calories - 9 calories / gram (pure fat). Proteins and
Carbohydrates each have an average of 4 calories /
gram (pure protein and carbohydrates). With this
concept, you can achieve your weight management
goals by balancing the calories in your diet. But you
should also remember that it is important to consult a
health expert before proceeding with any kind of diet.
Reading the Food Label or Nutrition facts
on the food packaging or container is a great way to
ensure that what you are eating is healthy or not, or
if it is enough for your daily calorie intake. On the
sample food label in Figure 3.3, the serving size of
this food is 1 cup and there are 2 servings in this
container. There are 250 calories per serving. If you
eat the whole container, you will eat 2 servings. The
calories will double (250 x 2 = 500 calories). In 1
serving, there are 12g of Fat, 31g of Carbohydrates,
and 5g of Protein. Carbohydrates have the
highest amount per serving, and its normal Figure 3.3 Sample Food Label
Nutrition Facts Label. 2021, March 3. In
because the food is mac and cheese, which Wikipedia.
contains pasta (made of flour/starch). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label

Activity 3.1
Directions: Read the food label or nutrition facts and provide the needed information
in each item.
1. Servings size
2. Servings per container
3. Calories per serving
4. Fat per serving
5. Carbohydrates per serving
6. Protein per serving
7. Calories if you eat the contents
of the whole can
8. What Biomolecule is in the
highest amount for this food
item?
https://www.filamstore.com/product/purefoods-corned-beef/

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ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which biomolecules is closely related to DNA?
A. lipids C. nucleotides
B. monosaccharide D. sugars
2. Burning 1 gram of fat (lipids) releases twice the amount of heat energy
compared to burning 1 gram of carbohydrates (starch). Based on this
information, which type of biomolecule would likely cause a person to gain
more weight if eaten in larger amounts (assuming the person has a normal
metabolism)?
A. carbohydrates C. nucleic acids
B. lipids or fats D. protein
3. Which statement describes a food label?
A. Shows the recommended serving.
B. Tells the procedures in making the food.
C. Instructs the amount of food to be eaten at a time
D. Tells the manufacturing and expiration date of the food
4. Which of the following is the monomer of Protein?
A. monosaccharide C. amino acids
B. triglycerides D. nucleotide
5. Fatima had 4 slices of bread for breakfast. She read the food label of the
bread packaging and it says that for every 1 serving (2 slices), there are 150
calories. How many calories did Fatima get from her breakfast?
A. 75
B. 150
C. 300
D. 600

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 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
TH
4 QUARTER MODULE 5 – WEEK 5
CONSERVATION OF MASS: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Chemical reactions happen when a new substance or substances are formed due to
the interaction of atom of two or more different substances. Examples of chemical reactions
is when iron rust, Iron reacts to oxygen and water in air and form rust. To be able to express
these reactions, scientist write what we call chemical equations.
In a chemical equation, we right the reactants and the product using chemical
symbols. The reactants in the one side of the equation and the products of the reaction in
the other side of the equation. The use of the arrow indicates how the reaction takes place,
pointing to the product of the reaction. Earlier we were given the example of how the
reaction between oxygen and water in air forms rust in iron, we can right that equation like
this.

Looking at this chemical equation you can tell that Fe (Iron), O2 (Oxygen gas) and
H2O (water) are the reactants and Fe(OH)3 (rust) is the product. Looking at the chemical
equation, you will see numbers written beside the products and reactants, these are called
number coefficients. These numbers are places before products and reactants to “balance”
the equation.
Chemical equations follow the law of conservation of mass, which states that, the
mass of the substances is conserved before and after a reaction takes place. A chemical
reaction does not change the quantity of the substances involved in the reaction. This
means that the mass of the reactant and product must be the same. Atoms are neither
created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. For this reason, chemical equations need
to be balanced, meaning the number of atoms of each element in both sides of the equation
should be the same. In our given equation there were 4 Fe atoms, 7 O atoms, 12 H atoms in
the reactant side so, there should also be 4 Fe atoms, 7 O atoms, 12 H atoms in the product
side.
Let us look at the reaction between hydrochloric acid with sodium as another
example equation. How do we determine the number of atoms for each element? How will
we know if the equation is balanced?

In this equation we need to count the number of H, Cl and Na atoms by looking at the
subscripts of the elements in the reactants and the products. The subscript beside the
element symbol indicates the number of atoms per element. If there is no subscript is written
beside the element symbol, this means that there is only one atom of that element.

Looking at the table you will notice that the number of atoms in the product and
reactant side is not equal. This means that our equation is UNBALANCED. To balance out
this equation we need to put numerical coefficients beside the compounds in the reactant
and product compounds. You can put any numerical coefficient that is needed to balance out

110
the number of atoms in the product and reactant side. After putting the coefficients, you can
check if the equation is already balanced by multiplying the coefficients to the subscripts of
the elements. If there is no written coefficient you will simply multiply the subscript by 1.

When the number of atoms in the product and reactants becomes equal, this mean
that the equation is balanced. In some cases, you may need to change the coefficients
multiple times before you are able to balance the equation.

ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFITY THE PRODUCT AND REACTANTS IN THE GIVEN

EQUATIONS.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS REACTANTS PRODUCTS
1. CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2. Na + O2 → Na2O
3. Pb + H3PO4 →H2 + Pb3(PO4)2
4. MgCl2 + Li2CO3 →MgCO3 + 2 LiCl
5. P4 + O2 → P2O3

ACTIVITY 2: COUNT THE NUMBER OF ATOMS FOR THE REACTANTS AND

PRODUCTS. IDENTIFY IF THE CHEMICAL EQUATION IS
BALANCED OR UNBALANCED.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS BALANCED/UNBALANCED
1. C3H8 + O2 → 2CO2 + H2O
2. C3H6O + 4 O2 → 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
3. 3O3 → O+ O2
4. 2 C5H5 + Fe → Fe(C5H5)2
5. Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + 3Fe

ACTIVITY 3: BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS:

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. C5H9O + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2. C5H5 + Fe → Fe(C5H5)
3. SeCl6 + O2 → SeO2 + 3Cl2
4. K + H2O → KOH +H2
5. KClO3 → KCl +O2

REMEMBER
 The law of conservation of mass states that the amount of matter before and after the
reaction is conserved and no new atoms are created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
 Chemical equations should be balanced to follow the law of conservation of mass.

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ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. 1. Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction, which of these is TRUE about the mass of
the products?
A. less than the mass of the reactants
B. equals to the mass of the reactant
C. greater than the mass of the reactants
D. not related to the mass of the reactants
2. Which product would balance the equation if the reactants are C 3H8 + 5O2?
A. 4CO2 + 3H2O C. 3CO2 + 4H2O
B. 2CO2 + 3H2O D. 3CO + 4H2O
3. Which of these is a balanced equation for the combustion of ethanol (CH 3CH2OH)?
A. CH3CH2OH + 3O2 → CO2 + 2H2O C. CH3CH2OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
B. CH3CH2OH + O2 → 2CO2 + 3HO D. CH3CH2OH + 2O2 → 3CO2 + 2H2O
4. Which equation shows that the total mass during a chemical reaction stays the same?
A. 2Na + 2H2O → NaOH + H2 C. H2 + O2 → H2O
B. Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2 D. NaOH + MgCl2 → NaCl + MgOH
5. The chemical equation C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O represents the combustion of propane.
When correctly balanced, what would be the coefficient for water?
A. 2 C. 8
B. 4 D. 16

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 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
TH
4 QUARTER MODULE 6 – WEEK 6
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Chemical reactions take place when substances interact and form new
substances. It is different for freezing water to form ice or from we cut paper into smaller
pieces. After the reaction, the substances formed have different properties from the
original reactants. Whereas, when water freezes or when the paper, they maintain the
same composition as the original substances.
Different compounds interact differently and form different products. There are
different types of chemical reaction, synthesis reaction, decomposition reaction,
combustion reaction, single displacement reaction and double displacement reaction.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

1. Synthesis Reaction
Synthesis reaction are often called combination reaction. In this type of reaction,
simpler materials combine to form a compound. The general chemical equation for a
synthesis reaction is:

For example, carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and sodium
and chlorine combines to form sodium chloride of table salt.

2. Decomposition
Reaction
Decomposition reaction is the opposite of synthesis reaction. During this
reaction, compound is decomposed or broken down into simpler compounds or all the
way to the element that make up the substance, usually due to application of heat. In a
decomposition reaction, it does not always have to breakdown to individual elements,
sometimes the substance just break down to a simpler compounds compared to the
original compound.
Below is the general chemical equation for decomposition reaction. In this
equation, we can see that compound AB breaks down and separated forming
substance A and B

An example of decomposition reactions is when water breaks down to hydrogen

gas and oxygen gas and calcium carbonate breaking down to calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.

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3. Combustion Reaction
When you say something combust, it means that it burns. When that happens,
compound containing carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen gas to produce
carbon dioxide and water.
For example, when methane combust it produces carbon dioxide and water.

Some compounds may also contain oxygen in a combustion reaction, for

example in the combustion of ethanol, the reaction still produces carbon dioxide and
water.

The general equation for combustion is written below, the x, y and z indicate that
the number or carbon, hydrogen and oxygen can change or vary in the reacting
compounds, but the product will always be carbon dioxide and water.

4. Single Displacement Reaction

In this type of reaction, one element replaces another element in a compound
after the reaction takes place. In the general formula for single displacement reaction,
we observe that A started as an individual element and B and C is a compound, then
and after the reaction B becomes a single element and A and C forms a compound.

An example of this reaction is when lead interacts with iron (II) sulfate and the reaction
produces lead (II) sulfate and iron.

5. Double Displacement Reaction

In this type of reaction, the negative and positive ions of two compounds switch
places after the reaction. The general equation for this reaction is written below,
AB + CD → AC + BD
Let us look at the sample equations closely, we see the ions for the two compounds in
the reactants exchange partners after the reaction, both are displaced, hence double
displacement.

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ACTIVITY 1: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
Directions: Analyze the chemical reaction equation, identify the type of chemical
reaction that took place.
1. Na + O2 → Na2O
2. Mg + AlCl3 → Al + MgCl2
3. AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
4. Na2CO3 → Na2O +CO2
5. Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
6. NaCl + H2SO4 → NaSO4 + HCl
7. O3 → O+ O2
8. C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
9. SeCl6 + O2 → SeO2 + 3Cl2
10. C5H5 + Fe → Fe(C5H5)

REMEMBER
 There are 5 major types of chemical reactions -synthesis, decomposition,
combustion, single displacement, and double displacement reaction.
 Synthesis happens when the elements or compounds combine to for a more
complex substance
 decomposition happens when compounds breakdown into simple compounds
 combustion reaction is when compounds with carbon and hydrogen burn and
produce carbon dioxide and oxygen
 single displacement occurs when one element or compound is displaced by
another element or compound after the reaction
 double displacement happens when the negative and positive ions of the
compounds in the reactants change partners after the reaction.

ASSESSMENT
Directions:
1. The equation Fe + S → FeS, is an example of what type of chemical reaction?
A. decomposition reaction
B. combination reaction
C. double decomposition reaction
D. simple displacement reaction

2. Which reactions is an example of single displacement reaction?

A. 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
B. 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
C. Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
D. AlCl3 + 3 NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3 NaCl

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3. What is the usual products of a combustion reaction?
A. water and carbon dioxide
B. oxygen and carbon dioxide
C. water and oxygen
D. water and carbon
4. Which reactions is an example of double displacement reaction?
A. A. 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
B. 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
C. Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
D. AlCl3 + 3 NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3 NaCl
5. The equation 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2, is an example of what type of chemical reaction?
A. decomposition reaction
B. combination reaction
C. double decomposition reaction
D. simple displacement reaction

116
 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
TH
4 QUARTER MODULE 7 – WEEK 7
PREDICTING THE PRODUCTS OF COMBINATION AND
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

To predict the product of the reactions, we must be able to identify the

type of reaction takes place with the reactants.
Let us recall the general equation for synthesis reaction and decomposition reaction.

Synthesis and decomposition reaction are opposites. In synthesis reaction a reaction

combines the two elements or compounds in the reactant side to form a more complex
compound, and in decomposition, breaks down compounds into simpler compounds or
single element.

SYNTHESIS REACTION
In synthesis reaction we use the crisscross method to know how the reactants
combine to be able to predict the product. Let us look at the reaction between sodium and
chlorine. What is the product of this reaction?
Na + Cl2 → ?
Step 1 Determine the charge of the elements Na1+
Cl1-
Step 2 Crisscross the charges to determine

the subscripts of the elements

Step 3 Simplify or finalize the chemical NaCl

formula and balance the equation.

We now have the product of the synthesis reaction NaCl, we can now write the
equation.
2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl
Note that in the process we do not take into consideration the subscripts of the
elements, but the charges of the elements involved in the reaction.

Let us try to predict the product of a synthesis reaction between Zinc and Oxygen.
The charge for aluminum is 3+ and the charge for chlorine is 1-.
Zn + O2 → ? Zn 2+ O 2-

Zn2O2
We can further simplify this to: ZnO

Therefore, the final chemical equation is: Zn + O2 → 2 ZnO

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DECOMPOSITION REACTION
It is easy to identify decomposition reactions. You just look at the equation, if
you find that there is a single reactant, it likely a decomposition reaction. In predicting
decomposition reactions, you have to be familiar on how individual elements and
compounds in the reactant, exist or behave individually. For example, diatomic elements
such as Br2, I2, N2, Cl2, H2, O2 and F2 exist in nature as two atoms.

There are 3 basic cases or types of decomposition reaction.

CASE 1. AB → A + B
Let us look at the decomposition of Na3N as an example:

Na3N → ?
Step 1 Determine the individual element or compounds Na N
in the reactant.
Step 2 Write the chemical formula of the individual Na3N → Na + N
Elements or compounds.

Step 3 Balance the chemical equation 2 Na3N → 3 Na + N2

Note that the subscripts in the reactant side are ignored in predicting the products.
We put the subscript 2 to Nitrogen in the product because it is a diatomic element.

CASE 2. Metal Carbonates(CO3):

Metal Carbonates decomposed when exposed to heat and always produces metal
oxide and Carbon dioxide. To simplify let us follow a pattern:

Metal CO3 → Metal CO +O2

An example of this is the decomposition of Calcium Carbonate:
CaCO3 → ?

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

CASE 3. Metal bonded to Chlorates(Cl03):

Metal bonded to chlorates when decomposed always produces metal chloride and
oxygen gas. To simplify let us follow a pattern:

Metal ClO3 → Metal Cl +O2

An example of this is the decomposition of Magnesium chlorite.

MgClO3 → ?

MgClO3 → MgCl + O2

Which we can balance to become: 2 MgClO3 → 2 MgCl + 3 O2

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Activity #1 Predicting Products.
Directions: Predict the product of the following chemical reaction. Do not forget to write the
final balanced equation.

A. Synthesis reaction
A. Al + O2 → _______
B. Mg + N2 → _______
C. Na + S8 → _______
D. K + O2 → _______
E. H2 + Br2 → _______
B. Decomposition reaction
1. MgO → __________ + __________
2. NiCO3 → __________ + __________
3. LiClO3 → __________ + __________
4. KClO3 → __________ + __________
5. LiCl → __________ + __________
REMEMBER

 Synthesis reaction is the opposite of decomposition reaction.

 The subscripts of the reactants does not affect the subscripts of the products.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is the correct equation for the reaction that takes place when
phosphorus combines with oxygen gas?
A. P + O2 → PO2
B. P + O → P2O5
C. P + O2 →P2O5
D. P2 + O5 → P2O5
2. What is the product of a synthesis reaction between potassium and chlorine?
A. KCl
B. KCl2
C. K2Cl
D. PCl
3. What the products for the decomposition reaction of MgClO3 → ?
A. Mg + Cl3
B. MgO + Cl2
C. MgCl + O2
D. Mg + ClO2
4. What is the product formed in this synthesis reaction?
Sr + Br2 → ?
A. SrBr
B. SrBr2
C. Sr2Br3
D. Sr2Br
5. What is the product of this decomposition reaction?
MgO → ?
A. Mg + O
B. Mg2 + O
C. Mg +O2
D. Mg2 + O2

119
 GRADE 10 SCIENCE
TH
4 QUARTER MODULE 8 – WEEK 8
CONSERVATION OF MASS: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Single replacement reaction occurs when a single metal or non metal element swap
places with the the element in a compound during a reaction. The general equation for single
displacement is:

Double replacement reaction occurs when a metals of two reacting compounds

element swap their non metal partner during a reaction. The general equation for double
displacement is:
AB + CD → AC + BD
There are steps to follow to predict the products of single and double displacement reactions.

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION

Not all single displacement can occur, before

predicting the product in a single displacement
reaction, first you must determine if a reaction will
take place in the equation by using the activity
series of metal.

If the single metal element is higher in the

metal activity series than the metal in the original
compound, a reaction will occur, but if the single
metal element is lower in the activity series than the
original metal in the compound, no reaction will take
place.

For example, in the equation, Mg + AlCl3 → ?

we can see that Mg is higher than Al in the activity
series therefore this reaction can take place. This
means that magnesium can take the place of
Aluminum in the compound.

To determine the product of this equation we have

to follow these steps:

Step 1 Write the displaced metal or non metal

Mg + AlCl3 → Al +___
as a single element in the product

Step 2 Determine the charge of the metal and the non-metals Mg 2+ Cl

1-

bonding with each other

Step 3 Criss cross the charges

MgCl2

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 Step 4 Simplify or finalize the chemical Mg + AlCl3 → Al + MgCl2
formula and balance the equation.

We now have the product of the synthesis reaction NaCl, we can now write the
equation.
3 Mg + 2 AlCl3 → 2 Al + 3 MgCl2

Let us look Ag +KNO3 → ? . Looking at the compounds, we can see that Ag is lower
than K in the activity series therefore this reaction cannot take place, so no products will be
produced.

Let us look at one last example, at another example, Br2 +KI → ? . Looking at
the compounds, we observe that the single element is a non-metal. So, in this case the two
non-metals will swap places. We do not need to look at the activity series for this one. An
important thing to note in this case is how these elements appear in nature when it is by
itself. In our example Iodine is a diatomic element so it naturally occurs as I2, we then follow
the same steps as before.

Br2 +KI → I2 + ___

(note that metals are always written first when you crisscross)
KBr

We now write the final equation as Br2 + 2 KI → I2 + 2 KBr

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION

In double reaction involve two ionic compound switching ions and anions. To predict
the products of this type of reaction, we will use a method similar to the foil method in math.
We first crisscross the inner compounds and then crisscross the outer compounds.
For example, in the reaction of K3 PO4 +Al (NO3)3 → ?

Step 1 Take the inner ions and crisscross

Make sure to write the (+ ) cations before the
(–) anions

Al
PO4
Step 2 Take the outer ions and crisscross again
making
sure to write the (+ ) cations before the
(–) anions

K NO3

121
 Step 3 Simplify or finalize the chemical K3 PO4 +Al (NO3)3 → AlPO4 + 3 KNO3
formula and balance the equation.

Note that: Subscripts in the reactants are just there to balance of the ionic compounds and
does not affect the subscripts of the products.

Activity #1 Predicting Products.

Directions: Predict the product of the following chemical reaction. Do not forget to write the
final balanced equation.

A. Single Displacement reaction

1. LiI + F2 → _______ + _______
2. CuSO4 + Zn → _______ + _______
3. I2 + NaCl → _______ + _______
4. Mg + FeO3→ _______ + _______
5. Zn + HCl → _______ + _______

B. Double Displacement Reaction

1. CaCl2+ FeSO4 → __________ + __________
2. NaCl + H2SO4 → __________ + __________
3. Pb(NO3)2+ K → __________ + __________
4. K2CO3 + AgNO3 → __________ + __________
5. AgNO3 + NaCl → __________ + __________

REMEMBER
 Positive ions are always written first whenever you crisscross.
 Subscripts in the reactants are just there to balance of the ionic compounds and does
not affect the subscripts of the products.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of metal can react with potassium and allow a reaction to take place?
A. Lithium
B. Silver
C. Lead
D. Tin
2. In the equation 2Al + 3Fe(NO3)2 →3Fe(s) +2Al(NO3)3, iron has been replaced by
A. Nitrate
B. Aluminum
C. Water
D. nitrogen

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3. What is the missing product in this equation K3 PO4 +Al (NO3)3 → _____ + 3 KNO3
A. AlPO4
B. Al2PO4
C. Al2PO
C. Al2PO2

4. What is the missing product in this equation Br2 + 2 KI → ___ + 2 KBr

A. I
B. I2
C. I3
D. I4
5. What the products for this reaction K + HCl →?
A. H2 + KCl
B. KH + Cl2
C. H + KCl
D. KHCl

123