J. Opt. Commun.
2019; aop
Ankur Saharia*, Ashish Kumar Ghunawat, Manish Tiwari, Anton V. Bourdine,
Vladimir A. Burdin, Ravi Kumar Maddila and Ghanshyam Singh
Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit Using
Si3N4 Microring Resonator
https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0028
Received January 25, 2019; accepted September 30, 2019
Abstract: All-optical processor capable of processing
optical bits has been a long-standing goal of photonics.
In this paper, we report the results obtained by numerical
simulations regarding the designing of an all-optical
combinational circuit of an adder and subtractor circuits
based on Si3N4 microring resonators. The designs of com-
binational circuit like adders and subtractor based on the
use of all-optical basic logic gates are discussed while
presenting the numerically simulated results. Extinction
ratios of 5.2 dB, 3.5 dB and 2.7 dB are obtained for the half
adder, full adder and half subtractor, respectively.
Keywords: all-optical, microring resonator, logic gates,
adder, subtractor
1 Introduction
A significant work has been continuously ongoing during
the last decades to identify structures allowing the opera-
tion of all-optical signal manipulation and main component
required to enable all-optical processing is an optical arith-
metic and logic unit (ALU), capable of carrying out opera-
tions directly at the optical level, without any system for
optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical domain con-
version. Two fundamental building blocks needed in an
*Corresponding author: Ankur Saharia, Department of ECE,
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Malviya nagar, JLN Marg,
Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India, E-mail: ankursaharia07@gmail.com
Ashish Kumar Ghunawat, Department of ECE, Malaviya National
Institute of Technology, Malviya nagar, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan
302017, India, E-mail: akghunawat.ece@mnit.ac.in
Manish Tiwari, Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manipal University – Jaipur Campus, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007,
India, E-mail: mt.jaipur@gmail.com
Anton V. Bourdine, bourdine@yandex.ru, and Vladimir A.
Burdin, burdin@psati.ru, Povolzhskiy State University of
Telecommunications and Informatics (PSUTI), Samara, Russian
Federation
Ravi Kumar Maddila, rkmaddila.ece@mnit.ac.in, and Ghanshyam
Singh, gsingh.ece@mnit.ac.in, Department of ECE, Malaviya
National Institute of Technology, Malviya nagar, JLN Marg, Jaipur,
Rajasthan 302017, India
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optical ALU are the adder and the subtractor circuits,
which must be able to add and subtract optical bits.
Several notable attempts have been made in the past to
develop all-optical adders and subtractor. Semiconductor
optical amplifier (SOA) has been a fundamental choice to
develop a basic optical combinational circuit of adder and
subtractor [1, 2]. Nonlinear properties of SOA have also been
exploited to develop a full adder circuit [3]. Half and full
adder, and subtractor, circuits based on Mach–Zehnder
interferometer and highly nonlinear fibers have also been
proposed [4, 5]. Presently, the focus of research has shifted
to two-dimensional photonic crystals and microring reso-
nator-based devices as these are compact and planar in
structure making these suitable for photonic integrated
circuits. The photonic crystal based half adder has been
discussed [6, 7] and microring resonator-based all-optical
combinational circuits have been proposed [8, 9]. In this
paper, we have used nonlinear properties of silicon nitride
[10] based microring resonator [11] to generate logic gate
cascade circuits. Although various techniques have been
demonstrated for the construction of all-optical logic gates
[12], in this paper the proposed all-optical adder and sub-
tractor circuits are built using all-optical logic gates pro-
posed earlier using microring resonators [9, 13]. The
detailed working of the constituent logic gates is already
explained in published articles [9, 13]. We have further used
those gates for the tandem applications. These circuit struc-
tures are similar to their electronic counterparts, and oper-
ations of half adder, full adder and half subtractor are
successfully demonstrated. Cascade arrangements of all-
optical gates or complex combinational structures [14] are
an important feature which will be needed to develop inte-
grated photonics circuits for future application. Along with
the cascading circuits of microring resonator-based logic
structures, many researchers are also coming up with var-
ious new techniques for the basic logic generation [15, 16],
which can be further used for the generation of high-speed
communication systems.This paper is organized as follows.
Section 2 presents the details of silicon nitride ring resona-
tor and its structural properties. The complete designing
and structures of the logic gate and combinational circuits
are discussed in Section 3 followed by the conclusion,
appendix and references.
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2 A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit
2 Si3N4 microring resonator design
The fundamental component of our circuits is an Si3N4
microring resonator, which finds its application in various
optical circuits [17, 18]. In our design, we have a ring with the
radius of 20 µm as depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the
schematic of microring resonator appended with bus wave-
guides. Sin, Str, Sa and Sdr depict input, transmit port output,
add and drop port output signal, respectively, and R gives the
radius of the ring. The linear and nonlinear refractive indices
of ring resonator material are 1.98 and 2.4 × 10–15 cm2/W,
respectively. The ring resonator has been used in an add-drop
filter configuration [18–20] by coupling it with two bus wave-
guides. The bus waveguide’s cross-section is 900 nm wide
and 644 nm high, same as the microring waveguide. The ring
resonator is having the high-quality factor of the photon life-
time of 0.8 ns, denoted by τloss We assumed that the microring
resonator having a resonance wavelength of 1550 nm and
1580 nm, respectively. As the cavity has two resonant wave-
lengths, we have taken two different categories of inputs,
Figure 1: (a) Schematic of microring resonator. (b) Vertical pumping
on ring resonator.
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each close to one of the resonant wavelengths. The inputs
are divided as logical inputs and drive inputs. The logical
operation is carried out on the logical inputs only. The drive
input is used to modulate logical inputs by pumping in the
cavity. Through the vertical pumping of the signal (as shown
in Figure 1(b)) in the ring resonator, the extra electron–hole
pair can be generated. These charge carriers due to non-
linearity of the material cause a shift in the refractive index
and hence change the resonant wavelength of the ring reso-
nator. Thus, the shift in wavelength can be used to turn the
signal in “on” and “off” state at a particular output port of the
microring resonator. Logical inputs are applied at 1580.01 nm
(λ1) i.e. both the logical inputs have the same wavelength.
Moreover, during simulation, we have assumed that the log-
ical inputs are always in phase. Drive inputs are applied at
1550.02 nm (λ2). The device operation is based on the possi-
bility to use optical signals to induce a wavelength-shift of the
cavity resonance. When a high-intensity signal is applied to
the cavity, its refractive index increases because of Optical–
Kerr effect. This increase in refractive index shifts the cavity
resonances toward higher wavelength side. At a particular
point, the cavity resonance matches with the input signal
(either logical input or drive input), thereby leading to the
coupling of an input signal from linear bus waveguide to ring
waveguide increase in refractive index for a signal at λ1 is
governed by cross-phase modulation [12] and is given by
2n2 c ðUλ1 + 2Uλ2 Þ
Δnkerr = (1)
n V
The corresponding shift in resonant wavelength is
given as
ΔnKerr
δλ = λres (2)
n
where Δnkerr is the increment in refractive index, n and n2
are the linear and the nonlinear refractive index of the
material, Uλ1 is the energy of the signal at λ1 , V is the
mode volume and λres gives the resonant wavelength of
the cold cavity.
We investigated the behavior of a single microring cav-
ity and found out that when only one signal is applied to the
cavity, we obtain a resonance shift of around 0.01 nm
whereas when two signals have applied the shift in reso-
nance incremented to 0.02 nm. This is an important out-
come in our investigation as it forms the basis of the
operation of the proposed devices. The shift in the reso-
nance is closely depended on the applied signal power
and cavity gap either of the parameters. It is directly propor-
tional to the power of the applied signal whereas varies
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inversely with the gap distance. The above-mentioned res-
onance shifts are obtained for input power equal to 250 mW
and the coupling time constant equal to 150 ps. Coupling
time constant (τcoup ) is time to couple optical signal between
linear bus waveguide to ring waveguide and vice versa. It
depends mainly on the value of coupling coefficient and
ultimately on the cavity gap between bus waveguide and
ring waveguide Figure 2(a) and (b) shows transmit and drop
port output of a single microring cavity. When only one λ1
signal is applied, the resonance gets shifted by 0.01 nm.
Hence, the modified resonance is now 1580.01 nm (and
1550.01 nm) which matches λ1 . Thus λ1 gets coupled to ring
and acquired at the drop port. When both wavelengths are
incident simultaneously the resonance shift of 0.02 nm is
obtained. The cavity now resonates at 1580.02 nm and
1550.02 nm. As one of the resonant wavelengths matches
λ2 , λ2 gets coupled to the cavity. It must be noted that a high
input intensity is required for the Kerr effect to take place. In
this work, all the logical inputs are at 250 mW but the drive
inputs power can be higher or lower than this level to
achieve a higher output power. Subsequently, the coupling
of the signals from bus to ring waveguide and vice versa is
Figure 2: (a) Transmit port output. (b) Drop port output of single ring
resonator.
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A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit 3
controlled by setting τcoup values in the simulation work.
When the strong coupling is required τcoup value is set to be
low and for weak coupling, the τcoup value is set to be high.
The adder and subtractor circuits are designed using
all-optical logic gates (AND, XOR, OR and NOT [9, 13], not
exploiting any electric signal) similarly to what happens in
the electronic circuits. Another important advantage of our
proposed structures over previously proposed structures
[1, 3, 5] is that input and output signals have the same
wavelengths λ1 , which allow their cascaded operation.
3 Logic gates and adder circuits
Here we are not discussing the logic gates in details we are
showing their use in the development of adder and subtrac-
tor circuits. Operation of the logic gates can be easily under-
stood by applying single cavity operation to all the
constituent cavities. A detailed description of logic gates’
structures and operation can be found in Refs. [9, 13]. The
proposed circuits are simulated using numerical solutions
of coupled-mode theory. The equations have been imple-
mented using C language and graphs have been plotted
using MATLAB. All the logic gate structures consist of five
ring cavities except the NOT gate which consists of four ring
cavities.
3.1 Adder and subtractor circuits
3.1.1 Half adder
A half adder is a device that adds two 1-bit numbers and
gives two outputs namely SUM and CARRY. A half adder
consists of an XOR gate (sized 200 µm x 250 µm) and an
AND (sized 220 µm x 200 µm) gate. The output of the XOR
gate is the SUM of two bits, while the output of AND gate
represents a CARRY. As the XOR gate and the AND gate
are already designed [9], we simply need to connect them
in tandem as shown in Figure 3(b) to get a half adder
circuit. Figure 3(c) and (d) shows the SUM and CARRY
outputs. Input combinations used are 1100 and 0110;
thus, the SUM output is 1010 and CARRY output is
0100, respectively. τcoup values are set to be 150, 120,
200, 150, 70, 70, 40, 170, 150 and 150 ps, respectively,
for the 10 cavities involved in the half adder. The corre-
sponding drive signal powers are 560 mW, 380 mW,
490 mW, 560 mW and 300 mW, respectively. The drive
inputs are applied at 1550.02 nm (λ2) used to modulate
the input signals.
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4 A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit

Figure 3: (a) Half adder circuit. (b) Layout of half adder. (c) SUM output. (d) CARRY output (black: input 1, red: input2, green: output).

3.1.2 Full adder
A full adder is a device that adds three 1-bit numbers
and gives two outputs namely SUM and CARRY. In
electronics, a full adder is obtained using cascaded
half adders and an OR gate. Here we have used the
same configuration. In addition to this, an extra XOR
gate is required in our circuit because the output
obtained from first half adder has been bifurcated in
two parts, one of the parts goes to XOR of following
half adder and the other part has been connected to
AND gate of following half adder. Thus, it means that
the output power of the first XOR gate is divided by a
factor of two. As referred to the input power analysis of
the AND and XOR gate [9], the minimum power required
to drive the logic gates is around 200 mW and the out-
put power of XOR gate is also around 200 mW.
Therefore, if we do not use an extra XOR gate, the out-
put power of the first XOR gate will be divided and XOR
and AND gate of next half adder will get only around
100 mW each. This power is very low to drive the gates;
hence, an additional XOR gate is required. The full
adder is made of 27 cavities as shown in Figure 4(b) (3
XOR, 2 AND and 1 OR gate (sized 150 µm x 400 µm)) out

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 A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit 5

Figure 4: (a) General architecture of full adder circuit. (b) Layout of full adder. (c) SUM output. (d) CARRY output (input 1(black), input 2 (red),
Input 3(yellow), output (green))).

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6 A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit
Figure 4: (continued)
of which the τcoup values for the constituent half adder
cavities are same as mentioned above. OR operation is
obtained by first two cavities of the structure and the
corresponding τcoup values are 250 and 150 ps, respec-
tively. Figure 4(c) and (d) shows the SUM and CARRY
output, respectively. Input combinations used are 1100,
0110 and 0011; SUM and CARRY outputs are 1001 and
0110, respectively. The input pulse width for full adder
is increased from 5 ns as in the case of half adder, to
10 ns since the cascading of the half adder’s results in
the accumulation of the transients of the signals. Thus,
longer time duration is required for output stabilization,
and hence the pulse width needs to be increased. The
drive inputs are applied at 1550.02 nm (λ2) and 1580(λ1)
used to modulate the input signals.
3.1.3 Half subtractor
A half subtractor is a device that performs the subtrac-
tion of two 1-bit numbers and gives two outputs namely
DIFFERENCE and BORROW. Logical inputs A and B are
given to the XOR gate whose output gives A–B. To
calculate the BORROW output, input A is first inverted
using a NOT gate and then multiplied with input B.
Thus the output of AND gate gives the BORROW output
(as shown in Figure 5(b)). τcoup Values are set to be 150,
120, 200, 150, 70, 50, 170, 170, 100, 250, 170 and 130 ps,
respectively. The drive signal powers are 560 mW,
380 mW, 490 mW, 200 mW, 420 mW and300 mW,
respectively. Figure 5(c) and (d) shows the
DIFFERENCE and BORROW outputs. Inputs A and B
are 1100 and 0110, respectively. Hence, the
DIFFERENCE is 1010 and BORROW is 0010. The drive
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inputs are applied at 1550.02 nm (λ2) and 1580(λ1) used
to modulate the input signals.
4 Comparative analysis
In comparison with previous work [8], the material used
in our analysis is Si3N4 instead of GaAs reported earlier as
shown in Table 1 [8]. It is chosen because of its high-
energy bandgap of around 5 eV that allows Kerr effect to
dominate over other third-order nonlinear effects such as
two-photon absorption etc. On the other GaAs has the
bandgap of 1.52 eV. The size of our structure is larger
than the previously reported work but with the increase
in the length of the ring the two important performance
parameters of ring resonator quality factor and finesse
also increased quite significantly. We have also obtained
the extinction ratios of 5.2 dB, 3.5 dB and 2.7 dB for the
half adder, full adder and half subtractor, respectively.
Therefore, the chosen material is proving itself a better
choice than already available GaAs design. High power at
the output and same input and output wavelength facil-
itates the cascaded operation of the gates and thus can be
used to develop scalable photonic integrated circuits in
future. It is worth mentioning that the in Kerr effect
coupling between ring and bus waveguides reduces at
high input intensities; therefore, intensities used in our
work is not that much high. Besides this we have used air
cladding in our structure (the gap between bus and ring
is air); therefore, the efficiency of coupling does not vary
much. The high compatibility of Si3 N4 with CMOS fab-
rication makes it a more suitable candidate for
fabrication.
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 A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit 7

Figure 5: (a) Half subtractor circuit. (b) Layout of half subtractor.

(c) DIFFERENCE output. (d) BORROW output (input 1(black), input 2 (red), input 3(yellow), output (green)).

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8 A. Saharia et al.: Evolution of Adder and Subtractor Circuit

Table 1: Comparison with previous work.

Appendix A: Miscellaneous
S. no. Parameters Rakshit et al. Proposed Equations
() design

 Material used GaAs SiN

The amplitude of mode energy of the cavity is given by
 Coupling . .
coefficients 
 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
da 1 1 2 1
 Ring radius . µm  µm = jωres − + a+ expðjθÞsi (3)
 On-off ratio   dt 2 τloss τcoup τcoup
 Quality factor  
 Finesse  
where a is the mode energy amplitude in the microring
resonator, ωres is the resonant wavelength, si is the input
pulse amplitude, τloss is the cavity loss rate or

5 Conclusion

1 1
θ = 4π 2 nR − (4)
λres λ
In conclusion, in this paper, we have presented all-
optical adder and subtractor circuits based on Si3N4 where n is the refractive index of the cavity material, R is the
microring resonators. Logical inputs have been kept at radius of the cavity, λres is the resonant wavelength and λ is
fixed power of 250 mW, whereas output power is kept the input wavelength. The signal amplitude at the transmit
around 150 mW (or above) for high logic and 60 mW (or port and the drop port of the add drop filter is given by
below) for low logic. Recent research in the area of
nonlinear optical signal processing suggests altering " sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi #
the standard stoichiometric composition of Si3N4 to 1
st = expð − jβdÞ × si − expð − jθÞa (5)
obtain high nonlinear Kerr effect at low optical power τcoup
[21, 22] Incorporating those variations in Si3N4 may
result in lower operating powers for the proposed devi-
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ces. Extinction ratios of around 5.2 dB, 3.5 dB and 2.7 dB 1
are obtained for the half adder, full adder and half sd = expð − jβdÞ × a (6)
τcoup
subtractor, respectively. Our structures have the advant-
age of having the same input and output wavelength,
thus they can be scaled. Adder and subtractor circuits β gives the constant of propagation in waveguide and
discussed in this paper are made from cascaded connec- cavity. Coupling coefficient between waveguides (ring
tions of the logic gates. The adder and subtractor cir- and straight) is given by
cuits have been proposed earlier also but the work    rffiffiffiffiffiffi
presented here focuses on the feasibility of utilizing ωε0 cos kx2w n2 − n20 πR w
κðsÞ =   × exp − α s +
the logic gates in tandem for development of highly 2P kx + α
2 2 α 2
scalable photonic integrated circuits in future. This kx w    kx w  αw
× α cos 2 sinh αw
2 + kx sin 2 cosh 2 ð7Þ
work acts as a proof of concept for developing photonic
integrated circuits similar to electronics. In addition, we where ω represents the angular frequency of signal kx
have used Si3N4 material for our structures, which is denoted the constant of transverse propagation, decaying
compatible with conventional CMOS fabrication technol- factor of cladding evanescent field is represented by a,
ogy. The results obtained are encouraging but calcula- waveguide width is w, n and n0 is refractive index of the
tions for fabrication error tolerances still need to be waveguide and cladding, respectively, radius of cavity is
performed. R and s is gap distance between waveguides (bus and
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful Department ring), power in the mode is given by
of ECE of Malviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur

β w 1
and Department of TEQIP-III, MNIT, Jaipur. P= + (8)
2ωμ0 2 α

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qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
kx = n2 k 2 − β2 (9)
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
α= β2 − n20 k 2 (10)
k represents wave vector in a vacuum, coupling time
constant is then calculated as
πRn
τcoup = (11)
cκ2
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