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REVIEWER IN SCIENCE 7

Glossary:

1. Aphelion - the point in the orbit of a planet, comet, or other body most
distant from the Sun
2. Atmosphere - made of the layers of gases surrounding a planet or
other celestial body
3. Equator - the imaginary circle around Earth that is everywhere
equidistant from the geographic poles and lies in a plane
perpendicular to Earth's axis
4. Eutrophication - characterized by excessive plant and algal growth
due to the increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors
needed for photosynthesis such as sunlight, carbon dioxide, and
nutrient fertilizers
5. Global warming - the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed
since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human
activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping
greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere
6. Greenhouse effect - the process through which heat is trapped near
Earth's surface by substances known as 'greenhouse gases’
7. Ionosphere - part of Earth's upper atmosphere, between 80 and about
600 km where Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) and x-ray solar radiation
ionizes the atoms and molecules thus creating a layer of electrons. the
ionosphere is important because it reflects and modifies radio waves
used for communication and navigation
8. ITCZ – Intertropical Convergence Zone; the region that circles the
Earth, near the equator, where the trade winds of the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres come together
9. Land breeze - a local wind system characterized by a flow from land
to water late at night
10. Latitude - measures the distance north or south of the equator
11. Longitude - measures distance east or west of the prime
meridian
12. Low pressure area - places where the atmosphere is relatively
thin. Winds blow inward toward these areas. This causes air to rise,
 producing clouds and condensation. Low-pressure areas tend to be
well-organized storms
13. Lunar Eclipse - an astronomical event that occurs when the
Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be
darkened
14. Marble - rocks formed from other rocks subjected to great
temperature and pressure
15. Mesosphere - the third highest layer of atmosphere and
occupies the region above the stratosphere and below the
thermosphere
16. Monsoon - arises due to a difference in temperatures between
a landmass and the adjacent ocean. The seasonal reversal in wind
direction during a year
17. Ozone layer - in the stratosphere absorbs a portion of the
radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planet's surface
18. Perihelion - refers to the point in the orbit of a planet or other
astronomical body, at which it is closest to the sun
19. Prime meridian - an arbitrarily-chosen meridian (a line of
longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is
defined to be 0°
20. Revolution - the motion around the sun along its orbit; 1
revolution is equal to 1 year
21. River – flows to a bigger body of water
22. Rotation - the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as
well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space;
equivalent to 24 hours
23. Sea breeze - any wind that blows from a large body of water
toward or onto a landmass
24. Season - each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer,
autumn, and winter) marked by particular weather patterns and
daylight hours, resulting from the earth's changing position with regard
to the sun
25. Siliceous materials – most abundant minerals on earth
26. Solar Eclipse - occurs when the Moon passes between Earth
and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part
of Earth
27. Stratosphere - the stable (stratified) layer of atmosphere
extending from the tropopause upward to a height of about 50 km (Fig.
4.5). The stratosphere is highly stable because the air temperature
 increases with height up to the stratopause, which is the height of the
temperature inversion
28. Thermosphere - a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is directly
above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
29. Troposphere - the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere in
direct contact with the Earth's surface (Fig. 10.7). Most of the weather
phenomena, systems, convection, turbulence, and clouds occur in
this layer, although some may extend into the lower portion of the
stratosphere, immediately above the troposphere
30. Wind - the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a
planet's surface; occurs due to differences in atmospheric pressure

Important Things to Remember:

➢ In the stratosphere, temperature increases as altitude increases.
➢ In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases.
➢ Air above land is warm and it rises, then cool sea air moves towards
the land.
➢ In lunar eclipse, the earth is between the sun and moon while in solar
eclipse, the moon is between the sun and the earth.
➢ The removal of the ozone layer would cause a higher rate of skin
cancer.
➢ Perihelion and aphelion affect the temperature on earth.
➢ Amihan and Habagat are the two pronounced monsoons in the
Philippines.
➢ Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (8.317
light minutes, 92.96 million mi) in a counterclockwise direction as
viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere.
➢ Earth’s rotation is equivalent to 24 hours.
➢ The motion around the sun along its orbit is called a revolution. The
amount of time it takes for a single trip around the sun is called a
period of revolution. The period for the Earth to revolve around the sun
is 365.24 days or one year.
➢ The Philippines is bounded in the west by the South China Sea; in the
east by the Pacific Ocean; in the south by the Sulu and Celebes Seas;
and in the north by the Bashi Channel.
➢ Dendrothermal power is an example of nonconventional source of
energy.
➢ Disruption of radio communication on Earth may be due to
disturbances in the ionosphere.