1.

Per-unit Quantities: The generalized circuit constants for a long line are
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Quantity in per-unit =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

Zbase = (kVLN-base )2 / MVA1Φ-base

If 𝛽 is the phase shift in radians per mile, the
Zbase = (kVLL-base )2 / MVA3Φ-base
wavelength in miles is
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
Znew-Pu = Zgiven- Pu ( 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ) ( 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉 𝑛𝑒𝑤 )2

The velocity of propagation of wave in miles per

second is
2. Steady-state operation of transmission lines:

Short-transmission line model:

Surge impedance loading (SIL), with |𝑉𝐿 | in kilovolts, is
IS = IR , VS = VR + IRZ, (where, Z= zl)

Equivalent 𝝅 model:

Generalized Circuit Constants:

For Short line model:

The real and reactive power at the receiving-end are

A=1, B= Z, C=0, D=1,

Medium-length transmission line model:

Total shunt admittance of the line = Y

For a lossless short transmission line,
= (g + jωC)(length) |𝑉𝑆 ||𝑉𝑅 |
𝑃𝑅 = sin(𝛿)
Nominal ∏ model: |𝑋𝐿 |
|𝑉𝑅 |
𝑄𝑅 = [|𝑉 | cos(𝛿) − |𝑉𝑅 |]
|𝑋𝐿 | 𝑆
It is convenient to express the steady-state stability in
terms of SIL

Long transmission line model:

The voltage and current anywhere along the line, are For 𝛿=90°, the theoretical steady-state stability limit is
3. Bus Impedance and Admittance Matrices: Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution:

Ybus: The general equation for the calculated voltage at any

bus 𝑖 where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are scheduled is

The node-voltage equation in matrix form for an 𝑛 bus

system is When voltage magnitude rather than reactive power is
specified at bus 𝑖, the reactive power is

Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution:

The diagonal element of each node is
Jacobian matrix entries can be calculated as:

The off-diagonal element is

Zbus:

4. Power Flow Analysis:

The power flow equations are

Denoting the calculated value of 𝑃𝑖 by 𝑃𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 leads to

the definition of mismatch ∆𝑃𝑖